identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CD2A013179BD043BE0F9019E4DA809.text	03CD2A013179BD043BE0F9019E4DA809.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Knowltonia Fisher	<div><p>Genus Knowltonia Fisher, resurrected status</p><p>Knowltonia Fisher, 1935:117 .</p><p>Chrysobothris: Cazier, 1938:17 (synonymy); Fisher, 1942:17 (synonymy).</p><p>Type species: Knowltonia biramosa Fisher, by original designation.</p><p>Gender: feminine.</p><p>Description. Head with clypeus broadly, shallowly, triangularly to arcuately emarginate; eyes separated on vertex by 1.2 to 2.2 times the eye width at middle of head. Antenna with 11 antennomeres, none being laterally compressed; first antennomere elongate and expanded apically; second antennomere short and globular; third antennomere of male elongate, strongly, sometimes acutely expanded on one side or weakly bifurcate at apex, of female elongate, expanded apically with the outer angle distinctly acute to right-angled; antennomeres 4–10 of male densely setose, biramous or slightly to strongly asymmetric, of female short with ventral lobes moderately to widely separated, truncate to slightly rounded apically; antennomere 11 of male forked or asymmetric at apex, of female elongate-oval, usually truncate to subtruncate, or sometimes vaguely acute at apex. Pronotum with front margin truncate to feebly bisinuate and broadly, shallowly arcuate at middle; disk subflattened, laterally convex or swollen, lateral margins ventrad, widely and distinctly indicated, entire or disappearing shortly before front angles, not visible from above. Elytra without or with vague longitudinal carinae, lacking foveae and pubescence; basal margin of each elytron strongly, evenly angulate; lateral margins finely, indistinctly serrate; sutural margins terminating in a tiny acuminate spine or a right-angled tooth; apices broadly rounded, not attaining apex of abdomen, exposing in part 1 or 2 abdominal terga. Legs with profemoral tooth elevated, acute to very narrowly rounded at apex, not serrulate; foretibia of male unmodified. Underside with prosternum flattened at middle, swollen at sides, front margin subtruncate to broadly arcuate, narrowly reflexed or with a reflexed lobe at middle; abdomen with lateral margins entire, ventrites without distinct lateral callosities, fifth ventrite lacking an elevated submarginal ridge.</p><p>Discussion: Fisher (1935) described Knowltonia and related it to Chrysobothris . However, he did not discuss any distinguishing character except to say “..differs from all the known genera of Buprestidae in having strongly biramose antennae.” He assumed that the single specimen before him was a male. In his paper describing C. alleni, Cazier (1938) discussed Knowltonia and regarded it as a synonym of Chrysobothris, although we consider his reasoning faulty because it was partly based on incorrect association with such species as C. prasina Horn and C. platti Cazier (the latter presently in Sphaerobothris Semenov-Tian-Shanskij &amp; Richter), and he lacked sufficient material for such a diagnosis. Fisher (1942) formally synonymized Knowltonia under Chrysobothris . His rationale was that he had overlooked Horn’s (1886) male antennal figure for C. atrifasciata LeConte, and that “..more material of Chrysobothris has been available for study and this peculiar character of the males has been found in atrifasciata, biramosa, and alleni ..” To our way of thinking that is no reason for synonymy; it simply enlarges the genus Knowltonia .</p><p>We are unaware of further published data under the genus Knowltonia, though Bellamy and Volkovitsh (1997) briefly mentioned it. For some years we and some of our colleagues have considered that it should be recognized at least to subgeneric level. Meanwhile those authors elevated the formerly Old World subgenus C. ( Sphaerobothris) to genus rank, including in it the North American C. platti and C. ulkei LeConte. Superficially, those species resemble species of Knowltonia but are readily separated by their antennae, which are like those found in most species of Chrysobothris, with no sexual difference and the third antennomere not at all angulate apically. Although the facies of Sphaerobothris seems to distinguish it from Chrysobothris, nevertheless the apparent primary character used by Bellamy and Volkovitsh (1997) to separate them, the width on the vertex between the eyes, is not reliable. In Chrysobothris, this distance was stated to be “equal or less than width of eye”. We examined 25 North American