taxonID	type	description	language	source
03CA87DE7E0B7B63FCECFD252ED27E7F.taxon	type_taxon	NEOTYPE, designated by Shuttleworth, A. Gray in Pl. Wright 2: 65 (footnote) (1852): Abutilon theophrasti Medik. [= Sida abutilon L.].	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0B7B63FCECFD252ED27E7F.taxon	discussion	Notes — Miller (1754) published valid genus epithets including Abutilon, but without species epithets and type. He instead gave numbers to different variations in Abutilon. Therefore, the genus lacks type species from Miller’ s work. In 1988, Fryxell stated that the lectotype is assigned to the generic name Abutilon by Britton and Brown (1913) and Britton and Millspaugh (1920); but it becomes incorrect as per Art. 10.6 and 10.7 of ICN. He further noted that Shuttleworth (ex A. Gray 1852, a footnote on Beloere) cited A. avicennae (1791) as a type of the genus. The similarity between Miller’ s ‘ species no. 1 ’ and Sida abutilon is highlighted by Fryxell (1988) based on Miller’ s statement regarding occurrence of the ‘ Species no. 1 ’, i. e. “ its common occurrence in Virginia and most parts of America. ” The similarity also correlates with the introduction of this plant for fiber production in America in the 1750 s (Spencer 1984). Further, although A. avicennae is a superfluous name for Sida abutilon L., it is homotypic with A. theophrasti Medik. Therefore, Shuttleworth (1852) inadvertently cited S. abutilon L. as a neotype for the genus Abutilon Mill. by referring A. avicennae as the type.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0A7B63FF4CFEC72F987D30.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE: t. 19, Illustrations of the Botany of Captain Cook’ s Voyage Round the World, 1900. [lectotype: designated by Nimbalkar et al. 2019 b].	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0A7B63FF4CFEC72F987D30.taxon	diagnosis	Abutilon indicum subsp. albescens (Miq.) Borss. Waalk. var. australiense Borss. Waalk., Blumea 14: 173, f. 19 c (1966) nom. illeg. A. indicum subsp. albescens (Miq.) Borss. Waalk. var. australiense Borss. Waalk., Blumea 14: 173, f. 19 c. 1966. nom. illeg.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0A7B63FF4CFEC72F987D30.taxon	description	Shrubs, 2 – 3 m. Stem with light brown bark, young stem with pubescence of short stellate hairs intermixed with simple hairs. Leaf lamina 5 – 15 ˟ 5 – 10 cm, light green, ovate or orbicular, 5 – 7 palmately nerved apex acute; margin coarse to serrate in young leaves, subentire in mature; stellate pubescent on adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Petioles 4 – 10 cm long. Flowers axillary, solitary; flowering pedicels 2 – 3 cm, articulated 5 mm below the flower; fruiting pedicels 3 – 6 cm long, articulated 1 cm below the fruit. Calyx pale green, campanulate, 1.5 – 1.7 cm across, calyx lobes 4 – 5 ˟ 10 – 12 mm, gradually tapering towards the end, as long as or exceeding the fruit. Corolla 3 cm across, yellow; petals 3 – 5 ˟ 13 – 15 mm, broadly obovate, apex truncate or slightly lobed or emarginate, glandular hairs on apical margins and towards adjacent petal, base stellate pubescent. Staminal column 6 – 10 mm long; base stellate pubescent; tube 4 – 5 mm long, glabrous; filaments 4 – 5 mm, glabrous. Carpels 13 – 15; ovary 3 – 4 ˟ 3 mm, globose, 2 – 3 ovules per carpel; stylar branches glabrous, exceeding the puff of filaments; stigmas yellowish, capitate. Schizocarps 1.5 ˟ 1 cm, globular, indented at apex, brownish on maturity. Mericarps reniform, 13 ˟ 5 mm, base rounded, apex slightly tapering with mucro, dorsally curved, each 3 - seeded. Seeds, 2 – 2.5 ˟ 2 mm, reniform, densely pubescent with simple hairs, glabrous at hilum, surface brownish, warted. Figures 1 A – E, 2 A – G.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0A7B63FF4CFEC72F987D30.taxon	distribution	Distribution and Habitat — A. australiense is distributed in Australia, Malaysia, New Caledonia, and India. In India, it is reported from the Krishna River bank at Nagarjunsagar in Telangana state (Fig. 3). The plants grow in loamy soil along the riverbank (Nimbalkar et al. 2019 b).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0A7B63FF4CFEC72F987D30.taxon	etymology	Etymology — The specific epithet australiense comes from the name of the continent Australia from where it was first described as a variety.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0A7B63FF4CFEC72F987D30.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowers from July to December; fruiting begins in September and ends in January.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0A7B63FF4CFEC72F987D30.taxon	discussion	Notes — The plant was first described as a variety of A. indicum (Britten 1900). Later, it was treated under A. indicum subsp. albescens by Van Borssum Waalkes (1966). The infraspecific classification was followed in subsequent Indian floristic studies. However, its sympatric occurrence with the main species A. indicum and other Abutilon species viz., A. hirtum and A. bidentatum disallows its treatment under subspecies. It is also worthy of its position at a species rank on account of its distinct morphological characters (Nimbalkar et al. 2019 b).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0A7B63FF4CFEC72F987D30.taxon	materials_examined	Additional Specimens Examined — India. — TELANGANA: Nalgonda Dt., Krishna Riverbank; 24 Dec 2017, VVN 597, (BAMU, SPPU). Indonesia. Timor Laut, s. d, H. O. Forbes 3330, (A 00052680 [photo!]); Timor, H. O. Forbes 3330, (K 000659525 [photo!]); Lesser Sunda Islands, Timor, H. O. Forbes s. n., (L 0012914 photo!) (L); s. l., s. d., H. O. Forbes s. n. (BM 000554245 [photo!]) New Caledonia. s. l., 1860, Gilliwray s. n. (G 00353079 [photo!]); s. l., s. d., s. c. s. n., (G 00353085 [photo!]).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0A7B66FC81FDC8297E7949.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE: ETHIOPIA. prope Aguar, 8 Apr 1839, G. H. W. Schimper # 1003 (lectotype: designated by Naqshi et al. 1988: K K 000240390 [photo!])	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0A7B66FC81FDC8297E7949.taxon	diagnosis	Abutilon indicum var. major Blatt. & Hall. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. 26 (1): 226. 1918. Abutilon bidentatum var. major (Blatt. & Hall.) Bhandari in Fl. Ind. Desert 60. 1978. TYPE: INDIA. Rajasthan, Jaisalmer, Amarsagar, s. d., Blatter 5644 (BLAT!).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0A7B66FC81FDC8297E7949.taxon	description	Shrubs, 2 to 3 m tall. Stems light brown, glabrous, young stem stellate pubescent intermixed with simple and sparse glandular hairs. Leaf lamina 5 – 25 ˟ 5 – 20 cm, ovate – suborbicular; both surfaces stellate pubescent, softly tomentose at abaxial surface, slightly or distinctly trilobed, 5 – 7 - nerved, margin serrate to sharply dentate, acute to shortly acuminate at apex. Petioles 4 – 20 cm long, stellate pubescent intermingled with long simple hairs. Flowers axillary, solitary; flowering pedicel 1.5 – 2 cm long, articulated 2 – 3 mm below the flower; fruiting pedicel 5 – 6 cm long, articulated 8 – 10 mm below the fruit. Calyx campanulate, 1 cm across. Corolla 1.5 cm across, yellow, rotate, saucer shaped; petals 1.3 ˟ 0.7 cm, obovate, apex emarginated with unequal lobes, glabrous, few stellate hairs at base. Staminal column 5 – 7 mm, base glabrous; tube 2 – 3 mm, stellate pubescent; filaments 3 – 4 mm, glabrous. Carpels 12 – 13; ovary 2 ˟ 1.5 mm, densely stellate pubescent, globose. Schizocarps 0.8 – 1 ˟ 0.7 – 0.8 cm, cylindrical, indented. Mericarps oblong, stellate pubescent dorsally, sharp hook-like appearance at placental attachment, with 1 – 2 mm reflexed awn, bidentate, 3 - seeded. Seeds 2 ˟ 1.5 – 2 mm, reniform, flattened, glabrous throughout, brownish to black, sometime stellate pubescent at hilum, warted, warts deeply concave. Figures 1 F – J, 2 H – N.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0A7B66FC81FDC8297E7949.taxon	distribution	Distribution and Habitat — The species is distributed in Africa, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and India. The plants are commonly observed in drier parts of the country, from Maharashtra to Northern Western India, occurring along roadsides and waste places (Fig. 3). The species is recently reported as a new record to Karnataka state (Annigeri et al. 2011).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0A7B66FC81FDC8297E7949.taxon	etymology	Etymology — Specific epithet denotes the bidentate apex of mericarps which can also be observed in non-dehisced green fruits (bidentate apex of mericarp can also be seen in other Abutilon spp.).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0A7B66FC81FDC8297E7949.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowers from July to December; fruiting begins in September and ends in January. Blooms in the afternoon.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0A7B66FC81FDC8297E7949.taxon	discussion	Notes — In the present study, A. bidentatum var. major is not considered a distinct variety; instead, it is merged with the main species. Diagnostic characters for the taxon viz., longer petioles and larger leaf lamina specified in the protologue are extremely variable and the type specimen (Blatter 5644) observed at BLAT does not assert it with distinct taxonomic status. Lectotypification of the name A. bidentatum was attempted by Abedin (1979), However, Verloove and Galasso (2020) pointed out the selection of lectotype by Naqshi et al. (1988) which supersedes Abedin’ s designation supported by Art. 9.19 (a) of the ICN.