identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C8020FFFBAFFE282E9DD78FCEFFA35.text	03C8020FFFBAFFE282E9DD78FCEFFA35.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmochthonius reticulatus Grandjean 1947	<div><p>Cosmochthonius reticulatus Grandjean, 1947 (Figs 1–7, 8 A, 9A, 10A)</p><p>Cosmochthonius reticulatus: Grandjean 1947b; Travé 1956, 1984; Grandjean 1962; Balogh and Mahunka 1983; Pérez-Iñigo and Peña 1995; Mahunka and Mahunka-Papp 2003, 2010; Karasawa and Hijii 2004a, 2004b; Subías 2004, 2011; Karasawa et al. 2005; Penttinen and Gordeeva 2005, 2009.</p><p>Cosmochthonius trivialis Sergienko, 1991: Sergienko 1994.</p><p>Diagnosis. Adult small (266–340 µm), light brown, with typical characters of Cosmochthonius (for adult see also Penttinen &amp; Gordeeva 2005). Seta c 3 inserted on lateral border of plate Na (Figs 1, 2). Setae of e -series with 12–13 pairs of cilia, those of f -series shorter (Table 1), with 10–11 pairs of cilia. Whole body covered with reticulate, porous cerotegument, cerotegumental collar absent. Cuticle with polygonal or hexagonal foveae in SEM micrographs, reticulate in light microscopy (Fig. 2). Genital plate larger than anal plate, with 10 pairs of setae, six of which inserted on inner border of plate (Fig. 3). Formulae of setae (+solenidia) of legs (trochanter to tarsus) as follows: I – 0-5-5-(6+1)-(19+1), II – 1-6 -5-(6+1)-(17+1); III – 2-3 -4-(4+1)-15; IV – 2-3 -4-(4+1)-14. Tarsus I bidactyle, tarsi II–IV tridactyle.</p><p>Larva unpigmented, nymphs light brown. Most prodorsal setae bushy, sensillus with long, barbed head. Gastronotum with three transverse scissures. Larva with 14 pairs of gastronotal setae, nymphs with 16 pairs. Setae of e - and f -series hypertrophied, and pinnate; other setae distinctly shorter and barbed. Hypertrophied setae of larva with 6–7 pairs of cilia, those of nymphs with 8–9 pairs. Other morphological characters of juveniles given in Table 2.</p><p>Description of larva and tritonymph: Larva small (Table 1), unpigmented, often distended in alcohol samples. Prodorsum relatively long, subtriangular, with wide rounded rostrum, with small, thin fenestrate areas (Fig.</p><p>4). Prodorsal setae ro, le, in and exs bushy, curved, usually uniramous, spines single or bifurcate; seta exi distinctly shorter and rather smooth (Fig. 5 A). Bothridium rounded, sensillus slightly curved, and with long, narrow, barbed head.</p><p>Species Morphological characters L PN DN TN AD</p><p>C. reticulatus Body length 160 243 264 330 330 Body width 96 120 136 182 173 Length of: sensillus 48 51 58 65 67 seta c 1 22 24 38 43 50 seta c 3 21 16 32 42 45 seta cp 25 32 45 52 53 seta d 1 17 13 15 17 31 seta d 2 23 22 22 23 35 seta e 1 63 73 103 144 176 seta f 1 54 64 92 136 162 genital opening Nd 22 35 48 82 analopening 23 30 42 55 50</p><p>C. foliatus Body length 149 182 198 231 297 Body width 88 102 112 120 152 Length of: sensillus 48 51 62 72 65 seta c 1 22 24 37 42 39 seta c 3 22 17 30 33 39 seta cp 25 17 41 51 57 seta d 1 17 15 15 21 29 seta d 2 25 22 25 27 39 seta e 1 60 75 103 126 168 seta f 1 51 65 83 112 146 genital opening Nd 21 32 40 70 analopening 20 32 39 45 54</p><p>C. ugamaensis Bodylength 159 211 244 310 304 Body width 96 125 144 188 153 Length of: sensillus 49 56 63 64 63 seta c 1 17 27 33 45 50 seta c 3 20 15 29 37 49 seta cp 27 27 39 48 55 seta d 1 17 18 20 23 31 seta d 2 18 20 25 32 46 seta e 1 60 87 95 133 155 seta f 1 49 70 87 109 143 genital opening Nd 20 28 51 70 analopening 22 26 35 46 54</p><p>1 According to Seniczak and