identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CA87E0DD358E3AACA7B141FE342A15.text	03CA87E0DD358E3AACA7B141FE342A15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Runcina aurata GARCIA ET AL. 1986	<div><p>RUNCINA AURATA GARCÍA ET AL., 1986</p> <p>(FIGS 3C–F, 4D–F, 5B, 6B)</p> <p>Type locality: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.3100004&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.238335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.3100004/lat 36.238335)">Club La Hacienda</a>, Cádiz, Spain (36º14’18”N; 5º18’36”W)</p> <p>Examined material: MNCN 15.05 /91500, La Caleta (Cádiz) (36º31’59”N; 6º18’31”W), Andalusia, southwestern Spain, 8 April 2019, 3.5 mm living animal, depth 0.5–1.0 m (dissected and sequenced). MNCN 15.05 /88106, La Caleta (Cádiz) (36º31’59”N; 6º18’31”W), Andalusia, south-western Spain, coll. Josep Romà, 18 April 2015, 2 mm in length preserved, depth 0.5–1.0 m. (dissected and sequenced). MNCN 15.05 /88107, La Caleta (Cádiz) (36º31’59”N; 6º18’31”W), Andalusia south-western, Spain, coll. Josep Romà, 18 April 2015, 2 mm in length preserved, depth 0.5–1.0 m (dissected and sequenced). MNCN: ADN 118948, La Caleta (Cádiz) (36º31’59”N; 6º18’31”W), Andalusia southwestern, Spain, coll. Josep Romà, 17 May 2015, 1.5 mm in length preserved, depth 0.5–1.0 m (dissected and sequenced). MNCN: ADN 118950, El Chato (Cádiz) (36º28’39”N; 6º15’49”W), Andalusia south-western, Spain, coll. Ana Bartual, 13 April 2015, 1 mm in length preserved, depth 0.5–1.0 m (dissected and sequenced).</p> <p>External morphology (Fig. 3C–F): Living specimen 3.5 mm length and preserved specimens 1–2 mm length. Body elongated and moderately broad. Lateral grooves on both sides between notum and foot. Anterior part of notum (‘head’) slightly bilobed. Posterior part of notum rounded. Propodium rounded, metapodium pointed. Foot as wide as notum. Foot extended beyond notum on rear part. Ground colour of body translucent pale fawn or yellowish. Digestive system visible as a broad brownish blotch. White spots on central zone of notum, behind eyes forming triangular patches and anterior to notum end. White spots maybe also absent. Black dots dispersed on notum and more concentrated on head zone. Eyes inconspicuous. Dark band on middle of dorsal surface of foot. Black dots may be present on ventral surface of foot. Four rounded and relatively large gills laminae to the right of anus. Gills yellowish with slightly brown margins. Anus located in median line of body, beneath the end of notum.</p> <p>Internal anatomy (Figs 4D–F, 5B, 6B): Radular formulae 12 × 1.1.1 (MNCN 15.05/88106) and 13 × 1.1.1 (MNCN 15.05/91500). Rachidian tooth bilobed with long and smooth lateral wings on each side. Central part contains pair of pads, each possessing 10–11 long, slender, pointed denticles. Size of denticles variable. Small denticles between large denticles. Small depression present between pads, with minute denticle present (Fig. 4D). Lateral teeth denticulate, elongate, hooked shape with 35–36 long, pointed and samesize denticles (Fig. 4E). Triangular jaws present. Four gizzard plates with seven to nine crests (Fig. 4F). Shell absent. Reproductive system monaulic. Female gland mass placed on right side and behind digestive gland, opening to exterior through small size common genital duct (Fig. 5B). Male pore opens next to mouth, on the right side. Elongated and cylindrical male copulatory organ. Penial papilla not observed. Cylindrical and long prostate gland ends in slender and small seminal vesicle with black pigmentation (Fig. 6B).</p> <p>Distribution: Cádiz, Strait of Gibraltar, Malaga and Murcia (southern Spain) (Templado, 1984; Garcia et al., 1986) and Azores Islands (Portugal) (Gosliner, 1990).