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0A7B66FC81FDC8297E7949.taxon	materials_examined	Additional Specimens Examined — India. — KARNATAKA: Dharwar, Mar 1919, s. c. 27648 (BLAT). — MAHARASHTRA: Aurangabad Dt., B. A. M. University Campus, 12 Oct 2014, VVN 505 (BAMU, SPPU). Mumbai, Salsette, Dec 1916, E. Blatter 18365 (BLAT). Nashik Dt., Nandur-Madhmeshwar, 23 Jan 2016, VVN 562 (BAMU). Pune Dt., Mumbai-Bangalore Highway, 26 Jan. 2015, VVN 524 (BAMU, SPPU); Junnar, 3 Sep 2016, VVN 571 (BAMU). Khandesh, Dec 1918, s. c. 27113 (BLAT). — HARYANA: Rohtak Dt., Rohtak, 13 Aug 1962, V. J. Nair 23208 (BSD). — RAJASTHAN: Alwar Dt., Akbarpur, 13 Apr 1984, P. J. Parmar 9738 (BSJO). Banswara Dt., Banswara city, roadside, 24 Sept 2015, VVN 557 (SPPU). Bikaner Dt., Devikund sagar, 6 Dec 1975, G. P. Roy 2437 (BSJO). Churu Dt., Khanpur village, 360 m, 19 Mar 1976, G. P. Pandey 2512 (BSJO). Chittorgarh Dt., Chambal Dam, 20 Dec 1963, B. M. Varma 5119 (BSJO). Dungarpur Dt., Masana, 28 Nov 1968, R. B. Majumdar 10184 (BSJO). Jaisalmer Dt., Amarsagar garden, 16 Nov 1973, G. L. Tiwari 853 (BSJO). Jodhpur Dt., Mandore garden, 6 Jan 1975, s. c. 1536 (BSJO); Bilara, 26 Feb 1977, A. N. Singh 3284 (BSJO); Mehrangarh fort, 21 Sep 2015, VVN 547 (BAMU). Udaypur Dt., Udaypur city, 24 Sep 2015, VVN 553 (BAMU).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0F7B69FF5BF9812ACF7DF7.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE: SENEGAL. Suffal, s. d., Lepirieur s. n. (First step lectotype designated by Fryxell 2002: P. Second step lectotype designated here: P- 00389227 [photo]! isolectotype: P- 00389226 [photo]!) http: // coldb. mnhn. fr / catalognumber / mnhn / p / p 00389227	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0F7B69FF5BF9812ACF7DF7.taxon	description	Bushy shrubs, up to 1 m tall. Stem light brownish, glabrous; young stem densely velutinous with short stellate hairs. Leaf lamina 2 – 8 ˟ 5 – 10 cm, ovate to triangular, appears pale green, velvety with pubescence of stellate hairs, 5 – 7 - nerved, apex acute, stipules 2 – 3 mm long, linear to lanceolate. Petioles 3 – 7 cm long. Flowers axillary, solitary; flowering pedicel ca. 1 cm, articulated 2 mm below the flower; fruiting pedicel 2.5 – 3.5 cm long, articulated 3 – 4 mm below the fruit, stellate pubescent. Calyx campanulate, 1 cm across, lobes triangular, 5 – 6 mm long, apex acute. Corolla ca. 1.5 cm across, yellow; petals 5 – 10 ˟ 4 – 8 mm, broadly ovate, unequally lobed at apex, hairs on dorsal side of the margin towards the adjacent petal, sometimes reflexed. Staminal column 5 – 6 mm; base stellate pubescent; tube 1 mm, glabrous; free part of filaments 3 – 4 mm, glabrous. Ovary 3 ˟ 2 mm, globose, velutinous with stellate hairs, 8 – 10 - loculed, 3 ovules per locule; stylar branches 8 – 10, glabrous, stigma capitate. Schizocarps 0.6 – 0.8 ˟ 0.8 cm, cylindrical, indented and truncate at apex. Mericarps 8 – 9 mm elongated; base rounded; apex acute, awnless; dorsally straight, 2 – 3 - seeded. Seeds 1.5 – 2 ˟ 1.8 – 2 mm, reniform, surface pubescent, basal notch glabrous. Figures 4 A – E, 5 A – G.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0F7B69FF5BF9812ACF7DF7.taxon	distribution	Distribution and Habitat — A. fruticosum is distributed in Africa, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia and is also reported from the United States. In India, it is distributed in the arid parts of Gujarat, Haryana, and Rajasthan (Fig. 3) and grows on rocky substratum and in exposed environments.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0F7B69FF5BF9812ACF7DF7.taxon	etymology	Etymology — The specific epithet fruticosum stands for the bushy appearance of the plant.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0F7B69FF5BF9812ACF7DF7.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — The flowering starts in June and ends in September, while fruiting begins between July to October. Flowers open in the afternoon.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0F7B69FF5BF9812ACF7DF7.taxon	discussion	Notes — A variety of A. fruticosum i. e. A. fruticosum var. chrysocarpa is not considered here as a distinct taxon since the color of the fruit and its pubescence (given as distinguishing characters in the protologue) vary with different climatic and edaphic conditions. Moreover, the type specimen (Blatter 5660, BLAT) also does not exhibit distinctiveness. Fryxell (2002) proposed lectotypification of the name A. fruticosum Guill. & Perr. considering the specimens housed at P. These specimens were collected by Leprieur from Senegal. They constitute the original material because the specimens are cited in the protologue. However, Fryxell’ s (2002) note “ Isolectotype: P-herb. Dugand. ” does not relate with the protologue. Additionally, he has not specified the specimen selected as lectotype among the two specimens at P (P 00389226 and P 00389227) which serve as the original material of single gathering. Consequently, the selection of one of the specimens as a lectotype with the process of second-step lectotypification (Art. 9.17, ICN) is proposed here. The specimen (P 00389227) bearing fruits shows a diagnostic feature designated here as a lectotype. Paul Fryxell (2002) mentioned the type of A. texense Torr. & A. Gray as “ Drummond 35 ” collected from Texas, housed at K, NY, and OXF. However, the specimens of A. texense collected by Drummond are labeled with collection number 43 as mentioned by Joan Fryxell (1983); and he cited specimens from BM and OXF. We could not trace the specimens from the herbaria mentioned by Joan Fryxell but the specimens from this collection are seen at K, GH, and NY. Of these, a specimen from K (barcode K 000659595) is selected here as a lectotype.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E0F7B69FF5BF9812ACF7DF7.taxon	materials_examined	Additional Specimens Examined — India. — GUJARAT: Bhuj Dt., Bhuj to Rhodia maka, Dec. 1907, s. c. 18372, 18373 (BLAT). Kutch Dt., Jalandar Bet, 8 Sep 1960, N. A. Irani 5214 (BLAT); Rakhal R. F., 15 Oct 2002, R. P. Pandey 13970 (BSJO); Narayan sarovar, 29 Sept 2008, V. Singh 15974 (BSJO). — HARYANA: Hisar Dt., Hisar, 17 Oct 1962, N. C. Nair 24857 (BSD). — RAJASTHAN: Barmer Dt., Keradu hillock, Hatma Village, 23 Nov 1973, G. L. Tiwari 939 (BSJO, CAL); Jaisalmer Dt., Jaisalmer, Nov 1917, s. c. 5656 (BLAT); Jaisalmer, Dec 1917, s. c. 5643 (BLAT); From Jaisalmer on the way to Miajlar, 375 m, 31 Aug 1976, B. V. Shetty 3394 (BSJO, CAL); Jaisalmer-Kuri Road, 7 Aug 1958, S. K. Jain 40528 (BSI). Jalor Dt., Bhadrajun, 19 Aug 1978, B. L. Vyas 6605 (BSJO). Jodhpur Dt., Jodhpur, Dec 1917, s. c. 5662 (BLAT); Jodhpur to Bijaloi, 31 Jul 1958, S. K. Jain 40192 (BSI); Kharda lake, near the bridge, 24 Nov 1972, Ratan Singh 325 (BSJO); Kheechan, 12 Oct 1976, A. N. Singh 3210 (BSJO, CAL )); Osian, 27 Aug 1977, A. N. Singh 4422 (BSJO, CAL); way to Machia fort, 7 Sep 1998, R. P. Pandey & P. M. Pandey 14017 (BSJO); Jodhpur city, 17 Jan 2015, VVN 521 (BAMU, SPPU); Mehrangarh fort, 21 Feb 2015, VVN 548 (BAMU, SPPU). Sikar Dt., Kankaria F. B., 26 Sep 1992, P. J. Parmar 10615 (BSJO).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E007B69FF4CFD002E7A7A15.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE: GHANA, Thonning 38 [lectotype designated here: C- 10004546 [photo]!. (http: // www. daim. snm. ku. dk / digitized-type-collection-details? catno = C 10004546) isolectotypes: C- 10004545! C- 10004548! C- 10004549!]	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E007B69FF4CFD002E7A7A15.taxon	description	Bushy shrub, less than 1 m high. Stem covered with dense stellate pubescence. Leaf lamina 4 – 15 ˟ 4 – 10 cm, pale green, ovate or orbicular, 7 – 9 - nerved; apex acute. Petioles 3 – 10 cm long. Stipules lanceolate to triangular, apex acute, stellate pubescent. Flowers axillary, solitary; flowering pedicel 1 – 1.5 cm, articulated 2 – 3 mm below the flower; fruiting pedicel 5 – 10 cm long, articulated 1 cm below the fruit. Calyx pale green, campanulate or cup shaped, 1 cm across; calyx lobes 10 – 12 ˟ 4 – 6 mm, triangular, acute to acuminate, almost covering and exceeding the schizocarp in fruit. Corolla 2.5 – 3 cm across, yellow; petals ca. 12 ˟ 5 mm, broadly obovate, truncate or emarginate with unequal lobes at apex, glabrous. Staminal column 7 – 9 mm long, glabrous throughout, tube 2 – 3 mm long, filaments 4 – 5 mm long. Ovary ca. 4 ˟ 3 mm, globose, 20 – 25 - loculed, ovules 3 per locule; stylar branches not exceeding staminal column, stigmas capitate. Schizocarps ca. 1.7 ˟ 1.2 cm, cylindrical, truncate, extremely velutinous with long armed stellate hairs. Mericarps 20 – 25, reniform, 10 – 12 ˟ 5 mm, flattened, rounded at base, acute at apex with short mucro, dorsally slightly curved, 3 - seeded. Seeds 1.5 – 1.8 ˟ 1.8 – 2 mm, reniform, glabrous throughout, warted, dark brownish to black. Figures 4 F – J, 5 H – N.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E007B69FF4CFD002E7A7A15.taxon	distribution	Distribution and Habitat — The species is distributed in tropical and subtropical parts of Africa, Asia, and Australia. In India, it is reported from Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, and Telangana (Fig. 3). It grows in semi-arid regions, and occurs along dumping grounds and barren lands.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E007B69FF4CFD002E7A7A15.taxon	etymology	Etymology — The specific epithet guineense denotes the place Guinea, from where it is described.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E007B69FF4CFD002E7A7A15.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowering from August to January, sometimes extending up to February, and fruiting takes place from September to March.