taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C89A1D720DBE77FCA8FD253D939E2C.taxon	description	Figs. 3 a & 4 a – b Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from March to September; fruiting from March to August. Distribution: It is distributed across Africa, South America, and Central America with isolated records in Costa Rica, and on the Asian continent, only in India (Wood et al., 2020; POWO, 2024). In Brazilian territory, it occurs in the North and Northeast associated with the Amazon, Caatinga, and Atlantic Forest domains (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). In Paraíba it is common, found in all IRs of the state, especially in Caatinga vegetation, both in preserved and anthropized areas, with few records for the Atlantic Forest. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Paraíba, Araruna, acesso à estrada da Boca, 16.07.2003, fl. & fr., A. Almeida 411 (EAN!); Nova Palmeira, Sítio Esperas, 17.03.2022, fl. & fr., A. P. S. Lima 17 (HACAM!); Patos, Barragem da Farinha, 14.05.2012, fl., C. Torres 307 (CSTR!); São José de Piranhas, Sítio Frade, beira de estrada, 6 º 58 ’ 20.0 ” S, 38 º 32 ’ 16.8 ” W, 09.08.2015, fl., Á. N. T. Bandeira 115 (HACAM!). Notes: It can be recognized as a herbaceous vine with simple leaves, cordate, deltoid, or oval leaf blade, entire margins or 1 – 2 - toothed at the base, short pedicels (0.2 – 0.5 cm) long, sepals with conspicuous scarious margins, the outer ones rough and slightly smaller (c. 0.2 cm) than the inner ones, corolla small (2.5 – 3.5 cm long), pink, campanulate, stamens included, and capsules with an elongated apicule c. 0.5 cm long, rigid, thornlike.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7202BE77FF2AFEEF396A9D27.taxon	description	Flowering from March to September; fruiting from March to August Distribution: Distributed worldwide, mainly in disturbed areas of shrub vegetation in riparian forests (Wood et al., 2020), but the native distribution of this species is in Tropical and Subtropical America (POWO, 2024). In Brazil, it is found in all regions and phytogeographic domains in humid habitats (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024), but intolerant to saline habitats on beaches and mangroves (Alencar et al., 2021). It is rare in Paraíba, with few records in the IRs of Campina Grande and João Pessoa, especially in areas of the Atlantic Forest, but when found in the Caatinga area, it occurs near swamps. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Campina Grande, entre os distritos de Lagoa de Dentro e São José da Mata, 7 º 11 ’ 00.5 ” S, 35 º 58 ’ 56.6 ” W, 07.10.2022, fl. & fr., A. P. S. Lima 43 (HACAM!). MarcaÇão, Tabuleiro, Aldeia Jacaré de São Domingos, 30.08.2006, fl., G. B. Freitas et al. 125 (JPB!). Notes: Ipomoea alba, commonly known as the “ lady of the night ” due to its nocturnal anthesis, can be confused with I. violacea in the study area. Both species share nocturnal flowering, glabrous to glabrescent leaf blades, glabrous or glabrescent sepals, and a hypocrateriform corolla longer than 5 cm, with a white limb and a yellowish to greenish tube. However, they can be distinguished by several key features: I. alba has aculeate branches, a leaf blade that varies from entire to 3 - lobed with entire or toothed margins at the base, hastate or oval shape, inflorescences in monochasia or dichasia, oblong sepals with elongated subapical rostrum, a corolla 9 – 16 cm long, and exserted stamens. In contrast, I. violacea has smooth or slightly muricate branches, a leaf blade that is always entire with entire margins, cordiform to suborbicular shape, flowers that are isolated or rarely in clusters of 2 – 3, oval-rounded sepals with no subapical rostrum, a corolla 5 – 8 cm long, and included stamens. Furthermore, according to Alencar et al. (2021), I. alba is intolerant to saline environments, while I. violacea exclusively grows in these environments.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7202BE74FCA3FDD03FBA9EA1.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from July to October. Distribution: It is distributed throughout the Americas, though it usually not abundant (Wood et al., 2020). In Brazil, it occurs across all regions, albeit in only a few states, found in the Amazon, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024), and Caatinga domains (Santos et al., 2020 a). In the state of Paraíba, it is rare, occurring solely in the Intermediate Region (IR) of Campina Grande. Previously, it was known only from the municipality of Areia (Atlantic Forest vegetation), based on collections made between 1944 and 1958, and could have been considered extinct in the state. However, recent material collected in 2020 from the HCES herbarium was found in an area of Caatinga in the municipality of Cuité, confirming its continued presence in the region. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Areia, Escola de agronomia do Nordeste, 10.09.1944, fl. & fr., J. C. Moraes 106 (EAN!); Cuité, Sítio Maribondo, 10.07.2020, fl. & fr., V. F. Sousa 1198 (HCES!). Notes: Ipomoea aristolochiifolia is a climbing herb that stands out in the study area due to its unique peduncle, which arises through the sinus at the base of the leaf — distinct from other species in the area, where peduncles arise opposite the leaf. This species has simple, entire leaves, with a small (1.5 – 3 × 1 – 3 cm) oval leaf blade. The sepals are subequal, with the outer ones slightly smaller (about 0.1 cm long) than the inner ones. The sepals feature warty longitudinal ridges in the median region and prominent scarious margins, which are whitish or cinereous in dried material. The small corolla (1.8 – 2 cm long) is funnelform, with a bluish or lilac limb and a whitish or yellowish tube. The stamens are included within the corolla.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7201BE74FF13FE6A3CBC98A9.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering throughout the year; fruiting from April to October. Distribution: Widely distributed in West Africa, the Americas and Asia. It often grows in disturbed and humid areas (Wood et al., 2020). In Brazil, it occurs throughout the North and Northeast, including on the Oceanic Island Fernando de Noronha, in the Central-West only in Mato Grosso, and in the Southeast only in Rio de Janeiro, in areas of the Amazon, Caatinga and Atlantic Forest (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). In the study area, it is one of the most frequent species, occurring in all IRs, in urban and ruderal environments, roadsides and close to water reservoirs (except in saline environments) in areas of Caatinga and Atlantic Forest. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Cajazeiras, AÇude nos arredores da cidade, Sítio Baixio dos Henriques, 01.11.2018, fl., V. M. Cotarelli 2886 (HUEFS, digital image!). Passagem, Fazenda ABA, 17.04.2016, fl. & fr., E. M. P. Fernando 443 (CSTR!). Pirpirituba, 09.09.2016, fl. & fr., A. P. S. Lima 02 (HACAM!). Serra Branca, arredores da Serra do Jatobá, 03.05.2022, A. P. S. Lima 33 (HACAM!). Notes: Due to the stoloniferous herb habit with prostrate branches, reniform leaf blade, pink funnelform and included stamens, we found it misidentified as I. pes-caprae, which is a species exclusive from saline conditions. However, I. asarifolia has a leaf blade with a rounded or acute apex and a cordate base, and sepals unequal, the outers half the size of the inner ones (vs. leaf blade with apex emarginate and base truncated or rounded, sepals subequal, the outer slightly smaller than the inner ones).	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7201BE74FCA8FF563EE39AA7.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering throughout the year; fruiting from March to November. Distribution: This species occurs in Bolivia and Brazil, where it is found throughout the country, except in the southern region of the country (Wood et al., 2015; Wood et al., 2020; Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). In the study area, we consider it one of the most frequent species with records in the four IRs, both in preserved and anthropized areas, in areas of Caatinga and Atlantic Forest. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Baía da Traição, Aldeia São Miguel, 17.05.2008, fl., R. B. Lima et al. 2290 (JPB!). Cajazeiras, Parque Ecológico Engenheiros Ávidos, 08.08.2015, fl. & fr., Á. N. T. Bandeira 67 (HACAM!). Catingueira, RPPN Fazenda Major Badú Loureiro, 04.06.2021, fl., J. L. R. Silva et al. 84 (CSTR!). Picuí, Reserva Ecológica Olho d’Água das OnÇas, 11.08.2022, fl., fr., B. F. Rocha et al. 63 (HACAM!). Notes: Herbaceous vine easily recognized by its simple leaves, flowers with all sepals presenting a short subapical rostrum (0.2 – 0.4 cm), corolla lilac infundibuliform, and stamens included. Ipomoea bahiensis is highly polymorphic with leaf blades varying from cordate, oval, hastate, or sagittate, entire margins or with a toothed base, and sepals surface varying from smooth, rough, or fimbriated.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7201BE75FCA8FA533F3D9DFE.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from March to September; fruiting in March. Distribution: Originally from America, cultivated in all tropical and subtropical regions of the planet. Wild plants are often found on roads near settlements or abandoned fields (Wood et al., 2020). In Brazil, it occurs in all regions and phytogeographic domains (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). In the study area, fertile material is rarely collected, found only in 4 municipalities in the IR of Campina Grande, in areas of Caatinga and Atlantic Forest. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Areia, Mata do Pau Ferro, 28.07.2011, fl., S. A. A. Lima 65 (EAN!); Nova Palmeira, Sítio Porteiras, propriedade de Zé de Pedro, 19.07.2022, fl., A. P. S. Lima 42 (HACAM!). Notes: This stoloniferous herb is easily recognized in the field by its prostrate, muricate branches, storage roots forming the “ sweet potato ”, robust peduncles, and sepals oblong with a cuspidate apex ending in a thin apical tip, margins ciliate, corolla campanulate, pink or pale lilac with a purple tube, longer than 3 cm, and included stamens.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7200BE75FF2AFC9839259E2C.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from May to September; fruiting to May. Distribution: Distributed from Mexico to South America (Wood et al., 2020). In the Brazilian territory it is found in Center-West, North and Northeast, in the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest domains (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). In Paraíba, we considered as “ possibly extinct ” because the last collection was made 30 years ago, in the IRs of Campina Grande and João Pessoa in areas of Atlantic Forest. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Areia, Escola de Agronomia do Nordeste, 18.05.1953, fl. & fr., J. C. Moraes 739 (RB, digital image!). Mamanguape, Cabeceira do Rio dos Patos, Sema I, 01.09.1989, fl., L. P. Felix 2238 (EAN, JPB!). Notes: This liana can be confused with I. blanchetii and I. mauritiana for being completely glabrous to glabrescent, with sepals convex, subequal, convex (equal in shape, but the inner slightly different in size), oblong-orbicular, apex rounded to obtuse, the surface smooth, and corolla infundibuliform with stamens included. It can be distinguished by its simple, leaves entire leaves with a cordate to oval blade, a rare 2 - dentate base (vs. deeply 3 - palmatilobated in I. blanchetii, and deeply 5 – 7 - pamatilobated in I. mauritiana), it also shares with I. mauritiana the pink corolla with a purplish mouth (vs. entirely purplish, sometimes with a whitish tube, in I. blanchetii).	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7200BE75FCA3FEEF39FF9B76.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from March to August; fruiting not seen. Distribution: Endemic to Brazil, not found only in the South region. There are records on Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest domains (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024) but is more common in the Dry Forests of the Northeast (Wood et al. 2020). In the study area it is rare, with few records in the IRs of Campina Grande and Patos, in Caatinga vegetation. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Cuité, Sítio Tamanduá, 02.08.2012, fl., V. F. Sousa s. n. (HCES 589!); Maturéia, Pico do Jabre, 23.03.2023, fl., A. P. S. Lima 44 (HACAM). Notes This species was compared to its relatives under the comments of I. batatoides.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7200BE75FCA3FB0039369963.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from January to November; fruiting from February to October. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Araruna, Pedra da Boca, 16.07.2003, fl., S. Pitrez 350 (EAN!); Maturéia, Parque Estadual do Pico do Jabre, 7 º 15 ’ 11 ” S, 37 º 23 ’ 04 ” W, 12.04.2019, fl., A. S. Gomes 1730 (PEUFR!). Monte Horebe, Sítio Pinga, 15. V. 2000, fl., M. R. Barbosa 2064 (JPB). Serra Branca, arredores da Serra do Jatobá, 03. V. 2022, fl., A. P. S. Lima 29 (HACAM!).	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7200BE72FCA3F9143F46995D.