species and found the width to vary from 0.31 – 2.08 times the width of the eye. We found this to range from 1.20 – 2.00 in 12 specimens of S. platti . The character does not appear to be sexual, and it may prove useful in separating some species, at least in Chrysobothris and Knowltonia . We found problems with other characters given in the key to separate Sphaerobothris from Chrysobothris, and subgenera of the former; however, that is beyond the scope of this paper. Nevertheless, we mention it to help justify our position with regards to Knowltonia, which is clearly separable, in a key or otherwise, based on the unique antennal structure of the male. To our knowledge, Fisher’s (1935) statement about that character remains true for New World species; however, two species in the unrelated Australasian genus Castiarina Gory and Laporte have a similar antennal modification.</p><p>Members of the genus Knowltonia are moderately elongate and convex beetles, most being various shades of metallic green dorsally (Fig. 1), often with cupreous or, more rarely, bluish overtones; others vary from coppery to dark brown. The elytra usually have violaceous black markings, but may be immaculate. Ventrally, the color varies from light green to dark brown. All species of Knowltonia have been associated with the plant genus Atriplex, from which they have been reared and/or collected. However, there has been considerable misidentification of these beetles.</p><p>Males are easily distinguished and separated from those of Chrysobothris and Sphaerobothris by their unique antennae. Other than by facies, which does not always readily separate them from the latter genus, females can almost always be separated from those genera by the shape of antennomere 3. We examined 117 specimens of Knowltonia and found antennomere 3 to be distinctly dilated ventrally (Fig. 6), usually produced triangularly or as a blunt tooth. Though variable, usually the antennae can be considered serrate from antennomere 3; however, on one specimen of K. calida (Knull) this is not so distinct, approaching the odd species of Chrysobothris in form. Antennomere 11 usually is distinctly narrower and more elongate than antennomere 10, not at all laterally compressed and usually more or less truncate at apex where sometimes it is distinctly acute. One specimen each of 57 species of Chrysobothris and two species of Sphaerobothris was examined, representing most if not all the presumed groups of the former found in North America. In all but three species of Chrysobothris the third antennomere is either essentially parallel-sided or slightly swollen apically. Of those three, said antennomere is indistinctly, in two cases more or less acutely, expanded ventrally (Fig. 9), but in no case would we term the antennae serrate from antennomere 3. Antennomere 11 is quadrate, rarely elongate-quadrate, almost always distinctly rounded apically, usually not narrower or more elongate than antennomere 10. The outer antennomeres, including antennomere 11 are laterally compressed in most species of Chrysobothris .</p><p>Based on material examined, although most represents K. atrifasciata and K. calida, we suspect that additional taxa exist. However, considering general variability, the similarity of male genitalia, the lack of comprehensive samples of specimens from between known populations of the various phenotypes, and that even the limits between described species seem blurred, we feel this is not the appropriate time for descriptive work. It may be that Knowltonia is like the genus Crossidius LeConte ( Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), species of which occur in the same habitats and are highly polytypic. Unfortunately, unlike most species of Crossidius, Knowltonia are not commonly collected.</p><p>The following key applies almost entirely to populations in the U.S. and should be used with caution for specimens from Mexico. The user is strongly encouraged to use this key in conjunction with the species treatments to follow.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD2A013179BD043BE0F9019E4DA809	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Westcott, Richard L.;Barr, William F.	Westcott, Richard L., Barr, William F. (2007): Resurrection and review of the genus Knowltonia Fisher, with description of a new subspecies of Chrysobothris Eschscholtz and new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz from North America (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Zootaxa 1481: 49-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273778