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E007B69FF4CFD002E7A7A15.taxon	discussion	Notes — Some Indian floristic studies (Cooke 1903) listed the taxon as A. asiaticum (= Sida asiatica L.). Van Borssum Waalkes (1966) lowered this taxon to the subspecies level, as A. indicum subsp. guineense and synonymized the name ‘ A. asiaticum ’ under the subspecies. The treatment brought out the typification of S. asiatica by description (Van Borssom Waalkes 1966) which is not supported by the current code of ICN. Borssum Waalkes’ s treatment of A. guineense as a subspecies of A. indicum is not applied in the present study, though it is followed in other Indian floristic works (Sivarajan and Pradeep 1996; Paul and Nayar 1988; Paul 1993; Pullaiah and Chennaiah 1997; Pullaiah et al. 2002; Pullaiah and Rao 2002; Rao et al. 2001; Pullaiah 2015). The taxon is treated at species rank on account of the distinct characteristics such as plant less than 1 m, extremely villous fruits with more than 20 mericarps, and enormous difference of seed characters between A. indicum and A. guineense. Its sympatric occurrence with the main taxon A. indicum and other Abutilon species also validates the treatment of this at species rank. Therefore, it is treated here as ‘ A. guineense, ’ the combination made by Baker and Exell (1936). Use of the binomial ‘ A. asiaticum ’ for this plant is inappropriate (Verdcourt 2003) and discussed in detail under A. indicum. The name Abutilon guineense (Sida guineensis Schumach.) is lectotypified here by selecting the original material referred to in the protologue (Thonning 38, (C )). The specimens differ in having leaves with a triangular apex instead of rounded leaves with a short acute apex of the Indian population. The differing characters are treated here as a variation and the taxon is considered conspecific with the Indian population due to similarity in all other strong characters of fruit and seeds. The individuals of this species can be confused with those of A. pannosum because of its villous appearance of fruits, but they can be distinguished from the latter by having a bushy habit with less than 1 m height, cylindrical fruits, and glabrous seeds.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E007B69FF4CFD002E7A7A15.taxon	materials_examined	Representative Specimens — India. — TAMIL NADU: Tiruchirapalli Dt., Tiruchirapalli, 1941, s. c. s. n., (MH, labeled as A. asiaticum); Tiruchirapalli, 16 Sep 2016, VVN 573, 574 (BAMU, SPPU). Coimbatore Dt., Ukkadam, 450 m, 28 Jan 1993, Sivarajan & Pradeep 45068 (CALI). South Africa. Kruger National Park, 17 Jan 1994, N. Zambatis 1997, PRE 0805917 – 0 (PRE, photo!). Tanzania. s. l., H. Leippert 6394, UBT 0006564 (UBT, photo!). Togo. Kelegougan, 1973, J. F. Brunel 754, TOGO 04357 (TOGO, photo!).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E007B6AFC81FAEE28C47C26.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE: INDIA. P. Sonnerat 2486 [lectotype designated here: G-DC G- 00219621 [photo]! (https: // www. ville-ge. ch / musinfo / bd / cjb / chg / adetail. php? id = 219234 & lang = en)].	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E007B6AFC81FAEE28C47C26.taxon	description	Shrubs, 2 – 3 m tall. Stem brown; young stem covered with numerous stellate hairs, sticky glandular hairs and long simple hairs. Leaf lamina 5 – 15 ˟ 2 – 10 cm, ovate to orbicular, stellate and glandular pubescent, apex acuminate, margin sharply dentate – coarsely serrate, subentire, 5 – 7 - nerved. Petioles 3 – 10 cm long, stellate pubescent with glandular and long simple hairs. Stipules 5 – 6 mm long. Flowers axillary, solitary; flowering pedicel ca. 2 cm long, articulated 4 – 5 mm below the flower; fruiting pedicel 3 – 4 cm long, articulated 5 – 6 mm below the fruit. Calyx campanulate, 1.5 – 1.7 cm across, lobes ovate, 6 – 7 mm long, acute or acuminate at apex, may or may not exceed apex of schizocarp. Corolla 2.5 – 3 cm across, yellow, mostly with a dark reddish colored patch at the center, sometimes plain yellow; petals 5 – 10 ˟ 4 – 8 mm, broadly obovate, truncate or unequal at apex, emarginate, glandular hairs on abaxial side, reflexed in fully bloomed flower. Staminal column 7 – 9 mm; base conical, reddish or plane yellow, stellate pubescent; tube 2 – 3 mm long, glabrous; filaments 3 – 5 mm, glabrous. Ovary 4 ˟ 3 mm, globose, 22 – 25 carpellary, stigma capitate. Schizocarps 1.5 – 2 ˟ 1 – 1.5 cm, globular, slightly indented and truncate at apex, mericarps 22 (may reduce by abortion) – 25. Mericarps 1 – 1.3 ˟ 0.5 cm, reniform, base rounded, upper part rounded with mucro or minute awn, dorsally curved, 2 – 3 - seeded. Seeds 1.8 – 2 ˟ 1.8 – 2 mm, reniform, warted, surface pubescent, hilum densely pubescent with stellate hairs all over placental attachment, brownish. Figures 6 A – E, 7 A – G.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E007B6AFC81FAEE28C47C26.taxon	distribution	Distribution and Habitat — The species is native to tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia; introduced and naturalized in Mexico, Central, South and North America, and West Indies. In India, it occurs in many states (Fig. 8). Common throughout the study area, grows on roadsides, wastelands, and sometimes on hill slopes.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E007B6AFC81FAEE28C47C26.taxon	etymology	Etymology — Epithet hirtum denotes the hairy appearance of a plant.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E007B6AFC81FAEE28C47C26.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowering begins from July to February, fruiting from September to March. Flowers usually open after 2 or 3 PM.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E007B6AFC81FAEE28C47C26.taxon	discussion	Notes — Plants of this species are generally distinguished by a dark reddish patch at the center of the corolla. The patch may appear faint or sometimes the corolla looks plain yellow. An infraspecific taxon A. hirtum var. heterotrichum (Hochst. ex mattei) Cufod. is enumerated in some Indian floristic analyses (Paul and Nayar 1988; Paul 1993) by using leaf margin as a character (sharply dentate vs. coarsely serrate) to discriminate from the main variety. However, the character of the leaf margin varies according to the age of the leaf and environmental conditions. Moreover, the protologue of A. heterotrichum (basionym of A. hirtum var. heterotrichum) distinguished it from other congeneric taxa by the feature of smaller and closer carpels. The character seems indeterminate because, in all the populations and herbarium specimens studied for A. hirtum, adjacent carpels are always observed to be closely arranged. Hence, ‘ var. heterotrichum’ is not treated as a distinct taxon here. The name A. hirtum (Lam.) Sweet (= Sida hirta Lam.) is typified here with the specimen from G (G-DC, G- 00219621), collected by Sonnerat from “ de l’ Inde ” (India) which exhibits characters given in the protologue. A search for the original material in G-DC was insisted by Lamarck’ s (1783) collaboration with De Candolle for the work (Stafleu and Cowan 1979). For lectotypification of the name A. heterotrichum Hochst ex Mattei, a specimen from Schimper’ s collection (2306) from Ethiopia housed at K is selected. Other specimens from the collection placed at various herbaria are selected as isolectotypes.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E007B6AFC81FAEE28C47C26.taxon	materials_examined	Representative Specimens — India. — ANDHRA PRADESH: Kadapa Dt., Balapalle, 20 Jan 1958, SKW 7567 (BLAT); Cuddapah, 22 Jan 1958, SKW 7767, 7708, (BLAT). Nellore Dt., Shivdurg, 15 Aug 1957, SKW 6760 (BLAT). Warangal Dt., Narasampet, 280 m, 25 Nov 1960, K. M. Sebastine 11593 (MH). — GUJARAT: Jamnagar Dt., Harshad Road, 11 Feb 2004, P. M. Padhye 18807 (BSJO); Nageshwar, 11 Feb 2004, P. M. Padhye 21801 (BSJO). — KARNATAKA: Bagalkot Dt., Kulali, May 1917, s. c. 18359 (BLAT). Shimoga Dt., Lingadahalli, 18 Nov 1991, A. K. Pradeep 44961 (CALI). — KERALA: Idukki Dt., Marayur, 14 Feb 2015, VVN 541 (BAMU, SPPU). — MAHARASHRA: Ahmednagar Dt., Khandgaon, 17 Dec 1984, Rajendra Shinde 124 (BLAT). Beed dt., Parli, 16 Oct 2014, VVN 507 (BAMU, SPPU). Nagpur Dt., North Ambazari road, 15 Nov 1959, U. Pirashi 242 (BLAT). Sindhudurg Dt., Burdi, Kolgaon, Savantwadi, 8 Mar 1982, S. M. Almeida SMA 4343 (BLAT). — RAJASTHAN: Banswara Dt., Banswara city, roadside, 24 Sep 2015, VVN 556, (BAMU). Panchmahal Dt., Pavagadh, 25 Sep 2015, VVN 560 (BAMU, SPPU). — TAMIL NADU: Chennai Dt., Vandalur, 11 Feb 2015, VVN 531 (BAMU, SPPU); Maraimalai Nagar, 11 Feb 2015, VVN 535 (BAMU, SPPU). Coimbatore Dt., Maruthmalai, 26 Nov 1990, A. K. Pradeep 5237 (CALI); Pollachi, 24 Dec 1991, A. K. Pradeep 5244 (CALI); Coimbatore to Maruthmalai road, 13 Feb 2015, VVN 539 (BAMU, SPPU); Aliyar, 13 Feb 2015, VVN 540 (BAMU, SPPU). Ramanathapuram Dt., Manamadurai, 125 m, 25 Jun 1978, N. C. Nair 57469 (MH). Salem Dt., Chennai to Salem Road, 12 Feb 2015, VVN 536 (BAMU, SPPU). Tindivanam Dt., Tindivanam city, 15 Feb 2015, VVN 542 (BAMU, SPPU). Tiruchirapalli Dt., Tiruchirapalli city, 16 Sep 2016, VVN 575 (BAMU, SPPU). — TELANGANA: Krishna rivar bank, near Nagarjunsagar dam, 24 Dec 2017, VVN 600 (BAMU, SPPU). — WEST BENGAL: Howrah Dt., Panchala, 10 Nov 1964, Bennet 1050 (CAL).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E037B6DFCECFC3E2E5079DE.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE: SWEDEN. Hort. Upsal., Linn- 866.29 (LINN) [lectotype: designated by Van Borssum Waalkes 1966: LINN-HL 866 – 29 [Photo]!].	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E037B6DFCECFC3E2E5079DE.taxon	description	Shrub, 2 – 4 m high. Stem brown; young stem with dense indumentum of stellate hairs intermixed with scattered simple hairs, scarce glandular hairs. Leaf lamina 5 – 15 ˟ 2 – 10 cm, appears slightly trilobed; velutinous with stellate pubescence on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces, 7 – 9 - nerved, base cordate, apex acute to shortly acuminate. Petioles 4 – 15 cm long, stipules 3 – 4 mm long, Flowers axillary, solitary; flowering pedicel 1.5 – 2 cm, articulated 3 – 4 mm below the flower; fruiting pedicel 5 – 6 cm long, articulated 8 mm below the fruit. Calyx campanulate, 1.5 cm across, lobes ovate, 6 – 7 mm long, apex acute to shortly acuminate, below the half of schizocarp in mature fruit. Corolla 2.5 – 3 cm across, yellow, petals reflexed in fully bloomed flower; petals 8 – 10 ˟ 4 – 7 mm, broadly obovate, truncate, apex emarginated, lobes slightly unequal; glabrous above and beneath. Staminal column 5 – 8 mm, base stellate pubescent; tube 2 – 3 mm long, stellate pubescent; filaments 3 – 5 mm, glabrous. Ovary 4 ˟ 3 mm, globose, 15 – 17 carpellary, stigma capitate. Schizocarps 1.5 – 2 ˟ 1 cm, cylindrical, or sometimes appears like a rounded pot with broader mouth; apex truncate, indented. Mericarps 1 – 1.3 ˟ 0.5 cm, reniform, base rounded, apex acute or shortly acuminate with 1 – 2 mm awn, curved dorsally, 2 – 3 - seeded. Seeds 2 – 2.2 ˟ 2 – 2.2 mm, brownish to black, reniform, warted, surface glabrous, tuft of stellate hairs at hilum, sometime glabrous. Figures 6 F – J, 7 H – N.