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from February to September; fruiting not seen. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Araruna, Pedra da Boca, 14.04.2002, fl., M. R. Barbosa et al. 2408 (JPB!); Maturéia, Pico do Jabre, 23.02.2023, fl., A. P. S. Lima 46 (HACAM); Serra Branca, arredores da Serra do Jatobá, 03.05.2022, fl., A. P. S. Lima 28 (HACAM!, PEUFR!). Distribution: Although they are still treated as distinct species in the Flora and Funga of Brazil (Simão-Bianchini et al. 2024), I. subincana was reduced to a variety of I. brasiliana by Wood et al. (2020). They are both endemic to Brazil in all states of the Northeast, in the Central-West only in the Distrito Federal, and in the Southeast only in Minas Gerais, in open areas of the Caatinga and Cerrado (Simão-Bianchini et al., l. c.). Recently, I. subincana was also reported in an area of Atlantic Forest by Marinho et al. (2023). In the study area, the typical variety is frequently found across all four IRs, whereas var. subincana is occasional and has no records in the Cajazeiras IR. Both varieties were observed in areas of Caatinga, often associated with well-preserved habitats, frequently near rocky outcrops. ” Notes: Vines of var. subincana are characterized by a tomentose indumentum on the branches, peduncles, and leaves, especially on the abaxial surface, which features prominent veins. The adaxial surface varies from sparsely pubescent to tomentose. The sepals are oblong to oval with a rounded to obtuse apex, and the corolla is infundibuliform, entirely purplish or pinkish with a purplish tube, and has included stamens. The varieties can be differentiated by their indumentum: glabrescent on the pedicels, sepals, and corolla in var. brasiliana, and pubescent to tomentose in var. subincana.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7207BE72FF13F9FE39EA9BEC.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from February to April; fruiting not seen. Distribution: Disjointly distributed in Bolivia and Brazil (Wood et al., 2020); found in the Caatinga and Cerrado domains, in the states of Minas Gerais, Bahia (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024), and Ceará (Santos et al., 2020 a); recorded for the first time in Paraiba state. Four populations were found in the Caatinga of the IRs of Cajazeiras, Patos, and Campina Grande. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Cabaceiras, Sítio Bravo, 11 km Sul de Boa Vista, 31.03.1992, fl., V. L. Nascimento et al. 70 (JPB!); Cajazeiras, Balneário Bartolomeu, acesso pela PB 400, Jazida Pedreira, 12.04.2012, fl., V. M. Cotarelli 1711 (HVASF, digital image!); Cajazeiras, Balneário Bartolomeu, sentido São José de Piranhas, Sítio Timbaúba, 10.04.2012, fl., V. M. Cotarelli 1597 (HVASF, digital image!); Maturéia, Pico do Jabre, 07.02.1998, fl., M. F. Agra et al. 4957 (JPB). Notes: This species was misidentified in the collections as I. brasiliana. The two species are similar in that both have tomentose branches and leaves, with the abaxial surface densely tomentose and prominent veins. The adaxial surface can vary from sparsely pubescent to tomentose, and both species have an entirely purplish or pinkish corolla with a purplish mouth. However, they differ in that I. calyptrata has persistent, oblong to obovate, and wedge-shaped (boat-shaped) bracteoles, while I. brasiliana has deciduous, elliptical or lanceolate bracteoles.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7207BE73FCA8FAAE3FC29C10.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from January to November; fruiting from July to September. Distribution: Pantropical; widely cultivated as ornamental and native to swamps in South America (Wood et al., 2020). In Brazil, it is naturalized throughout most of the territory (Delgado-Júnior et al., 2023; Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024), being native to the Pantanal domain and absent in the South region. In Paraíba it is frequent and found in four IRs, in areas of both Caatinga and Atlantic Forest. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Bananeiras, caminho próximo a Cachoeira do Roncador, 19.05.2022, fl., A. P. S. Lima 37 (HACAM!, PEUFR!); Cajazeiras, Parque Ecológico Engenheiros Ávidos, 28.07.2015, fl. & fr., Á. N. T. Bandeira 84 (HACAM!); São José do Bonfim, Sítio Cruzeiro, 19.10.2010, fl., J. S. Diniz 04 (CSTR); Serra Branca, arredores da Serra do Jatobá, 17.01.2017, fl., A. P. S. Lima & E. M. Rodrigues 04 (HACAM!). Notes: Popularly known as “ algodão-bravo ”, this species is recognized as the only one in the study area with a subshrub or shrub habit, featuring erect branches and a lanceolate leaf blade. Additionally, it has equal, pubescent to tomentelous sepals that are oval-orbicular with a rounded apex, an infundibuliform corolla that is pubescent, pink or pale lilac corolla, with included stamens.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7206BE73FF2AFCBA3EFE9E73.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from March to November; fruiting not seen. Distribution: Endemic to Brazil, occurs in the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest domains, in the Southeast, with records only in the states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, and in the Northeast, in Bahia (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024), Ceará (Santos et al., 2020 b) and Paraíba (Lima & Melo, 2019). In the study area, it is occasional, with few records in the IRs of Campina Grande, João Pessoa, and Patos, in areas of Atlantic Forest and Caatinga. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Cuité, Sítio Olho d’ Á gua da Bica, 14.07.2012, fl., V. F. Sousa s. n. (HCES 540!); Maturéia, Parque Estadual Pico do Jabre, 23.03.2023, A. P. S. Lima 49 (HACAM!). Serraria, 18.06.2003, fl., S. Pitrez 301 (EAN!). Notes: This liana is recognized by the combination of the following characters: simple, entire leaves with a cordate or oval leaf blade, either entirely glabrousorpubescentwithglandularpunctuations; a corolla 4 – 7 cm long, infundibuliform and pubescent, pink with a purplish tube and included stamens. It is distinguished from all other species in the study area by its unequal, coriaceous sepals: the outer ones are oval with an obtuse, mucronate apex, while the inner ones are suborbicular with an emarginate, mucronate apex and wide, conspicuous scarious margins (yellowish in herbarium material). The intermediate sepal is asymmetrical.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7206BE73FCA3FE04385D9AC6.