Seniczak (2009a) Gastronotum with 14 pairs of setae (Figs 4, 5 A), including inguinal seta h 4 positioned anterior to paraproctal valves (segment PS). Gastronotum with three transverse scissures, which divide it into four parts. Plate Na with four pairs of setae: c 1– c 3 in anterior row, cp in posterior row; all setae rather long, and barbed. Plate Nm 1 with two pairs of setae (d 1, d 2), shorter than c -series. Setae of e - and f -series hypertrophied, pinnate, inserted on intercalary sclerites between plates Nm 1 and Nm 2, and Nm 2 and pygidium (Py), respectively; each seta with 6–7 pairs of cilia. Pygidium weakly developed, with four pairs of slightly curved and barbed setae of h -series, length decreasing from h 1 to h 4 (Figs 5 A, 6A). Seta h 1 with 4–5 cilia, other setae barbed. Paraproctal valves with four pairs of barbed setae, similar in shape to h 4. Cupule ia posteroventral to seta c 3, cupule im posteroventral to seta cp, cupule ip between setae f 2 and h 3, cupule ih posterior to seta h 4 (Fig. 6 A). Ventral parts of gastronotum weakly striated.</p><p>Prodorsum of tritonymph (Fig. 7) relatively smaller, and Py longer than in larva. Rostrum with small dens and two transverse rows of small, thin fenestrate areas. Prodorsal setae ro, le, in and exs bushy, biramous, with longer single, and bifurcate spines than in larva; seta exi barbed. Bothridium and sensillus as in larva. Gastronotum with 16 pairs of setae, including hypertrophied, and pinnate setae of e - and f -series, inserted on intercalary sclerites, and curved posterior (Fig. 5 B); other setae distinctly shorter and barbed. Hypertrophied setae with 8–9 pairs of cilia (Fig. 8 A), basal cilia of f -series longer than those of e -series; length of cilia decreasing from basal to distal part of setae. Seta c 3 bushy and shorter than other pinnate setae of c -series, setae of d -series shorter than c 3, and pinnate (Fig. 9A). Pygidium with setae of h - and p -series; all curved and heavily barbed, but p 1 and h 1 thicker than h 2 and h 3 (Fig. 10 A). Setae of ad -series barbed, ad 1 approximately as long as p 2, length decreasing from ad 1 to ad 4 (Fig. 6 B). Paraproctal valves with four pairs of barbed setae, slightly shorter than ad 4. Cupules ia and im as in larva, cupule ip posterolaterally to seta h 2, cupule iad lateral to anterior part of anal valves, cupules ips and ih displaced laterally from cupule iad (Fig. 5 B). Ventral parts of gastronotum weakly striated. Shape of tibia and tarsus I, solenidia φ and ω, and famulus ε similar to that of C. ponticus (see Seniczak &amp; Seniczak 2009a).</p><p>Summary of ontogenetic transformations: The ontogeny of C. reticulatus is similar to that of C. ponticus, which was described earlier (Seniczak &amp; Seniczak 2009a). The number of prodorsal setae is constant during ontogeny (six pairs, including the sensillus), and the shape of setae remains similar in all instars. In contrast, the number of gastronotal setae increases in ontogeny, from 14 pairs in larva to 16 pairs in protonymph (h 4 lost, p -series gained), and these setae remain in the nymphs and adult. All instars have three transverse scissures on the dorsal part of hysterosoma, and hypertrophied and pinnate setae of the e - and f -series, which are positioned on intercalary sclerites. Aggenital setae are absent throughout. The formulae of setae are as follows: gastronotal setae – 14-16-16- 16-16 (larva to adult); segments PS–AN – 43333-4444-444; genital setae – 1-2-7-10 (protonymph to adult); and coxisternal setae – 3-2-2 (larva), 3-2-2-1 (protonymph), 3-2-3-3 (deutonymph) and 3-2-3-4 (tritonymph and adult). All formulae are consistent with patterns presented by Grandjean (1949). In the larva seta 1c is scaliform and covers Claparéde’s organ.