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E037B6DFCECFC3E2E5079DE.taxon	distribution	Distribution and Habitat — A. indicum is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It is the most frequently occurring species in the study area (Fig. 8) and very common along roadsides, wastelands, and forest edges.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E037B6DFCECFC3E2E5079DE.taxon	etymology	Etymology — The specific epithet “ indicum ” is based on the place (India) from where Linnaeus obtained the specimen.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E037B6DFCECFC3E2E5079DE.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowering starts from July to February and fruiting from August to March. Flowers usually open after 2 or 3 PM.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E037B6DFCECFC3E2E5079DE.taxon	discussion	Notes — There is a discrepancy regarding synonymizing the name Abutilon asiaticum (= Sida asiatica L.) under A. indicum or A. guineense. Identification of herbarium specimens and floristic treatments pointed out the need to resolve the taxonomic status of the name ‘ A. asiaticum ’. For example, a specimen from MH (Tiruchirapalii, s. c. s. n., 1941) labeled as A. asiaticum is actually of A. guineense and a specimen of A. indicum from BSI (Satara, S. D. Deshpande 169062) is labeled as A. asiaticum. In previous treatments (Cooke 1903; Van Borssum Waalkes 1966) the name ‘ A. asiaticum ’ is applied (or considered conspecific) for the plant having “ calyx exceeding schizocarps: (= A. guineense). A thorough explanation by Verdcourt (2003) states that the name Sida asiatica L. (1756) is correspondent with S. abutilon var. β (Linnaeus 1753), which is linked to elements in Flora Zeylanica: 520. 1747 and Pluknet’ s Phytographia 126. F. 5. 1692, and ultimately to the specimen in Linnaean Herbarium (LINN 866.27, showing characters of A. indicum (calyx much shorter than schizocarp )). Therefore, Linnaeus’ s (1753, 1756) description of Sida asiatica cannot fit with the above-mentioned specimen from LINN. Moreover, although Linnaeus (1762) has differentiated S. asiatica and S. indica, the above-mentioned components from Flora Zeylanica and Pluknet’ s Phytographia match to S. indica L. (= A. indicum). Therefore, the name A. asiaticum should be treated as a synonym for A. indicum (L.) Sweet.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E037B6DFCECFC3E2E5079DE.taxon	materials_examined	Representative Specimens — India. — ANDAMAN AND NICOBAR ISLANDS: West bay, 23 Apr 1977, P. Chakraworthy 5529 (PBL). — ANDHRA PRADESH: Kurnool Dt.: Nandyal, 29 Feb 1957, SKW 5266 (BLAT). Nellor Dt., Shriharikota, 13 Jan 1958, SKW 7255 (BLAT). Visakhapatnam Dt., Waltair University campus, 21 Oct 1956, S. J. Santapau 21356 (BLAT). — ASSAM: Kamrup Dt., Jorabat, 24 Sep 1957, R. S. Rao 9876 (CAL). — KARNATAKA: Mysore Dt., Near Gundlupet, 675 m, 30 Aug 1964, Naithani 21318 (MH). Raichur Dt., Lingsugur-Raichur road, 13 Nov 1975, N. P. Singh 141678 (BSI). — GUJARAT: Devbhoomi Dwarka Dt., Okha, 13 Oct 1953, S. J. Santapau 16675 (BLAT). Navsari Dt., Unai, Dangs Forest, 8 Mar 1954, S. J. Santapau 18243 (BLAT). Panchamahal Dt., Pavagadh, 29 Dec 1959, S. J. Santapau 19853 (BLAT); Pavagadh, 25 Sep 2015, VVN 559 (BAMU, SPPU). Vadodara Dt., Baroda college Campus, 2 Jan 1955, G. L. Shah 1476 (BLAT); Baroda Public Park, 16 Oct 1954, G. L. Shah 895 (BLAT); Palanpur, 31 Jan 2015, VVN 527 (BAMU, SPPU). — LAKSHDWEEP: Agathi island, 22 Feb 1959, B. M. Wadhwa 48327 (BSI). Kalpeni, Way to satellite station, 13 Dec 1993, P. Bhagavan 100922 (MH). — MAHARASHTRA: Akola Dt., Hiwarkhed, 10 Jan 2011, M. N. Bokhad 024141 (AHMA); Aurangabad Dt., Beed bypass road, Aurangabad city, 12 Oct 2014, VVN 503 (BAMU, SPPU); St. Road, Vaijapur, 5 Dec 2014, VVN 511 (BAMU, SPPU); Buldhana Dt., Rohinkhed forest area, 24 Dec 1982, P. G. Diwakar 104823 (BSI); Jalgaon Dt., Jamner, 16 May 1982, K. M. Rao 160572 (BSI); Mumbai Dt., Bandra, Apr 1919, B. N. Vakil 31089 (BLAT); Marve road, Malad, 17 Mar 1957, G. L. Shah 8736 (BLAT); Parel, 1 Sep 1965, MRA 252 (BLAT). Nashik Dt., Nandur Madhmeshwar, 1 Dec 2014, VVN 509 (BAMU, SPPU); Near Nanduri naka, 1 Dec 2014, VVN 510 (BAMU, SPPU). Pune Dt., 30 Mar 1955, V. D. Vartak 593 (AHMA); Base of the Sinhagad hills, 1 Apr 1957, V. D. Vartak 8274 (AHMA); Pune City, Near Balbharati, 22 May 1956, A. S. Upadhye MP 238 (AHMA); Wadgaon, 10 June 2006, R. B. Bhagat s. n. (AHMA); Junnar, 3 Sep 2016, VVN 572 (BAMU); Kanhe Phata, Wadgaon Maval, 7 Oct 2016, VVN 579 (BAMU); Aalandi road, Pune, 31 Oct 2016, VVN 582 (BAMU). Satara Dt., Karad, near rest house, 17 Aug 1984, S. D. Deshpande 169062 (BSI, labeled as A. asiaticum). Solapur Dt., Valsang, May 1918, E. Blatter 29943 (BLAT); Dehu road, 26 Jan 2015, VVN 522 (BAMU, SPPU); Thane Dt., Mumbra, 5 Jan 1954, K. V. Shenoy KVS 1988 (BLAT). — PONDICHERRY: Auroville, 1.53 m, 8 Jul 1989, R. Rajan 91432 (MH). — RAJASTHAN: Ajmer Dt., s. l., 5 Jun 1941, S. J. Santapau 12 (BLAT). Banswara Dt., Ghatol city, 16 Oct 1976, V. Singh 3701 (BSJO); Banswara city, road side, 24 Sep 2015, VVN 555 (SPPU). Bharatpur Dt., Ghana bird sanctuary, s. d., P. J. Parmar 8635 (BSJO). Jhalawar Dt., Kali Sindh river bank, 24 Apr 1964, B. M. Verma 3404 (BSJO). Jhunjhunu Dt., Kot dam, 21 Nov 1992, R. P. Pandey & P. M. Pandey 11169 (BSJO). Jodhpur Dt., Jodhpur city, 17 Jan 2015, VVN 520 (BAMU, SPPU); Meharangarh fort, 21 Sep 2015, VVN 546 (BAMU, SPPU); BSI campus Jodhpur, 21 Sep 2015, VVN 549 (SPPU). Pali Dt., Sadari, 450 m, 13 Apr 1977, R. P. Pandey 4128 (BSJO). Sirohi Dt., Mount Abu, Oct 1916, s. c. 18361 (BLAT). Tonk Dt., Ghati village near Tordi, 17 Feb 1973, B. V. Shetty 565 (BSJO). s. l., 10 Jan 1950, M. M. Payak 10 (AHMA). Udaypur Dt., Udaypur city, 24 Sep 2015, VVN 552 (BAMU). — TAMIL NADU: Chennai Dt., Madras, Dec 1956, P. Divakaran 6 (AHMA); Tambaram, 11 Feb 2015, VVN 528, VVN 530, (BAMU, SPPU); Maraimalai Nagar, 11 Feb 2015, VVN 534 (BAMU, SPPU). Coimbatore Dt., Valparai, 21 Dec 1992, Sivarajan & Pradeep 47763 (CALI); Coimbatore city, 13 Dec 2016, VVN 587 (BAMU, SPPU). Kanyakumari Dt., Colachal, 26 Jan 1978, A. N. Henry 53296 (MH); Pudukottai Dt., Karapatti- way to Kunnankoil, 100 m, 16 Mar 1986, C. Arulappan 446 (MH). Ramanathapuram Dt., Rameshwaram 100 m, 4 Dec 1977, N. C. Nair 53079 (MH). Tirunelvelly Dt., Main falls, Cortallam, 367 m, 16 Dec 1957, K. Subramanyam 4932 (MH). Salem Dt., Chennai to Salem Road, 12 Feb 2015, VVN 537, VVN 538 (BAMU, SPPU). Tindivanam Dt., Tindivanam city, 15 Feb 2015, VVN 543 (BAMU, SPPU). Tiruvanamalai Dt., Mamandur, 2 May 1914, s. c. s. n., Accession no. 3823 (MH). — TELANGANA: Hyderabad Dt., Puranapull, 27 Jun 1958, Sebastine 5989 (CAL). — WEST BENGAL: Hoogly Dt., Uttarpara, 31 Mar 1967, Soloman 405 (CAL); Howrah Dt., Goabaria, 2 Nov 1953, Naskar s. n. (CAL). Malda Dt., Kutubsagar, 25 Apr 1966, Dutta 196 (CAL).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E047B6EFC81F92C2F297EA0.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE: INDIA, Andhra Pradesh, Horsley Hills, 1105 m, 25 Dec 2017, Nimbalkar 601 [Neotype: designated by Nimbalkar et al. 2018: CAL CAL 0000033824!].	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E047B6EFC81F92C2F297EA0.taxon	description	Shrubs 1 to 2 m tall. Stem green, hairy, matures stem brownish, glabrescent. Leaf lamina 8 – 15 ˟ 4 – 10 cm, ovate to cordate, sometimes slightly trilobed, pale green beneath, apex acute to acuminate, 7 - nerved. Petioles 8 – 10 cm long. Stipules 6 – 12 mm long, slender. Flowers 4 – 5 on axillary, solitary cymes, each 6 – 10 cm long, 3 – 5 - flowered; flowering pedicel 8 – 10 mm, articulated 2 – 3 mm below the flower; fruiting pedicel 1 – 1.5 cm long, articulated 5 – 6 mm below the fruit. Calyx campanulate, 1 – 1.5 cm across, lobes ovate, 6 – 7 mm long, acute or shortly acuminate at apex. Corolla 1.5 – 2 cm across, yellow, shallow campanulate petals 5 – 10 ˟ 4 – 8 mm, broadly obovate, truncate or sometime mucronate at apex, glandular pubescent on dorsal side. Staminal column 8 – 15 mm, base glabrous, tube 5 – 10 mm, glabrous or stellate pubescent, filaments 3 – 5 mm, glabrous. Ovary 4 ˟ 3 mm, globose, 8 – 10 - carpellary, ovules 3 per locule, stylar branches erect; stigma capitate. Schizocarps 1 – 1.5 ˟ 1 – 1.5 cm, cylindrical, indented at apex, stellate pubescent. Mericarps 8 – 10 ˟ 4 – 5 mm, reniform, dorsally curved, base rounded or with a notch; apical part rounded with 2 – 3 mm awn, erect or curved; 3 - seeded. Seeds 2 – 2.3 ˟ 2 mm, reniform, warted, brown, seed surface glabrous, tuft of stellate hairs at hilum, minute simple hairs may present surrounding hilum.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E047B6EFC81F92C2F297EA0.taxon	etymology	Etymology — Munro (MS) suggested the epithet neelgerrense based on its habitat in the ‘ Neelgheris’ (Nilgiri) and Wight (1840) published the name based on Munro’ s collection and MS.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E047B6EFC81F92C2F297EA0.taxon	discussion	Note — Orthographic variants of the specific epithet (‘ neilgherrense’, ‘ neelgherrense’) which are applied in the earlier literature are suggested not to be used (Art. 60.1, ICN; Nimbalkar et al. 2018).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E077B6EFF5BFD03290D7865.