identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CB87C3FFD69746F5E31700584EFF14.text	03CB87C3FFD69746F5E31700584EFF14.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Symplectoscyphus exochus Blanco (Hydroida Thecata 1982	<div><p>Symplectoscyphus exochus Blanco, 1982</p> <p>(gure 4; table 5)</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus exochus Blanco, 1982: 39–41, gures 1–7; 1985: 225–226, gures 1, 2; 1994:</p> <p>202; Vervoort, 1993: 239.</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus glacialis: Vervoort, 1972b: 351 (in part).</p> <p>2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded</p> <p>Material examined. ANT I-2 Stn 220, two stem fragments up to 20 mm, with immature gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 146, slide 4793); ANT II- 4 Stn 386, numerous stem fragments a few mm long, with immature gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 147, slide 4794); ANT VII- 4 (Epos 3) Stn 230, a mass of stems ca 30 mm diameter, with immature gonothecae (MNHN Hy 1277; RMNH-Coel. 29 149, two slides 4796); ANT VII- 4 (Epos 3) Stn 290, stem fragment ca 5 mm long (RMNH-Coel.</p> <p>Downloaded by [University of Bath] at 23:38 13 February 2014 2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded 29 151, slide 4798); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-405, two masses of stems ca 30 mm diameter, with gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 152, three slides 4799); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-407, a mass of stems ca 30 mm diameter (RMNH-Coel. 29 153, slide 4800); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-456, a mass of stems ca 40 mm diameter, with immature gonothecae (RMNH- Coel. 29 154, two slides 4801); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-459, a mass of stems ca 20 mm diameter and a few small stems on sponges, with immature gonothecae (RMNH- Coel. 29 155, slide 4802); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-477, a mass of stems ca 40 mm diameter, with gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 156, two slides 4803); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-486, a mass of stems ca 30 mm diameter and a few incipient stems on hydrocoral, with immature gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 156, slide 4804); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-496, a mass of stems ca 60 mm diameter, with gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 158, two slides 4805); ANT IX-3 Stn 135, numerous stems up to 25 mm high on Gorgonaria, with immature gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 159, slide 4806).</p> <p>The following material may belong here:</p> <p>ANT VII- 4 Stn 212, 14 small fragments up to 22 mm high in bad condition (MNHN Hy 1278; RMNH-Coel. 29 148, slide 4795); ANT VII- 4 Stn 270, four stems up to 10 mm high epibiotic on Gorgonaria (MNHN Hy 1279; RMNH-Coel. 29 150, slide 4797).</p> <p>Description. Colonies consisting either of incipient stems or of a mass composed of numerous tangled stems and branches forming a mesh of up to 60 mm in diameter. Branching frequent, irregular and in several planes; sometimes alternate, but in two planes making an acute angle. Branches originating laterally at the hydrothecal base (gure 4A, B); plane formed by hydrothecae of lower-order branch perpendicular to that formed by hydrothecae of previous branch. Frequently, stem bent and giving rise to branches alternately arranged in two planes making an acute angle. Branches occasionally forming anastomosing stolons. Stem and branches divided into internodes; length of intenodes decreasing distally.</p> <p>Hydrothecae alternately arranged (gure 4A–C), curved abcaudally, with a distinct in exion point where the adcauline wall becomes free (gure 4A–E). Hydrotheca adnate to internode for more than half of its adcauline wall. Free part of adcauline hydrothecal wall straight or slightly convex. Abcauline wall slightly concave. Hydrothecal aperture directed up- and outwards. Rim of hydrothecal aperture provided with three blunt cusps (gure 4A–E); the adcauline cusp slightly curved adcaudally at its distal extremity.</p> <p>Gonothecae oval (gure 4F), inserting at hydrothecal base. Gonothecal wall folded, forming a distinct keel descending in seven to ten turns. Gonotheca distally provided with a long, funnel-shaped neck bearing the gonothecal aperture and projecting far above cavity formed by the rst turn of the keel.</p> <p>Remarks. Symplectoscyphu s exochus is a poorly known species. Hitherto, it had been found only three times, and only once with mature gonothecae.</p> <p>Blanco (1982) indicated that allied species are S. glacialis and S. vanhoe V eni, the three species having monosiphonic stems, irregular branching and similar hydrothecal shape. However, S. glacialis is easily recognizable by the smooth or slightly waved gonothecal walls and by hydrothecae that are free for half or more of their adcauline length. Blanco pointed out that S. exochus diVers from S. vanho- e V eni by the gonothecal shape, though of that species she only studied immature gonothecae. Further diVerences are the absence of distinct nodes and the arrangement of the hydrothecae in a single plane in the latter. Later on Blanco (1985) published a comparative study of the gonothecae of S. exochus and S. vanhoe V eni,</p> <p>based on mature gonothecae. According to Blanco (1985), S. vanhoe V eni is a species with larger hydrothecae and gonothecae.</p> <p>After studying the Polarstern material, we found S. exochus to be close to S. glacialis in hydrothecal shape as it is possible to nd similar hydrothecae in colonies of both species. However, the examination of a large number of hydrothecae provided diVerences and makes it possible to ascertain with which species we are dealing. Blanco (1982) pointed out that the species was originally found and described by Vervoort (1972b) who, however, assigned it to S. glacialis. After studying Vervoort’s description, we agree with Blanco’s point of view, since part of Vervoort’s material, i.e. that with young, ringed gonothecae, clearly does not belong to S. glacialis. The shape and size of both gonothecae and hydrothecae are similar to those present in the material described by Blanco. However, the remaining material studied by Vervoort corresponds with S. glacialis.</p> <p>Our material perfectly agrees with Blanco’s species in colonial structure,</p> <p>2014 hydrothecal shape and size, and gonothecal shape. However, it should be noted that in the Polarstern material the gonothecae are slightly longer than those described</p> <p>February by from Blanco Ecology 15 (Vervoort (and 1985 distribution)., 1972b) to. 100 Symplectoscyphu m (Blanco, 1982 s exochus). Our material has been comes collected from at depths depths</p> <p>13 of 80–634 m and was collected on muddy bottoms. We found it epibiotic on hydroids</p> <p>38</p> <p>: (Billardia sp., Halecium sp. and hydrocorals), bryozoans and polychaete tubes. It</p> <p>23 may be used in turn as substratum by other hydroids (Lampra sp., Hebella plana at</p> <p>]</p> <p>Ritchie, 1907 and Filellum sp.). Fertile colonies were found from January to March,</p> <p>Bath though Symplectoscyphus in March only exochus with immature was previously gonothecae known. only from oV Low Island, in</p> <p>of the South Shetland Islands (Blanco, 1982) and from Palmer Archipelago (Vervoort,</p> <p>University</p> <p>1972 Iceport Weddell b; Blanco). Sea (o, V 1985 Ronne). Our Ice Shelf material, McDonald comes from Ice Rumples the south, Cape and Norvegia east coasts and of Atka the</p> <p>[</p> <p>by</p> <p>Downloaded Symplectoscyphus Symplectoscyphus Symplectoscyphus sp sp glacialis.. 7 5 Peña Peña:</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus Broch Cantero Cantero, 1948 (and and gure: 5, GarcGarc 9 5 –; 13 óótable frigidus a a, Carrascosa Carrascosa gures 6) sp 2d., nov e,,, 1995 1995 3a..:: 92 94 – –96 94,, gure gure 41 42 a a – –c e..</p> <p>Material examined. ANT V-4 Stn 672, three fragments 40, 27 and 12 mm high, with gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 160, slide 4807); ANT VII-4 (Epos 3) Stn 274, seven fragments up to 18 mm high (MNHN Hy 1280; RMNH-Coel. 29 161, two slides 4808); ANT VII-4 (Epos 3) Stn 281, a mass of stems and branches ca 70 mm diameter, with gonothecae (MNHN Hy 1281; RMNH-Coel. 29 162, two slides 4809); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-434, a mass of stems ca 50 mm diameter (RMNH-Coel. 29 163, slide 4810); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-492, a mass of stems ca 60 mm diameter, with gonothecae (holotype, RMNH-Coel. 29 164, slide 4811, part of type series); ANT IX-3 Stn 129, a stem fragment ca 22 mm long (RMNH-Coel. 29 165, slide 4812).</p> <p>Description. Colonies consisting of either incipient stems arising from stolonal hydrorhiza or numerous tangled stems and branches giving rise to a mass-shaped colony without distinct main stem. Branching frequent, irregular and in several</p> <p>2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded planes; branches forming anastomosing tendrils distally. A few branches giving rise to new branches after such a stolonal part. Branches originating laterally at the hydrothecal base; plane formed by hydrothecae of lower-order branch perpendicular to that formed by those of previous branch.