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from May to July; fruiting in July. Distribution: Distributed disjointly in Panama and Brazil, it is recorded in Bahia, Paraíba, Sergipe (Wood et al., 2020) and Ceará. It grows in Caatinga areas (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024), particularly in Dry Forests and “ Brejos de Altitude ” (Wood et al., 2017 b). In Paraiba, it is rare, with only two populations found in the IRs of Campina Grande and João Pessoa in Atlantic Forest or in transition areas to Caatinga. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Areia, UFPB, CCA, Arboreto Jayme CÔelho de Moraes, 06.07.2017, fl. & fr., P. C. Gadelha-Neto 4163 (EAN!); Guarabira, Fazenda Getúlio Vargas, 01.06.1988, fl., L. P. Félix 1173 (EAN!, HST!). Notes: This herbaceous vine is quite distinct from others in the study area due to the following set of characteristics: a 3 - palmatilobed leaf blade, discoloration, abaxial surface densely sericeous-cinereous with glandular punctuations, winged and sericeous pedicels, a small corolla (approximately 2 cm long), campanulate, white with a greenish tube, and included stamens.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7206BE70FCA3FA713C7E9BCF.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from April to September; fruiting not seen. Distribution: It is distributed throughout South America, usually grows on disturbed roadsides at low altitudes. In Brazil, it is found in the Central-West, only in Mato Grosso; North in Acre and Amazonas; Southeast in Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro; South in Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina; and Northeast in Bahia (Wood et al., 2020), Pernambuco (Delgado-Júnior et al., 2023), Rio Grande do Norte (Marinho et al., 2023), and in this study, we are expanding its distribution to the state of Paraíba, where it is occasional, with few records in the IRs of Cajazeiras, Campina Grande and Patos in areas of Caatinga. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Maturéia, Pico do Jabre, 05.06.2021, fl., C. H. S. Oliveira 62 (CSTR). Picuí, terreno abandonado, 16.04.2023, fl., A. P. S. Lima 50 (HACAM). São José de Piranhas, Reservatório Morros, 19.05.2011, fl., F. F. S. Silva 443 (HVASF). Notes: This herbaceous vine is recognized by its simple leaves with entire or 2 - toothed blades at the base, ciliate sepals, with the outer ones elliptical or oval-lanceolate and the inner ones oval and shorter (0.1 – 0.2 cm in length). The corolla is diminutive (1.5 – 2 cm long), infundibuliform to campanulate, pink or pale lilac with a purple tube, and has included stamens. This species is often misidentified as I. triloba L. and is treated as a synonym in the Flora and Funga of Brazil (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). However, the authors follow Wood et al. (2020) and consider it as distinct.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7205BE70FF13FA8839379C38.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from January to October; fruiting from April to August. Distribution: Widespread in Tropical America, from the southern United States to the northernmost part of Argentina (Wood et al., 2020), this species has a confirmed presence throughout almost all of Brazil, except in the states of Acre and Amapá (both in the North region). It occurs in the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest domains (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). In the state of Paraíba it is occasional, occurring in the four IRs, in both preserved and anthropized areas in the Caatinga and Atlantic Forest. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Bom Jesus, 21.05.2014, fl., J. L. Costa-Lima 1254 (HTSA, HUEFS, RB, digital images!); Monteiro, indo para a Serra do Peru, 21.05.2008, fl. & fr., M. C. Pessoa 395 (JPB); Rio Tinto, Reserva Biológica Guaribas, Área III, Mata do maracujá, 22.08.2002, fl., A. C. Sevilha 2350 (CEN, digital image!); São Mamede, 11.07.2007, fl., M. F. Agra 6934 (JPB!). Notes: In the study area, this vine can be compared to I. quamoclit due to its red, hypocrateriform corolla with exserted stamens. However, they differ in the leaf shape and sepal characteristics: I. hederifolia has entire or 3 - lobed leaves and sepals with a subapical rostrum, whereas I. quamoclit has pinnatisect leaves divided into 8 – 15 pairs of linear segments and sepals that are smooth, without a subapical rostrum.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7205BE71FCA8FCD33F099ECB.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from February to October; fruiting from February to September. Distribution: This species is distributed throughout the Neotropics, with a discontinuous occurrence, often found in dry areas such as the Brazilian Caatinga and Chaco (Wood et al., 2020). In Brazil, it occurs in the Central-West, North, Northeast, and Southeast regions, in areas of Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest domains (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). In Paraíba it is occasional, found in all four IRs in areas of Caatinga or Caatinga-Atlantic Forest transition. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Cajazeiras - Brejo das Freiras, 15.08.1979, fl. & fr., C. A. B. Miranda s. n. (JPB 4424!). Gurinhém, 08.07.1994, fl., L. P. Felix 6528 (PEUFR!). Patos, AÇude Jatobá, 12.09.2012, fl. & fr., C. Torres 363 (CSTR!, PEUFR!). São João do Cariri, Fazenda Experimental, 05.05.1987, fl., L. P. Felix 552 (HST). Uiraúna, AÇude na comunidade Sítio Porcina, 05.09.2018, fl. & fr., L. F. Lima, 1257 (RB, digital image!). Notes: This species can be compared to I. tenera due to their shared characteristics of being completely glabrous, having compound leaves with 5 – 7 leaflets, spirally twisted peduncles, and a tiny corolla (1 – 2.5 cm long), infundibuliform to campanulate, pink with a purplish mouth, and included stamens. However, they differ in the branches and sepals: I. hederifolia has muricate branches and muricate or smooth outer sepals with an acute to obtuse apex, while I. tenera has smooth branches and fimbriated outer sepals with an attenuated apex.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7204BE71FF2AFD8F3F209BC3.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from January to December; fruiting not seen. Distribution: Pantropical, present in the coastal strips (Wood et al., 2020). In Brazil, it is found along the coasts (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). In the state of Paraíba, it is occasional, occurring in sandbanks and coastal dunes in the IR of João Pessoa. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Rio Tinto, APA da Barra do Rio Mamanguape, 24.11.2011, fl., F. V. Rocha 75 (JPB!). Notes: Stoloniferous herbs with prostrate branches, do not develop storage roots, easily recognized by the simple, elliptical to oblong, uniflorous (rare 2 - flora), infundibuliform corolla, cream with yellowish tube, and stamens included.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7204BE71FF2AFB7439F79D70.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from March to December; fruiting in June. Distribution: Distributed in South America (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024), often in arid regions (Wood et al., 2020). In Brazil, it occurs in the Northeast and Southeast regions, in areas of Caatinga and Atlantic Forest (Bandeira et al., 2019; Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). In Paraíba, it is occasional, occurring in the four IRs in Caatinga and Caatinga-Atlantic Forest transition areas, in more preserved areas. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Cajazeiras, Parque Ecológico Engenheiros Ávidos, beira de estrada, 9.06.2015, fl. & fr., A. N. T. Bandeira 71 (HACAM!); Gurinhém, 8.07.1994, fl., L. P. Felix 6529 (EAN!); Monteiro, estrada para a Serra do Peru, 01.06.2017, fl., J. I. M. Melo 29 - 2017 a (HACAM!); Passagem, Fazenda ABA, 19.04.2015, fl., E. M. P. Fernando 292 (CSTR!). Notes: Herbaceous vine easily identified by its simple, entire, glabrous, leaves sagittate, sepals convex, hyaline, subequal, oblong-lanceolate with 5 – 8 veins conspicuous, and a large corolla (7.5 – 8 cm long), infundibuliform, lilac or pink with a purple tube, and stamens included.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7204BE71FCA3FD1B396B9832.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from February to October; fruiting not seen. Distribution: Native to the Neotropics, naturalized in tropical and subtropical zones (Wood et al., 2020). This species occurs throughout Brazil, in the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pampa domains (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). In the study area, it is rare, with few records in the IRs of Campina Grande and Patos in areas of Caatinga, Atlantic Forest and Caatinga-Atlantic Forest transition. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Lagoa Seca, 08.02.2017, fl., A. P. S. Lima et al. 05 (HACAM!). Patos, Bodocongó, 28.09.1982, fl., A. Fernandes & F. J. A. Matos (EAC 11676, RB, digital images!). Notes: Herbaceous vine with pubescent or sparsely sericeous branches. It can be confused with I. nil due to the compact cymes, persistent bracteoles, lanceolate, long acuminate sepals, and infundibuliform corolla bluish or purple, stamens included. But it can be distinguished by the lanceolate bracteoles, sepals sparsely sericeous with hyaline trichomes, and corolla 7.5 – 8 cm long (vs. linear bracteoles, sepals densely hirsute with orange or gold trichomes at the base, and corolla 3.5 – 6 cm long in I. nil).	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7204BE6CFCA3F8C53C399B2E.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from March to December; fruiting from April to September. Distribution: It occurs in Bolivia, Brazil, Cuba, Guyana, Dominican Republic and Venezuela, being more frequent in Brazil, mainly in the Northeast region (Wood et al., 2020). In Brazil, it is found in the Amazon, Caatinga and Cerrado domains, with no records only in the southern region of the country (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). In Paraíba, it is common in the 4 IRs in areas of Caatinga, from preserved to anthropic areas, but always with small populations. It is a creeper, but sometimes grows on bushes. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Araruna, estrada de acesso à Pedra da Boca, 16.07.2003, fl. & fr., A. Almeida et al. 410 (EAN!); Nova Palmeira, Sítio Porteiras, propriedade de Zé de Pedro, 19.07.2022, fl., A. P. S. Lima 41 (HACAM!); Patos, Sítio Farinha dos Gatos, 21.04.2011, fl. & fr., F. Lucena et al. 38 (CSRT!); Sousa, 22.04.1982, fl., M. A. Sousa 1119 (JPB). Notes: Herbaceous vines easily recognized by the combination of the following characters: simple leaves, deeply 5 – 7 - palmatilobed, uniflorous (sometimes 2 - flowered), flowers with lanceolate sepals, corolla 1.5 – 3 cm long, infundibuliform, glabrous, yellow with a vinaceous tube and stamens included.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7219BE6CFF13FBE939BE9E73.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from May to June; fruiting not seen. Distribution: Endemic to Brazil, found in the Cerrado and Caatinga domains, in sandy or rocky soil. It was only recorded in the Center-West in Goiás, in the Southeast in Minas Gerais, and in the Northeast occurring in Bahia (Wood et al., 2017 c; Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024), and Ceará (Santos et al., 2020 a). Here we recorded it for the first time in Paraíba, where it is a rare species, with restricted distribution in the Campina Grande IR in Caatinga and Caatinga-Atlantic Forest transition vegetation. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Lagoa Seca, 17.06.2001, fl., C. E. L. Lourenço 204 (JPB!). Puxinanã, 20. V. 1992, fl., L. P. Félix 4981 (EAN!, HST, RECIFE!). Notes: This species is a liana, with branches hirsute, adaxial surface of the leaf blade sparsely sericeous, peduncles hirsute, bracteoles persistent, oblong to obovate, sepals sericeous, and corolla campanulate, pink with the tube purple.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7219BE6CFCA8FE07392A990B.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from May to November; fruiting from June to November. Distribution: Endemic to the Caatinga, occurring throughout almost the entire Northeast, except in the states of Maranhão and Piauí (Wood et al., 2020; Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). In the study area, it is common in the IRs of Campina Grande, Cajazeiras, and Patos, in preserved areas. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Monte Horebe, Sítio Braga, 08.07.2010, fl., Fontana 6967 (HVASF, digital image!); Nova Palmeira, Sítio Passagem, 27.05.2023, fl., A. P. S. Lima 56 (HACAM!); Passagem, Fazenda ABA, 16.06.2016, fl., E. M. P. Fernando 457 (CSTR!). Notes: This liana has simple, oval leaves with discoloration, the adaxial surface sparsely tomentose, the abaxial surface densely tomentose with prominent veins. It is morphologically similar to I. vespertilia, as both species have sepals that are canescent or cinereous and velutinous, and a cream or greenish corolla. However, I. marcellia differs in that its leaves are persistent during flowering and the stamens are exserted, whereas in I. vespertilia, the leaves are caducous and the stamens are included, reaching the mouth of the tube but never exceeding it.