</p> <p>Remarks: Runcina coronata has been considered a taxonomically difficult species (see Introduction). Originally described from Brehat (Atlantic coast of France), this species was first reported in the Mediterranean Sea by Vayssière (1883) who identified specimens from Marseille (Mediterranean coast of France) as R. coronata. However, Burn (1963), based on morphological differences, especially the shape of the body and the colour pattern, suggested the specimens identified by Vayssière (1883) could be R. calaritana. We cannot confidently attribute those specimens to a specific species, but we agree with Burn (1963) that they probably do not correspond to R. coronata. Pruvot-Fol (1954), and Cervera et al. (1991) regarded R. calaritana (Gulf of Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy) and R. aurata (from around the Strait of Gibraltar) conspecific with R. coronata. This problematic has ultimately created the perception that R. coronata was present in the Mediterranean Sea (Schmekel &amp; Cappellato, 2002; Cervera et al., 2004; Ballesteros et al., 2016).</p> <p>In general, the external and internal morphology of our specimens of R. coronata from Swanage (England) are consistent with the original description of the species (Quatrefages, 1844), and with the description provided by Schmekel &amp; Cappellato (2002) based on specimens from Roscoff (Atlantic coast of France) and Plymouth (south of England). However, compared with the description provided by García et al. (1986; specimens from the Strait of Gibraltar), our animals from England exhibit several differences, mainly in the shape of the body and colour pattern. The anterior and posterior ends of the notum are rounded, while in Spanish specimens it is pointed (García et al., 1986). The colour pattern of our specimens (Fig. 3A, B) differs drastically from those from the Strait of Gibraltar, which have a uniformly dark colour pattern, two whitish bands on both sides of the head and one white small band on the posterior right side of the notum (García et al., 1986). This suggests that likely specimens attributed to R. coronata by García et al. (1986) belong to a distinct species.</p> <p>The original description of R. coronata describes briefly the male copulatory organ as ‘a rather short testicular bag in the shape of a “club”, with a seminal vesicle sometimes absent (Quatrefages, 1844).’ Kress (1977) studied specimens from Plymouth (England) and provided additional anatomical data on the reproductive system. Comparatively, our specimens from Swanage (England) exhibit a similarly long and cylindrical prostate, but a slightly different seminal vesicle and common genital duct. Kress (1977) referred to a seminal vesicle ‘considerably shorter than prostate’ and a common genital duct forming a long loop, whereas in our material the seminal vesicle was approximately half the size of the prostate and the common genital duct was short (Fig. 6A).</p> <p>The species R. aurata was described by García et al. (1986) from the southern coast of Spain (Cádiz, Strait of Gibraltar and Malaga). Gosliner (1990) reported the species from the Azores and suggested that a specimen illustrated and depicted by Thompson &amp; Brodie (1988: fig. 1E) from Plymouth as R. coronata was most likely R. aurata. Despite the fact that the description and illustration provided by Thompson &amp; Brodie (1988) are vague and lacking important information, the reference to the presence of a light area surrounding the eyes, suggests their identification as R. coronata to be correct.</p> <p>The features of our specimens collected in Cádiz (Spain) are consistent with the original description of the species R. aurata (García et al., 1986). Externally, they differ from R. coronata by having a translucent yellow colour with black spots on the notum and on the ventral surface of the foot (Fig. 3; Table 4). Also, the number of gills is distinct: three gills in R. coronate, while our animals of R. aurata from Cádiz have four gills (Table 4). The original description of R. aurata refers, in fact, to three gills only, but the authors did not seem to have thoroughly looked at this character, which is difficult if not examined properly and across several specimens (García et al., 1986).</p> <p>Concerning the radula, we observed some subtle differences between R. aurata and R. coronata, namely in the number of radular rows and shape of the denticles in the pads of the rachidian teeth (Table 4). However, in runcinids, these features can vary, even within species (Schmekel &amp; Cappellato, 2001; 2002; Araujo et al. 2019), and are, therefore, difficult to use in species identification. Regarding the gizzard plates, our specimens of R. coronata show ten crests in each plate, while in our animals of R. aurata it ranges from seven to nine, which is consistent with its original description (García, et al., 1986).