taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C887CA2E1DFFB3FF0FFEE9FC782FB4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis (emended). Based on the material described below, the generic diagnosis for Parachironomus male (Cranston et al. 1989; Spies et al. 1994), pupa (Pinder & Reiss 1986) and larva (Pinder & Reiss 1983) must be emended as follows. Pubescent ventral expansion of superior volsella in adult male hypopygium usually absent. Pupal cephalic tubercles usually present, and stout setae D 5 placed on large and prominent tubercles on tergites III – VII may occur. Larval mentum sometimes with 6 th lateral tooth larger than 5 th and set forward, and ventromental plates with anterior margin strongly scalloped.	en	Trivinho-Strixino, Susana, Silva, Fabio Laurindo Da, Roque, Fabio Oliveira (2010): A new species of Parachironomus Lenz, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae), and description of immature stages of two other species from the Neotropical Region. Zootaxa 2689: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199500
03C887CA2E1DFFB4FF0FFD5FFC0D2F14.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype male, BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Itirapina, Represa do Lobo (22 º 11 ’ 07 ” S; 47 º 53 ’ 40 ” W), viii / 1987, S. Trivinho-Strixino. Paratypes: 1 male, 2 larvae as holotype. 2 males with pupal and larval exuviae, 1 larva, as holotype except for Brotas, Lagoa Dourada (22 o 11 ’ 35 ” S; 47 o 55 ’ 03 ” W), 10 / x / 2003. 1 male, as previous except for xii / 2002. 2 pupae, as previous except for 15 / vii / 2002, F. O. Roque.	en	Trivinho-Strixino, Susana, Silva, Fabio Laurindo Da, Roque, Fabio Oliveira (2010): A new species of Parachironomus Lenz, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae), and description of immature stages of two other species from the Neotropical Region. Zootaxa 2689: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199500
03C887CA2E1DFFB4FF0FFD5FFC0D2F14.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From Latin lupus (wolf) after the name of the reservoir where the larvae were collected (Represa do Lobo = Wolf Reservoir). Diagnostic characters. Parachironomus lupus differs from other Parachironomus species by the combination of the following characters. Adult male: hypopygium with superior volsella ventrally bearing a large, pubescent expansion. Pupa: it is indistinguishable from P. alatus Beck & Beck, 1969. Larva: premandible with 3 teeth, proximal tooth wider and anterior margin strongly scalloped of the ventromental plate.	en	Trivinho-Strixino, Susana, Silva, Fabio Laurindo Da, Roque, Fabio Oliveira (2010): A new species of Parachironomus Lenz, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae), and description of immature stages of two other species from the Neotropical Region. Zootaxa 2689: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199500
03C887CA2E1DFFB4FF0FFD5FFC0D2F14.taxon	description	Description. Male (n = 4 unless otherwise stated) Dimensions. Total length [3.68] 3.20 – 3.78 mm. Wing length [1.78] 1.31 – 1.78 mm. Total length / wing length [2.06] 2.06 – 2.40. Wing length / length of fore femur [6.63] 5.66 – 6.63. Coloration. Head yellowish brown, flagellum and maxillary palp pale brown. Thorax yellowish brown, scutellum pale brown. Wing clear, without spots; membrane transparent, veins pale brown. Legs pale brown. Abdomen and hypopygium brown. Head. Antenna with 11 flagellomeres, AR [2.19] 2.00 – 2.19 (10), flagellum [1119] 975 – 1131 μm long. Eyes bare, with dorsomedian extension containing 5 – 6 facets. Eyes ratio [0.77] 0.55 – 1.07. Palpomere 1 – 5 lengths (in μm): [23] 20 – 25; [25] 25 – 31; [66] 66 – 80; [134] 126 – 135; [160] 160 – 271 (2). Frontal tubercles small, [22] 22 (1) μm long, [17] 17 (1) μm wide. Temporal setae [14] 12 – 14 (3), irregularly uniserial. Clypeus with [16] 12 – 16 setae. Thorax. Antepronotum with 4 (1) lateral setae. Acrostichals [6] 6 – 10, biserial, beginning near antepronotum; dorsocentrals [7] 6 – 8, partly biserial; prealars [4] 3 – 5 (3); supraalar 1 (3); scutellars [6] 8 (3), biserial, irregular. Scutal tubercle absent. Wing [0.52] 0.38 – 0.52 mm wide. Membrane without setae. Brachiolum