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE: INDIA. Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore Dt., Coonoor river bank, 1200 ft., 10 Jan 1910, C. E. C. Fischer 1581 (Holotype: CAL! CAL 0000006218; Isotype FRC!).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E077B6EFF5BFD03290D7865.taxon	description	Staminal column 7 – 10 mm long, base conical, glabrous, tubular part 5 mm, densely stellate pubescent, free part of filament 3 – 4 mm, glabrous. Filaments and stylar branches remain erect in blooming flower. Figures 9 A – E, 10 A – G.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E077B6EFF5BFD03290D7865.taxon	distribution	Distribution and Habitat — The variety is endemic to Tamil Nadu state in southern India (Fig. 8). It grows at high altitudes (400 – 1000 m) and prefers shady places in semi-evergreen forests.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E077B6EFF5BFD03290D7865.taxon	etymology	Etymology — The epithet fischeri is given in honor of C. E. C. Fischer who collected the specimen (original collection).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E077B6EFF5BFD03290D7865.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — The plants bloom from November to March, and may prolong up to April – May. Fruiting begins in January and ends in May.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E077B6EFF5BFD03290D7865.taxon	conservation	Preliminary Conservation Status — Following the IUCN Red List criteria (2019), Abutilon neelgerrense var. fischeri is suggested to be categorized as Critically Endangered (based on criteria A and E). This is due to its extent of occurrence being less than 100 km 2 area being known from only one population. The category can also be assigned based on the number of localities (only one), area of occupancy, and criterion E, indicating its probable extinction (if conservation measures are not applied).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E077B6EFF5BFD03290D7865.taxon	discussion	Notes — The variety was first described by Paul and Nayar (1985) based on Fischer’ s collection in 1910 (C. E. C. Fischer 1581, CAL) from Nilgiri. Since then, there has been no record or collection of the plant. Furthermore, its population could not be located in the type locality. Later, Nimbalkar et al. (2019 a) reported this variety from the Theni district of Tamil Nadu, after a century since its first collection. The present study reports the taxon with rare distribution based on existing data. Anthropogenic pressure and habitat loss may lead this plant to a highly threatened state and possibly extinction in the future.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E077B6EFF5BFD03290D7865.taxon	materials_examined	Representative Specimens Examined — India. — TAMIL NADU: Theni Dt., Suruli falls, 19 May 2018, MMS 1643 (SPPU).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E077B6EFF73F88128FD7BA1.taxon	description	Staminal column 8 – 15 mm long, base conical, glabrous, tubular part 8 – 10 mm, glabrous, free part of filament 3 – 4 mm, glabrous. Filaments clustered; stylar branches droop during anthesis. Figures 9 F – J, 10 H – N.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E077B6EFF73F88128FD7BA1.taxon	distribution	Distribution and Habitat — The taxon is endemic to South India, occurring in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu (Fig. 8) with infrequent occurrences. It prefers semi-shady places, forest slopes, and waysides, and altitudes from 400 to 1500 m.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E077B6EFF73F88128FD7BA1.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowering starts in November and lasts up to February, while the fruiting season is from December to March.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E077B6EFF73F88128FD7BA1.taxon	conservation	Preliminary Conservation Status — Abutilon neelgerrense var. neelgerrense is here suggested to be categorized as Least Concern (LC) due to its adequate extent of occurrence. However, this taxon is known from seven localities, and based on the area of occupancy, it might be considered Vulnerable (VU).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E077B6EFF73F88128FD7BA1.taxon	materials_examined	Representative Specimens Examined — India. — ANDHRA PRADESH: Chittor Dt., Horsley hills, 25 Dec 2017, VVN 602 (BAMU, SPPU). — KERALA: Idukki Dt., Vikkapadappu to Vaghukkapara, 900 m, 6 Feb 1981, P. Bhargavan 69875 (MH). — TAMIL NADU: Coimbatore Dt., Pollachi to Valparai route, Aliyar area, 1000 m, 21 Dec 1992, Sivarajan & Pradeep 47751 (CALI). Madurai Dt., Way to Kodaikanal, 800 m, 27 Oct 1977, M. Chandrabose 51697 (MH). Ramnad Dt., Eluttuparai, Ayyanarkoil, 475 m, 21 Sep 1971, E. Vajravelu 38654 (MH).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E077B71FCECFAA42F547EEF.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE: CAPE VERDE ISLANDS. G. Forster s. n. [lectotype designated here: BM, BM 000802743 [photo]! https: // data. nhm. ac. uk / object / 38 ffd 280 - 30 bb- 4 d 90 - 9 d 91 - e 693 ccde 089 f / 1603929600000]	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E077B71FCECFAA42F547EEF.taxon	description	Shrub, 2 – 4 m tall. Stem pale green, densely velutinous with stellate pubescence intermixed with long simple hairs. Leaf lamina 8 – 20 ˟ 4 – 15 cm, cordate or sometimes orbicular, pale green beneath, pubescent with stellate and simple hairs on adaxial, stellate pubescent on abaxial surfaces, apex acute, margin serrate or sharply dentate, 7 - nerved. Petioles 8 – 15 cm long, Stipules 8 – 9 mm long, lanceolate to triangular, base 1 – 2 mm broad, 2 – 3 costate, acuminate, late caducous. Flowers axillary, solitary; flowering pedicel 2 – 2.5 cm, articulated 2 – 3 mm below the flower; fruiting pedicel 4 – 5 cm, articulated 4 – 5 mm below the fruit. Calyx campanulate, 1 – 1.5 cm across, divided at the middle, lobes ovate or triangular, 5 – 6 mm long, acute to acuminate at apex, may or may not exceed the schizocarp. Corolla 2.5 – 3 cm across, yellow; petals 5 – 12 ˟ 4 – 8 mm, broadly obovate, unequally lobed at apex, glabrous, reflexed when full bloomed, tuft of stellate hairs at base between two adjacent petals. Staminal column 7 – 8 mm, base stellate pubescent; tube 3 mm, glabrous; filaments 3 – 4 mm, glabrous. Ovary 4 ˟ 3 mm, globular, 24 – 30 - carpellary, stigma capitate. Schizocarps 1 ˟ 1 cm, globular, silvery, depressed at top, shiny, mericarps 24 – 30. Mericarps 8 – 9 ˟ 3 – 4 mm, reniform, dorsally much curved, base rounded, apical part rounded with minute mucro, 2 – 3 - seeded. Seeds 1.8 – 2 ˟ 1.8 mm, reniform, warted, silvery, pubescent with long simple hairs, tuft of stellate hairs at hilum and placental attachment. Figures 11 A – E, 12 A – G.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E077B71FCECFAA42F547EEF.taxon	distribution	Distribution and Habitat — A. pannosum is distributed in tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia. In India, it is recorded from Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu (Fig. 13). Plants of this species are common along roadsides and wastelands, usually at lower altitudes. It is also a major weed in crop fields.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E077B71FCECFAA42F547EEF.taxon	etymology	Etymology — The specific epithet pannosum indicates its felt-like texture, with densely matted long hairs.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E077B71FCECFAA42F547EEF.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowering begins in July and lasts up to January. Fruiting occurs from September to March. Anthesis usually takes place after 2 PM.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E077B71FCECFAA42F547EEF.taxon	discussion	Note — While searching for the original material of the name A. pannosum (= Sida pannosa G. Forst.), a herbarium sheet bearing two specimens was found at BM. Among the two, the specimen pasted on the right side of the sheet (a twig, leaves, and fruit; BM 000802743) is confirmed as the original material collected by Forster. It matches with the protologue of Sida pannosa G. Forst. and hence is designated as the lectotype here. The name A. glaucum (= Sida glauca Cav.) is typified here with the original material kept at MA. Its association with the name is confirmed by the label ‘ Cavanillesii typi’ on the sheet (MA 476318) and the characters exhibited by the specimen also match the description.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E077B71FCECFAA42F547EEF.taxon	materials_examined	Representative Specimens — India. — s. l., s. d., Roxburgh s. n., BR 0000013462116 (BR, image!). — ANDHRA PRADESH: Kurnool Dt., Velugodu, 15 Feb 1957, S. K. Wagh, SKW 4836 (BLAT). — GUJARAT: Bharuch Dt., P. W. D. rest house road, 21 Nov 1959, G. L. Shah 1101 (BLAT). Bhuj Dt., Bhuj, 5 Apr 1960, S. K. Jain 61433 (BSI). Gir Somnath Dt., Junagarh to Sasan, 4 Oct 1953, S. J. Santapau 16235 (BLAT). Jamnagar Dt., 21 Oct 1945, s. c. 7676 (BLAT). Kutch Dt., Narayan sarovar, 23 Sep 2000, V. Singh & P. J. Parmar 15739 (BSJO). Rajkot Dt., Rajkot, 20 Oct 1953, S. J. Santapau 16836 (BLAT); Jilla Park, Saurashtra, 21 Oct 1953, S. J. Santapau 16903 (BLAT). Surendranagar Dt., Vana, 27 Oct 1999, R. P. Pandey 14530 (BSJO). — HARYANA: Hisar Dt., Hisar, 5 Apr 1965, N. C. Nair 34565 (BSD); Chakaranian, 26 Oct 1967, V. J. Nair 37657 (BSD). Sirsa Dt., Ottu Bridge, Sirsa, 2 Dec. 1961, N. C. Nair 18953. — MAHARASHTRA: Ahmednagar Dt., Nov 1919, ACK 63 (BLAT). Aurangabad Dt., Beed Bypass Road, A’ bad, 12 Oct 2014, VVN 501 (BAMU, SPPU); Vaijapur, 1 Jan 2015, VVN 516 (BAMU, SPPU). Mumbai Dt., Dahej beach, 20 Oct 1957, P. S. Toar 25924 (BSI). Solapur Dt., Mardi, near Nannaj, 21 Sep 2010, J. Jayanthi & S. C. Yadav 198183 (BSI). Pune Dt., Kanhe Phata, Wadgaon Maval, 7 Oct 2016, VVN 578 (BAMU); Aalandi road, Pune, 31 Oct 2016, VVN 580 (BAMU, SSPU). Khandesh, Murawal, Dec 1916, s. c. 18367 & 18368; Dongri, Dec 1916, s. c. 18360 (BLAT). — RAJASTHAN: Churu Dt., M. G. College Sardarshahr, 19 Nov 1976, G. P. Roy 3979 (BSJO); Barmer Dt., Uttarlai, 21 Oct 1975, B. V. Shetty 2292 (BSJO); Bharatpur Dt., Near Weir, 28 Mar 1982, P. J. Parmar 8760 (BSJO). Bikaner Dt., Gharsisar Tank side, 9 Mar 1975, G. P. Roy 1683 (BSJO); Devikund sagar, Near Ridmalsar, 213 m, 19 Mar 1975, G. P. Roy 1734 (BSJO); Nal airport area, 30 Nov 1975, G. P. Roy 2390 (BSJO). Jaisalmer Dt., Jaisalmer, Oct 1917, Blatter 5645 (BLAT); Salamnagar, Pokran, 10 Nov 1973, G. T. Tiwari 677 (BSJO); Ramseen, Near Luni River bridge, 16 Jan 1978, B. L. Vyas 5282 (BSJO). Jodhpur Dt., Shergarh, 11 Oct 1976, A. N. Singh 3205 (BSJO). Jhunjhunu Dt., Lohargal, Sep 1960, N. C. Nair 1059 (BSD). — TAMIL NADU: Coimbatore Dt., Coimbatore city, 13 Dec 2016, VVN 586 (BAMU, SPPU). Ramanathapuram Dt., (labelled as A. hirtum), 11 Feb 1987, V. Balasubramaniam 1281 (MH); Ramnad Dt., (labelled as A. hirtum), Paramakudi, 19 Feb 1953, J. Sakharam 95956 (MH). — TELANGANA: Hyderabad Dt., Ganga Hills, Nov 1920, B 987 (BLAT).