</p> <p>The male reproductive system in our specimens of R. aurata resembles the description of this organ by Gosliner (1990) for specimens from the Azores, but we could not observe a penial papilla. The seminal vesicle is shorter than in R. coronata and the atrium and male opening are broader (Fig. 6A, B). The female gland mass of R. aurata was never studied before and in our specimens of consists of one lobe, while in the studied specimens of R. coronata it is divided into two lobes (Fig. 5B).</p> <p>The minimum uncorrected p -distance for the COI gene between R. coronata and R. aurata is 6.3% (Table 3) and, in addition to the phylogenetic tree, the species delimitation analyses suggested both species as valid (Fig. 2).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87E0DD358E3AACA7B141FE342A15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Araujo, Ana Karla;Pola, Marta;Malaquias, Manuel Antonio E;Ballesteros, Manuel;Vitale, Fabio;Cervera, Juan Lucas	Araujo, Ana Karla, Pola, Marta, Malaquias, Manuel Antonio E, Ballesteros, Manuel, Vitale, Fabio, Cervera, Juan Lucas (2022): Molecular phylogeny of European Runcinida (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia): the discover of an unexpected pool of complex species, with special reference to the case of Runcina coronata. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (3): 761-788, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/194/3/761/6323348
03CA87E0DD2B8E3AAFBFB116FA012E62.text	03CA87E0DD2B8E3AAFBFB116FA012E62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Runcina caletensis	<div><p>RUNCINA CALETENSIS ARAUJO, POLA, MALAQUIAS &amp; CERVERA, SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 4G–I, 5C, 6C, 7A, B)</p> <p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: EC216698-6700-4607-9E35-515AB69BD17C</p> <p>Examined material: Holotype: MNCN 15.05 /200113, La Caleta (Cádiz) (36º31’59”N; 6º18’31”W), Andalusia, south-western Spain, coll. Josep Romà, 17 May 2015, 3 mm living animal, depth 0.5–1 m (dissected and sequenced). Paratype: MNCN: ADN 118949, La Caleta (Cádiz) (36º31’59”N; 6º18’31”W), Andalusia, southwestern Spain, coll. Josep Romà, 16 June 2015, 1.5 mm in length preserved, depth 0.5–1.0 m. (dissected and sequenced).</p> <p>Etymology: Named after the type locality: the beach of La Caleta in Cádiz, Spain.</p> <p>External morphology (Fig. 7A, B): Living and preserved specimens 3.0 mm and 1.5 mm in length, respectively. Body elongated and broad. Lateral grooves on both sides between notum and foot. Anterior part of notum (‘head’) slightly bilobed. Posterior part of notum rounded. Foot as wide as notum. Foot extends posteriorly beyond notum. Ground colour translucent pale fawn or yellowish. Digestive system visible as broad brownish blotch in juvenile specimens. Tiny white, black and yellow spots all over the body. White spots on the lobes of the head and on the anterior ventral surface of the foot. Triangular white patches behind the eyes. White semicircle anterior to the notum end. Very few white spots in juvenile. Small black dots forming two longitudinal lines on head region. Black spots concentrated on the notum end posteriorly to white semicircle. In juveniles, only a few larger black spots are present along the margin of the notum. Eyes inconspicuous. Dark band on middle of posterior region of foot. Three rounded gill laminae located on right side of anus. Gills yellowish with slightly brown margins. Anus located in the midline of the body beneath the notal edge.