</p><p>Distribution and ecology: Cosmochthonius reticulatus is a Mediterranean occidental species (Subías 2004, 2011), with type-locality in Périgueux city, north-west of Bordeaux, France (Grandjean 1947b). According to Travé (1956, 1984) this species prefers warm, south-slope biotopes in pine forests ( Pinus alepensis Mill.), but it is not very common. Pérez-Iñigo and Peña (1995) found it in soil with mosses, while Mahunka and Mahunka-Papp (2003, 2010) recorded C. reticulatus from dead tree trunk and oak forest. Penttinen and Gordeeva (2009) found this species more frequently in litter under juniper [ Juniperus macrocarpa (Sibth. &amp; Sm.)] in Lesvos (Greece), and under cypress ( Cupressus sempervirens L.) and oak trees ( Quercus coccifera L.) in Rhodes (Greece), and also under juniper ( Juniperus excelsa Bieb) in Ukraine, and considered it common in the eastern Mediterranean area. Karasawa and Hijii (2004a) found C. reticulatus on tree branches in a typical mangrove forest about 4.5 m high, with dominant Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.) Lam. and rare Rhizophora stylosa Griff in the Ryukyu Islands (Japan). Interestingly, these adults were slightly smaller (Karasawa &amp; Hijii 2004b) than those investigated here. Karasawa et al. (2005) also found C. reticulatus in window traps mounted above the soil and at canopy level. This species was abundant in cypress tree litter near Villa del Casale (Central Sicilia, Italy, N37°21’ 52, E14°20’ 04, 538 m a. s. l.), achieving on May 27 of 2009 a density of 1,903 individuals per 500 cm 3, with a large fraction of juveniles (62.7% of population), including larvae (27.5% of juveniles).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C8020FFFBAFFE282E9DD78FCEFFA35	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Seniczak, Stanisław;Penttinen, Ritva;Seniczak, Anna	Seniczak, Stanisław, Penttinen, Ritva, Seniczak, Anna (2011): The ontogeny of morphological traits in three European species of Cosmochthonius Berlese, 1910 (Acari: Oribatida: Cosmochthoniidae). Zootaxa 3034: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278726
03C8020FFFB0FFF982E9DD8DFA34F878.text	03C8020FFFB0FFF982E9DD8DFA34F878.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmochthonius foliatus Subias 1982	<div><p>Cosmochthonius foliatus Subías, 1982 (Figs 8 B, 9B, 10B. 11, 12, 13A, 14–16)</p><p>Cosmochthonius foliatus: Ruiz and Subías 1984; Minguez and Subías 1986; Ruiz et al. 1986, 1991; Arillo et al. 1988; Pérez- Iñigo 1988; Pérez-Iñigo, Jr 1990; Gil et al.1991; Subías 2004, 2011; Penttinen and Gordeeva 2009. Cosmochthonius lanatus: Sergienko 1987, 1994 .</p><p>Diagnosis. Adult small (279–325 µm), light brown. Seta c 3 hardly reaching seta cp, and inserted on lateral border of plate Na (Figs 11, 12). Setae of e - and f -series with 23–25 pairs of cilia, and 22–24 pairs, respectively (Table 2). Cerotegument thick, with small holes (seen in SEM; Penttinen &amp; Gordeeva 2005); cuticle with shallow, rounded and sub-equal foveae (Fig. 12). Cerotegumental collar present. Genital plate with 10 pair of setae, six pairs inserted on inner border of genital plate (Fig. 13 A). Formulae of leg setae and solenidia, and number of claws as in C. reticulatus .