with [2] 2 setae. Wing macrotrichia on C, R, R 1, R 4 + 5; submarginal row of setae on costa not reaching much further basal than R 1; R with [17] 11 – 18 setae; R 1 with [16] 11 – 16 setae; R 4 + 5 with [22] 12 – 22 setae in distal half of vein. Squama with 1 - 2 setae. R 2 + 3 ending about 1 / 3 distance between apices of R 1 and R 4 + 5. VR [1.20] 1.20 – 1.32 (3). FV [0.37] 1.20 – 0.51 (3). Legs. Mid and hind tibiae each with two narrowly separated combs; each comb with a spur. Tarsal claws on all legs slender and hook-like, pulvilli well developed. Lengths and proportions of legs as in Table 1. Hypopygium (Figs. 1 – 4). Transversal anal tergite bands short, fading far apart medially. Caudal region of anal tergite without lateral projections. Anal point slender [55] 55 – 65 (3) μm long, slightly expanded distally, nearly 1.5 wider than the base, originating near caudal margin of anal tergite. Anal tergite with [16] 16 – 22 setae dorsomedially, around base of anal point, and laterally. Superior volsella, stout; enlarged distally with one setae arising from large pit; ventrally with a large, pubescent expansion. Inferior volsella pubescent, without caudal projection, not reaching beyond anal tergite. Gonocoxite with 4 – 5 medio-basal setae. Gonostylus long, about [5.50] 5.17 – 6.69 times as long as wide, narrowest in mid and distal regions and bearing numerous long to medium sized setae; 4 – 7 medio-distal setae. One apical seta. HR [0.65] 0.65 – 0.92. Pupa (n = 4 unless otherwise stated) Dimension. Abdomen 2.60 – 3.10 mm long. Coloration. Exuviae pale brown. Cephalothorax. Cephalic tubercles absent; frontal setae 58 (1) μm long (Fig. 5). Wing sheath 0.84 – 1.05 mm long. Thorax sparsely granulose dorsally (Fig. 6); scutal tubercle weakly developed; prealar tubercle present; antepronotals 2, precorneals 2, dorsocentrals 4. Basal ring weakly constricted medially (Fig. 7). Abdomen. Shagreenation on T I – VIII covering most of tergite and with fine reticulations (Fig. 8). T II with posterior row of recurved hooks on distinct posteriorly projecting flap, uninterrupted medially, occupying about 1 / 3 the width of 2 nd tergite. T III-VI with conspicuous posteromedian patch of spines higher on tergite V and VII; D 5 stout, arising from large and prominent tubercles (Fig. 9). Sternites without conspicuous armature. Pedes spurii A present in segment IV, reduced to few spinules. Pedes spurii B inconspicuous. Segments I – IV with 0, 3, 3, 3 L setae, respectively; segments V – VII all with 4 taeniae; segment VIII with 5 taeniae. Anal lobe with complete fringe of about 67 – 86 taeniae; lamelliform dorsal seta present. 4 th instar larva (n = 5 unless otherwise stated) Coloration. Body light red and head yellowish. Procercus and anal setae pale brown. Posterior parapod claws pale yellowish. Head 335 – 369 μm long, 250 – 300 (4) μm wide; ventral length 178 – 215 μm long. IC 0.70 – 0.86. Antenna (Fig. 10) 112 – 120 μm long, with 5 segments, basal segment 61 – 72 μm long, with ring organ 14 – 16 (4) μm from base. AR 1.03 – 1.50. Antennal blade well developed arising from apical portion of basal segment reaching the middle of 4 th segment; 4 th segment nearly 3 times as long as 3 rd segment. Labrum. SI short, blade-like; SII blade-like, twice as long as SI; SIII seta-like; SIVa very small, 2 segmented. Pecten epipharyngis as in Figure 11. Premandible with 3 teeth, proximal tooth wider; brush absent (Fig. 12). Maxilla. (Fig. 13) Basal palp segment 21 – 26 (4) μm long, 15 – 17 μm wide, with ring organ 12 – 15 (4) μm from base. Mandible (Fig. 14) 139 – 150 μm long with a long apical tooth and 2 inner triangular teeth brownish. Seta subdentalis short, passing 1 st inner tooth. Mentum (Fig. 15). With a middle tooth and 6 dark lateral teeth; middle tooth simple, not notched; 6 th lateral tooth larger than 5 th and set forward. Ventromental plate about 0.50 - 0.72 times as long as mentum width, with anterior margin strongly scalloped. FIGURES 5 – 9. Parachironomus lupus sp. n., pupa. 5. Frontal apotome. 6. Thorax. 7. Basal ring. 8. Abdomen, dorsal view. 9. Posteromedian patches of spines and setae D 5 on tergites III-VII. Scales: Fig. 5 = 100 μm; Fig. 7 = 50 μm; Figs. 6, 8 = 500 μm. Abdomen (Fig. 16). Procercus 0.82 – 1.18 times as long as wide, with 7 anal setae. Anal tubules 151 – 210 (2) μm long. Posterior parapod with pale yellowish claws.	en	Trivinho-Strixino, Susana, Silva, Fabio Laurindo Da, Roque, Fabio Oliveira (2010): A new species of Parachironomus Lenz, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae), and description of immature stages of two other species from the Neotropical Region. Zootaxa 2689: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199500