</p> <p>Internal anatomy (Figs 4G–I, 5C, 6C): Radular formula 13 × 1.1.1 (15.05/200113). Rachidian tooth slightly bilobed with long and smooth lateral wings on each side. Central part of rachidian tooth contains a pair of pads, each possessing seven to eight developed denticles. Central depression between pads absent. Denticles long and pointed, decreasing in size towards middle of the tooth (Fig. 4G). Lateral teeth denticulate, elongate, hooked shaped with 33–36 long and pointed denticles (Fig. 4H). Triangular jaws present. Four gizzard plates with seven to ten crests (Fig. 4I). Shell absent. Reproductive system monaulic. Female gland mass placed on right side and behind digestive gland. Female gland opens to exterior through common genital duct (Fig. 5C). Male pore opens next to mouth, on right side. Elongated and cylindrical male copulatory organ. Short, conical and unarmed penial papilla projects into large atrium. Cylindrical prostate gland strongly curved. Long and slender seminal vesicle with black pigmentation (Fig. 6C).</p> <p>Distribution: Cádiz, southern Spain (present study).</p> <p>Remarks: The species R. caletensis shares with R. coronata the presence of white bands and spots on the notum, and is overall externally similar to R. aurata. However, in R. caletensis the yellow ground colour is opaque, while in R. aurata the colour is translucent (Figs 3E, F, 7B). In addition, R. caletensis lacks black spots on the ventral surface of the foot, a feature present in R. aurata. Based on available data, R. caletensis is the only one among these species with rachidian teeth lacking the depression between the pads and with well-developed denticles of similar length along the masticatory edge of pads (Fig. 4G). The female gland mass of R. caletensis has a rounded shape and the common genital duct is larger than in the other two species (Fig. 5A–C). The seminal vesicle in R. caletensis is thinner than in R. coronata and more elongated than in R. aurata. Unlike for R. coronata and R. aurata, a penial papilla was observed in R. caletensis.</p> <p>The minimum uncorrected p- distances for the COI gene is 7.8% between R. caletensis and R. coronata,</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87E0DD2B8E3AAFBFB116FA012E62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Araujo, Ana Karla;Pola, Marta;Malaquias, Manuel Antonio E;Ballesteros, Manuel;Vitale, Fabio;Cervera, Juan Lucas	Araujo, Ana Karla, Pola, Marta, Malaquias, Manuel Antonio E, Ballesteros, Manuel, Vitale, Fabio, Cervera, Juan Lucas (2022): Molecular phylogeny of European Runcinida (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia): the discover of an unexpected pool of complex species, with special reference to the case of Runcina coronata. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (3): 761-788, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/194/3/761/6323348
03CA87E0DD2A8E3CAC1BB28BFDDF2C0C.text	03CA87E0DD2A8E3CAC1BB28BFDDF2C0C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Runcina tingensis	<div><p>RUNCINA TINGENSIS ARAUJO, POLA, MALAQUIAS &amp; CERVERA, SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 4J–M, 5D, 6D, 7C, D)</p> <p>Z o o b a n k r e g i s t r a t i o n: u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: 84C29263-8B36-4FA7-A84A-94F4191CE491</p> <p>Examined material: Holotype: MNCN 15.05 /200114, Tangier (35º47’32”N; 5º49’04”W), Morocco, coll. Naoufal Tamsouri, 22 March 2018, 2 mm living animal, depth 0.5–1.0 m (dissected and sequenced). Paratype: MNCN 15.05 /91514, Tangier (35º47’32”N; 5º49’04”W), Morocco, coll. Naoufal Tamsouri, 22 March 2018, 1.5 mm fixed animal, depth 0.5–1.0 m (dissected and sequenced).</p> <p>Etymology: The name tingensis refers to Tingi, the Greek name of Tangier (Morocco), the type locality of the species.</p> <p>External morphology (Fig. 7C, D): Living and preserved specimens 2.0 mm and 1.5 mm in length, respectively. Body elongated. Lateral grooves on both sides between notum and foot present. Anterior part of notum (‘head’) straight, rounded on posterior end. Foot as wide as notum, with propodium and metapodium rounded; metapodium extends beyond notum. Ground colour of body light brown. Broad continuous light orange line on edge of notum. Digestive system visible as a broad brownish blotch. White spots concentrated behind eyes and on anterior end of notum forming a triangle. Yellowish dots dispersed on middle of notum. Dark small spots can be present behind anterior white spots on head region and rear part of notum. Eyes inconspicuous. Longitudinal mid-dorsal dark band on foot. Two rounded gills laminae on right side of anus. Gills light brown. Anus located on right lateral side beneath edge of notum, approximately in mid-region of body length.