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E187B74FC81FE672EB77E10.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE: PERSIA (IRAN), Garcin L. s. n. (lectotype designated here: G G 00809406 [photo]!).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E187B74FC81FE672EB77E10.taxon	description	Shrub, 3 – 5 m tall. Stem erect, branched, mature stem brown, young stem covered with sticky indumentum of glandular pubescence with long simple and short stellate hairs, anthocyanin pigmentation variable on main stem and branches. Leaf lamina 7 – 25 ˟ 5 – 18 cm, cordate or suborbicular, glandular pubescent abaxially, apex acuminate 7 – 9 - nerved. Petioles 8 – 15 cm long, pubescent with stellate, long simple and glandular hairs. Stipules 6 – 8 mm long, lanceolate or triangular. Flowers axillary, solitary; flowering pedicel 1 – 3 cm long, articulated 5 – 6 mm below the flower; fruiting pedicel 7 – 8 cm long, articulated 7 – 12 mm below the fruit. Calyx 1 – 2 cm across, lobes lanceolate or triangular, 6 – or 10 – 20 mm long, apex acute or acuminate, reflexed or not, up to the middle of the fruit. Corolla 3 – 4 cm across yellow with reddish or pinkish patch at center petals 6 – 12 ˟ 5 – 9 mm, broadly obovate, truncate at apex, with a tuft of stellate hairs at base, glandular hairs on the margin towards the adjacent petal, reflexed in full blooming stage. Staminal column 20 – 30 mm, conical, glabrous at base, tubular part 2 – 3 mm, densely pubescent with stellate indumentum, filaments 10 – 20 mm, glandular pubescent below the anther. Ovary 4 ˟ 2 mm, cylindrical, 5 or 6 – 9 - loculed, velutinous with stellate hairs, stylar branches as many as carpels, glabrous, apex with somewhat blunt stigmatic surface. Capsule 2.5 – 3 ˟ 1 cm, infundibuliform, divided at apex, locules 5 or 6 – 9, a locule 8 – 9 ˟ 2 – 3 mm, dorsally straight, apex acute or shortly acuminate, with 1 mm awn. 4 – 6 - seeded. Seeds 2.3 – 2.5 ˟ 2.3 – 2.5 mm, oval or globular, unevenly depressed, warted, short simple hairs at hilum, surface brown.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E187B74FC81FE672EB77E10.taxon	etymology	Etymology — The specific epithet persicum is based on the type collection from Persia (Iran).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E187B74FC81FE672EB77E10.taxon	discussion	Note — Burman (1768) first described this plant as Sida persica, citing a specimen collected from Persia (Iran) by Garcin. He also provided an illustration plate (P. 148, Table 47, f. 1) with the description. Van Borssum Waalkes (1966) pointed out the imprecision in Burman’ s description and the illustration. He also mentioned his vain attempt to find the type specimen at Geneva. Therefore, he cited the illustration as the ‘ provisional type’ for the name Abutilon persicum (Burm. f.) Merr. (= S. persica Burm. f.), relying on Merril’ s interpretation (Merril 1921) of Burman’ s work. As part of the present study, specimens from Burman’ s collection were searched in G, H, L, LINN, and M. It was also revealed that all the Asian species described by Burman are based on Garcin’ s collection from Asia (Stafleu and Cowan 1976; Stafleu and Mennega 1995). An image of a specimen (G 00809406) of A. persicum collected by Garcin as a part of Burman’ s herbarium was retrieved through personal communication with Geneva Herbarium authorities. Its critical evaluation confirmed it as the original material of S. persica Burm. f. which fairly matches the protologue and Merril’ s interpretation (1921). Therefore, the specimen (G 00809406) is designated here as the lectotype of Sida persica Burm. f. (= A. persicum).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E1D7B74FF5BFDB32E107DF0.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE: INDIA. Tamil Nadu, Namakkal district, Kolli hills, 27 Jan 2017, Devanathan 11330 (Holotype: MH; Isotype CALI).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E1D7B74FF5BFDB32E107DF0.taxon	description	Calyx 1 cm across, lobes lanceolate, 6 – 10 mm long, apex acute, below or up to the middle of the fruit. Ovary 6 – 9 - loculed, with ≤ 1 mm awn. Capsules infundibuliform. Figures 11 F – J, 12 H – N.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E1D7B74FF5BFDB32E107DF0.taxon	distribution	Distribution and Habitat — The variety was first described from the Eastern Ghats by Devanathan (2018). He reported its occurrence in Myanmar also based on a specimen in CAL (138, s. d., s. l., s. c. Accession no. 53848). It was collected from Devikulam, on the Kerala-Tamil Nadu border as part of an excursion during the present study. A herbarium specimen collected in 1926 from Nainital (Uttarakhand) deposited at DD is also identified as of A. persicum var. narasimhanii. Thus, its distribution is known from both the southern and northern parts of India (Fig. 13). The variety grows on the fringes of deciduous or semi-deciduous forests at high altitudes (400 – 1000 m).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E1D7B74FF5BFDB32E107DF0.taxon	etymology	Etymology — The varietal epithet is assigned in honor of D. Narasimhan for his significant work in the taxonomy and diversity of peninsular Indian plants.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E1D7B74FF5BFDB32E107DF0.taxon	materials_examined	Representative Specimens — India. — KERALA: Koyttayam Dt., 875 m, 27 Jan 1965, K. Vivekanathan 23013 (MH); Idduki Dt., Munnar, Devikulam to Bodi medu, 20 Feb 2019. — TAMIL NADU: Vellakoil, s. l., s. d., s. c. s. n., (labeled as A. ramosum) Accession no. 93949 (MH). Namakkal Dt., Kolli hills, Poongulam 27 Jan 2019, VVN 606 (BAMU, SPPU). Theni Dt., Meghamalai, High wave estate, 16 Mar 2019, CG 610 (SPPU). — UTTARAKHAND: Nainital Dt., Malwa Tal, 3 Dec 1926, A. G. Osmorton 1321 (DD).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E1D7B74FC84FD1C2FE1785E.taxon	description	Calyx 1.5 – 2 cm across, lobes triangular, 8 – 10 mm long, apex long acuminate, up to or exceeding the fruit apex. Ovary 5 - celled, Schizocarp campanulate, locules 5, with 2 – 3 mm awn. Figures 14 A – E, 15 A – G.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E1D7B74FC84FD1C2FE1785E.taxon	distribution	Distribution and Habitat — South and East Asia. In India, it frequently occurs at higher altitudes (400 – 1500 m) in forest peripheries (Fig. 13). This taxon usually prefers slopes and semi-shady places; it can also be seen as undergrowth in evergreen and semi-evergreen forests.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E1D7B74FC84FD1C2FE1785E.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowers in November to February, and fruits mature from January to March. Anthesis takes place around 7 to 8 AM, and flowers wither after 6 PM.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E1D7B74FC84FD1C2FE1785E.taxon	materials_examined	Representative Specimens — India. — CHHATTISGARH: Bastar Dt., Way to Kutumbsar caves, 530 m, 10 Feb 1961, N. P. Balakrishnan & A. N. Henry 12040 (MH). — HARAYANA: Yamunasagar Dt., Kalesar National Park, 26 Nov 2014, A. K. Shukla & S. K. Shrivastava 123943 (BSD). — MAHARASHTRA: Kolhapur Dt., Panhala, 11 Dec 2014, VVN 513 (BAMU, SPPU); Pune Dt., Khandala, Forebay slopes, 20 Dec 1952, S. J. Santapau 15335 (BLAT); Near Male, 19 Dec. 1954, V. D. Vartak 389 (AHMA); Khireshwar, 30 Nov 2001, S. B. Nagarkar s. n. (AHMA); Lonavla, 26 Jan 2015, VVN 525; 4 Feb 2017, VVN 592 (BAMU, SPPU); Dahuli, 22 Feb 2018, VVN 609 (BAMU, SPPU). Raigad Dt., Matheran, 23 Nov 1960, N. A. Irani, NI 5658 (BLAT). Ratnagiri Dt., Amboli, Savantwadi, 29 Dec 1977, SMA 1206 (BLAT); Karli Khind, 28 Oct 1980, HDS K (AHMA). Satara Dt., Mahabaleshwar, 29 Dec 1950, Bole 197 (BLAT); Dhobi Water falls, Mahabaleshwar, 30 Jan 1956, V. D. Vartak 2992 (AHMA) — KARNATAKA: Mysore Dt., 22 Apr 1800, Heyne s. n., K 000659655 (K, image!) — KERALA: Malappuram Dt., Thenhipalam, 9 Dec 1961, A. N. Henry 1708; Neduntayam, 10 Dec 1988, 1000 m, A. K. Pradeep 5091 (CALI). Pathanamthitta Dt., Anathodu-Pamba forest, 29 Jan 1990, R. Chandrasekaran 90862 (MH); Palghat dt., Manelampatty forest, 550 m, 23 Feb 1979, E. Vajravelu 60623 (MH); Nelliyampathy, Pothundi section, 12 Jan 1983 K. N. Subramanian 8878 (FRC); Pozhankundu, Ellivial section Chenat Nair Reserve Forest, 21 Dec 1987, N. Venkatasubramanian 13768 (FRC); Dhony forest, 20 Nov 1991, A. K. Pradeep 5269 (CALI) Waynad Dt., Tirunelli R. F., 675 m, 6 Mar 1979, V. S. Ramachandran 62085 (MH); Kuthirakode R. F. Begur range, 23 Nov 1983, K. N. Subramanian 9787 (FRC). Thrissur Dt., Vettilappara forest, 7 Dec 1952, J. Fernades JF 9 (BLAT). — TAMIL NADU: Coimbatore Dt., Annamallays, 1871, Beddome s. n. (MH); Kanyakumari Dt., Pechiparai, s. d., S. P. Subramanyam 00520 (FRLH); North Arcot Dt., Manalam R. F., Yelagiri hills, 1120 m, 11 Jan 1986, M. B. Vishwanathan 920 (MH). — UTTARAKHAND: Dehradun Dt., Sahastradhara, 23 Nov 1962, S. K. Malhotra 23940 (BSD); Nainital Dt., Anandpur, Haldwani, 14 Dec 1989, U. Singh 978 (BSD); Bhabar, Kumaon, Strachey & Winterbottom 3, K 000659543 (K, photo!).