taxonID	type	description	language	source
16D7B8FDA5DEED88E780AA0E15D45797.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species is unique among species of Hyposmocoma because it has metallic purple wings with a narrow, diagonal orange band near the wing apex.	en	Kawahara, Akito Y., Rubinoff, Daniel (2012): Three new species of Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, Hyposmocoma). ZooKeys 170: 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428
16D7B8FDA5DEED88E780AA0E15D45797.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the Waianae Mountain Range, Oahu.	en	Kawahara, Akito Y., Rubinoff, Daniel (2012): Three new species of Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, Hyposmocoma). ZooKeys 170: 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428
2DA78A31658CD905A9223157CD984E78.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. This species has a large, orange, " V " - shaped marking on the forewing found in no other described species of Hyposmocoma.	en	Kawahara, Akito Y., Rubinoff, Daniel (2012): Three new species of Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, Hyposmocoma). ZooKeys 170: 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428
2DA78A31658CD905A9223157CD984E78.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the Waianae Mountain Range, Oahu.	en	Kawahara, Akito Y., Rubinoff, Daniel (2012): Three new species of Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, Hyposmocoma). ZooKeys 170: 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428
D9BFDEDA69E1A35B7C4298B6994973B0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Hyposmocoma ipohapuu has a forewing pattern that differs from any other described species in the genus. A wide pale yellow band is present along the anal margin of the forewing and curves proximally at the wing margin towards the costa. A small, round, dark brown mark is present approximately two thirds of the way from the wing base to the apex.	en	Kawahara, Akito Y., Rubinoff, Daniel (2012): Three new species of Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, Hyposmocoma). ZooKeys 170: 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428
D9BFDEDA69E1A35B7C4298B6994973B0.taxon	description	Description. Male (n = 2; Fig. 3). Forewing length 5.0 mm. Head with pale brown scales radiating from compound eye. Haustellum with a mixture of light and dark brown scales. Maxillary palpus reduced. Labial palpus recurved and covered in pale brown scales, which are dark laterally. Antennal flagellum pale brown, with a ring of dark brown scales extending from the proximal margin of each flagellomere. Thorax mainly pale brown, dark brown at cervical margin and near posterior margin of notum. Foreleg dark brown with pale brown ring at distal margin of femur. Midleg as foreleg, but with pale brown ring at distal margin of tibia and tarsomeres I-V, spurs pale brown. Hindleg as midleg but longer with long pale brown hairs. Forewing pale brown, with dark brown band extending from costal margin of wing base to apex, mark forming a convex arch near apex. A separate brown band extends along anal margin of forewing. Fringe pale brown. Hindwing and hindwing fringe grayish brown. Abdomen dorsally dark brown; ventrally pale brown with a tuft of long pale brown scales on either side of genitalia. Male genitalia. (Fig. 14). Right brachium of uncus sickle shaped, rather thick, heavily sclerotized, slender at apical 1 / 3, slightly twisted to left. Left brachium small, not sclerotized. Tegumen wide and sclerotized. Valvae asymmetrical, left valva slightly wider at middle than right, with three long sclerotized club-shaped setae along dorsal margin curving posteriorly. Dorsal margin of right valva smooth, lacking setal sockets. Phallus stout, blunt tipped, heavily sclerotized, and bent ventrad at about 1 / 2 of length; vesica without spines or cornuti. Anellus with two symmetrical rounded lobes, thin until apex, both adorned with few small setae. Female. (n = 1). Externally as male, but with longer forewing length (5.8 mm) and small dark brown mark medially below dark band on forewing. Female genitalia. (Fig. 19). Papillae anales long and setose. Anterior and posterior apophyses thin and straight, slightly enlarged at posterior end, posterior apophyses about 2 x length as anterior apophyses. Ostium bursae small, heavily sclerotized, externally protruding into a triangle, not snail-shaped. Corpus bursae oval with light scobination; signum absent. Ductus bursae thick, approximately 1 / 2 length of corpus bursae. Apical margin of tergum VIII with median emargination. Larval case. (n = 5; Fig 7). The mature case is 5.9 - 6.6 mm in length and 1.2 - 1.5 mm wide, smooth with banding that follows the length of the case. The case widens slightly at both ends.	en	Kawahara, Akito Y., Rubinoff, Daniel (2012): Three new species of Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, Hyposmocoma). ZooKeys 170: 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428