03C887CA2E1DFFB4FF0FFD5FFC0D2F14.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The best differential feature to separate the male of P. lupus from other Parachironomus species is the shape of the superior volsella, with its large pubescent ventral expansion. The pupal exuviae presents characteristics shared with P. alatus Beck & Beck, such as absence of cephalic tubercles; posterolateral corners of segment VIII without spines, tergites III to VII with D 5 stout, arising from large and prominent tubercles. The larva of P. lupus is similar to that of P. alatus Beck & Beck, and can be separated by premandible with three teeth, proximal tooth wider and anterior margin strongly scalloped of the ventromental plate. These diagnostic characters found in P. lupus would be enough to support the proposition of a new genus or subgenus. However, in the absence of additional (e. g. molecular) evidence, we consider it as more adequate to hypothesize P. lupus as a species of Parachironomus.	en	Trivinho-Strixino, Susana, Silva, Fabio Laurindo Da, Roque, Fabio Oliveira (2010): A new species of Parachironomus Lenz, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae), and description of immature stages of two other species from the Neotropical Region. Zootaxa 2689: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199500
03C887CA2E1AFFBBFF0FFD04FB1D2F9E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Male with pupal exuviae, BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Pirassununga, Cepta Reservoir (21 º 55 ’ 55 ” S; 47 º 22 ’ 354 ”), ix / 2003, S. Trivinho-Strixino. 1 male with pupal exuviae, as previous except for São Carlos (21 º 59 ’ 10 ” S; 47 º 52 ’ 52 ” W), Represa do Monjolinho, 23 / iv / 2002, T. Siqueira. 1 male with pupal exuviae, as previous except v / 2002, L. C. S. Correia. 3 larvae, as previous. 1 larva, as previous except for Represa da Mata / Canchim Farm, 11 / xi / 2000, S. Trivinho-Strixino. Diagnostic characters. The pupa and larva of P. cayapo can be differentiated by combination of the following characters. Pupa: cephalic tubercles present; posterolateral corners of segment VIII with 4 – 6 spines; sternite II without anterior and posterior transversal band of spines. Larva: mentum with 7 th lateral tooth divided into 3 or 4 denticles clearer than others; premandible with 3 teeth decreasing gradually.	en	Trivinho-Strixino, Susana, Silva, Fabio Laurindo Da, Roque, Fabio Oliveira (2010): A new species of Parachironomus Lenz, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae), and description of immature stages of two other species from the Neotropical Region. Zootaxa 2689: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199500
03C887CA2E1AFFBBFF0FFD04FB1D2F9E.taxon	description	Description. Pupa (n = 3 unless otherwise stated) Dimension. Abdomen 2.70 – 3.80 mm long. Coloration. Exuviae pale brown. Cephalothorax. Cephalic tubercles 45 (1) μm long, short, conical, apically pointed; frontal setae 38 - 34 (2) μm long, inserted subapically (Fig. 17). Wing sheath 0.97 – 1.22 mm long. Thorax sparsely granulose dorsally (Fig. 18); scutal tubercle weakly developed; prealar tubercle well developed; antepronotals 2, precorneals 2, dorsocentrals 4. Basal ring weakly constricted medially (Fig. 19). Abdomen. T I – VIII apparently without reticulation. T II with posterior row of recurved hooks on distinct posteriorly projecting flap, uninterrupted medially, occupying about 1 / 3 the width of 2 nd tergite. T III-V with small spines concentrated on posteromedian area; T VI with conspicuous posteromedian patch of small spines (Fig. 20). Sternites without conspicuous armature. Posterolateral corners of segment VIII with 4 – 6 spines (Fig. 21). Pedes spurii B inconspicuous. Pedes spurii A present in segment IV, reduced to few spinules. Segments I – IV with 0, 3, 3, 3 L setae, respectively; segments V – VII all with 4 taeniae; segment VIII with 5 taeniae. Anal lobe with complete fringe of about 76 – 108 (2) taeniae; lamelliform dorsal seta present. 