03CD2A01317BBD053BE0FA3A9A81AFD1.text	03CD2A01317BBD053BE0FA3A9A81AFD1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Knowltonia	<div><p>Key to the species of Knowltonia</p><p>1 Brown or coppery, abdomen comparably colored beneath.......................................................................... 2</p><p>- Green, sometimes with weak to strong bronzy or coppery reflections, rarely, bluish or with pronotum violet or predominantly coppery; abdomen green (often bright) or dark beneath............................................ 4</p><p>2 Elytra with 3 pairs of distinct, usually strongly marked irregular black or violaceous-black spots that sometimes coalesce longitudinally and usually are narrowly margined with blue-green ........................... 3</p><p>- Elytra without black spots, or with weakly marked middle and apical pair (rarely, the latter are strongly evident); if present, basal pair smaller and indistinct; spots not coalesced or margined with blue-green..... .................................................................................................................................. alleni (Cazier) (in part)</p><p>3 Male with rami of antennomeres 5–10, or at least 5–6 noticeably asymmetrical (Fig. 8); of antennomere 11 distinctly asymmetrical; dark form known only from Texas .................. atrifasciata (LeConte) (in part)</p><p>- Male with rami of antennomeres 5–11 subequal to equal in length (Fig. 4); dark form known from Idaho, Nevada, Utah ........................................................................................................ biramosa Fisher (in part)</p><p>4 Abdomen beneath usually green, occasionally with coppery reflection, rarely violet or bluish; if dark, then</p><p>male antennomeres 5–10, and usually 11 nearly or entirely symmetrical (Fig. 4); widespread, though not known in Colorado Desert region................................................................................................................ 5 - Abdomen black with coppery, brassy, sometimes slightly greenish reflection; male antennomeres 4–10 highly asymmetrical, the inner rami (when present) at most elongate-triangular, antennomere 11 elongate, sometimes with a tiny inner tooth (Fig. 7); species largely of the Colorado Desert region .... calida (Knull)</p><p>5 Abdomen beneath green, occasionally with coppery reflection; male antennomeres, at least 5, 6 and, especially, 11 noticeably asymmetrical, the inner rami usually more stout (Fig. 8)........................................... 6</p><p>- Abdomen beneath green or dark, rarely violet or bluish; male antennomeres 5–10, and usually 11 nearly or entirely symmetrical (Figs. 4–5) ....................................................................... biramosa Fisher (in part)</p><p>6 Elytra without black spots, or with weakly marked middle and apical pair (rarely, the latter are strongly evident); if present, basal pair smaller and indistinct; spots not coalesced or margined with blue-green..... .................................................................................................................................. alleni (Cazier) (in part)</p><p>- Elytra with 3 pairs of distinct, variably sized, usually strongly marked irregular black or violaceous-black spots that only rarely coalesce longitudinally and are narrowly margined with blue-green ......................... ..................................................................................................................... atrifasciata (LeConte) (in part)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD2A01317BBD053BE0FA3A9A81AFD1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Westcott, Richard L.;Barr, William F.	Westcott, Richard L., Barr, William F. (2007): Resurrection and review of the genus Knowltonia Fisher, with description of a new subspecies of Chrysobothris Eschscholtz and new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz from North America (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Zootaxa 1481: 49-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273778