D9BFDEDA69E1A35B7C4298B6994973B0.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named " ipohapuu ", which means " tree-fern lover " in Hawaiian.	en	Kawahara, Akito Y., Rubinoff, Daniel (2012): Three new species of Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, Hyposmocoma). ZooKeys 170: 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428
D9BFDEDA69E1A35B7C4298B6994973B0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Volcano Village, Hawaii Island. Probably restricted to the rainforest areas around Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, where it appears to be uncommon. The elevation for the type locality is approximately 1200 m.	en	Kawahara, Akito Y., Rubinoff, Daniel (2012): Three new species of Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, Hyposmocoma). ZooKeys 170: 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428
52F53BDBCC64371475F1F7C775892FA6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Hyposmocoma makawao differs from any other species in the genus. No other species has a single, thick, transverse orange band near the base of the forewing.	en	Kawahara, Akito Y., Rubinoff, Daniel (2012): Three new species of Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, Hyposmocoma). ZooKeys 170: 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428
52F53BDBCC64371475F1F7C775892FA6.taxon	description	Description. Male. (n = 1; Fig. 4). Forewing length 4.8 mm. Head brown with iron-red scales near outer margin of eye; scales large near vertex. Haustellum pale brown. Maxillary palpus reduced. Labial palpus curved with pale brown scales, scales dark brown along lateral margin of labial palpus. Antennal flagellum dark brown along dorsal surface, lighter brown ventrally. Thorax reddish brown, laterally brown with patches of lighter brown scales below forewing. Foreleg and midleg with brown scales, scales dark brown laterally. Hindleg same as midleg, but with long scales along dorsal margin. Spines on legs light brown. Forewing dark brown with a single, wide fiery red-brown transverse fascia one fourth from the base of the wing to apex and narrowing towards costal margin. Abdomen covered in dark brown scales dorsally, light brown scales covering ventral surface. Male genitalia. (Fig. 15). Right brachium of uncus sickle shaped, slender, heavily sclerotized, widening slightly at 1 / 2 length, slightly twisted to left. Left brachium small, not sclerotized. Tegumen wide and sclerotized. Valvae asymmetrical, left valva slightly wider than right, valvae without large sclerotized setae or sockets along dorsal margin. Dense row of fine, hair-like setae along inner ventral margin of both valvae. Phallus stout, blunt tipped, heavily sclerotized, open ventrally, and bent ventrad at about 1 / 2 of length; vesica without spines or cornuti. Anellus with two symmetrical rounded lobes with fine setae. Female. (n = 1). Same as male, but with forewing length 4.9 mm. Larval case. (n = 7; Fig. 8). The case is 4.1 - 5.0 mm in length and 1.2 - 1.6 mm wide, smooth with banding that follows the length of the case. Two wide, dark bands form a " V " that crosses over the central region of the case.	en	Kawahara, Akito Y., Rubinoff, Daniel (2012): Three new species of Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, Hyposmocoma). ZooKeys 170: 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428
52F53BDBCC64371475F1F7C775892FA6.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named " makawao " after its type locality, Makawao Forest Reserve, Maui.	en	Kawahara, Akito Y., Rubinoff, Daniel (2012): Three new species of Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, Hyposmocoma). ZooKeys 170: 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428
52F53BDBCC64371475F1F7C775892FA6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the MFR, which harbors an extraordinary diverse natural fauna and flora, and is the only known locality for several species of Hyposmocoma, including Hyposmocoma domicolens (Butler, 1881), Hyposmocoma molluscivora Rubinoff & Haines, 2005, Hyposmocoma opuulaau Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011, Hyposmocoma pukoa Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011, and Hyposmocoma pupumoehewa Schmitz & Rubinoff, 2011. Unfortunately, the native habitat has been in sharp decline, even during the short course of this project, due to ongoing damage from invasive ungulates. If conservation action is not soon taken, it is likely that many of the rare plants and animals that remain in this mixed mesic forest will disappear.	en	Kawahara, Akito Y., Rubinoff, Daniel (2012): Three new species of Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, Hyposmocoma). ZooKeys 170: 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428
2AD21A44CDAC0834CF7C1A6E319121D9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Hyposmocoma nebulifera is similar to Hyposmocoma rubescens from Kauai, but differs in having a larger dark brown C-shaped forewing mark, and much smaller spurlike specialized setae on the valva. It is also similar to Hyposmocoma ekemamao but is larger, and has two central round spots on the forewing, while Hyposmocoma ekemamao only has one.	en	Kawahara, Akito Y., Rubinoff, Daniel (2012): Three new species of Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, Hyposmocoma). ZooKeys 170: 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428