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E1D7B78FCECF89729CB7F9E.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE: SENEGAL, Adanson s. n. [lectotype designated here: MA, MA 476281 [photo]! http: // 161.111.171. 57 / herbarioV / visorVCat. php? img = MA- 01 - 00476281].	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E1D7B78FCECF89729CB7F9E.taxon	description	Shrubs, 1 – 3 tall. Stem brown, pubescent with minute stellate and simple hairs. Leaf lamina 8 – 15 ˟ 3 – 8 cm, young leaves triangular, mature ones ovate or cordate, trilobed, pale green beneath, adaxially and abaxially pubescent with stellate and simple hairs, apex acute to shortly acuminate, lobes acute, margin serrate or sharply dentate, 7 - nerved. Petioles 8 – 12 cm long. Stipule 8 – 10 mm long, linear, apex long acuminate. Flowers 3 – 5 on axillary, solitary cyme; peduncle 2.5 – 4 cm long; flowering pedicel 1 – 1.3 cm, joined 2 – 3 below mm the flower; fruiting pedicel 1.5 – 2 cm long, articulated 4 – 5 mm below the fruit. Calyx campanulate, 1 cm across, divided at the middle, lobes ovate, 6 – 7 mm long, apex acute to short acuminate. Corolla 1 – 1.5 cm across, yellow; petals 5 – 8 ˟ 4 – 6 mm, broadly obovate, apex truncate or slightly unequal, sparse distribution of glandular trichomes on dorsal side, sometime absent. Staminal column 1.7 – 2 mm, base bulbous, glabrous, tube 1 – 1.3 mm, stellate pubescent, filaments 3 – 4 mm, glabrous. Ovary 2 ˟ 2 mm, (6 –) 8 – 10 - loculed, cylindrical, indented, stigma capitate. Capsule 8 – 10 ˟ 8 mm, cylindrical, indented at apex with reflexed awn of locules. Locules 8 – 10, 8 – 9 ˟ 4.5 mm, dorsally straight, base rounded, abruptly tapering from middle, apex curved outside, awns 2 – 3 mm, reflexed; 2 – 3 - seeded. Seeds 1.5 – 1.8 ˟ 1.5 – 1.8 mm, triangular, warted, glabrous throughout, brown; hilum glabrous. Figures 14 F – J, 15 H – N.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E1D7B78FCECF89729CB7F9E.taxon	distribution	Distribution and Habitat — Abutilon ramosum is distributed in tropical Africa, Pakistan, and India. In India, the species is recorded from Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu (Fig. 16). It usually prefers shady locations. Though it is reported from many places in the country, its occurrence is not as common as the weedy species of Abutilon, such as A. indicum, A. hirtum, and A. pannosum, which commonly grow on roadsides, waste places, and farms.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E1D7B78FCECF89729CB7F9E.taxon	etymology	Etymology — The specific epithet ramosum refers to the branched habit of the plant (branched habit is common throughout the genus).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E1D7B78FCECF89729CB7F9E.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowering starts from July to September, while fruiting occurs from September to October. Flowers usually open after 8 AM.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E1D7B78FCECF89729CB7F9E.taxon	discussion	Notes — The combination ‘ Abutilon ramosum’ was published by Guillemin et al. (April 1831) and Don (August 1831; Don 1831) with the citation of ‘ Sida ramosa Cav. ’ as a basionym. According to Fryxell (2002), the former combination (Guillemin et al. 1831) is invalid, and the latter should be considered valid since Guillemin et al. (1831) have cited an illustration “ Diss 1: 34, tab. 9, fig. 2 ” which relates to Sida obtusa Cav.; and Don has cited the correct illustration “ Diss 1: 28, tab. 6, fig. 1 ” connected to the name ‘ Sida ramosa Cav. ’ However, in the present study, the citation of “ p. 34, t. 9, f. 2 ” by Guillemin et al. (1831) is treated as a bibliographic error for “ p. 28, t. 6, f. 1 ” by giving the benefit of the doubt and considering their citation of the correct basionym. Therefore, Abutilon ramosum (Cav.) Guill. & Perr. (1831) is treated here as a valid combination. A specimen (MA 476281) referred by Cavanille by the name Sida ramosa (= Abutilon ramosum) is kept at MA under the section ‘ Cavanillesii typi’ (labeled the same on the sheet). This confirms it as the original material, which exhibits characteristic fruit morphology given in the description of S. ramosa and hence is selected as lectotype. The name Abutilon sidoides Dalzell & A. Gibson is published by Dalzell and Gibson (1861) in their flora of Bombay (the area concerned for this study was Bombay Presidency, a province) based on specimens collected from Cambay (Khambat, included in the then Bombay Presidency, now in Gujarat). In an attempt to search Dalzell’ s collection from Bombay, a specimen of A. sidoides (K 000659529) bearing a note ‘ BOMBAY herbarium of late N. A. Dalzell, presented by Mrs. Dalzell, April 1878 ’ was found at K. Further, the specimen (K 000659529) perfectly matches with the description given in the protologue of the name and is hence selected as the lectotype here.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E1D7B78FCECF89729CB7F9E.taxon	materials_examined	Representative Specimens — India. — GUJARAT: Kutch Dt., Gundala, 3 Apr 1994. s. c. 12060 (BSJO). Palanpur Dt., Dattiwara forest, 24 Dec 1977, V. Singh 5379 (BSJO). Panchmahal Dt., Pavagad, 25 Sep 2015, VVN 558 (BAMU, SPPU). — HARYANA: Sonipat Dt., Murthal, 12 Dec 1963, V. J. Nair 29737 (BSD). — HIMACHAL PRADESH: Kangara Dt., Pong Dam, 22 Apr 1972, O. P. Mishra 47170 (BSD). — MAHARASHTRA: Pune Dt., Junnar, 15 Jun 2003, S. B. Nagarkar s. n. (AHMA); Junnar, 3 Sep 2016, VVN & MMS 570 (BAMU, SPPU). — TAMIL NADU: Nigiri Dt., Mamaram, 1250 m, 3 Feb 1972, E. Vajravelu 39736 (MH). — PUNJAB: Hoshiarpur Dt., Garhi Mansowal, 23 Sep 1979, P. Daniel 67619 (BSD); Jaijon, 24 Sep 1970, O. P. Mishra 38246 (BSD); Talwara, 6 Nov 2000, S. K. Srivastava 96189 (BSD). Karnal Dt., Karnal, 15 Oct 1962, N. C. Nair 24608. Sonipat Dt., Murthal, 12 Dec 1963, V. J. Nair 29737 (BSD). — RAJASTHAN: Alwar Dt., Sariska Tiger Reserve, Konkwari forest block, 23 Oct 1983, P. J. Parmar 8772 (BSJO); Banswara Dt., Bodigana, 15 Jan 1969, s. c. 51155 (BSI); Barmer Dt., Haldeshwar Mahadev R. F. 14 Nov 1981, R. P. Pandey 7969 (BSJO); way to Kundal, 19 Nov 1981, R. P. Pandey 8030 (BSJO); Jalor Dt., Sunda hills, Jaswantpura, 26 Sep 1998, B. V. Shetty 6742 (BSJO); Pali Dt., Way to Paras Ram R. F., 3250 ft., 25 Dec 1985, R. P. Pandey 19404 (BSJO); Sikar Dt., Dariba, Nim ka Thana, 19 Sep 1992, P. J. Parmar 10523 (BSJO). Sirohi Dt., Erinpura, Near Jawai, 2 Oct 1960, Rolla Sheshagiri Rao 66819 (BSI) Udaypur Dt., Jaisamand, Harikinal, 30 Sep 1962, coll. not readable 82249 (BSI); Bagdara forest, 4 Oct 1962, s. c. 82320 (BSI). Udaypur Dt., Udaypur city, 24 Sep 2015, VVN 554 (BAMU, SPPU). — UTTAR PRADESH: Jhansi Dt., Jhansi Fort, 8 Mar 1959, T. A. Rao 8314 (BSD). Mahoba Dt., Mahoba, 31 Mar 1962, U. C. Bhattacharya 20987 (BSD).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E117B78FF5BFF562FEA7CE8.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE: INDIA. Maharashtra, Amba ghat, Kolhapur. 18 Dec 1853. N. B. Ranade s. n., K. [lectotype: designated by Nalawade et al. 2015: K- 000659531 [photo]!].	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E117B78FF5BFF562FEA7CE8.taxon	description	Shrubs, 2 – 4 m tall. Stem with light brown thin bark, young stem covered with stellate indumentum, intermixed with simple hairs on young stem. Leaf lamina 8 – 25 ˟ 4 – 15 cm, cordate or orbicular, simple and stellate pubescence on adaxial and abaxial surface, glandular hairs on abaxial surfaces, apex acuminate, margin serrate or sharply dentate in young leaves, coarsely serrate or subentire in matured leaves, 7 - nerved. Petioles 8 – 15 cm long, pubescent with stellate and long simple hairs. Stipules 6 – 8 mm long, lanceolate or triangular, acuminate. Flowers axillary, solitary, blue-yellow, drooping, bell shaped when full bloomed; flowering pedicel 1.5 cm, articulated 5 mm above the flower; fruiting pedicel 2.5 – 3, articulated 1 cm below the fruit. Calyx campanulate, 5 - parted, divided below the middle, lobes thick, lanceolate, gradually tapering towards apex, 1.5 – 2 cm long, apex acute to short acuminate, up to or exceeding the apex of mature fruit. Corolla 3 – 4 cm long, campanulate or bell shaped; petals 7 – 15 ˟ 5 – 9 mm, glandular hairy on dorsal side; base of a petal shortly clawed, white; gradually widening towards apex, bluish at middle; apex broader than middle, yellow, truncate, reflexed; middle blue part and apical yellow part intermixed with white veins. Staminal column 2 – 2.5 cm, base glabrous, tube 1.5 – 2 cm, glabrous, filaments 8 – 10 mm, glandular hairy below the anther. Ovary ca. 5 ˟ 3 mm, cylindrical, indented, pubescent with stellate hairs, 5 - loculed. Capsule 2.5 – 3 ˟ 1 cm, campanulate, divided at apex, locules 5; a locule 15 – 20 ˟ 5 – 6 mm, dorsally straight and stellate pubescent, base rounded, apical part acuminate, with 2 – 3 mm awn, 4 – 5 - seeded. Seeds 2.8 – 3 ˟ 2.8 – 3 mm, oval, unevenly depressed, warted, glabrous throughout, surface brown. Figures 17 A – E, 18 A – G.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E117B78FF5BFF562FEA7CE8.taxon	distribution	Distribution and Habitat — India (Maharashtra). It is endemic to the northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra state and is known to occur in 9 – 10 locations (Amba ghat, Radhanagari, Prachitgad, Torna fort, Rajgad fort, Mulshi, Vasota fort, Kaas, Gothane plateau) (Fig. 16). The species prefers a high altitudinal range of 600 – 1500 m, shady, and slope regions of hills and it observed with fragmented populations in moist deciduous forests.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E117B78FF5BFF562FEA7CE8.taxon	etymology	Etymology — Woodrow and Stapf (1894) described this species based on specimens collected by N. B. Ranade, former Herbarium Keeper of the College of Science, Pune, and the specific epithet ranadei is in his honor.