</p> <p>Branches and stems divided into hydrothecate internodes separated by oblique nodes sloping in alternate directions (gure 5A); one hydrotheca per internode.</p> <p>Downloaded by [University of Bath] at 23:38 13 February 2014</p> <p>†Taken from the gures. ‡Immature.</p> <p>2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded Hydrothecae large, almost cylindrical, placed on distal half of internode and abcaudally directed (gure 5A–E). Adcauline wall adnate to internode for less than half its length. Free portion of adcauline hydrothecal wall slightly convex. Abcauline hydrothecal wall slightly concave. Cusps of hydrothecal aperture sharp and separated by deep embayments (gure 5A–E). Hydrothecal rim repeatedly renovated. Perisarc of hydrotheca thin, collapsing easily.</p> <p>Gonothecae ovoid (gure 5F), inserted at hydrothecal base by means of short pedicel. Wall of gonotheca smooth or wavy; gonothecal aperture at end of a short, distal neck with widening aperture.</p> <p>Remarks. Symplectoscyphu s frigidus sp. nov. belongs to the group of Antarctic species (S. anae sp. nov., S. glacialis, S. hero, S. plectilis and S. naumovi) characterized by smooth or slightly wavy gonothecal walls, but never with a pattern of rings. In size of the gonotheca it agrees with S. anae sp. nov., S. naumovi and S. hero; the gonothecae are distinctly smaller in S. glacialis and S. plectilis.</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus frigidus sp. nov. is allied to S. hero in hydrothecal shape and size, though the latter is more robust. They diVer, however, because the hydrothecal diameter decreases towards the aperture in S. hero, the hydrothecal aperture being distinctly smaller than that in S. frigidus sp. nov. Moreover, the length of the adcauline hydrothecal wall (540–620 m m) and the maximal diameter (220–240 m m) are distinctly smaller in S. hero.</p> <p>Symplectoscyphu s frigidus sp. nov. clearly diVers from the remaining four species in hydrothecal shape and size (see gures). In S. frigidus sp. nov. the hydrothecae are distinctly larger than those of S. glacialis and S. plectilis. Symplectoscyphus naumovi and S. plectilis have straight hydrothecae adnate to internode for approximately one-third of the adcauline hydrothecal wall. In S. glacialis the adcauline hydrothecal wall is free from the internode for approximately half its length. Finally, in S. anae sp. nov. the hydrothecae are distinctly curved abcaudally and are free for approximately half their length.</p> <p>We have re-examined the material described as Symplectoscyphus sp. 5 by Peña Cantero and Garcóa Carrascosa (1995) and we believe it to be conspeci c with S. frigidus sp. nov., with which it shares colony structure and hydrothecal shape and size. Also, the material described by those authors as Symplectoscyphus sp. 7 probably belongs to S. frigidus sp. nov., as it agrees in hydrothecal shape and size, though the single immature gonothecae present in that material seems to be distinctly larger than those present in the Polarstern material.</p> <p>Broch (1948) assigned to S. glacialis material that we believe to belong to S. frigidus sp. nov. since they share hydrothecal shape and size. The single diVerence concerns the gonothecal size, larger in Broch’s material, though that could be due to sexual dimorphism. The gonothecal size seems similar to that of the material described by Peña Cantero and Garcóa Carrascosa (1995) as Symplectoscyphus sp. 7.</p> <p>Ecology and distribution. Symplectoscyphus frigidus sp. nov. has been collected from depths of 196–402 m on muddy bottoms and bottoms of fragments of bryozoans. Broch (1948) found it from depths of 86–300 m on muddy and stony bottoms and bottoms of mud with sand. Peña Cantero and Garcóa Carrascosa (1995) found it at depths from 150 to 202 m on stony bottoms. It has been observed epibiotic on hydroids [Billardia subrufa (Jäderholm, 1904)] and bryozoans and it is used in turn as substratum by other species of hydroids (Eudendrium sp., Hebella sp., Symplectoscyphus spp.). Peña Cantero and Garcóa Carrascosa (1995) observed it growing on bryozoans and hydroids [Staurotheca pachyclada (Jäderholm, 1904)]. Fertile colonies were collected in January and February.</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus frigidus sp. nov. is endemic in West Antartica. The Polarstern material comes from the east coast of the Weddell Sea (oV McDonald Ice Rumples, Cape Norvegia, Lyddan Island and Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf). Broch (1948) reported it from oV Peter I and Bouvet Islands and Peña Cantero and Garcóa Carrascosa (1995) from oV Shag Rocks, in the South Georgia region, and from oV King George Island, in the South Shetland Islands.</p> <p>Etymology. The speci c name has been taken from the Latin adjective ‘ frigidus ’ meaning cold, referring to Antarctic conditions.</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus glacialis (Jäderholm, 1904)</p> <p>(gure 6; table 7)</p> <p>Sertularella glacialis Jäderholm, 1904: 9; 1905: 26, pl. 10, gures 3–7; 1917: 11, pl. 1, gure 9;</p> <p>1926: 5; Ritchie, 1913: 10, 29, gure 10; Billard, 1914: 23–24; Leloup, 1960: 234; Naumov and Stepan’yants, 1962: 82; 1972: 34, 41; Stepan’yants, 1972: 68; 1979: 73, pl. 13, gure 3. 2014 Sertularella Totton, 1930 glacialis).: Jäderholm, 1917: 9, pl. 1, gure 9 (part belongs to S. vanhoe V eni February Symplectoscyphus b Blanco gures, pl. 1, 1, – 1982 6 gures; Blanco: glacialis 40 8;, 1984 9 and,: pl: Stechow. 26 Bellusci 2, –28 gure,, pl 1922 de. 7 23; Miralles: Briggs, 148 gures; 1923,, 1938 1972 51: 171,:: 52 32 16,,; 174, pl Rees.; gures 24 Totton, and 28 gure, Thurs – 1930 32 53;; Vervoort: 1992 188 eld,,: 1965 gure 149, 1972: – 39 153 129 a a;,:, 13 171, gures 56, 57b, c; 1972b: 351, gures 6b–d, 7, 8a; 1993: 239; Peña Cantero, 1991: 38 138 and – Garc 142, ópl a. Carrascosa 23, pl. 67,, 1995 gure: A 77;, Tang gures, 1991 34: a– 3 f,, 5 64; Bouillon b. et al., 1995: 73, Peña Cantero: 23 Not Sertularella (Symplectoscyphus) glacialis: Broch, 1948: 5, 9–13, gures 2d, e, 3a 5 Sympat lectoscyphus frigidus sp. nov.] Bath Not (Clark Symplectoscyphus, 1876). glacialis: Blanco, 1967a: 265, pl. 4, gures 3–6, 9– 12 5 S. pinnatus of Material examined. Syntype material from Swedish South Polar Expedition University 1901 Land History –, 1903 150, Coel, m N. depth 5 No, 16. 413 January, sand, numerous and 1902 gravel, 64 fragments ss20 (¾ on S, 56 loan, ss with 38¾W from gonothecae, SW Swedish of Seymour; Coel Museum. No Island. 386 of, Graham, Natural several [fragments and stems on sponges and polychaete tubes, with gonothecae; Coel. by No. 1063, numerous fragments up to 20 mm, with gonothecae); N6, 21 January Downloaded and Coel 1902 fragment gravel., 64 No ss36. ca 856 (¾S on 25,, 57 loan mm several ss42¾ high from W, fragments SW, Swedish belonging Snow Hill belonging Museum to Island Symplectoscyphus of, to Graham Natural Symplectoscyphus Region History vanhoe,, 125 Coel V eni glacialis m. Totton depth No. 638, and, stones 1930, one S;.</p> <p>vanhoe V eni).</p> <p>Polarstern material: ANT I-2 Stn 135, several fragments up to 30 mm (RMNH-</p> <p>Coel. 29 166, two slides 4813); ANT I-2 Stn 213, one fragment 8 mm long (RMNH-</p> <p>Coel. 29 167, slide 4814); ANT I-2 Stn 216, eight fragments up to 11 mm</p> <p>(RMNH-Coel. 29 168, slide 4815); ANT II- 4 Stn 310, a few fragments up to</p> <p>15 mm long (RMNH-Coel. 29 169, slide 4816); ANT II- 4 Stn 341, several stems up to 15 mm on non-calci ed bryozoans (RMNH-Coel. 29 170, slide 4817); ANT V-4</p> <p>Stn 672, one fragment ca 15 mm long (RMNH-Coel. 29 171, slide 4818); ANT</p> <p>VII- 4 (Epos 3) Stn 281, four stems up to 20 mm high (MNHN Hy 1282; RMNH-</p> <p>Coel. 29 172, slide 4819); ANT VIII- 5 Stn 16-403, a few stems up to 20 mm high on Staurotheca polarsterni Peña Cantero, Svoboda and Vervoort, 1997 (RMNH-</p> <p>Coel. 29 173, slide 4820); ANT VIII- 5 Stn 16-407, a few stems up to 13 mm on</p> <p>Billardia subrufa (RMNH-Coel. 29 174, slide 4821); ANT VIII- 5 Stn 16-434, a mass of stems ca 50 mm diameter with gonothecae, on Symplectoscyphus exochus Blanco, 2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded</p> <p>1982, and Billardia subrufa (Jäderholm, 1904) (RMNH-Coel. 29 175, slide 4822); ANT VIII- 5 Stn 16-454, a mass of stems and branches ca 50 mm diameter (RMNH- Coel. 29 176, slide 4823); ANT VIII- 5 Stn 16-468, a mass of stems with gonothecae, on Billardia sp. (RMNH-Coel. 29 177, slide 4824); ANT VIII- 5 Stn 16-475, a few stems up to 10 mm high on non-calci ed Bryozoa (RMNH-Coel. 29 178); ANT VIII- 5 Stn 16-486, one stem ca 5 mm high (RMNH-Coel. 29 179, slide 4825); ANT</p> <p>Downloaded by [University of Bath] at 23:38 13 February 2014</p> <p>† Own measurements. ‡ Taken from the gures. 2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded IX-3 Stn 129, two fragments up to 11 mm long (RMNH-Coel. 29 180, slide 4826); ANT IX-3 Stn 179, a mass of stems and branches, with gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 181, with Symplectoscyphus vanhoe V eni Totton, 1930, slide 4827).