</p> <p>and 8.8% between R. caletensis and R. aurata (Table 3). Species delimitation analyses recognized R. caletensis as a valid species (Fig. 2).</p> <p>Internal anatomy (Figs 4J–M, 5D, 6D): Radular formulae 14 × 1.1.1 (MNCN 15.05/91514) and 12 × 1.1.1 (MNCN 15.05/200114). Rachidian tooth bilobed with smooth lateral wings on each side. Central part of rachidian tooth contains pair of pads, each possessing seven to ten denticles. Denticles short, pointed. One inner denticle on each pad conspicuously more developed. Central small depression present between pads; small denticle in-between pads absent (Fig. 4J). Lateral teeth denticulate, elongate and hooked shaped with 34–37 long, thin, pointed denticles (Fig 4L). Triangular jaws present. Four gizzard plates with eight crests (Fig. 4M). Shell absent. Reproductive system monaulic. Female gland mass placed on right side and behind digestive gland. Opens to exterior through short and wide common genital duct (Fig. 5D). Male pore opens next to mouth, on right side. Male copulatory organ cylindrical. Short and unarmed penial papilla projects into round atrium. Prostate gland cylindrical and strongly curved with posterior part rounded. Seminal vesicle slender with middle part wider (Fig. 6D).</p> <p>Distribution: Tangier, Morocco (present study).</p> <p>Remarks: Runcina tingensis resembles R. coronata by its dark colour and presence of small, white and yellow spots on the notum. However, R. tingensis has a broad, continuous, light orange line along the edge of the notum, while R. coronata has lighter regions only on the head and on the back of the notum. Compared with R. aurata and R. caletensis, the dark colour of R. tingensis contrasts with the translucent yellowish colour of these two species. The distribution of white spots is also distinctive among these species. In R. tingensis they form a triangular pattern on the notum (Fig. 7C, D), while in the other three species they form a semicircle (Figs 3, 7B). According to our observations, the radula of R. tingensis has, compared with R. aurata, R. coronata and R. caletensis, a prominently more developed denticle in each pad of the rachidian teeth (Fig. 4J). The female mass of R. tingensis differs from R. coronata and R. aurata by its elliptical shape and a larger common genital duct (Fig. 5), and its prostate is notably curved and the seminal vesicle enlarged in its central region (Fig. 6). A penial papilla was present as observed for R. caletensis.</p> <p>The minimum uncorrected p- distances for the COI gene is 7% between R. tingensis and R. coronata, 6.4% between R. tingensis and R. aurata, and 9.9% between R. tingensis and R. caletensis (Table 3).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87E0DD2A8E3CAC1BB28BFDDF2C0C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Araujo, Ana Karla;Pola, Marta;Malaquias, Manuel Antonio E;Ballesteros, Manuel;Vitale, Fabio;Cervera, Juan Lucas	Araujo, Ana Karla, Pola, Marta, Malaquias, Manuel Antonio E, Ballesteros, Manuel, Vitale, Fabio, Cervera, Juan Lucas (2022): Molecular phylogeny of European Runcinida (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia): the discover of an unexpected pool of complex species, with special reference to the case of Runcina coronata. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (3): 761-788, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/194/3/761/6323348
03CA87E0DD2D8E3DACAEB33BFDF42A74.text	03CA87E0DD2D8E3DACAEB33BFDF42A74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Runcina divae OR LAPINURA DIVAE	<div><p>RUNCINA DIVAE OR LAPINURA DIVAE ?</p> <p>The genus Lapinura (type species: Ildica divae Marcus &amp; Marcus, 1963), introduced by Marcus &amp; Marcus (1970) for specimens collected in Curaçao, Bonaire and Florida, is characterized by an external cupshaped larval shell. This genus was synonymized with Runcina by Clark (1984) after examining populations from Bermuda of supposed Lapinura divae in which some specimens lacked the external shell. Because of this ‘variability’, Clark disregarded the external shell and others characteristics that define the genus, emphasizing only the radular formula (N × 1.1.1) and the presence of gizzard plates – common for most runcinids – to assign Lapinura divae to the genus Runcina.