4 th instar larva (n = 4 unless otherwise stated) Coloration. Body light red and head yellowish. Procercus and anal setae pale brown. Posterior parapod claws all pale yellowish. Head 294 – 363 μm long, 256 – 288 μm wide; ventral length 144 – 175 μm long. IC 0.79 – 0.91. Antenna (Fig. 22) 125 – 148 μm long, with 5 segments, basal antennal segment 74 – 86 μm long, with ring organ placed 28 – 31 μm from base. AR 1.29 – 1.45. Antennal blade well developed arising from apical portion of basal segment reaching the middle of 4 th segment. 4 th antennal segment 1.5 times as long as 3 rd antennal segment. Labrum. SI short, blade-like; SII blade-like, twice as long as SI; SIII seta-like; SIVa very small, 2 segmented. Pecten epipharyngis as in Figure 23. Premandible with 3 teeth decreasing gradually; brush absent (Fig. 24). Maxilla (Fig. 25). Basal palp segment 18 – 25 μm long, 14 – 17 μm wide, with ring organ 8 – 9 μm from base. Mandible (Fig. 26) 108 – 120 μm long, with apical tooth and 2 triangular inner teeth brown. Seta subdentalis short, not surpassing 1 st inner tooth. Mentum (Fig. 27). With one simple middle tooth and 7 pairs of lateral teeth; 7 th lateral lighter-colored than all other teeth and divided into 3 or 4 denticles. Ventromental plate about 0.81 – 0.85 times as wide as mentum, anterior margin crenulate. Abdomen. Procercus 1.08 – 1.15 (2) times as long as wide, with 7 anal setae. Anal tubules 163 – 200 (2) μm long. Posterior parapod with pale yellowish claws.	en	Trivinho-Strixino, Susana, Silva, Fabio Laurindo Da, Roque, Fabio Oliveira (2010): A new species of Parachironomus Lenz, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae), and description of immature stages of two other species from the Neotropical Region. Zootaxa 2689: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199500
03C887CA2E1AFFBBFF0FFD04FB1D2F9E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The pupa of P. cayapo differs from P. longistilus and P. lupus by the presence of spines in the posterolateral corners of segment VIII, and can be separated from P. tirio by the absence of transverse spine bands on sternite II. The number of taeniae in the anal lobe allows separated P. cayapo from circum-Caribbean P. directus Dendy & Sublette, 1959 and the eastern Nearctic P. carinatus Townes. The serrated 7 th lateral tooth of mentum separates the larva of P. cayapo from those of other species known from Brazil. However, the character is also seen in P. d i re c t u s and P. c a r i n a t u s (Beck & Beck 1969; Epler 2001).	en	Trivinho-Strixino, Susana, Silva, Fabio Laurindo Da, Roque, Fabio Oliveira (2010): A new species of Parachironomus Lenz, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae), and description of immature stages of two other species from the Neotropical Region. Zootaxa 2689: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199500
03C887CA2E15FFBEFF0FFD71FDAC2F66.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Male with pupal and larval exuviae, BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Luíz Antônio (21 º 36 ’ 23 ” S; 47 º 47 ’ 58 ” W), Lagoa do Diogo, 20 / x / 2003, M. A. Jancso. 2 females with pupal and larval exuviae, as previous except for Beija-Flor Reservoir, 1 / xii / 2002, S. Trivinho-Strixino. Diagnostic characters. The pupa and larva of P. t i r i o can be separated by combination of the following characters. Pupa: cephalic tubercles present; posterolateral corners of segment VIII with spurs; sternite II with anterior and posterior transversal band of spines. Larva: mentum with 7 th lateral tooth not divided, shorter than 6 th lateral and clearer than others; premandible with proximal tooth shorter. Pupa (n = 3 unless otherwise stated) Dimension. Abdomen 2.20 – 2.30 (2) mm long. Coloration. Exuviae pale brown. Cephalothorax. Cephalic tubercles 15 - 23 (2) μm long, short, conical, apically pointed; frontal setae 14 - 22 (2) μm long, inserted