</p> <p>Description. Colonies monosiphonic, consisting either of a mass up to 50 mm in diameter, composed of interwoven stems and branches, or of small stems arising from the substratum. Mass-shaped colonies without a distinct stem. Branches continuously re-branching, usually irregularly in several planes, though sometimes with alternate arrangement. Branches frequently becoming anastomosing tendrils distally. Hydrothecae of lower-order branches in same plane as those of higher order.</p> <p>Stem and branches divided into internodes (gure 6B); one hydrotheca per internode. Hydrothecae alternately arranged in one or in two planes making an obtuse angle. Hydrotheca small (gure 6B, G, H), strongly abcaudally directed and adnate to internode for approximately half of its length, though hydrothecae with the free portion longer or shorter than adnate part may be observed. Hydrotheca with a distinct in exion point where adcauline wall becomes free. Abcauline wall concave, usually with a slight swelling basally. Free part of adcauline hydrothecal wall straight or slightly convex; adnate part almost straight. Hydrothecal aperture with three blunt cusps separated by shallow embayments (gure 6B, G, H). Rim of hydrothecal aperture with frequent renovations.</p> <p>Gonothecae fusiform (gure 6J), arising at hydrothecal base. Gonothecal walls smooth or slightly wavy, with a short terminal neck, widening distally to the aperture.</p> <p>Remarks. We had the opportunity to examine the syntype of Sertularella glacialis Jäderholm, 1904. The type material is presently composed of numerous fragments up to 20 mm long. These consist of monosiphonic branches, irregularly re-branching in several planes. Branches arising from apophyses situated under the hydrothecae on frontal part of internode. Some branches develop anastomosing tendrils distally. Hydrothecae alternately arranged in two longitudinal series (gure 6A), either in one plane or in two planes making an obtuse angle (up to 90ss in some areas). Hydrotheca adnate for approximately half of its length, abcaudally directed, with a distinct in exion point where the adcauline wall becomes free (gure 6A, C–F). Abcauline wall concave. Free part of adcauline wall straight or slightly convex. Hydrothecal aperture provided with three blunt cusps separated by shallow embayments. Rim of hydrothecal aperture with renovations.</p> <p>Gonothecae fusiform (gure 6I), arising at hydrothecal base. Gonothecal wall smooth or slightly wavy. Gonothecal aperture at the end of a short, distal, funnelshaped tube.</p> <p>We also received material from station N6 labelled Symplectoscyphus glacialis. This material was not reported in the original description (cf. Jäderholm, 1904, 1905), although it was referred to in a later paper (Jäderholm, 1917). The material from that station was actually found to be composed of two species, the material with collection number 638 belonging to a species diVering from S. glacialis and that we have identi ed as S. vanhoe V eni Totton, 1930. In the material with collection number 856 we found several fragments of both S. glacialis and S. vanhoe V eni. The material identi ed by us as S. vanhoe V eni consists of a ca 25 mm high fragment. The branches are irregularly placed in several planes with the hydrothecae alternately arranged and approximately in one plane. There are no anastomoses.</p> <p>Broch (1948) assigned to S. glacialis material that we believe to belong to another species, at least the material gured by Broch and originating from Peter I Island. Broch’s material diVers from S. glacialis in the hydrothecal shape and size, and in size of the gonothecae. As far as the hydrothecal size is concerned, though Broch did not give measurements those can be taken from his gures. From these it is possible to determine that his material had much larger hydrothecae, especially in relation to the length of the abcauline wall and the diameter at the aperture (cf.</p> <p>table 7). The same applies to the size of the gonothecae, more than twice that of S. glacialis. As stated above, we believe that Broch’s material belongs to</p> <p>Symplectoscyphu s frigidus sp. nov., described above.</p> <p>On the other hand, the material assigned to Jäderholm’s Symplectoscyphus glacialis by Blanco (1967a) was considered by El Beshbeeshy (1991) conspeci c with</p> <p>S. pinnatus (Clark, 1876).</p> <p>Ecology and distribution. Symplectoscyphu s glacialis has been found from depths of 5 (Naumov and Stepan’yants, 1972) to 475 m (Peña Cantero and Garcóa</p> <p>Carrascosa, 1995). Billard (1914) recorded it on bottoms of rocks and gravel; Totton</p> <p>(1930) on bottoms of mud, muddy detritus, shingle and detritus; Naumov and 2014 Stepan’yants (1972) on muddy, sandy, stony and rocky bottoms, bottoms of gravel,</p> <p>bottoms of boulders and stones, bottoms with sand, stones and boulders, bottoms February with rocky boulders sand bottoms, bottoms and with stones of stones, gravel bottoms; and and of mud Peña coarse, Cantero muddy sand bottoms and with Garcgravel with óa, Carrascosa muddy numerous bottoms stones (1995) with and on 13 bottoms of mud, stones and mud, gravel and rock. Our material was collected from 38: depths between 181 and 460 m, on muddy and stony bottoms. 23 Symplectoscyphus glacialis has been observed epibiotic on hydroids [Oswaldella at] antarctica (Jäderholm, 1904), Schizotricha unifurcata Allman, 1883], polychaete Bath (tubes Ridley [Potamilla and Dendy antarctica, 1887)], bryozoans (Kinberg,, 1867 sea-cucumbers)], sponges and [Homaxinella ascidians (Naumov balfourensis and of Stepan’yants, 1972). Stepan’yants (1979) recorded it on hydrozoans and sponges University [and observed Staurothec pointed it a growing polarsterni out that on it Peña is non-calci frequently Cantero ed, Svoboda used bryozoans as and substratum, Vervoort polychaete by, 1997 tubes other, Billardia and hydroids hydroids subrufa. We [(Jäderholm, 1904), Symplectoscyphus sp., and hydrocorals]. Stepan’yants (1979) by found fertile colonies from December to March and in September, and Totton Downloaded (from material 1930 Symplectoscyphu) Antarctic and fertile Peña colonies and Cantero s sub-Antarctic glacialis were and collected Garc has an ówaters a Antarctic Carrascosa in. January In the –Kerguelen (1995 latter and) February, in it distribution January has been.. In found, the being Polarstern at known Lena</p> <p>Bank and oV Crozet Island (Stepan’yants, 1979). In Antarctic waters S. glacialis is known from both East and West Antarctica. In the former it has been reported from oV Discovery Island (Ross Sea) (Jäderholm, 1926); Davis Sea (Stepan’yants,</p> <p>1972), Adélie Land (Naumov and Stepan’yants, 1972); Cape Royds (Ross Sea)</p> <p>(Ritchie, 1913); Cape Adare and McMurdo Sound, in the Ross Sea, and Oates</p> <p>Land (Totton, 1930); Davis Sea, Sea of Friendship (66ss58¾S, 63ss24¾E), Sea of the</p> <p>Cosmonauts, Sabrina Coast, and Adélie Land (Stepan’yants, 1979). In West</p> <p>Antarctica it has been recorded from Marguerite Bay (67ss45¾S, 70ss45’ 42 ² W) (Billard,</p> <p>1914), south of Snow Hill (Graham Land) (Jäderholm, 1917), Palmer Archipelago</p> <p>(64ss46’ 36 ² S, 64ss03’ 29 ² W) (Vervoort, 1972b); South Shetland Islands (Stepan’yants,</p> <p>1979), Peter I Island (68ss45¾S, 90ss41¾W) (Blanco and Bellusci de Miralles, 1972),</p> <p>Low Island (63ss22¾S/62ss00¾S, 61ss55¾W) and Penónsula de Sanavirón (Blanco, 1984;</p> <p>1992), Clerke Rocks, Powell Island (South Orkney Islands), Elephant Island and</p> <p>King George Island (South Shetland Islands) (Peña Cantero and Garcóa Carrascosa, 2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded 1995). The Polarstern material comes from the south and east coasts of the Weddell Sea (oV Ronne Ice Shelf, McDonald Ice Rumples, Lyddan Island, Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf, Cape Norvegia, Atka Iceport and Fimbul Ice Shelf).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CB87C3FFD69746F5E31700584EFF14	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Peña Cantero, A. L.	Peña Cantero, A. L. (2002): Species of Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Sertulariidae) from recent Antarctic expeditions with R. V. Polarstern, with the description of four new species. Journal of Natural History 36: 1509-1568