</p> <p>Representatives of the Caribbean species Lapinura/ Runcina divae from Bermuda branched off outside Clade F (the one with the type species of the genus Runcina) with other runcinids in Clade H. Therefore, we suggest that the genus Lapinura should be reinstated as valid and at least applied for the Caribbean species described by Marcus &amp; Marcus (1963). Moreover, we agree with Ortea et al. (2017) about a possible existence of more than one species being referred under the name Lapinura divae, due to the discrepancies (number of rows of the radula, presence/absence of the shell and number of crests of the gizzard plates) among specimens collected in the Caribbean Sea and Brazil (Marcus &amp; Marcus, 1963; Marcus &amp; Marcus, 1970; Thompson, 1977; Clark, 1984).</p> <p>WHAT ABOUT EUROPEAN RUNCINIDS?</p> <p>Three genera have been referred in European waters: Runcina (31 species), Runcinella (one species) and Pseudoilbia (one species). We have studied specimens of Runcina and Pseudoilbia but, unfortunately, specimens of Runcinella condio Moro &amp; Ortea, 2015, described from the Canary Islands, were not available for study.</p> <p>Runcinida</p> <p>Here we add a fourth genus to the European fauna, namely Runcinida. To date, the genus Runcinida was restricted to the western Pacific Ocean and included three species, R. elioti (Baba, 1937), R. valentinae and R. marisae. However, according to our results, a specimen identified as Runcinida sp. 1, collected in Cap Ferret, France (Atlantic coast), clustered together with R. marisae and R. valentinae (PP = 1, BS = 90). Externally, all species of Runcinida can be distinguished by their unique colour pattern, with a dark-brown notum, yellowish or orange edge of notum and foot, and gills arranged in a semicircle above the anus. Our specimen (Runcinida sp. 1; Fig. 8) fits this colour pattern and arrangement of the gills, but differs from the other species in the genus by having small, black dots spread on the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the foot and several larger white spots on the notum (Fig. 8). Runcinida elioti (Baba, 1937) has fewer white spots too, but lacks small, black dots on the foot (Baba, 1937). Runcinida marisae has small, black dots on the ventral surface of the foot but white dots are absent (Chernyshev, 1998). Finally, Runcinida valentinae lacks black and white dots, but has a triangular orange patch on the anterior part of the notum (Chernyshev, 2006). The ABDG and bPTP recognized Runcinida sp. 1, R. marisae and R. valentinae as distinct species with COI uncorrected p -distances ranging between 6.5% to 16.6% (Table 2).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87E0DD2D8E3DACAEB33BFDF42A74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Araujo, Ana Karla;Pola, Marta;Malaquias, Manuel Antonio E;Ballesteros, Manuel;Vitale, Fabio;Cervera, Juan Lucas	Araujo, Ana Karla, Pola, Marta, Malaquias, Manuel Antonio E, Ballesteros, Manuel, Vitale, Fabio, Cervera, Juan Lucas (2022): Molecular phylogeny of European Runcinida (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia): the discover of an unexpected pool of complex species, with special reference to the case of Runcina coronata. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (3): 761-788, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/194/3/761/6323348
03CA87E0DD2C8E3EAF84B136FE532F48.text	03CA87E0DD2C8E3EAF84B136FE532F48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudoilbia avellana (Schmekel & Cappellato 2001)	<div><p>Pseudoilbia avellana or Runcina avellana ?</p> <p>The species Runcina avellana was originally described by Schmekel &amp; Cappellato (2001) from Banyuls-sur- Mer, French Mediterranean. These authors found an unusual radula (3 × 1.0.1) and no gizzard plates in the single specimen examined, which they pointed out could be a juvenile. Ortea (2013), because of the absence of raquidian teeth and gizzard plates assigned the species to the genus Pseudoilbia, proposing the new combination name Pseudoilbia avellana.