subapically (Fig. 28). Wing sheath 0.71 – 0.83 mm long. Thorax sparsely granulose dorsally; scutal tubercle weakly developed; prealar tubercle inconspicuous; antepronotals 2 (2), precorneals 2 (2), dorsocentrals 4 (2). Basal ring weakly constricted medially. Abdomen. T I – VIII apparently without reticulation. T II with posterior row of recurved hooks on distinct posteriorly projecting flap, uninterrupted medially, occupying about 1 / 3 the width of 2 nd tergite. T III-VI with small spines concentrated on posteromedian area (Fig. 29); Sternite II with anterior and posterior transversal band of pale spines (Fig. 30). Posterolateral corners of segment VIII with 2 – 3 pale spines (Fig. 31). Pedes spurii B inconspicuous. Pedes spurii A present in segment IV, reduced to few spinules. Segments I – IV with 0, 3, 3, 3 L setae, respectively; segments V – VII all with 4 taeniae; segment VIII with 5 taeniae. Anal lobe with complete fringe of about 64 – 80 taeniae; lamelliform dorsal seta present. 4 th instar larva (n = 2 unless otherwise stated) Coloration. Body pale red, head yellowish. Procercus and anal setae pale brown. Posterior parapod claws pale yellowish. Head 281 – 344 μm long, 269 – 281 μm wide; ventral length 125 – 144 μm long. IC 0.82 – 0.96. Antenna (Fig. 32) 94 – 132 μm long, with 5 segments, basal antennal segment 52 – 83 μm long, with ring organ placed 14 – 31 μm from base. AR 1.26 – 1.69. Antennal blade well developed arising from apical portion of basal segment reaching the middle of 4 th segment; 3 rd antennal segment as long as 4 th antennal segment. Labrum. SI short, blade-like; SII blade-like, twice as long as SI; SIII seta-like; SIVa very small, 2 segmented. Pecten epipharyngis as in Figure 33. Premandible with proximal tooth very short; brush absent (Fig. 34). Maxilla (Fig. 35). Basal palp segment 20 μm long, 8 – 11 μm wide, with ring organ 9 – 11 μm from base. Mandible (Fig. 36) 95 – 105 μm long, with long apical tooth and 2 triangular inner teeth brownish. Seta subdentalis thin and long, surpassing 1 st inner tooth. Mentum (Fig. 37). With simple, untoothed middle tooth and 7 pairs of lateral teeth; 7 th lateral tooth not divided, shorter than 6 th lateral and clearer than others. Ventromental plate about 0.84 – 0.95 times as wide as mentum, anterior margin crenulate. Abdomen. Procercus 0.86 (1) times as long as wide, with 7 anal setae. Anal tubules 150 (1) μm long. Posterior parapod with pale yellowish claws.	en	Trivinho-Strixino, Susana, Silva, Fabio Laurindo Da, Roque, Fabio Oliveira (2010): A new species of Parachironomus Lenz, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae), and description of immature stages of two other species from the Neotropical Region. Zootaxa 2689: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199500
03C887CA2E15FFBEFF0FFD71FDAC2F66.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The presence of anterior and posterior transverse bands of pale spines on sternite II is sufficient to separate the pupa of P. tirio from other known Neotropical species of Parachironomus. The shape of the larval mentum with 7 th lateral tooth not divided, shorter than 6 th lateral and paler distinguish P. tirio from the other Neotropical Parachironomus.	en	Trivinho-Strixino, Susana, Silva, Fabio Laurindo Da, Roque, Fabio Oliveira (2010): A new species of Parachironomus Lenz, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae), and description of immature stages of two other species from the Neotropical Region. Zootaxa 2689: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199500
03C887CA2E10FFBEFF0FFD27FA112E15.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The information in P. supparilis in the earlier, ‘ superspecies’ sense in Sonoda & Trivinho-Strixino (2000), Siqueira & Trivinho-Strixino (2005) and Strixino & Trivinho-Strixino (2006) refers to P. longistilus.	en	Trivinho-Strixino, Susana, Silva, Fabio Laurindo Da, Roque, Fabio Oliveira (2010): A new species of Parachironomus Lenz, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae), and description of immature stages of two other species from the Neotropical Region. Zootaxa 2689: 1-14, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199500