03CB87C3FFDB9778F5FF10005B56FB16.text	03CB87C3FFDB9778F5FF10005B56FB16.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Symplectoscyphus hero Blanco 1977	<div><p>Symplectoscyphus hero Blanco, 1977</p> <p>(gure 7; table 8)</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus hero Blanco, 1977a: 4–6, gures 1–13, 19–20; Vervoort, 1993: 240.</p> <p>2014 February</p> <p>13</p> <p>38</p> <p>:</p> <p>23</p> <p>at Material examined. Type series: one microslide preparation. Low Island</p> <p>]</p> <p>(63</p> <p>ss</p> <p>22¾S, 62</p> <p>ss</p> <p>00’/61</p> <p>ss</p> <p>55¾</p> <p>W</p> <p>),</p> <p>90–100 m depth. Received on loan from Museo de la</p> <p>Bath Plata. La Plata, Argentina.</p> <p>of Remarks. Symplectoscyphus hero is a rare species, having been collected only once. Fortunately, we had the opportunity to examine one slide from the holotype,</p> <p>University</p> <p>which makes a re-description possible.</p> <p>‘Fragmentary colonies. Longest fragment 60 mm high. Stem thick and monosiphonic. Branching irregularly alternate or unilateral or irregular with anastomoses’</p> <p>[</p> <p>by (Blanco, 1977a: 4).</p> <p>Stem divided into internodes arranged more or less in one straight line and Downloaded separated by strongly marked oblique perisarc constrictions alternating in opposite directions (gure 7A, B). Hydrotheca situated at distal part of internode, adnate for less than half of its adcauline wall; free portion straight or slightly convex. Abcauline wall of hydrotheca slightly concave or straight (gure 7C–G). Hydrothecae abcaudally directed, with an in exion point where adcauline wall becomes free; maximal diameter found at that point. Hydrothecae narrowing basally and distally. Hydrothecal aperture directed upwards. Rim of hydrothecal aperture with blunt cusps separated by deep embayments (gure 7C–G).</p> <p>Blanco (1977a) considered the material identi ed as Symplectoscyphus curvatus by Naumov and Stepan’yants (1972) as being conspeci c with S. hero, since there are clear diVerences between S. curvatus and the specimens studied by those authors, whereas there are similarities with S. hero (e.g. in shape of the gonotheca). However, as we have demonstrated above, the material studied by Naumov and Stepan’yants is closer to S. anae sp. nov., with which we have identi ed it.</p> <p>Ecology and distribution. Symplectoscyphus hero is known only from oV Low Island (63ss22¾S, 62ss00’/61ss55¾W), in the South Shetland Islands region, where it was collected at 90–100 m depth.</p> <p>2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CB87C3FFDB9778F5FF10005B56FB16	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Peña Cantero, A. L.	Peña Cantero, A. L. (2002): Species of Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Sertulariidae) from recent Antarctic expeditions with R. V. Polarstern, with the description of four new species. Journal of Natural History 36: 1509-1568
03CB87C3FFE59772F51C118E59E8FD72.text	03CB87C3FFE59772F51C118E59E8FD72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sertularella liouvillei (Billard 1914)	<div><p>Symplectoscyphu s liouvillei (Billard, 1914)</p> <p>(gures 8–10; table 9)</p> <p>Sertularella liouvillei Billard, 1914: 24–26, gures 14, 15.</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus liouvillei: Stechow, 1922: 148; 1923: 172; Gravier-Bonnet, 1979: 52; Blanco, 1982: 41; Vervoort, 1993: 240.</p> <p>Sertularella (Symplectoscyphus) liouvillei: Broch, 1948: 5, 9–13, gure 3b–d [in part, part belonging to S. cumberlandicus (Jäderholm, 1905)].</p> <p>2014</p> <p>February</p> <p>13</p> <p>38</p> <p>:</p> <p>23</p> <p>at</p> <p>]</p> <p>Bath of</p> <p>University</p> <p>[</p> <p>by</p> <p>Downloaded</p> <p>? Sertularella liouvillei: Stepan’yants, 1972: 71, gure 46; 1979: 80, pl. 14, gure 2. Sertularella aggregata: Stepan’yants, 1979: 82, pl. 15, gures 2A, B.</p> <p>Lafoea weddelli Blanco, 1991: 12–13, gure 3.</p> <p>Material examined. ANT II- 4 Stn 460, one complete colony, 210 mm high, with gonothecae, one stem deprived of branches and hydrothecae and numerous stem and branch fragments (RMNH-Coel. 29 182, two slides 4828); ANT VIII- 5 Stn</p> <p>2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded 16-407, one fragmented colony at least 190 mm long, with gonothecae (RMNH- Coel. 29 183, four slides 4829).</p> <p>Description (of material from Stn 16-407). A large colony, strongly polysiphonic and fragmented. Colony polysiphonic throughout, with the exception of the most distal, youngest branches. Polysiphony due to numerous and thin secondary tubes. Basalmost stem fragment (ca 5 mm thick and 190 mm long, including hydrorhiza) completely polysiphonic, provided with a large rhizoidal hydrorhiza (ca 50 mm long) spreading on a calcareous bryozoan; originally hydrorhiza could have been discoidal, later, while the colony was growing the hydrorhiza may have developed strong hydrorhizal stolons for the attachment to less rm substratum. Hydrorhizal stolons polysiphonic, consisting of a large number of thin tubes like those giving rise to polysiphony of stem. Stem forking at 90 mm height, though previously with a few small, simple branches. Following stem fragment, ca 105 mm long, branched, giving rise to several polysiphonic lower-order stems. Branching irregular and in several planes (gures 8A, 9A), sometimes with more or less spiral arrangement. Branches originating laterally at the hydrothecal base (gures 8D, 9B), decreasing in diameter</p> <p>Downloaded by [University of Bath] at 23:38 13 February 2014</p> <p>†Taken from the gures. ‡Immature gonothecae.</p> <p>2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded distally; plane formed by hydrothecae of lower-order branch perpendicular to that formed by hydrothecae of previous branch.</p> <p>Branches divided into short hydrothecate internodes; one hydrotheca per internode. Hydrothecae alternately arranged in one plane (gures 8B, C, 9C–E), though with a spiral variation of that plane along the branches. Hydrotheca slightly abcaudally directed (gures 8B, C, 9C–F). Adcauline wall adnate to internode for approximately two-thirds of its length; free part of adcauline wall straight or slightly convex. Abcauline wall straight or slightly concave. Hydrothecal aperture provided with three cusps separated by deep embayments (gures 8B–D, 9B–F). Rim of hydrotheca l aperture with numerous renovations, even in the distalmost hydrothecae.</p> <p>Gonothecae inserted on branches at hydrothecal base (gures 8E, 9A). In the material from ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-407 the gonothecae, adherent to the branches, are immature (gure 8E); they are fusiform, truncated distally and with indistinctly striated walls. In the material from ANT II-4 Stn 460, there are gonothecae of another type (gure 9A); they are fusiform, extremely long and thin, and provided with a small distal neck.</p> <p>Remarks. In addition to the shape of the gonothecae, the material from ANT II- 4 Stn 460 has other diVerences from the remaining material. The hydrorhiza, little developed, is composed of a few short and thin stolons; the stem is tortuous (gure 10). Though there are no anastomoses between the polysiphonic branches, they may become attached by the development of polysiphony. The colonial structure is extremely irregular at the branched part, due to the irregular and dense branching in several planes (gure 10). The hydrothecal internodes are usually provided with a basal constriction (Billard’s ‘bourrelet’) at the side of the hydrotheca. The rim of the hydrothecal aperture has few renovations.</p> <p>Broch (1948) identi ed colonies from Bouvet and Peter I Islands as S. liouvillei. He did not give a description of that material, but pointed out that it agreed with that of Billard (1914). The two hydrothecae drawn by Broch, from Bouvet Island, are similar to those found in the Polarstern material. Broch also gured young gonothecae present in a large colony from Peter I Island. These gonothecae, with deeply furrowed, ringed wall, are completely diVerent from the gonothecae found in the Polarstern material. We think that Broch’s material from Peter I Island does not belong to S. liouvillei but could be conspeci c with Sertularella cumberlandica Jäderholm, 1905, a species with which it shares the shape of the gonothecae. The gonothecae of S. liouvillei were still unknown at the time of Broch’s description, consequently we should consider Broch’s reference with some reserve. Moreover, Broch pointed out that S. liouvillei and S. cumberlandicus could possibly be conspeci c. The material from Peter I Island that Broch studied actually belonged to Jäderholm’s (1905) species.</p> <p>As stated above when discussing S. aggregatus, we have considered the material assigned to that species by Stepan’yants (1979) conspeci c with S. liouvillei.</p> <p>Blanco (1991) described as Lafoea weddelli a new species of lafoeid, characterized by the extremely long hydrotheca (2900–3490 m m length and 300–460 m m diameter at aperture) and its wavy walls. The gonothecae of this species were unknown. Moreover, the species was described growing abundantl y on well developed colonies of Symplectoscyphu s cumberlandicus; the only gure of L. weddelli given shows one hydrotheca of this species inserting at the hydrothecal base of S. cumberlandicus, which species is not further described or gured. After studying the Polarstern material from ANT II- 4 Stn 460 we believe that L. weddelli actually represents the gonotheca of Symplectoscyphus liouvillei. Blanco’s (1991) gure, as just mentioned, shows the ‘hydrotheca’ of L. weddelli emerging just at the position occupied by the gonothecae in the species of Symplectoscyphus. Moreover, size and shape of the ‘hydrothecae’ of L. weddelli are in complete agreement with immature gonothecae of S. liouvillei also found in the Polarstern material from ANT II- 4 Stn 460.</p> <p>We think the material referred by Stepan’yants (1972) to S. liouvillei belongs to another species, the more so since Stepan’yants (1979) herself doubted the identi cation. The drawings in Stepan’yants’ (1972) paper suggest that her material had a diVerent structure and the gonothecae had a pattern of rings absent in S. liouvillei but present in other species of the genus Symplectoscyphus.</p> <p>Ecology and distribution. Symplectoscyphus liouvillei has been collected from depths of 200 (Broch, 1948) to 420 m (Billard, 1914), on bottoms of mud and gravel (Billard, 1914) and on muddy bottoms (Broch, 1948). Our material comes from depths of 240 to 330 m.