</p> <p>Our specimens characterized by features consistent with the original description of R. avellana (sensu Schmekel &amp; Cappellato, 2001; Fig. 9), like the shape of the body, presence of a round brownish mark on the centre of tail, general colour pattern, absence of gizzard plates and presence of gills, collected at Roses, Spain about 45 km from the type locality, clustered in the phylogenetic analyses among species of the genus Runcina (Clade F; Fig. 1), questioning the assignment by Ortea (2013) of this species to the genus Pseudoilbia. The latter genus is characterized by animals lacking gills, gizzard plates, shell and with radular formula 2.0.2 (Miller &amp; Rudman, 1968). Runcina avellana shares some of these features, but not all, and our phylogenetic results support its inclusion in Runcina. Moreover, the lack of rachidian teeth in R. avellana, reported by Schmekel &amp; Cappellato (2001), might be an artefact since only one apparently juvenile specimen was studied by these authors. Unfortunately, our effort in preparing the radula of this species was not successful and, thus, we could not study this structure. Additional specimens of R. avellana are necessary to permit a detailed study of its anatomy and comparison with other species of Runcina and Pseudoilbia.</p> <p>Runcina</p> <p>The genus Runcina has been traditionally defined by the presence of up to four separated gills on the right side of the anus and a triseriate (1.1.1) radula with bilobed rachidian teeth and smooth or denticulated lateral teeth (Burn, 1963; Gosliner, 1991; Schmekel &amp; Cappellato, 2001). Our analysis supports the monophyly of the genus Runcina (PP = 1; BS = 99) but with R. avellana, which lacks rachidian tooth and, in addition, specimens resembling R. ferruginea from the Mediterranean coasts of Spain and France, and from Croatia clustered elsewhere in the tree together with other runcinids from Bermuda, Hawaii, Brazil, Japan, Russia and also from the Atlantic coast of France (PP = 1; BS = 78).</p> <p>We have included in our phylogenetic analysis about 39% of the nominal species of European Runcina (MolluscaBase, 2021) and, in addition, several unidentified specimens from Spain, Italy and Croatia (Fig. 1). Within Runcina, we retrieved a clade (PP = 1; BS = 100) containing one specimen that we provisionally have identified as R. cf. bahiensis, one specimen provisionally identified as R. hornae and several unidentified specimens. Most specimens in this clade were collected in Catalonia (northeastern Mediterranean Spanish coast) and, despite the remarkable variation in colour pattern (Fig. 10), species delimitation analyses suggest they all belong to the same species (COI uncorrected p -distances varied between 0.0–2.0%).</p> <p>The species R. bahiensis was originally described from the Bay of Algeciras (Strait of Gibraltar, Spain) (Cervera et al., 1991) and R. hornae from Banyulssur-Mer (Mediterranean coast of France) (Schmekel &amp; Cappellato, 2002). Both species have been reported in several localities in Catalonia (Sánchez-Moyano et al., 2000; Ballesteros et al., 2016), and are regarded as differing in colour pattern, number of rows of radular teeth, shape of body and presence of small protuberances (Cervera et al., 1991; Schmekel &amp; Cappellato, 2002). Several of our specimens (Fig. 10B– D) bear a colour pattern and body shape consistent with R. bahiensis, but none of them have the small protuberances characteristic of this species. The study of a radula of one specimen from Catalonia (Runcina sp. 3) matched the original description of the radula of R. hornae (Schmekel &amp; Cappellato, 2002; Fig. 11). Unfortunately, specimens of R. bahiensis from the type locality or nearby were not available for this study, but considering the radular similarities and the proximity to the type locality of R. hornae (c. 25.5 km), we identify specimens is this clade as R. hornae, which is here demonstrated to be a species with remarkable colour variability (Fig. 10).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87E0DD2C8E3EAF84B136FE532F48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Araujo, Ana Karla;Pola, Marta;Malaquias, Manuel Antonio E;Ballesteros, Manuel;Vitale, Fabio;Cervera, Juan Lucas	Araujo, Ana Karla, Pola, Marta, Malaquias, Manuel Antonio E, Ballesteros, Manuel, Vitale, Fabio, Cervera, Juan Lucas (2022): Molecular phylogeny of European Runcinida (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia): the discover of an unexpected pool of complex species, with special reference to the case of Runcina coronata. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (3): 761-788, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/194/3/761/6323348