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7219BE6DFCA8F9CC3F549C07.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering in January; fruiting not seen. Distribution: Common in the equatorial region of the globe. In Brazil, it grows in the Amazon, Caatinga and Atlantic Forest domains but has not been recorded in the South region (Wood et al., 2020; Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). This is the first record for Paraíba. However, we consider it possibly locally extinct, as we found only one record, dating back more than 30 years, in the IR of João Pessoa, located in a municipality with a Caatinga-Atlantic Forest transition area. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Itapororoca, Fazenda Macacos, 23.01.1987, fl., L. P. Félix 1509 (EAN!, HST!). Notes: It was often misidentified in the herbaria as I. cairica, which does not occur in the study area. The two species are completely different: I. cairica has compound leaves and pseudostipules, while I. mauritiana has simple, deeply 5 – 7 - palmatilobated leaves and lacks pseudostipules.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7218BE6DFF2AFCB038689E05.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from January to September; fruiting from May to September. Distribution: Very common in South America (Wood et al., 2020). In Brazil, it was recorded in the North region (only in Tocantins), throughout the Northeast and Central-West, and in the Southeast, in the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo, in the Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest domains (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). It is frequent Paraíba, with occurrences in the four IRs, mainly in areas of preserved Caatinga, and in transition areas. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Arara, 25.05.1959, fl., J. C. Moraes s. n. (EAN 2126!); Cajazeiras, Povoado CaiÇara, 12.04.2012, fl., V. M. Cotarelli 1675 (HVASF, digital image!); Maturéia, Pico do Jabre, 22.05.2021, fl. & fr., C. H. S. Oliveira 066 (CSTR!); Monteiro, estrada para a Serra do Peru, 01.06.2017, fl. & fr., J. I. M. Melo 29 - 2017 b (HACAM!). Notes: Herbaceous vines with simple, entire leaves, the leaf blade cordiform or reniform, discolorous, with the adaxial surface sparsely sericeous or glabrous, and the abaxial surface densely sericeous-cinereous. The corolla is campanulate, pubescent, pale pink with a purplish tube, and has included stamens. In the study area, it is the only climbing species with basolateral glands on the sepals.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7218BE6DFCA3FEB1397A9919.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering in October; fruiting not seen. Distribution: It occurs in moist forest areas of disturbed locations (Wood et al., 2020) of Central America (Mexico only) and South America (Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela). In Brazil, its distribution is restricted to the North (Acre and Amazonas) and Northeast regions, in Ceará, Maranhão (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024) and in this study, we expanded its distribution to the state of Paraíba. However, we consider that it is locally extinct, as only one record dating back more than 50 years was found, from the municipality of João Pessoa, an environment that is highly fragmented due to urbanization. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, João Pessoa, Balaustrada, 07.10.1971, fl., I. L. Correa 39 (JPB!). Notes: This material was misidentified in the herbarium as probable Ipomoea eriocalyx, which we did not find in the study area. But I. meyeri has branches glabrescent, bracteoles linear, outer sepals oblong-lanceolate, densely hirsute at the base with rigid golden trichomes, inner sepals lanceolate, hirsute only in the longitudinal midline, and corolla 1.5 – 1.8 cm long, glabrous (vs. branches pubescent, bracteoles lanceolate, sepals lanceolate, entirely pubescent, and larger corolla, c. 5 cm long, pubescent).	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D7218BE6AFCA3F9BD3C439C07.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from January to December; fruiting from April to December. Distribution: Pantropical, usually found near disturbed vegetation (Wood et al., 2020). In Brazil, it is widely distributed, not recorded only in the States of Amapá and Roraima, both in the North region, occurring in the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pampa domains (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). In the study area, it is common in the four IRs, in lower altitude. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Araruna, Estrada de acesso à Pedra da Boca, 16.07.2003, fl., A. Almeida 409 (EAN!); Nova Palmeira, Beira de estrada na entrada da cidade, 20.05.2023, fl., A. P. S. Lima 53 (HACAM!); Patos, Serra Negra das OnÇas, 01.05.2011, fl. & fr., P. D. Angelis 60 (CSTR!); Sousa, Vale dos Dinossauros, 22.05.2003, fl., P. C. Gadelha-Neto 912 (JPB!). Notes: The morphological similarities with I. indica were discussed under the comments of that species.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D721FBE6AFF13FCB03C71987B.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from April to October; fruiting from May to October. Distribution: Distributed from Mexico to Bolivia, it usually grows in disturbed vegetation (Wood et al., 2020). In Brazil, it is naturalized in the Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest domains. It occurs in the Northeast region, except in Alagoas and Piauí states, in the Center-West, in Goiás, and in the Southeast in Minas Gerais (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). It is occasional in Paraiba, found in all IRs in areas of Caatinga, Atlantic Forest or ecotones. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Conceição, Ponte dos Gatos, 18.05.2019, fl. & fr., W. Izidro 09 (CSTR!); Lagoa Seca, 09.10.2017, fl. & fr., A. P. S. Lima et al. 13 (HACAM!); São José de Piranhas, 11.07.2015, fl., E. Araújo 51 (HUEFS, digital image!); Solânea, Curimataú, 13.09.2001, fl., T. M. G. Veloso 301 (IPA!, JPB!). Notes: This species is similar to I. alba, in its aculeate branches. However, they are easily distinguished by the rostrate sepals and hypocrateriform corolla, which is white in I. alba (vs. smooth sepals and infundibuliform corolla, which is bluish in I. parasitica).	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D721FBE6AFF13F81F399C9CD8.taxon	description	Zaire, 58: 477. 