</p> <p>2014 This species has also been reported growing on gravel and rocks (Stepan’yants, 1979 as S. aggregatus). Symplectoscyphus liouvillei is used as substratum by other</p> <p>February the gatus hydroids fertile) recorded (Symplectoscyphus colonies fertile were colonies collected sp. and collected in January Filellum in February and sp.). February Stepan’yants and. March (1979; in, our as S material. aggre-</p> <p>13 Symplectoscyphus liouvillei seems to have a West Antarctic–Patagonian distribu-</p> <p>38</p> <p>: tion. It is known from oV King George Island, South Shetland Islands (Billard,</p> <p>23 1914), Bouvet Island (Broch, 1948), South Orkney Islands [Stepan’yants (1979) as at</p> <p>]</p> <p>S. aggregatus] and at 76ss43¾S, 50ss29¾W (Blanco, 1991), in West Antarctica. The</p> <p>Bath Ronne Polarstern Ice material Shelf and comes McDonald from oIce V the Rumples south) and. Outside east coasts Antarctic of the waters Weddell it has Sea been (oV of recorded from oV the Falkland Islands [Stepan’yants (1979) as S. aggregatus].</p> <p>University Symplectoscyphus (gure 11A naumovi –D; table Blanco 10), 1969</p> <p>[Sertularella sp.1 Naumov and Stepan’yants, 1962: 85–86, gure 8.</p> <p>by Symplectoscyphus naumovi Blanco, 1969: 14, gures 1–9; 1984: 28–29, gures 54–57 on pls</p> <p>Downloaded Sertularella Symplectoscyphus 24 1979 1993, 25::; 70 240 Blanco, naumovi. pl. 13 plectilis and,: gure Naumov Bellusci: 1 Blanco. de and, Miralles 1984 Stepan’yants: 29, 1970 –31,:, 1 gures – 1972 9,: gures 58 34 –, 61 48 1,, on 2; gures pls Tang 26, 10, 1991 27, 11.:; 3 Stepan’yants, 5; Vervoort,, Symplectoscyphus densestriatus Tang, 1991: 1–5, gure 1A–D.</p> <p>Not Symplectoscyphus naumovi: Blanco and Bellusci de Miralles, 1972: 19, gure 53 5 S. plectilis (Hickson and Gravely, 1907).</p> <p>Material examined. ANT I-2 Stn 135, one stem ca 10 mm high; ANT II- 4 Stn</p> <p>460, one stem ca 8 mm high (RMNH-Coel. 29 185, slide 4830); ANT VIII- 5 Stn</p> <p>16-399, one stem ca 7 mm high, on polychaete tube (RMNH-Coel. 29 186, slide</p> <p>4831); ANT VIII- 5 Stn 16-407, three stems up to 4 mm, epibiotic on Billardia subrufa</p> <p>(Jäderholm, 1904) (RMNH-Coel. 29 187, slide 4832); ANT VIII- 5 Stn 16-423, one colony with three stems up to 10 mm high, on Billardia sp. (RMNH-Coel. 29 188,</p> <p>slide 4833); ANT VIII- 5 Stn 16-434, a few stems up to 8 mm high, on tube of benthic organisms, with gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 189, slide 4834); ANT VIII- 5</p> <p>Stn 16-459, numerous stems up to 20 mm high, on sponges and polychaete tubes,</p> <p>with gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 190, slide 4835); ANT VIII- 5 Stn 16-481, two colonies with a few stems up to 20 mm high on gorgonian skeleton and a few small</p> <p>2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded stems on Billardia sp., with gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 191, slide 4836); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-484, numerous colonies with stems up to 25 mm high, on polychaete tubes, with gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 192, two slides 4837); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-492, a few stems up to 10 mm high, on sponges and pedicel of benthic organisms (RMNH-Coel. 29 193, slide 4838); ANT IX-3 Stn 135, one colony with three stems up to 4 mm high (RMNH-Coel. 29 194, slide 4839).</p> <p>Downloaded by [University of Bath] at 23:38 13 February 2014</p> <p>†Taken from the gures.</p> <p>2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded</p> <p>Description. Colonies composed of stolonal hydrorhiza giving rise to monosiphonic stems up to 25 mm high. Stems unbranched or scarcely branched; branches without anastomoses.</p> <p>Hydrothecate internodes long and thin, usually longer than hydrothecal length (gure 11A–C). Hydrotheca placed on distal third or quarter of internode.</p> <p>Hydrothecae alternately arranged in one plane, large and tubular (gure 11A–C). Adcauline hydrothecal wall adnate for approximately one-third of its length. Free part of adcauline hydrothecal wall straight or slightly convex. Abcauline hydrothecal wall straight or slightly concave. Cusps of hydrothecal aperture sharp and separated by deep embayments (gure 11A–C). Occasionally with hydrothecal renovations.</p> <p>Gonothecae ovoid, with short distal neck (gure 11D); walls smooth or slightly wavy, with indistinct striae.</p> <p>Remarks. Blanco (1969) considered the material described by Naumov and Stepan’yants (1962) as Sertularella sp. conspeci c with Symplectoscyphus naumovi, though she drew attention to the larger size of the hydrothecae in that material. The same applies to the material assigned to S. naumovi by Naumov and Stepan’yants (1972). However, the appearance of the colonies and the shape of hydrothecae and gonothecae are similar.</p> <p>The size of the gonothecae in the specimens studied by Naumov and Stepan’yants (1962) is distinctly smaller than that in other material identi ed as S. naumovi, being about half as large. This, however, may be due to a mistake in the scale of the gures.</p> <p>Blanco and Bellusci de Miralles (1972) assigned to S. naumovi an infertile form with hydrothecae distinctly smaller than those found by other authors. We believe that material to be probably conspeci c with S. plectilis since, as re-examination of the type material of S. plectilis shows, Blanco and Bellusci de Miralles’s material agrees with the type in both size and shape of the hydrothecae. Also, Blanco (1969), in the original description of S. naumovi, pointed out that the hydrothecae of S. naumovi are almost identical to those of S. plectilis as gured by Totton (1930).</p> <p>Blanco (1984) assigned to S. plectilis material that we believe to belong to S. naumovi. Blanco pointed out that she was not completely certain of the speci c assignation of her material because of diVerences in colony structure, without the frequent branching and anastomoses characterizing the large colonies of S. plectilis, and by the larger dimensions of the hydrothecae. The shape and size of the hydrothecae and the colony structure are in agreement with those of S. naumovi.</p> <p>Tang (1991) described a new species, Symplectoscyphus densestriatus, stating that it diVers from the remaining species of the genus by ‘the presence of dense annulations on the surface of the hydrothecal (should be gonothecal) wall, in the surface of the hydrothecal wall being smooth, and in the free part of the adcauline wall marked(ly) longer than adnate part’. Tang pointed out that in S. naumovi the gonothecal wall has no distinct annulations. Nevertheless, as it is possible to observe both in the Polarstern material and in the material described by other authors [as for instance the original description of S. naumovi by Blanco (1969)], the gonothecae have dense transversal striae. Moreover, the remaining features noted by Tang are also present in Blanco’s species and even the colonial structure and size are similar. Therefore, we consider S. densestriatus conspeci c with S. naumovi.</p> <p>Ecology and distribution. Symplectoscyphus naumovi has been found from the tidal level (Blanco, 1984) to a depth of 378 m (Tang, 1991), on bottoms of boulders, stones and sand, sand and stones, and sandy bottoms (Naumov and Stepan’yants, 1972), and clayey silt (Tang, 1991). Our material was collected at depths from 205 to 640 m, on bottoms of large rocks, mud and fragments of bryozoans.</p> <p>This species has been observed epibiotic on hydroids (Sertularella biformis Jäderholm, 1905), polychaete tubes (Potamilla antarctica) and ascidians by Naumov and Stepan’yants (1972), and hexactinellid sponges by Tang (1991). In our material it was found on tubes of polychaetes and other benthic organisms, sponges and hydroids [Billardia subrufa (Jäderholm, 1904)]. Symplectoscyphus naumovi has been found with gonothecae in February (Tang, 1991) and March (Blanco and Bellusci de Miralles, 1970). In the Polarstern material fertile colonies were collected in January and February.</p> <p>Symplectoscyphu s naumovi seems to have a circum-Antarctic distribution. In East Antarctica it has been recorded from the Sea of Friendship (Naumov and Stepan’yants, 1962), Adélie Land (Naumov and Stepan’yants, 1972) and Davis Sea (Stepan’yants, 1979). In West Antarctica it has been collected from oV Bahóa Esperanza (63ss24¾S, 56ss59¾W) (Blanco, 1969), from 65ss54¾S, 62ss53¾W (Blanco and Bellusci de Miralles, 1970), from 64ss24.5¾S, 61ss41.0¾W, Antarctic Peninsula (Tang,</p> <p>2014 1991) and from Bahóa de Punt Vidt, Bryde Island and Sanavirón Peninsula (Blanco,</p> <p>1984). Our material comes from the south and east coasts of the Weddell Sea (oV Ronne Ice Shelf, Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf, McDonald Ice Rumples, Lyddan Island</p> <p>February and Cape Norvegia). 13 Symplectoscyphus nesioticus Blanco, 1977</p> <p>38 (gure 11E–G; table 11)</p> <p>:</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus nesioticus Blanco, 1977b: 4; 1994: 204. 