03CA87E0DD2F8E3EAFB6B4F9FB4C2F48.text	03CA87E0DD2F8E3EAFB6B4F9FB4C2F48.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Runcina coronata (Quatrefages 1844)	<div><p>Runcina coronata species complex</p> <p>In the last few years, several complexes of species have been detected among heterobranch sea slugs (see, among others: Jörger &amp; Schrödl, 2013; Padula et al., 2014; Carmona et al., 2015; Krug et al., 2016; Korshunova et al., 2017; Austin et al., 2018). In Runcinida, the first complex of species was unravelled by Araujo et al. (2019) for the species Runcina brenkoae with the description of two new species, namely R. marcosi and R. lusitanica.</p> <p>In the current study, molecular and morphological data have showed that R. coronata hides a complex of at least four species, including two new to science and the previously described species R. aurata. Due to similarities with the original description by Quatrefages (1844), and the descriptions provided by Forbes (1851) and Schmekel &amp; Cappellato (2002), we regard our specimens from Swanage (England) conspecific with R. coronata.</p> <p>The geographical distribution of R. coronata has been reported to extend from England to the French Mediterranean coast (Vayssière, 1883; Cervera et al., 2004). However, our results questioned the presence of R. coronata in the Iberian Peninsula, where most likely the records to this species belong to R. aurata (see in Results, ‘Remarks’ section of R. aurata). The morphological differences between specimens identified as R. coronata in the Mediterranean Sea and those from England and the Atlantic coast of France suggest, as previously stressed by Burn (1963), that animals studied by Vayssière (1883) from the Mediterranean are a distinct species and also that R. calaritana (Colosi, 1915) could be a valid name.</p> <p>Therefore, we here restrict the distribution of R. coronata to southern England and the Atlantic coast of France, a limited geographical span supported by the direct development of the species (Schmekel &amp; Cappellato, 2001). The species R. aurata and R. caletensis, despite subtle differences, are externally difficult to distinguish and coexist in the same geographical area (Cádiz, south of Spain), whereas the species R. tingensis is so far only known from the north-western coast of Morocco.</p> <p>This work has revealed several additional putative cases of hidden diversity among runcinids in Europe (e. g. R. adriatica and R. ferruginea), and our detailed study of the R. coronata species-complex has made it possible to redefine the type species of the genus, to clarify the taxonomic status of R. aurata and to describe two new species to science. In addition, we have provided the first modern approach to understanding relationships in the order Runcinida and a provisional framework to discuss the familial and generic classification of the group.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA87E0DD2F8E3EAFB6B4F9FB4C2F48	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Araujo, Ana Karla;Pola, Marta;Malaquias, Manuel Antonio E;Ballesteros, Manuel;Vitale, Fabio;Cervera, Juan Lucas	Araujo, Ana Karla, Pola, Marta, Malaquias, Manuel Antonio E, Ballesteros, Manuel, Vitale, Fabio, Cervera, Juan Lucas (2022): Molecular phylogeny of European Runcinida (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia): the discover of an unexpected pool of complex species, with special reference to the case of Runcina coronata. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 194 (3): 761-788, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab041, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/194/3/761/6323348