03CD2A01317ABD053BE0FC929FCBA9CF.text	03CD2A01317ABD053BE0FC929FCBA9CF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Knowltonia alleni (Cazier) Cazier	<div><p>Knowltonia alleni (Cazier), new combination</p><p>Chrysobothris alleni Cazier, 1938:15; Fisher, 1942:243.</p><p>Chrysobothris biramosa biramosa: Nelson, 1966:39 (part; misidentification).</p><p>This species is known only from Arizona and Colorado (Fisher, 1942). In color it ranges from green to copper to dark brown, and elytral markings, if present, are postmedian and subdued or in distinct. We have examined one exception, a green female with a broad apical violaceous apical elytral marking. Unlike the other species, nothing has been recorded of its habits, and relatively few specimens have been collected. However, we examined a good series from Arizona, Coconino Co., Moenave, 24-VI-67, taken on Atriplex canescens, ASUC. As Cazier (1938) stated, this species comes closest to K. atrifasciata . It may prove to be only subspecifically distinct.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD2A01317ABD053BE0FC929FCBA9CF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Westcott, Richard L.;Barr, William F.	Westcott, Richard L., Barr, William F. (2007): Resurrection and review of the genus Knowltonia Fisher, with description of a new subspecies of Chrysobothris Eschscholtz and new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz from North America (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Zootaxa 1481: 49-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273778
03CD2A01317ABD023BE0FAF79DB6ACC1.text	03CD2A01317ABD023BE0FAF79DB6ACC1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Knowltonia atrifasciata (LeConte) LeConte	<div><p>Knowltonia atrifasciata (LeConte), new combination</p><p>Chrysobothris atrifasciata LeConte, 1873:332; Knull, 1970:263; Nelson, et al., 1981:139.</p><p>As we consider it here, this taxon seems to be the most variable in the genus, and it may either be polytypic or contain more than one species. The color ranges from green (usually), often with coppery reflections, to, rarely, bluish or dark coppery brown. Each elytron bears three violaceous black fasciae that are variable in size but almost always boldly distinct. Based on our current work, the only reliable records for this species in the literature are from Colorado and New Mexico. We have seen specimens from TEXAS, El Paso Co., Exit 49, I- 10, 2 mi E Fabens, 21-V-81; Garza Co., Post, 11-V-78, RLWE; Hudspeth Co., 5-5.1 mi E Salt Flat, 24-VI-70, 19-VI-71 &amp; 29-VI-72, on grass tops and Atriplex sp., ASUC, RLWE, WFBM; Loving Co., Mentone, 1-VI-78, RLWE; Pecos Co., 18 mi W Sanderson (Terrell Co.), 30-VI-85, sweeping Atriplex canescens, FMBC in WFBM; and UTAH, Garfield Co., Grand Staircase-Escalante Natl. Mon., Calf Creek Cmpgd., lower falls trail, 37°47’37”N, 111°21’18”W [this should be 111°24’54”], 18-VII-2001, BYUC; San Juan Co., Dry Valley BLM exclosure, 34 mi S Moab, 20/VI-4/VII-87, malaise trap burned in fire, RLWE. In addition, we have examined a small series taken on Atriplex canescens in New Mexico, Hidalgo Co., 12 mi N Rodeo, 25-VI-73, ASUC. These specimens are generally a more deep green, lacking coppery reflections and the elytral markings average larger in size than on most other specimens we have seen.</p><p>Wickham’s (1898) report of this species from Yuma, Arizona, Fisher’s (1942) records and Nelson’s (1959) record of it from California on A. lentiformis all refer to K. calida . The listings from Nevada by Fisher (1942) and California by Walters (1975) should instead be referred to K. biramosa . Beer’s (1949) rearing record from Atriplex sp. in Nevada was based on a misidentification of K. biramosa . We studied the specimen recorded as A. atrifasciata from Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Mexico by Nelson et al. (1981). It is a female. Lacking the associated male, it is impossible to ascertain the species. However, we examined a male from a nearby locality and it comes closest to the green forms of C. biramosa . Without more specimens for study the listing of either species from Sonora is questionable.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD2A01317ABD023BE0FAF79DB6ACC1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Westcott, Richard L.;Barr, William F.	Westcott, Richard L., Barr, William F. (2007): Resurrection and review of the genus Knowltonia Fisher, with description of a new subspecies of Chrysobothris Eschscholtz and new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz from North America (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Zootaxa 1481: 49-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273778