23</p> <p>at Material examined. ANT VII-4 (Epos 3) Stn 290, two stems up to 4 mm high]</p> <p>Bath and a stem fragment ca 5 mm long (MNHN Hy 1283; RMNH-Coel. 29 195, slide</p> <p>4840); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-454, a few stems up to 5 mm high on Staurotheca of glomulosa Peña Cantero, Svoboda and Vervoort, 1997 (RMNH-Coel. 29 196, slide</p> <p>4841). University Description. Tiny stems up to ca 5 mm long. Stem internodes long and distinctly arranged in zig-zag fashion (gure 11E). Hydrothecae situated at the end of stem</p> <p>[internode. Hydrotheca almost tubular and directed up- and outwards. Hydrotheca by free for most of its adcauline wall (gure 11F, G); free part of adcauline hydrothecal</p> <p>Downloaded wall straight. Hydrotheca with a distinct in exion point where adcauline wall</p> <p>Table 11. Measurements of Symplectoscyphus nesioticus Blanco, 1977 (in m m).</p> <p>2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded becomes free. Abcauline wall straight or slightly abcaudally directed at its distal part. Cusps of hydrothecal aperture sharp and separated by deep embayments (gure 11F, G). Hydrotheca widening at the aperture.</p> <p>Remarks. Symplectoscyphus nesioticus is a rare species, hitherto recorded once by Blanco (1977b). It is easily recognizable by the strongly geniculate stem and the shape of hydrothecae and gonothecae. The latter have a distal, funnel-shaped neck hidden by the rst ring-shaped keel.</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus nesioticus seems to be an inconspicuous species, as is shown by the scarce records and the small size of the stems. Though Blanco (1977b) found numerous colonies, the mature stems reached a maximum height of only 15 mm.</p> <p>Ecology and distribution. Symplectoscyphus nesioticus had been collected at depths of 90–100 m (Blanco, 1977b). Our material comes from depths of 240– 522 m. Blanco (1977b) found it on Bryozoa [Carbasea ovoidea Busk, 1852, Nemato ustra agellata (Waters, 1904) and Cellaria vitrimuralis Rogick, 1956] and hydroids [Sertularella polyzonias (Linnaeus, 1758)]. We also found it epibiotic on hydroids.</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus nesioticus was only known previously from Low Island, in the South Shetland Islands region (Blanco, 1977b). Our material comes from the east coast of the Weddell Sea (oV Cape Norvegia).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CB87C3FFE59772F51C118E59E8FD72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Peña Cantero, A. L.	Peña Cantero, A. L. (2002): Species of Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Sertulariidae) from recent Antarctic expeditions with R. V. Polarstern, with the description of four new species. Journal of Natural History 36: 1509-1568
03CB87C3FFEF9777F54C13FA5F30FA6A.text	03CB87C3FFEF9777F54C13FA5F30FA6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Symplectoscyphus plectilis (Hickson and Gravely 1907)	<div><p>Symplectoscyphus plectilis (Hickson and Gravely, 1907)</p> <p>(gure 12; table 12)</p> <p>Sertularella plectilis Hickson and Gravely, 1907: 20, pl. 3, gure 21; Ritchie, 1913: 10, 30, gures 8, 9, 11; Jäderholm, 1917: 10, pl. 1, gure 8; 1926: 5; Stepan’yants, 1972: 69, gure 14; 1979: 74, pl. 13, gure 4.</p> <p>Sertularella (Symplectoscyphus) plectilis: Broch, 1948: 5, 9–13, gure 2f, g.</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus plectilis: Stechow, 1922: 148; 1923: 172; Totton, 1930: 193, gure 41, pl. 2, gures 4, 5; Rees and Thurs eld, 1965: 131; Blanco, 1967b: 77, pl. 5, gures 11–15; 1984: 29–31, gures 58–61 on pls 26, 27; 1992: 149–153, gures 7–10; Vervoort, 1972b: 354, gure 8b, c; 1993: 241; Bouillon, Massin and Kresevic, 1995: 74.</p> <p>? Symplectoscyphus plectilis: Vervoort, 1972a: 133, gure 42; Naumov and Stepan’yants, 1972: 34, 42; Millard, 1977: 34, gure 11A–C.</p> <p>Sertularella glacialis: VanhöVen, 1910: 325, gure 40a–c.</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus naumovi: Blanco and Bellusci de Miralles, 1972: 19, gure 33.</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus sp. 4 Peña Cantero and Garcóa Carrascosa, 1995: 92, gure 40f–h.</p> <p>Not Symplectoscyphus plectilis: Blanco, 1984: 29–31, gures 58– 61 5 S. naumovi Blanco, 1969.</p> <p>Material examined. Type material, loaned from The Natural History Museum, London, No. 1907.8.20.35.</p> <p>Polarstern material: ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-492, a mass of stems ca 10 mm diameter and numerous stems up to 25 mm high, with gonothecae, on Halecium sp. (RMNH- Coel. 29 197, slide 4842).</p> <p>Description. Delicate and monosiphonic stems up to 25 mm high. Branching frequent. Some branches forming stolons and anastomosing amongst them.</p> <p>Hydrothecal internodes long and thin, usually longer than hydrothecae. Hydrothecae situated at distal part of internode and alternately arranged in one plane (gure 12A–F).</p> <p>Hydrothecae almost cylindrical, slightly abcaudally directed (gure 12A–F). Adcauline hydrothecal wall free for approximately two-thirds its length. Free part of adcauline hydrothecal wall convex. Abcauline hydrothecal wall slightly concave. Cusps of hydrothecal aperture sharp and separated by deep embayments (gure 12A–F). Hydrothecae extremely delicate; frequently collapsed.</p> <p>2014</p> <p>February</p> <p>13</p> <p>38</p> <p>:</p> <p>23</p> <p>at</p> <p>]</p> <p>Bath of</p> <p>University</p> <p>[</p> <p>by</p> <p>Downloaded</p> <p>Gonothecae fusiform, with waved walls and a short distal neck bearing the aperture (gure 12G, H).</p> <p>Remarks. Naumov and Stepan’yants (1972) assigned to S. plectilis material that according to those authors has ‘a structure typical of this species’. However, since they give neither gure nor measurements it is not possible to ascertain if they are actually conspeci c.</p> <p>Millard (1977) identi ed as S. plectilis a form that has hydrothecae distinctly</p> <p>Downloaded by [University of Bath] at 23:38 13 February 2014 Table 12. Measurements of Symplectoscyphus plectilis (Hickson and Gravely, 1907) (in m m).</p> <p>†Own measurements.</p> <p>‡Taken from the gures.</p> <p>§Immature.</p> <p>smaller than those described by other authors. Moreover, the material was infertile, so that it is not possible to establish with certainty if it belongs to Hickson and Gravely’s species. Until Millard’s material is re-examined we will doubtfully keep it in S. plectilis.</p> <p>Vervoort (1972a) assigned to S. plectilis a fragment 8 mm long, provided with hydrothecae having a diVerent shape than those typically referred to S. plectilis. In Vervoort’s material the hydrotheca has a marked in exion point where the hydrotheca becomes free, being distinctly directed abcaudally, whereas in S. plectilis there is a continuity between the free and adnate parts of the adcauline wall. Moreover, the hydrothecal diameter clearly decreases towards the aperture in Vervoort’s material, whereas in S. plectilis it is almost constant throughout the hydrotheca. We have doubts about the proper assignation of that material.</p> <p>In Symplectoscyphus plectilis the hydrothecal walls are extremely thin and are frequently collapsed (Ritchie, 1913 and others).</p> <p>2014 Ecology and distribution. Symplectoscyphus plectilis has been found at depths</p> <p>February</p> <p>from debris bottoms 7 ((Totton Vervoort (Totton, 1930,, 1930 1972), rocky; b Broch) to bottoms 457, 1948 m () Totton (, Stepan’yants bottoms, 1930 of) mud,. 1979 It has with), been and undecomposed bottoms collected of on boulders muddy animal, stones and sand, stones and mud, and stones (Naumov and Stepan’yants, 1972).</p> <p>13 Our material was collected at a depth of 250 m on a bottom composed of fragments</p> <p>38</p> <p>: of bryozoans.</p> <p>23 Symplectoscyphus plectilis was observed epibiotic on hydroids [Oswaldella</p> <p>at</p> <p>] antarctica (Jäderholm 1904), Schizotricha unifurcata Allman, 1883], sponges and</p> <p>Bath bryozoans by Naumov and Stepan’yants (1972) and hydroids by Stepan’yants (1979). We also found it on hydroids (Halecium sp.). Ritchie (1913) found it</p> <p>of</p> <p>with gonothecae from June to August, Totton (1930) in</p> <p>January and February</p> <p>University and collected Symplectoscyphus Stepan’yants in February (1979. plectilis) from has January a circum-Antarctic to December. The distribution Polarstern (Stepan’yants material was,</p> <p>[1979), being known from both East and West Antarctica. In the former, it has been</p> <p>by</p> <p>reported from McMurdo Sound (Ritchie, 1913; Totton, 1930), Cape Royds (Ritchie,</p> <p>Downloaded (and</p> <p>1913 recorded Naumov in) and the from and Discovery Sea Stepan’yants of South Friendship Island Georgia, (1972 Jäderholm (Stepan’yants (Jäderholm), in the, 1926,, Davis 1917 1979), in)),. Sea In the at West (64 Stepan’yants Ross ss46 Antarctica ’36 Sea ² S,, o64 V, ss 1972 Adélie 03 it ’29 has; ² 1979 W Land been, in), Palmer Archipelago (Vervoort, 1972b), oV Peter I Island (Blanco and Bellusci de Miralles, 1972), oV Peterman Island, Low Island, 63ss22’/62ss00¾S, 61ss55¾W, Puerto Leith, oV Bryde Island, and Penónsula Sanavirón, 62ss40¾S, 64ss10¾W (Blanco, 1992). The Polarstern material comes from the east coast of the Weddell Sea (oV Riiser- Larsen Ice Shelf). It is also known oV Bouvet Island (Broch, 1948). Doubful records are those from Kerguélen (Millard, 1977) and 63ss40¾S, 64ss08¾W (Vervoort, 1972a).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CB87C3FFEF9777F54C13FA5F30FA6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Peña Cantero, A. L.	Peña Cantero, A. L. (2002): Species of Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Sertulariidae) from recent Antarctic expeditions with R. V. Polarstern, with the description of four new species. Journal of Natural History 36: 1509-1568