1818. Fig. 5 h Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from January to November; fruiting from July to August. Distribution: It is a tropical species occurring on beach sand, similar to I. imperati. However, I. pes-caprae also has rare records in saline conditions far from the coast (Wood et al., 2020). Both species are pioneers and fixers of coastal sands and dunes (Santos & Arruda, 1995). In Brazilian territory, I. pes-caprae occurs in Restinga areas in all coastal states, except Amapá (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). In the study area, it is occasional, with a distribution limited to the IR of João Pessoa in seaside areas, where it generally forms large populations. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Cabedelo, 20.07.1987, fl. & fr., L. P. Félix 1674 (HST!). Notes: See the notes under I. asarifolia.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D721FBE6AFCA8FC723EA498A5.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from January to May; fruiting not seen. Distribution: A species widely distributed throughout the tropics, its origin in the New World is uncertain, but it may be from the Amazon region due to the presence of apparently natural populations there (Wood et al., 2020). In Brazilian territory, it occurs in the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and Pampa domains (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). In Paraíba, it is rare, occurring in the IRs of Campina Grande and João Pessoa in Caatinga and Atlantic Forest areas. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Campina Grande, próximo ao Ceasa, 25.04.2017, fl., A. P. S. Lima & F. K. S. Monteiro 09 (HACAM!); João Pessoa, Mata Ciliar do Rio Cabelo, 12.05.2011, fl., L. A. Pereira & E. C. O. Chagas 241 (JPB!). Notes: Popularly known as “ cipó-esqueleto ”, it is easily recognized by being the only species with pinatisect leaves.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D721EBE6BFF2AFF563FA49A90.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from April to July. Distribution: It is distributed throughout tropical America until South Argentina, being more common in the south of Ecuador, rare in Central America. It grows along forest edges and other disturbed areas (Wood et al., 2020). Its occurrence is confirmed throughout almost the entire Brazilian territory, in the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pampa domains (Bandeira et al., 2019; Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). In the state of Paraíba, it is a rare species, occurring in just two municipalities in the IR of Cajazeiras in Caatinga vegetation. Specimens examined: BRAIL, Cajazeiras, Parque Ecológico Engenheiros Ávidos, PlatÔ da Serra do Cruzeiro, 6 º 59 ’ 33,8 ” S, 38 º 28 ’ 41,4 ’’ W, 24.04.2008, fl. & fr., Á. N. T. Bandeira 94 (HACAM!); São José de Piranhas, AÇude Engenheiro Ávidos, 07.07.2010, fl., A. P. Fontana 6935 (HVASF digital image!). Notes: Herbaceous vine recognized for being completely glabrous or glabrescent, with umbellate cymes, sepals, unequal, chartaceous, the outer elliptical and the inner obovate, and corolla c. 2 cm long, infundibuliform to campanulate, glabrous, pink to pale lilac and included stamens.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D721EBE6BFF2AFA3A392C9C16.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from January to October; fruiting from February to September. Distribution: Endemic to the Brazilian Northeast, occurring in almost its entire area, except in the state of Maranhão. It is found in the Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest domains, being more common in the Caatinga (Wood et al., 2020; Simão Bianchini et al., 2024). Frequent in the state of Paraíba, it has been recorded in the four IRs in preserved Caatinga areas, often forming large populations. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Araruna, Pedra da Boca, 16.07.2003, fl., S. Pitrez et al. 357 (EAN!). Barra de Santana, Fazenda Vereda Grande, 05.10.2017, fl. & fr., A. P. S. Lima & A. S. Pinto 12 (HACAM!); Catingueira, RPPN Fazenda Major Badú Loureiro, 12.05.2021, fl. & fr., J. L. R. Silva et al. 77 (CSTR!); São José de Piranhas, 14.01.2009, fl., J. R. Andrade et al. 91 (PEUFR!). Notes: A herbaceous vine, recognized as the only one in the study area with compound leaves consisting of only 3 leaflets. The peduncles are erect, the sepals have a short subapical rostrum, and the corolla is large (5.5 – 8 cm long), showy, pink, with included stamens.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D721EBE68FCA3FCA03FB79ECD.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from April to September; fruiting from May to September. Distribution: It occurs in Brazil and Bolivia (Wood et al., 2020) where it is widely distributed, with records in all regions, in the Amazon, Caatinga, Cerrado, and Atlantic Forest domains (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). In the study area, it is common, distributed across the IRs of Campina Grande, João Pessoa, and Patos, especially in more preserved Caatinga areas. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Araruna, descida para o Campo de Santana, 6 º 41 ’ 0 ” S, 35 º 44 ’ 59 ” W, 13.04.2002, fl., M. R. Barbosa 2393 (JPB!); Maturéia, Parque Estadual do Pico do Jabre, 13.05.2019, fl., A. S. Gomes 252 (PEUFR!); Monteiro, Tungão, 7 º 53 ’ 22 ” S, 37 º 07 ’ 11 ” W, 11.04.2008, fl. & fr., M. C. Pessoa et al. 408 (JPB!). Notes: Until recently, this species was circumscribed into the genus Turbina Raf., as Turbina cordata (Choisy) D. F. Austin & Staples. However, based on molecular studies, Wood et al. (2015) combined it in the genus Ipomoea. Some herbarium specimens were misidentified as I. brasiliana var. subincana), sharing characteristics such as tomentose branches, petioles, and peduncles, a leaf blade with a cordate base, oblong sepals, and a pink infundibuliform corolla with included stamens. However, I. sericosepala differs by its cordiform to suborbicular leaf blade, densely sericeous-cinereous below, densely sericeous sepals, and oblong, tomentose, indehiscent capsules (vs. oval leaf blade, densely tomentose below, pubescent sepals, and dehiscent, globose, glabrous capsules).	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D721DBE68FF13FD893F4C9AF1.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from March to November; fruiting from July to November. Distribution: It is distributed across tropical America (Wood et al., 2020). In Brazil, it occurs in the Caatinga, Cerrado and Atlantic Forest domains, with no records for the North region (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). In the state of Paraíba, it is occasional in the IRs of Cajazeiras, Campina Grande and João Pessoa, in Caatinga, Atlantic Forest and transitional vegetation. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Lagoa Seca, 09.10.2017, fl. & fr., A. P. S. Lima et al. 14 (HACAM!); Serraria, Brejo, Zona de Capoeira, 28.11.1942, fl. & fr., L. P. Xavier s. n. (JPB 1195!); Sousa, DNOCS, 1931 - 1938, fl., Luetzelburg 26518 (IPA!). Notes: This liana species is distinct as it is the only one in the study area exhibiting branches, petioles, peduncles, pedicels, and sometimes the outer sepals with a ferruginous setose indument. It also has 3 – 5 - lobed leaves with irregular lobes and toothed margins, a pink, infundibuliform corolla, and included stamens.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D721DBE68FF13F98539CF9C52.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering in November; fruiting not seen. Distribution: It is distributed throughout the Neotropics (Wood et a l., 2020). In Brazil, it is found in nearly all regions except the South. In the Northeast, it occurs only in Bahia, Maranhão (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024), and Paraíba (Lima & Melo, 2019). According to the Flora and Funga of Brazil, it is present in the Amazon, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, and Pantanal domains. In Paraíba, however, we encountered this species growing in the Caatinga area, marking the first record of I. squamosa in this phytogeographic domain. It is considered a rare species in the IR of Cajazeiras. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Cajazeiras, Sítio Javigor, Fazenda o Paraíso, 01.11.2018, fl., V. M. Cotarelli 2897 (RB digital image!). Notes: This species is recognized by its simple and entire leaves with a sagittate or oval leaf blade, entire or toothed margins, outer sepals half the size of the inner ones, with conspicuous scarious margins, corolla infundibuliform, glabrous, and pinkish, and stamens included.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D721DBE68FCA8FCE53811995E.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering and fruiting in June. Distribution: Endemic to the Caatinga domain, with records in the Northeast, in the States of Bahia, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, and Rio Grande do Norte, and Southeast, in Minas Gerais (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024; Wood et al., 2020). In the state of Paraíba, we did not find any recent material, just a collection dating back almost 90 years, in a municipality in the IR of Cajazeiras and we believe that it is possibly extinct in the state. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Sousa, na pastagem, 21.06.1935, fl. & fr., B. Pickel 3894 (IPA!). Notes: It was compared morphologically to I. heptaphylla under the comments of that species.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D721DBE69FCA8F9F93C4E9B46.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering from July to November; fruiting from October to November. Distribution: Found in secondary forests and disturbed shrublands near the coast throughout South America, and in some coastal locations in Central America while in the Old World, it is reported to be naturalized (Wood et al., 2020). In Brazilian territory, its occurrence is confirmed in almost all regions, except in the Central-West, in the Amazon, Atlantic Forest and Pampa domains (Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). In Paraíba it is rare, found in the municipality of Areia (IR of Campina Grande) in Atlantic Forest vegetation. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Areia, estrada de acesso ao Engenho Triunfo, 13.11.2015, fl. & fr., G. Staples et al. 1729 (PEUFR!). Notes: This species is recognized by the following set of characters: herbaceous vine, completely glabrous or glabrescent, leaves simple, entire, blades cordate to oval, margins entire, rarely 2 - toothed at the base, inflorescence a dichasium, sepals glabrous, unequal, one outer oblongelliptical shorter than the others, the inner oblong, all with a cuspate apex ending in a thin apical tip originating from the prominent central vein, corolla 3.5 – 4.5 cm long, infundibuliform to campanulate, pale pink to pale lilac and stamens included.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D721CBE69FF2AFBF03F1E98A9.taxon	description	Flowering & fruiting: Flowering and fruiting from June to December. Distribution: Endemic to the Caatinga in Northeast Brazil, it occurs only in the states of Ceará and Paraíba (Santos et al., 2019; Wood et al., 2020; Simão-Bianchini et al., 2024). We found it in three municipalities in Campina Grande and Cajazeiras RI, being considered a rare species, but possibly its distribution is underestimated, given the difficulty of differentiating it from I. marcellia in dried material. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Cachoeira dos Índios, Serra do Quati, 6 º 54 ’ 48 ” S, 38 º 42 ’ 6 ” W, 03.06.2017, fl. & fr., F. C. Pinheiro 795 (HACAM!); São José dos Cordeiros, RPPN-Fazenda Almas, estrada para sede, 16.12.2002, fl. & fr., I. B. Lima et al. 16 (HUEFS digital image!). Notes: See the notes under I. marcellia.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
03C89A1D721CBE69FCA3FF563EB39BE6.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Pantropical in distribution, this species is typically found on or near the sea or growing in mangroves. In the Americas, despite its wide distribution, it is not commonly abundant, being more frequent in the Caribbean and almost absent from the Pacific coast (Wood et al., 2020). In Brazil, it is recorded only in coastal areas, with occurrences in Amapá (North region), Bahia, Paraíba, Pernambuco, including Fernando de Noronha Island, and Espírito Santo (Southeast). These gaps may be attributed to the lack of collections from beaches and mangrove ecosystems along the Brazilian coastline (Alencar et al., 2021; Delgado-Júnior et al., 2024). In Paraíba, it is rare, with only one recorded population on Tambaba Beach in the IR of João Pessoa. Specimens examined: BRAZIL, Conde, Tambaba, 23.08.2011, L. A. Pereira et al. 299 (JPB!). Notes: It is commonly known as the “ beach moon flower ” and can be confused with I. alba in the field. A comparison has already been presented under this species.	en	A. P. S, Lima, M. T. A., Buril, Melo, J. I. M. de (2024): Synopsis of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in the state of Paraíba, Brazilian Northeastern. Rheedea 34 (5): 430-456, DOI: 10.22244/rheedea.2024.34.05.06