03CD2A01317DBD033BE0FBC59B95ADE9.text	03CD2A01317DBD033BE0FBC59B95ADE9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Knowltonia biramosa Fisher	<div><p>Knowltonia biramosa Fisher, resurrected combination</p><p>(Figs. 4–6)</p><p>Knowltonia biramosa Fisher, 1935:118 .</p><p>Chrysobothris atrifasciata: Fisher, 1942:237 (part, misidentification); Beer, 1949:83 (misidentification; C. artifasciata, lapsus); Walters, 1975:69 (misidentification) Chrysobothris biramosa: Fisher, 1942:233 (synonymy).</p><p>Chrysobothris biramosa biramosa: Knull, 1958:96; Nelson, 1966:39 (part); 1967:26 (description female). Chrysobothris biramosa calida: Barr and Westcott, 1976:140 (misidentification).</p><p>This species was known only by the male holotype described from Utah until Nelson (1966) reported collecting it (as C. biramosa biramosa) on Atriplex confertifolia at the type locality. He also indicated a new record for California based on specimens taken on A. lentiformis in Imperial Co., Winterhaven, but those represent K. calida . Also he reported it as new to Arizona, based on specimens he collected from Atriplex sp. in Navajo Co., Woodruff, but clearly those refer to K. alleni . In fact, Fisher (1942) reported a specimen of the latter from the same locality. Later, Nelson (1967) described the female of K. biramosa . Barr (1971) expanded the concept of this species to include both coppery and green forms, listed three species of Atriplex as larval hosts, and added Idaho and Oregon to its range. Westcott (1990) added Nevada to its distribution; we have seen both coppery and green forms from a single locality there: Mineral Co., Walker Lake, as well as from SW Idaho. Although the status of green specimens may remain in doubt, for now we feel they should be placed with the coppery forms, at least until a more complete picture of the distribution of this species becomes available. Barr and Westcott (1976) reported the green phenotype (as C. biramosa calida) reared from A. canescens in Idaho and taken on A. confertifolia in Oregon. We include in K. biramosa green specimens from CALIFOR- NIA, Inyo Co., S end Owens Lake, sand dunes, ex Atriplex, 15-VII-78, CSCA; Inyo Mts., Long John Canyon, 5600’, 2/II-14/VII-82, ethylene glycol pitfall trap, CASC; L.A. Co., Lancaster, 4-VI-69, WFBM; San Bernardino Co., Victorville, 4-VII-70 &amp; 3-VII-76, on Atriplex sp. and A. lentiformis, GCWC.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD2A01317DBD033BE0FBC59B95ADE9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Westcott, Richard L.;Barr, William F.	Westcott, Richard L., Barr, William F. (2007): Resurrection and review of the genus Knowltonia Fisher, with description of a new subspecies of Chrysobothris Eschscholtz and new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz from North America (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Zootaxa 1481: 49-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273778
03CD2A01317CBD003BE0FAC79A2EADE9.text	03CD2A01317CBD003BE0FAC79A2EADE9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Knowltonia calida (Knull) Knull	<div><p>Knowltonia calida (Knull), new combination and status</p><p>(Figs. 1, 7)</p><p>Chrysobothris biramosa calida Knull, 1958:96; Nelson, 1960:73 (callida, sic); 1962:59 (callida, sic). Chrysobothris atrifasciata: Nelson, 1959:24 (misidentification); 1966:39 (part; misidentification).</p><p>Considering that the distinctive general structure of the male antennae is diagnostic for the genus, we feel that the highly asymmetrical rami of the male antennomeres 4-11 in this taxon warrant species, rather than subspecies, distinction. This species appears to be restricted to the Colorado Desert of SW Arizona, SE California, extending into Baja California (Norte) and, possibly, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Although the few specimens we have seen from the latter state come closest to K. calida based on the male antennae, nevertheless there are differences, and much more material for study is needed from the peninsula.</p><p>Knull (1958) distinguished this taxon from “typical C. biramosa ” only by its dorsal green color. He made no mention of any other difference, and it is strange he overlooked the antennal character. The color no longer works well as a diagnostic character, though K. calida is uniformly deep green, sometimes with a bluish cast, while green forms of K. biramosa are lighter green, often with coppery reflections that are more notable at the base of the elytra.</p><p>This species has been collected on Atriplex lentiformis (Nelson, 1959; 1962; 1966) and A. canescens (Nelson, 1960) . Barr and Westcott’s (1976) treatment for this species should instead refer to K. biramosa .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD2A01317CBD003BE0FAC79A2EADE9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Westcott, Richard L.;Barr, William F.	Westcott, Richard L., Barr, William F. (2007): Resurrection and review of the genus Knowltonia Fisher, with description of a new subspecies of Chrysobothris Eschscholtz and new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz from North America (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Zootaxa 1481: 49-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273778