03CB87C3FFEA9768F5CA14E85F57FA67.text	03CB87C3FFEA9768F5CA14E85F57FA67.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Symplectoscyphus Broch Cantero Cantero 1948	<div><p>Symplectoscyphus so ae sp. nov.</p> <p>(gures 13, 14; table 13)</p> <p>Material examined. ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-421, one stem ca 75 mm high, with gonothecae (holotype, RMNH-Coel. 29 198, slide 4843); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-423,</p> <p>several stems up to 20 mm high, on Billardia sp. (RMNH-Coel. 29 199, slide 4844).</p> <p>2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded</p> <p>Description. Colony composed of a discoidal hydrorhiza giving rise to an erect, branched stem ca 75 mm high and polysiphonic over almost its total length (gure 13). Stem giving rise to branches irregularly arranged in approximately one plane, sometimes with alternate arrangement (gure 13). Some branches distinctively longer, also polysiphonic and bearing lower order branches (gure 13). Hydrothecal internodes either straight or slightly geniculate (gure 14A, B).</p> <p>Hydrothecae alternately arranged in one plane (gure 14A, B); usually one hydrotheca per internode. Occasionally, however, internodes with two hydrothecae present, though in this situation second hydrotheca situated at the place usually occupied by the gonothecae. Hydrotheca cylindrical, but markedly curved abcaudally (gure 14A–E). Adcauline hydrothecal wall typically adnate to internode for more than half its length. Free part of adcauline wall straight or slightly convex. Abcauline wall concave. Cusps of hydrothecal aperture sharp, separated by deep embayments (gure 14A–E). Hydrothecal rim with numerous renovations.</p> <p>Immature gonotheca cone-shaped, truncated distally and with maximum diameter at distal end. Gonothecal walls provided with six/seven rings (gure 14F).</p> <p>Remarks. Though the Polarstern material has only immature gonothecae, we found colonies of Symplectoscyphus so ae sp. nov. in the Antarctic material collected 2014</p> <p>February</p> <p>13</p> <p>38</p> <p>:</p> <p>23</p> <p>at</p> <p>]</p> <p>Bath of</p> <p>University</p> <p>[</p> <p>by</p> <p>Downloaded by several Russian expeditions (unpublished data), provided with mature gonothecae. These are oval, provided with a trimming of approximately ten rings and a funnel-shaped neck (ca 120 m m long) bearing the aperture (ca 150 m m diameter). The gonothecae are ca 1400 m m long and ca 640 m m width.</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus so ae sp. nov. shares with most of the species of the genus the</p> <p>2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded Internodes</p> <p>Length 600–680 Diameter 200–230 Hydrothecae</p> <p>Length abcauline wall 370–390 Length free part of adcauline wall 180–300 Length adnate part of adcauline wall 270–320 Maximal diameter 160–170 Diameter at aperture 130–150 Gonothecae</p> <p>Length 720 Maximal diameter 720</p> <p>shape of the gonotheca, since the gonotheca has a pattern of rings. Colonial structure and hydrothecal shape and size, however, distinguish it as a new species.</p> <p>The colonial structure of Symplectoscyphu s so ae sp. nov., characterized by erect and polysiphonic stems, is similar to that found in S. cumberlandicus (Jäderholm, 1905). However, they are clearly distinguishable by hydrothecal shape and size. Concerning the latter, the hydrothecae are much larger (e.g. 430–550 m m abcauline length and 190–240 m m diameter at the aperture) in S. cumberlandicus whereas the hydrothecae are almost straight and provided with large and sharp cusps.</p> <p>The diVerences from the remaining Antarctic species of the genus are larger, since they include both colony structure and hydrothecal shape and size. From S. anae sp. nov., S. frigidus sp. nov., S. glacialis, S. hero, S. naumovi and S. plectilis, it also diVers in shape of the gonotheca.</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus so ae sp. nov. resembles the material identi ed by Ritchie (1913) as S. cumberlandicus. They share colonial structure, hydrothecal size and shape of the gonotheca. However, the gonothecae described by Ritchie are distinctly larger than those present in S. so ae sp. nov. and are also larger than those found in the type material of S. cumberlandicus (cf. table 3). On the other hand, they also share the presence of accessory hydrothecae arising at the position usually occupied by the gonothecae. Ritchie’s material should be re-examined to determine whether it belongs to S. cumberlandicus or to S. so ae sp. nov.</p> <p>Ecology and distribution. Symplectoscyphus so ae sp. nov. was collected at depths from 420 to 470 m. It has been found growing epibiotic on hydroids (Billardia sp.) and is used as substratum by other hydroids (campanulinids). The colony with immature gonothecae was collected in January. The material comes from the east coast of the Weddell Sea (oV McDonald Ice Rumples).</p> <p>Etymology. We dedicate this species to Dr So a Stepan’yants, St Petersburg, Russia, for her important contributions to the taxonomy of Antarctic hydroids.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CB87C3FFEA9768F5CA14E85F57FA67	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Peña Cantero, A. L.	Peña Cantero, A. L. (2002): Species of Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Sertulariidae) from recent Antarctic expeditions with R. V. Polarstern, with the description of four new species. Journal of Natural History 36: 1509-1568
03CB87C3FFF5976CF51114DD59DDFD72.text	03CB87C3FFF5976CF51114DD59DDFD72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Symplectoscyphus vanhoe	<div><p>Symplectoscyphu s vanhoe V eni Totton, 1930</p> <p>(gure 15; table 14)</p> <p>Sertularella subdichotoma: VanhöVen, 1910: 326, gure 41a–e.</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus vanhö V eni Totton, 1930: 187, gure 38a–d; Briggs, 1938: 31; Leloup, 1974: 47, gure 39; Blanco, 1982: 40; 1984: 36–37, pl. 30, gures 67, 68.</p> <p>Sertularella vanhoe V eni: Naumov and Stepan’yants, 1972: 34, 40, gure 4; Stepan’yants, 1972: 70; 1979: 77, pl. 17, gure 5.</p> <p>2014</p> <p>February</p> <p>13</p> <p>38</p> <p>:</p> <p>23</p> <p>at</p> <p>]</p> <p>Bath of</p> <p>University</p> <p>[</p> <p>by</p> <p>Downloaded</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus vanhoe V eni: Peña Cantero, 1991: 150–153, pl. 25; Branch and Williams, 1993: 13, gure; Vervoort, 1993: 241; Bouillon, Massin and Kresevic, 1995: 74.</p> <p>? Symplectoscyphus vanhoe V eni: Ralph, 1961: 817, gure 19a–c.</p> <p>Sertularella vanhoe V eni: Naumov and Stepan’yants, 1962: 82 (in part).</p> <p>Downloaded by [University of Bath] at 23:38 13 February 2014</p> <p>Material examined. ANT I-2 Stn 213, a stem fragment ca 25 mm long (RMNH- Coel. 29 200, slide 4845); ANT II-4 Stn 310, a mass of stems ca 25 mm diameter, with immature gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 201, slide 4846); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-399, a mass of stems and branches ca 15 mm diameter (RMNH-Coel. 29 202, slide 4847); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-407, a few stems on bryozoans and tubes of benthic organisms, and a mass of stems ca 10 mm diameter (RMNH-Coel. 29 203); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-434, a mass of branches ca 20 mm diameter (RMNH-Coel. 29 204, two slides 4848); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-454, fragment 12 mm long (RMNH-Coel. 29 205, slide 4849); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-475, a mass of stems and branches ca 60 mm diameter, with gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 206, three slides 4850); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-486, a mass of stems ca 30 mm diameter, with gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 207, slide 4851); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-492, a few fragments up to 30 mm long, with gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 208, slide 4852); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-496, a mass of stems ca 30 mm diameter, with gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 209, slide 4853); ANT</p> <p>2014 IX- with 3 S Stn. glacialis 179, a (mass Jäderholm of stems, 1904 ca) 50, two mm slides, with 4854 gonothecae]. [RMNH-Coel. 29 181,</p> <p>February stem plane Description.. Branching Branches. forming irregular Mass-shaped anastomosing, though colonies sometimes up stolons to 50 with. mm tendency diameter for, without arrangement distinct in main one</p> <p>13 Stem and branches divided into internodes by weakly marked, oblique nodes</p> <p>38 alternating in opposite directions (gure 15A). One hydrotheca per internode.</p> <p>23</p> <p>:</p> <p>Hydrothecae almost cylindrical, strongly abcaudally directed (gure 15B–H).</p> <p>at Hydrotheca adnate to internode for approximately half its length, though usually</p> <p>Bath</p> <p>]</p> <p>where adnate it portion becomes longer free. than Free free portion part. of Adcauline adcauline wall hydrothecal with a distinct wall slightly in exion convex point of or straight. Abcauline wall concave. Cusps of hydrothecal aperture blunt and separ-</p> <p>University ing ated neck Gonothecae a by bearing pattern shallow of the ovoid embayments seven gonothecal, to inserting ten rings aperture (gure at. hydrothecal Gonotheca 15 (B – gure H). 