2AD21A44CDAC0834CF7C1A6E319121D9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the Waianae Mountain Range, Oahu. With nearly thirty described species of Hyposmocoma (Zimmerman 1978), the Palikea preserve in the Waianae mountains has a very high diversity of Hyposmocoma, and the area is also one of the best-preserved on Oahu. The rich species diversity of Hyposmocoma may reflect the diversity throughout the island before human colonization.	en	Kawahara, Akito Y., Rubinoff, Daniel (2012): Three new species of Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, Hyposmocoma). ZooKeys 170: 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428
C2E9376E682D295420B8A01032D101D5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Hyposmocoma tantala is similar to Hyposmocoma nebulifera, but differs in having a dark forewing background color and much thicker dark forewing markings. The male genitalia has large sclerotized spines on the left valva that are absent in Hyposmocoma nebulifera.	en	Kawahara, Akito Y., Rubinoff, Daniel (2012): Three new species of Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, Hyposmocoma). ZooKeys 170: 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428
C2E9376E682D295420B8A01032D101D5.taxon	description	Description. Male. (n = 1). Forewing length 5.5 mm. Head light brown with light brown scales near outer margin of eye; scales large near vertex. Haustellum pale brown. Maxillary palpus reduced. Labial palpus curved with pale brown scales, scales dark brown at terminus. Antennal flagellum light with dark brown bands. Thorax light brown, with lighter brown scales on tegula. Foreleg and midleg with brown scales and bands of light brown. Hindleg same as midleg, but with long scales along dorsal margin formed into a brush-like patch. Spines on legs light brown. Forewing light brown with a large dark brown mark extending from costal margin 1 / 3 of distance to forewing apex and a smaller dark brown mark at 2 / 3 of distance to apex. Abdomen covered in brown scales. Male genitalia (Fig. 13). Right brachium of uncus thick and curved ventrad, smooth, gradually tapering, slightly twisted to left. Left brachium small, not sclerotized. Tegumen wide and sclerotized. Shape of valva largely symmetrical, but left valva with three long tapered narrow spurlike setae along dorsal margin near apex; right valva without large sclerotized setae. Dense row of fine, hair-like setae disposed along inner ventral margin of both valvae. Phallus stout, blunt tipped, heavily sclerotized, open ventrally, and bent ventrad at about 1 / 2 of length; vesica without spines or cornuti. Anellus with two symmetrical rounded lobes with fine setae. Female. (n = 2; Fig 6). Externally as male, but with larger wing span (6.2 mm). Female genitalia. (Fig 16). Papillae anales short and setose. Anterior and posterior apophyses thin and straight, posterior apophyses slightly longer than anterior apophyses. Ostium bursae heavily sclerotized, externally protruding, and C-shaped curled left. Ductus bursae long and of small girth. Corpus bursae roughly kidney-shaped, with light scobination; signum absent. Apical margin of tergum VIII with median emargination. Larval case. (n = 1; Fig 10). Dark brown, smooth, 9 mm in length and 2 mm wide.	en	Kawahara, Akito Y., Rubinoff, Daniel (2012): Three new species of Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, Hyposmocoma). ZooKeys 170: 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428
C2E9376E682D295420B8A01032D101D5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named " tantala " after Mt. Tantalus, from where the type specimen was collected. While Mt. Tantalus has experienced a tremendous amount of destruction from invasive species in the past century, it has historically been a locality with very high endemism, and the type locality of several other endemic insects, including flies (Hardy 1960; 1964), beetles (e. g. Liebherr and Zimmerman 2000), and at least two other species of Hyposmocoma (Zimmerman 1978). We wish to recognize this historically noteworthy site and draw attention to the fact that some endemic species, worthy of conservation, still persist even after long periods of disturbance.	en	Kawahara, Akito Y., Rubinoff, Daniel (2012): Three new species of Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, Hyposmocoma). ZooKeys 170: 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428
C2E9376E682D295420B8A01032D101D5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from Mt. Tantalus, Oahu.	en	Kawahara, Akito Y., Rubinoff, Daniel (2012): Three new species of Fancy Case caterpillars from threatened forests of Hawaii (Lepidoptera, Cosmopterigidae, Hyposmocoma). ZooKeys 170: 1-20, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.170.1428