03CD2A01317FBD003BE0FE9A9C49AF07.text	03CD2A01317FBD003BE0FE9A9C49AF07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysobothris Eschscholtz	<div><p>Genus Chrysobothris Eschscholtz</p><p>Chrysobothris socialis Waterhouse</p><p>This species was described from the State of Durango, Mexico, from one specimen of unspecified sex. One of us (WFB) has long suspected that specimens collected in the U.S. attributed to this species represent a different taxon. We now consider it to be subspecifically distinct.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD2A01317FBD003BE0FE9A9C49AF07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Westcott, Richard L.;Barr, William F.	Westcott, Richard L., Barr, William F. (2007): Resurrection and review of the genus Knowltonia Fisher, with description of a new subspecies of Chrysobothris Eschscholtz and new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz from North America (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Zootaxa 1481: 49-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273778
03CD2A01317FBD003BE0FD3F9B7BAB3C.text	03CD2A01317FBD003BE0FD3F9B7BAB3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysobothris socialis subsp. socialis Waterhouse	<div><p>Chrysobothris socialis socialis Waterhouse, new status</p><p>(Fig. 2)</p><p>Chrysobothris socialis Waterhouse, 1887:39, Tab. 3, Figs. 10, 10a; Cazier, 1951:45.</p><p>One of us (RLW) examined the holotype (by monotypy), a male measuring 12.3 mm X 5.0 mm, labeled as follows: “Holo-type [red rimmed circle]/402 [h]/ Ventanas, Mex., 2000ft., Forrer/ Chrysobothris socialis (Type) Waterh.” Ventanas is in Durango (Selander &amp; Vaurie, 1962). The frons is entirely coppery, the occiput green. There is a vague median longitudinal depression extending from behind the clypeus to about mid-point. The sides of the pronotum are narrowly, yet boldly, coppery-red except near the base. The ventral surface is coppery bronze.</p><p>Cazier (1951) recorded C. socialis from Sinaloa, undoubtedly based on two specimens (AMNH) lacking additional data. He considered them female, but his description of the last visible abdominal sternite and our examination clearly show them to be male. We have compared them to the holotype and consider all three specimens conspecific. We examined another specimen from Sinaloa, Estuilla Dist., Alamosa, 2-X-33, H. S. Gentry, CASC. There is an “Alamos” in that state, near the coast, but we cannot find mention of “Estuilla” anywhere. The only published record (Nelson et al., 1981) of this species from Sonora must be referred to the following new subspecies (see below). However, we examined two specimens of C. s. socialis from that state: Río Mayo, Arroyo Guajaray, 20 &amp; 25-X-34, H. S. Gentry, CASC. The only female of this subspecies that we have seen is labeled “Nayarit, Mexico, XI-1917 ” (misidentified as C. trisignata Waterhouse), CASC. The elytra bear distinct, extensive coppery reflections and reduced markings. However, in every other respect, notably the color of the underside, it matches the other specimens we examined. Including the holotype, the six males we saw range in length from 10.8–13.5 mm, the female is 14.3 mm long.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD2A01317FBD003BE0FD3F9B7BAB3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Westcott, Richard L.;Barr, William F.	Westcott, Richard L., Barr, William F. (2007): Resurrection and review of the genus Knowltonia Fisher, with description of a new subspecies of Chrysobothris Eschscholtz and new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz from North America (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Zootaxa 1481: 49-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273778
