taxonID	type	description	language	source
7C6670C62D403485BFB5795BA600FC11.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Calumma roaloko sp. n. is a member of the phenetic C. nasutum species group (Proetzel et al. 2016), on the basis of the presence of a soft, dermal unpaired rostral appendage, absence of gular and ventral crests, and heterogeneous scalation on the lower arm, consisting mostly of tubercles of 0.4 - 0.7 mm diameter. With 44.5 - 45.6 mm SVL and 85.5 - 93.7 mm total length in adult specimens it is currently the smallest known species in the genus Calumma. The body of the chameleon is uniquely two-colored with beige / white on the ventral and bright green on the dorsal half. Furthermore, it is characterized by a prominent and distally rounded rostral appendage, occipital lobes that are slightly notched, a distinctly elevated rostral crest, absence of a dorsal crest (or presence of at most two cones) in both sexes, absence of axillary pits, and a unique skull morphology. Calumma roaloko sp. n. differs from C. fallax, C. gallus, C. nasutum, C. peyrierasi, C. vatosoa and C. vohibola of the C. nasutum group by the presence of occipital lobes; from C. boettgeri, C. gehringi, C. guibei, C. lefona, C. linotum and C. juliae in the generally smaller body size with a maximum SVL of 45.6 mm and a maximum TL of 93.7 mm (vs. a range of SVL maxima in the former species of 49.1 - 59.6 mm and TL maxima of 98.7 - 126.1 mm), and a straight-lined dorsal margin of the supralabial scales vs. serrated (character ' en dents de scie' in Angel 1942); additionally from C. gehringi, C. guibei, and C. lefona in the slightly notched occipital lobes of 0.2 - 0.4 mm (vs. clearly notched with 0.5 - 1.8 mm) and in the absence of frontoparietal fenestra; from C. boettgeri by the large juxtaposed tubercle scales on the extremities (vs. isolated from each other). From the most similar taxon Calumma uetzi, C. roaloko sp. n. differs in the absence of a dorsal crest or presence of at most two cones (vs. presence of 5 - 14 cones), absence of a temporal crest (vs. presence of 1 - 2 temporal tubercles), greater number of supralabial scales (13 vs. 10 - 12) and infralabial scales (12 - 14 vs. 11 - 12), a longer rostral appendage in adult males of 5.2 mm with large tubercle scales (vs. 3.8 mm, small and smooth tubercle scales; note: n = 1 each), and less heterogeneous scalation on the head with diameter of largest scale in temporal region of 0.6 - 0.7 mm (vs. 1.0 - 1.3 mm). The osteology of the skull is similar in both species; C. roaloko sp. n. differs from C. uetzi only in the absence of elevated protuberances at the anterior end of the maxilla that characterize the skull of male C. uetzi. Calumma roaloko sp. n. furthermore differs from all other species by distinct differences in the mitochondrial genes ND 2 and COI and a unique two-colored life-coloration.	en	Proetzel, David, Lambert, Shea M., Andrianasolo, Ginah Tsiorisoa, Hutter, Carl R., Cobb, Kerry A., Scherz, Mark D., Glaw, Frank (2018): The smallest ' true chameleon' from Madagascar: a new, distinctly colored species of the Calummaboettgeri complex (Squamata, Chamaeleonidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 94 (2): 409-423, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.27305, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.27305
7C6670C62D403485BFB5795BA600FC11.taxon	description	Description of the holotype. Adult male (Figs 3, 5 b) in a good state of preservation; mouth slightly open; both hemipenes incompletely everted; SVL 45.6 mm, tail length 48.1 mm, for further measurements see Table 1; distinct and elevated rostral ridges that form a concave cup on the snout and fuse on the anterior snout at the base of a tapering, laterally compressed dermal rostral appendage that projects straight forward over a length of 5.2 mm with a diameter of 2.6 mm, rounded distally; 13 infralabi al and 13 supralabial scales; supralabials with a straight dorsal margin; no supra-orbital crest; distinct lateral crest running horizontally; no temporal crest; indistinct parietal crest; occipital lobes clearly developed and slightly notched (0.4 mm); casque raised; dorsal crest absent, only two single cones 0.7 and 1.1 mm from the base of the notch between the occipital lobes; no caudal crest; no traces of gular or ventral crest. Body laterally compressed with fine homogeneous scalation, slightly more heterogeneous on the extremities and head region; limbs with rounded tubercle scales with maximum of 0.7 mm diameter; heterogeneous scalation on the head with largest scale on temporal region with diameter of 0.7 mm; 16 large, oval tubercle scales (diameter> 0.3 mm) on the right side of the rostral appendage; no axillary or inguinal pits.	en	Proetzel, David, Lambert, Shea M., Andrianasolo, Ginah Tsiorisoa, Hutter, Carl R., Cobb, Kerry A., Scherz, Mark D., Glaw, Frank (2018): The smallest ' true chameleon' from Madagascar: a new, distinctly colored species of the Calummaboettgeri complex (Squamata, Chamaeleonidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 94 (2): 409-423, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.27305, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.27305
7C6670C62D403485BFB5795BA600FC11.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The specific epithet " roaloko " is a combination of the Malagasy words " roa " meaning " two " and " loko " meaning " color ", in reference to the characteristic two-toned body colorations of males (green and white) and females (brown and tan) of this species. The epithet is to be treated as an invariable noun in apposition.	en	Proetzel, David, Lambert, Shea M., Andrianasolo, Ginah Tsiorisoa, Hutter, Carl R., Cobb, Kerry A., Scherz, Mark D., Glaw, Frank (2018): The smallest ' true chameleon' from Madagascar: a new, distinctly colored species of the Calummaboettgeri complex (Squamata, Chamaeleonidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 94 (2): 409-423, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.27305, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.27305
7C6670C62D403485BFB5795BA600FC11.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Given current evidence, the distribution of C. roaloko sp. n. is potentially restricted to a small fragment (~ 300 km 2) of mid-elevation rainforest that lies outside of nearby Analamazaotra Special Reserve and Andasibe-Mantadia National Park in central-eastern Madagascar (Fig. 4), but within the Reserve de Ressources Naturelles du Corridor Ankeniheny-Zahamena newly protected area. However, we believe that C. roaloko sp. n. may still be discovered in nearby areas, including Andasibe-Mantadia National Park, although it has never been found over dozens of surveys in nearby protected areas over the last century, including our own surveys (Hutter, Lambert, Scherz, Proetzel, Glaw, etc. unpubl. data). It is also possible that C. roaloko sp. n. could be found in other smaller and more fragmented forests located to the west of the type locality of C. roaloko sp. n., south of the city of Moramanga, but recent work in one remnant forest fragment in that area discovered C. juliae there, and no specimens of C. roaloko sp. n. were found (Proetzel et al. 2018).	en	Proetzel, David, Lambert, Shea M., Andrianasolo, Ginah Tsiorisoa, Hutter, Carl R., Cobb, Kerry A., Scherz, Mark D., Glaw, Frank (2018): The smallest ' true chameleon' from Madagascar: a new, distinctly colored species of the Calummaboettgeri complex (Squamata, Chamaeleonidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 94 (2): 409-423, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.27305, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.94.27305