15 Species provided I base).. Gonothecal with with dark a distal coloured wall funnel-shaped folded coenosarc, form-.</p> <p>[</p> <p>by Remarks. After re-examining the type material of Symplectoscyphus subdicho-</p> <p>Downloaded free identi tomus Instead described portion (ed, Kirchenpauer Totton from by of Vanhö the the considered ‘ adcauline Terra V, en 1884 (Nova’ 1910), VanhöTotton hydrothecal) collection as Ven’s (Kirchenpauer’s 1930 material): wall reached S. vanhoe is shorter conspeci the species V eni conclusion. in According c did S with. subdichotomus not that a belong species to the Totton material newly there than the. in S. vanhoe V eni. Moreover, the gonothecae have no free frills and the gonothecal aperture is situated at the end of a very short and wide tube.</p> <p>Stepan’yants (1979) assigned to Symplectoscyphu s vanhoe V eni material with much larger hydrothecae. Though it is possible that in Stepan’yants’ material S. vanhoe V eni was present, it possibly also included other species. Stepan’yants (1979) also pointed out that the record of S. vanhoe V eni from New Zealand (cf. Ralph, 1961) is probably based on a misidenti cation.</p> <p>Ecology and distribution. Symplectoscyphu s vanhoe V eni has been found at depths from 6 (Naumov and Stepan’yants, 1972) to 385 m (VanhöVen, 1910). Our material comes from depths of 80–390 m. It has been collected on muddy bottoms and bottoms of shingle (Totton, 1930), bottoms mainly of small rocks (Briggs, 1938), and bottoms of gravel, gravel and mud, and stony bottoms (Naumov and Stepan’yants, 1972). We found it on muddy and rocky bottoms, and on bottoms composed of fragments of Bryozoa.</p> <p>2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus vanhoe V eni has been found epibiotic on seaweeds (Naumov and Stepan’yants, 1972), hydroids and Bryozoa (Totton, 1930; Naumov and Stepan’yants, 1972) and polychaete tubes (Totton, 1930); we observed it on Bryozoa. Stepan’yants (1979) pointed out that it is used as substratum by other hydroids. Stepan’yants (1979) found fertile colonies from January to March and from July to December, and Totton (1930) reported gonothecae in colonies collected in January. In the Polarstern material fertile colonies were collected in January and February.</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus vanhoe V eni seems to have a circum-Antarctic distribution (Peña Cantero and Garcóa Carrascosa, 1995). It has been reported from both East and West Antarctica. In the former, S. vanhoe V eni is known from oV Cape Adare and McMurdo Sound, in the Ross Sea (Totton, 1930), Davis Sea (VanhöVen, 1910; Briggs, 1938; Stepan’yants, 1972, 1979), Sea of the Cosmonauts (Stepan’yants, 1979) and Adélie Land (Naumov and Stepan’yants, 1972). In West Antarctica, it is known from Low Island, in the South Shetland Islands area (Blanco, 1984) and Laurie Island, in the South Orkney Islands (Peña Cantero and Garcóa Carrascosa, 1995). Our material comes from the south and east coasts of the Weddell Sea (oV Ronne Ice Shelf, Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf, McDonald Ice Rumples, Lyddan Island, Cape Norvegia, Atka Iceport and Fimbul Ice Shelf).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CB87C3FFF5976CF51114DD59DDFD72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Peña Cantero, A. L.	Peña Cantero, A. L. (2002): Species of Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Sertulariidae) from recent Antarctic expeditions with R. V. Polarstern, with the description of four new species. Journal of Natural History 36: 1509-1568
03CB87C3FFF1976EF5C713E55B86F9D1.text	03CB87C3FFF1976EF5C713E55B86F9D1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Symplectoscyphus weddelli Peña Cantero 2002	<div><p>Symplectoscyphus weddelli sp. nov.</p> <p>(gure 16; table 15)</p> <p>Material examined. ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-399, numerous stems on polychaete tubes and a mass of stems ca 40 mm diameter (RMNH-Coel. 29 210, slide 4855); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-407, a mass of stems ca 15 mm diameter and numerous stems up to 25 mm on Billardia subrufa (Jäderholm, 1904), with gonothecae (holotype, RMNH-Coel. 29 211, three slides 4856, part of type series); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-475, a mass of stems and branches, some incipient stems on hydrocoral and polychaete tubes (RMNH-Coel. 29 212, slide 4857); ANT VIII-5 Stn 16-486, a mass of stems ca 20 mm diameter, with gonothecae (RMNH-Coel. 29 213, slide 4858); ANT IX-3 Stn 220, a colony with a few unbranched stems up to 6 mm high on uncalci ed Bryozoa (RMNH-Coel. 29 214, slide 4859).</p> <p>Description. Colonies with monosiphonic stems up to 25 mm high, arising from stolonal hydrorhiza. Branching irregular and in several planes. Branches originating laterally at hydrothecal base; plane formed by hydrothecae of lower-order branch perpendicular to that formed by hydrothecae of previous branch. Occasionally branches becoming anastomosing stolons distally.</p> <p>Stems divided into more or less straight internodes with oblique nodes sloping in alternate directions (gure 16A, B); one hydrotheca per internode. Hydrothecae abcaudally directed, with indistinct in exion point where the adcauline wall becomes free (gure 16A–E). Adcauline hydrothecal wall adnate to internode for approximately half its length, though usually adnate part slightly longer than free portion. Free part of adcauline hydrothecal wall straight or slightly convex. Abcauline hydrothecal wall slightly concave. Cusps of hydrothecal aperture sharp and separated by deep embayments (gure 16A–E). Rim of hydrothecal aperture with frequent renovations.</p> <p>Gonothecae ovoid, inserting at hydrothecal base. Gonothecal walls spirally folded, forming a frill with eight or nine turns (gure 16F). Gonotheca distally with a long, funnel-shaped neck bearing the gonothecal aperture. The material from ANT 2014</p> <p>February</p> <p>13</p> <p>38</p> <p>:</p> <p>23</p> <p>at</p> <p>]</p> <p>Bath of</p> <p>University</p> <p>[</p> <p>by</p> <p>Downloaded</p> <p>VIII- 5 Stn 16-486 has slightly diVerent gonothecae (gure 16G): they are provided with a pattern of ca 12 rings and distally have a short, funnel-shaped neck.</p> <p>Remarks. We believe that the diVerences in shape of the gonothecae between the colonies from ANT VIII- 5 Stn 16-486 and the remaining material are due to sexual dimorphism, though speci c diVerences cannot be ruled out. The study of more material could clarify this question.</p> <p>2014 February 13 38: 23 at] Bath of University [by Downloaded</p> <p>Symplectoscyhus weddelli sp. nov. belongs to the group of Antarctic species having gonothecae provided with a pattern of rings (S. cumberlandicus, S. curvatus, S. exochus, S. nesioticus, S. so ae sp. nov. and S. vanhoe V eni). It diVers from S. cumberlandicus and S. so ae sp. nov. mainly in having monosiphonic rather than polysiphonic colonies, but also because the hydrothecal shape and size are diVerent. From S. curvatus it distinctly diVers in shape and size of the hydrothecae, as that species has much more robust colonies and the hydrotheca is cylindrical and much larger. The colony form diVers from that of S. nesioticus, in which the internodes are markedly arranged in zigzag fashion. Moreover, the hydrothecae in S. nesioticus are free for almost the whole adcauline length and have a completely diVerent shape.</p> <p>Symplectoscyphus weddelli sp. nov. is closest to S. vanhoe V eni and S. exochus, though it diVers from these in the shape of the hydrothecae. In S. vanhoe V eni the hydrothecae are more robust and the cusps of the hydrothecal aperture are blunt and separated by shallow embayments. In S. exochus the hydrothecae are adnate to the internode for more than half the adcauline wall, there is a marked in exion point where the adcauline wall becomes free, and the hydrothecal cusps are blunt and separated by shallow embayments. Moreover, the hydrothecae are distinctly smaller.</p> <p>Ecology and distribution. Symplectoscyphu s weddelli sp. nov. has been collected at depths from 119 to 390 m, on muddy and rocky bottoms. It has been found growing on uncalcifed Bryozoa, polychaete tubes and Hydrozoa [Billardia subrufa (Jäderholm, 1904)]. It is used as substratum by other hydroids (Filellum sp.). Fertile colonies of Symplectoscyphus weddelli sp. nov. were collected in January and February.</p> <p>Symplectoscyphu s weddelli occurs along the south and east coasts of the Weddell Sea (oV Ronne Ice Shelf, McDonald Ice Rumples, Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf and Atka Iceport).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CB87C3FFF1976EF5C713E55B86F9D1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Peña Cantero, A. L.	Peña Cantero, A. L. (2002): Species of Symplectoscyphus Marktanner-Turneretscher, 1890 (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa, Sertulariidae) from recent Antarctic expeditions with R. V. Polarstern, with the description of four new species. Journal of Natural History 36: 1509-1568