03CD2A01317FBD013BE0F9C09D27A8B9.text	03CD2A01317FBD013BE0F9C09D27A8B9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chrysobothris socialis subsp. apache Westcott and Barr	<div><p>Chrysobothris socialis apache Westcott and Barr, new subspecies</p><p>Chrysobothris socialis: Fisher, 1942:237 (in part); Nelson et al., 1981:143.</p><p>Fisher (1942) provided a detailed description of the male C. socialis, which refers to this subspecies, and we select as holotype the specimen he used. His description of the female too is sufficiently detailed. There follows a diagnosis: venter dark blue, blue-black or greenish-blue, occasionally with green or violaceous portions; remainder of undersurface varying from similar to abdomen to metallic green (more characteristic of the male) or violaceous. Males vary in length from 9.13–12.08 mm; face varying from entirely green with some areas having slight coppery, brassy or golden reflections to golden or brassy green, more rarely being distinctly coppery, the upper, swollen, portion often golden green or coppery; front angles of pronotum usually distinctly coppery, but may have only golden reflections; sides of pronotum varying from green to variably and narrowly golden or coppery. Females vary from 9.71–13.88 mm long; face above green, occasionally with some bluish reflections, usually bluish green or blue below; pronotum entirely green.</p><p>Specimens examined: Holotype labeled “Ariz”/ HOLOTYPE Chrysobothris socialis apache Westcott and Barr ” (red card), and we select as allotype a specimen measuring 12.41 mm long by 5.14 mm wide, labeled “Nogales, St Cruz Co, IX:18.06 Ariz./COLL’D BY F.W. NUNENMACHER/CharlesSchaeffer Collection/Shoemaker Collection 1956.” The holotype and allotype are deposited in USNM. Paratypes as follows: “Arizona”, 1 F, 3 M, [no other data], AMNH, CLBC, USNM; 2 M, CharlesSchaeffer Collection/Shoemaker Collection 1956, USNM; 1 F, Henry Ulke Beetle Coll., CMNH Acc. No. 1645; 1 F, same, From Coll. of W.J. Chamberlin, CASC; 1 F, same, Van Dyke Collection, CASC. Cochise Co., 1 F, Naco, 2-IX-35, E.D. Ball, J.N. Knull Collection, FMNH; 2 M, Chiricahua Mts., Cave Crk. Can., Sunny Flat, 5100’, 31°53’N, 109°10’W, 28- VIII-80, at Mimosa biuncifera &amp; 22-VIII-90, “VERBENAC.”, both H.A. Hespenheide, DSVC, FSCA; 1 F, 11 mi W Portal, 31° 55.636N, 109°15.350’W, 6686’, 8-VIII-2000, A. Gilbert, CLBC. Pima Co., 1 F, Kitt Peak, IX-1974, [no collector], CLBC; 1 F, 1220 m, 11-IX-82, Ex Baccharis, N. Schiff, Collection of R.L. Westcott, RLWE; 1 M, Madera Canyon, Santa Rita Mts., 5-IX-70, E.A. Kane, CSCA; 1 F, 7-IX-71, B. Villegas, RLWE; 1 F, 29-VIII-2000, J.F. Limón, on Mimosa sp., CLBC; 1 F, 8-IX-81, on Prosopis juliflora, W.F. Barr Collection, WFBM; 1 F, running on mesquite, Prosopis sp.; 8-IX-81, FSCA; 1 F, near waterfall, Proctor Ranch, 20- IX-64, J.N. Knull Collection, FMNH; 1 M, waterfall below Proctor Ranch rd., 16-VIII-70, on Anisocanthus thurberi, D.S. Verity, DSVC; 1 F, Santa Rita Mts., Box Canyon, 6-IX-70, F. Hovore. RLWE; 1 M, Santa Catalina Mts., Sabino Canyon, 26-VIII-59, G.H. Nelson, on Celtis pallida, FSCA. Santa Cruz Co., 2 F, Nogales 8 &amp; 10-IX-1906, Koebele Collection, CASC; 1 M, 4.5 mi W Nogales, 9-IX-71, B. Villegas, Collection of R.L. Westcott. Mexico, 1 F, Sonora, 28 mi S Navojoa, 25-X-72, E.M. Fisher, RLWE.</p><p>Comparison: Chrysobothris socialis apache differs from the nominate subspecies primarily by the ventral coloration, which is coppery bronze in the latter. Also in that subspecies, based upon only six specimens examined, the male face is entirely or predominantly copper—the punctures of the lower face may be green at the bottom—and the sides of the pronotum are distinctly and more widely reddish-copper, except near the hind angles where only one of the specimens examined shows any such color. In the only female of C. s. socialis that we examined, the face also is coppery, as contrasted to the green, blue-green or blue of C. s. apache, though more distinctly green below, and the sides of the pronotum are colored similarly to the male. Etymology: The subspecies epithet is chosen to honor the tribe of original Native Americans who inhabited the region in which this beetle lives.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD2A01317FBD013BE0F9C09D27A8B9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Westcott, Richard L.;Barr, William F.	Westcott, Richard L., Barr, William F. (2007): Resurrection and review of the genus Knowltonia Fisher, with description of a new subspecies of Chrysobothris Eschscholtz and new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz from North America (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Zootaxa 1481: 49-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273778