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E117B78FF5BFF562FEA7CE8.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowering starts in November and continues up to March. The flower usually opens after 11 AM. An individual flower goes through different stages of opening over 2 – 3 d viz., paintbrush stage, at which petals come out of the swollen calyx tube with fewer anther-tipped filaments protruding from the yellow apex of the petals; the trumpet stage, during which several changes take place in the structure of the flower such as the enlargement of floral parts like petals and the staminal column, and the differentiation of the middle blue and apical yellow shades of the petal can also be seen; the pollination stage, when the flower appears as a typical drooping bell. Insects and birds visit the flower at this stage to collect nectar, achieving pollination. After pollination, the flower enters a twisted corolla stage, at which petals twist, closing the staminal column and gynoecium, and later the floral parts fall off the plant.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E117B78FF5BFF562FEA7CE8.taxon	conservation	Conservation Status — Endangered (Gadkari and Datar 2021).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E117B78FF5BFF562FEA7CE8.taxon	discussion	Notes — It grows among thickets of Strobilanthes callosa Nees. Plants of S. callosa are known to be used by local people for agricultural practices and fuelwood, usually harvested along with Abutilon ranadei. Some diseases and pests are also responsible for its rapid decline (Tetali et al. 2004). This creates both natural and anthropogenic threats to the species. The conservation status of the species is rapidly shifting towards the threat of extinction as the number of individuals from all populations is declining at a high rate. Recently, Gadkari and Datar (2021) discussed the threat and declining individuals of A. ranadei in subpopulations. Although A. ranadei is usually observed to grow in exposed situations, some populations are seen as undergrowth in moist and dry deciduous forests.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E117B78FF5BFF562FEA7CE8.taxon	materials_examined	Representative Specimens — India. — MAHARASHTRA: Kolhapur Dt., Amba Ghat, MMS 1800 (SUK); ibid. 25 Jan 2021, VVN 639 (BAMU, SPPU). Pune Dt., Tailbaila-Mulshi Road, 16 Mar 2011, V. S. Ghate s. n.; ibid Prakash Patel s. n.; ibid Mandar Datar s. n. (AHMA); Torna fort, 16 Feb 2017, VVN 593, (BAMU, SPPU); Rajgad fort, 16 Jan 2021, VVN 634 (BAMU, SPPU). Satara Dt., Vasota, Dec 1993, M. P. Bhachulkar 5829 (SUK); Nageshwari hill, Jan 1995, M. P. Bachulkar 20012 (SUK); on the way from Kas to Bamnoli, 17 Dec 2001, S. P. Gaikwad s. n. (SUK); s. l., s. d., S. R. Yadav 5801 (SUK); Near Kaas, 30 Jan 2021, VVN 643 (BAMU, SPPU).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E117B7BFCECFC612AD3797A.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE: NETHERLANDS. George Clifford s. n., BM [lectotype: designated by Van Borssum Waalkes 1966: BM- 000646455 [photo]!].	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E117B7BFCECFC612AD3797A.taxon	description	Shrub, 1 – 2 m tall. Stem terete, branched, with or without reddish pigmentation, mature stem woody, light brown; young stem pubescent with stellate hairs intermixed with patent simple and numerous glandular hairs. Leaf lamina 5 – 15 ˟ 2 – 10 cm, cordate, sometime orbicular, velvety, 7 – 9 - nerved, apex acute to shortly acuminate, margin serrate in young leaves, entire in matured leaves. Petioles 4 – 18 cm long, stellate pubescent, pigmented or not. Stipules 3 – 4 mm long, linear, elliptic or lanceolate, apex sometimes divided and asymmetric, acuminate. Flowers axillary, solitary; flowering pedicel 0.8 – 1 cm, articulated 2 – 3 mm below the flower; fruiting pedicel 2 cm long, articulated 5 – 6 mm below the fruit. Calyx campanulate, 1.5 – 2 cm across, lobes ovate, 6 – 7 mm long, acute to acuminate at apex, below the middle of the schizocarp. Corolla 1 – 1.5 cm across, yellow, saucer shaped petals 8 – 10 ˟ 4 – 7 mm, broadly obovate, glabrous; apex truncate emarginate. Staminal column 5 – 7 mm, glabrous throughout; slightly conical at base, tube 0.8 – 1 mm, filaments 3 – 5 mm. Ovary 2 ˟ 2 mm, globose, velutinous with stellate hairs, 13 – 17 carpellary, stigma capitate. Schizocarps 1 – 1.8 ˟ 1.5 cm, cylindrical, apex indented, truncate. Mericarps 1 – 1.3 ˟ 0.5 cm, reniform, base rounded, dorsally curved, apex acuminate with 4 – 5 mm reflexed awn, 3 - seeded. Seeds 2.7 – 3 ˟ 2 – 2.5 mm, compressed, reniform, seed surface covered with short simple hairs, brownish to black, clump of short simple hairs always present at hilum. Figures 17 F – J, 18 H – N.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E117B7BFCECFC612AD3797A.taxon	distribution	Distribution and Habitat — Asia, Africa, Australia, Southern Europe, and South and North America. In India: Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal (Fig. 16). Abutilon theophrasti is native to the Indian subcontinent and the Indo-China border (Spencer 1984; CABI 2022). Its distribution extended through introduction to other continents for fiber production, later becoming invasive.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E117B7BFCECFC612AD3797A.taxon	etymology	Etymology — Medikus (1787) used the specific epithet theophrasti in honor of the ‘ Father of Botany, ’ Theophratus.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E117B7BFCECFC612AD3797A.taxon	biology_ecology	Phenology — Flowering starts in July and continues until October; mature fruits appear in August. Flowers open after 2 PM.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E117B7BFCECFC612AD3797A.taxon	discussion	Note — Abutilon theophrasti is less frequent in India, which contradicts its status as an invasive weed in the New World countries. It is mainly distributed in the northern part of the country, with few records from some other states. Spencer and Sankaran (1984) studied its occurrence and distribution in India with the perspective of its invasive nature in Europe and America. They indicated that the relatively lower rate of distribution in India might be due to its natural enemies. The study mentioned its record from West Bengal (WB) based on plants cultivated in the Botanical Garden of the East India Company, Kolkata. Prain (1903) also highlighted its rarity in West Bengal. The only available record is a specimen from the southern states of the country (MH, Chandrabose 29963) collected from Valan kulam (Chandrabose 1973), a lake in Coimbatore. However, repeated excursions to Valan kulam and other lakes in the city were unsuccessful, and it was also not found or recorded in other south Indian states. BSJO and CAL hold specimens collected from Rajasthan (Khanpur, Wadhwa 9581), but many recent studies from Rajasthan have not recorded the species (Bhandari 1978, Sharma and Tiagi 1979; Shetty and Singh 1987; Sharma 2002). The only record from Maharashtra is by Almeida (1996) from a bird sanctuary, Nandur Madhmeshwar. Field visits to the sanctuary were in vain, and herbarium specimens could not be traced in BLAT, where Almeida’ s collection is kept. Further, the species was collected from the backwater area at Ujani Dam, Maharashtra, a famous place for migratory birds. Coherently, many records of its existence (other than northern states) are from or near wetlands and areas of migratory birds. This suggests considering its seed dispersal via these birds. Further investigations on this may result in interesting revelations.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E117B7BFCECFC612AD3797A.taxon	materials_examined	Representative Specimens — India. — JAMMU AND KASHMIR: Srinagar Dt., Srinagar city, 3 Sep 2017, VVN & MMS 594, 595 (BAMU, SPPU). — MAHARASHTRA: Pune Dt., Bhigwan, Ujani Dam Backwater area, 2 Aug 2018, VVN & MMS 605, (SPPU). — RAJASTHAN: Khanpur Aklera, 31 May 1965, B. M. Wadhwa 9581 (BSJO, CAL). — TAMIL NADU: Coimbatore Dt., Coimbatore city, Valankulam, 467 m, 3 Jun 1968, M. Chandrabose 29963 (MH). — UTTAR PRADESH: Lakhimpur Kheri Dt., Dudhwa National Park, May 1989, W. A. Rodgos 4053, WII 00405300292 (WII).	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
03CA87DE7E127B7BFF64F9832E267ED5.taxon	discussion	Abutilon pakistanicum was first described as A. cornutum by Cooke (1903). Being later homonym, the name Abutilon cornutum was replaced by the new name Abutilon pakistanicum (Jafri 1966). Cooke (1903) described the plant based on Dalzell’ s MS and also cited specimens collected by Dalzell (K, K 000659534) from ‘ Sind’ and by Perry from ‘ Karachi to Muggur peer. ’ These localities were part of the Bombay Presidency and are now within Pakistan territory. Meanwhile, Bhandari (1978) reported the occurrence of A. pakistanicum in the Indian desert based on two specimens (BLAT) collected from Jodhpur (5662) and Jaisalmer (5656). A thorough investigation of these specimens led to their identification as A. fruticosum, with determination slips by Hemadri confirming this identification. Furthermore, Paul and Nayar (1988) and Paul (1993) reported the species from North-West Rajasthan, but no specimens were cited. Exploration in Rajasthan and other parts of the study area were in vain. To infer, none of this evidence supports the occurrence of A. pakistanicum in India. Meanwhile, Abedin (1979) stated that A. pakistanicum is endemic to Pakistan and restricted to the Karachi region.	en	Nimbalkar, Varsha Vilasrao, Sardesai, Milind Madhav (2025): The Genus Abutilon (Malvaceae: Malvoideae) in India: A Taxonomic Revision and Insights from Micromorphology of Seeds. Systematic Botany (Basel, Switzerland) 49 (4): 708-742, DOI: 10.1600/036364424X17323182682753, URL: https://doi.org/10.1600/036364424x17323182682753