03CD2A01317EBD0E3BE0F99F9C9CA843.text	03CD2A01317EBD0E3BE0F99F9C9CA843.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acmaeodera audreyae Westcott and Barr	<div><p>Acmaeodera audreyae Westcott and Barr, new species</p><p>(Fig. 3)</p><p>Holotype male: length 7.97 mm, width 3.08 mm, widest at base of elytra across umbones, subequal in width across pronotum; shining black with small yellow elytral markings as in figure 3, several of which either reach or occur on margin, where the left apical—and right apical and subapical—spots are vaguely suffused with orange; setae on dorsum long, mostly black, especially on head above and anterior portion of pronotum, with some mixture of white, below white and moderately dense, more densely placed than above, especially at sides.</p><p>Head shallowly convex, flattened above, coarsely densely punctate; clypeus depressed at base, front margin broadly deeply arcuately emarginate; antennae sharply serrate from 5th antennomere, extending to procoxae. Pronotum broadly shallowly convex, shallowly transversely depressed immediately behind front margin, shallowly depressed on base at middle and obliquely so on each side anterior to deep basal foveae; punctures of disk coarse, shallower on middle, becoming deep and reticulately placed on sides; anterior margin broadly shallowly emarginate, indistinctly lobed at middle; posterior margin subtruncate; lateral margins well defined, except narrowly at base, visible from above only from apex to short distance behind, shallowly evenly arcuate; front angles subquadrate; hind angles quadrate, poorly defined. Elytra subflattened, strongly depressed at base between strongly raised 3rd intervals, these intervals elevated for only short distance behind base; umbones extremely bold; humeral angles moderately, broadly triangularly projecting ventrad; lateral margins distinctly, moderately coarsely serrate on about apical 1/2; suture distinctly elevated along apical 2/3; punctures of discal area as in figure 3, much coarser and more closely placed laterad of strongly elevated 5th intervals; 9th intervals wider, strongly elevated from behind umbones to about apical 1/5, 10th intervals flattened, marginal intervals slightly raised from base to about middle. Underside with front margin of prosternum having well developed blunt tooth on either side of subtruncate middle and sides transverse, ending well behind front angles of pronotum; abdomen with surface clearly visible throughout, not obscured by setae, punctures small to moderate on middle, becoming larger and more dense at sides; last visible sternite sparsely, evenly punctate, broadly rounded apically and with a very well developed preapical plate, the narrowly rounded apex of which almost attains the apical margin.</p><p>Specimens examined: holotype (EMEC) labeled “ 5 mi NW Ocotillo, Imperial Co. Calif, April 8 1956, R. R. Snelling/ HOLOTYPE Acmaeodera audreyae Westcott and Barr. ” One male paratype (RLWE) with same data except taken on Larrea divaricata (creosote bush; family Zygophyllaceae).</p><p>Variation: The paratype is 8.87 mm long, 3.34 mm wide, the only notable difference otherwise is that the preapical plate of the 5th visible abdominal sternite does not so nearly attain the apical margin; nonetheless, it is very well developed.</p><p>Remarks: This species seems closest to A. inopinata Barr, a species that breeds in Haplopappus pinifolius (Barr, 1972) . However, that beetle is less robust, not so black—usually exhibiting a slight metallic reflec-tion—and the 3rd, 5th and 9th intervals are not so strongly elevated. Like A. inopinata, we suggest that the larva of A. audreyae works in one of the similar or unrelated low growing desert shrubs which at the type locality are very sparsely interspersed among the dominant plant, Larrea tridentata . It seems most likely that the association of A. audreyae with that plant is as a flower visitor, rather than it reflecting a larval host.</p><p>Etymology: We take special pleasure in dedicating this species to Audrey K. Barr, loving wife of the junior author and longtime inspirational friend of the senior author.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CD2A01317EBD0E3BE0F99F9C9CA843	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Westcott, Richard L.;Barr, William F.	Westcott, Richard L., Barr, William F. (2007): Resurrection and review of the genus Knowltonia Fisher, with description of a new subspecies of Chrysobothris Eschscholtz and new species of Acmaeodera Eschscholtz from North America (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Zootaxa 1481: 49-58, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.273778