</p><p>Juveniles similar to those of C. reticulatus, but setae of e - and f -series with more cilia (larva 10–11 pairs, nymphs 19–23 pairs) than in C. reticulatus .</p><p>Description of larva and tritonymph: Shape of larva (Figs 14, 15 A), prodorsal setae, bothridium, and sensillus as in C. reticulatus . Gastronotal setae similar to those of C. reticulatus, but hypertrophied setae with 10–11 pairs of cilia. Cupules ia, im, ip and ih located as in C. reticulatus .</p><p>Shape of body, setae, bothridium and sensillus of tritonymph (Figs 15 B, 16) as in C. reticulatus, but hypertrophied setae with 19–23 pairs of cilia (Figs 8 B, 16). Setae p 1 and h -series bushy, p 1 and h 1 thicker than h 2 and h 3 (Fig. 10 B). Cupules ia, im, ip, ih, ips and iad located as in C. reticulatus . Ontogenetic transformations of C. foliatus, and shape of tibia and tarsus I, solenidia φ and ω, and famulus ε as in C. ponticus (see Seniczak &amp; Seniczak 2009a).</p><p>FIGURE 9. Fragment of plates Na and Nm 1, scale bars 10 μm. (A) Cosmochthonius reticulatus; (B) C. foliatus; (C) C. ugamaensis; (D) C. ponticus .</p><p>Distribution and ecology: Cosmochthonius foliatus is a Mediterranean occidental species (Subías 2004, 2011). It is considered common in the western Mediterranean (Gil et al. 1991, Penttinen &amp; Gordeeva 2009), but was also found in oak litter ( Quercus pubescens Willd.) in the Ukraine. Pérez-Iñigo jr. (1990) considred this species xerophilous; it was found in sandy soil covered with herbs (Pérez-Iñigo &amp; Peña 1995). We found this species rather abundant (102 indiv. per 500 cm 3) in cypress litter in coastal Santa Susana (Costa Brava, North-East Spain, N41°37.26’, E2°43.24’, 4 m a. s. l.), where juveniles comprised 38.2% of the population.</p><p>Figure 11. Cosmochthonius foliatus, adult. (A) Notogaster with cerotegument, scale bar 50 μm; (B) fragment of pygidium.</p><p>Figure 12. Cosmochthonius foliatus, adult. (A) Notogaster, cerotegument removed, scale bar 50 μm; (B) fragment of pygidium.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C8020FFFB0FFF982E9DD8DFA34F878	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Seniczak, Stanisław;Penttinen, Ritva;Seniczak, Anna	Seniczak, Stanisław, Penttinen, Ritva, Seniczak, Anna (2011): The ontogeny of morphological traits in three European species of Cosmochthonius Berlese, 1910 (Acari: Oribatida: Cosmochthoniidae). Zootaxa 3034: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278726
03C8020FFFAEFFFF82E9D8FAFA90F8D6.text	03C8020FFFAEFFFF82E9D8FAFA90F8D6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cosmochthonius ugamaensis Gordeeva 1980	<div><p>Cosmochthonius ugamaensis Gordeeva, 1980 (Figs 9C, 10C, 13B, 17–21, 22A)</p><p>Diagnosis: Adult small (290–304 µm), light brown, with characters of Cosmochthonius . Seta c 3 reaching seta cp, and distinctly removed from lateral border of plate Na (Fig. 17). Setae of e -series with 16–18 pairs of cilia, setae of f -series with 13–14 pairs (Table 2). In SEM micrographs structure of cerotegument of pygidium resembles lichen thallus (Figs 18 A–C), in light microscope as small circles and semicircles (Fig. 17). Genital plate with 10 pair of setae, with seven pairs inserted on inner border (Fig. 13 B). Formulae of leg setae and solenidia, and number of claws as in C. reticulatus .</p><p>Morphology of juveniles as in C. reticulatus, but hypertrophied setae with distinctly more cilia on setae of e - and f -series (larva 11–16 pairs of cilia, nymphs 11–15 pairs). With more cilia on larval setae of e -series than in C. foliatus, but fewer on nymphal setae of e - and f -series.</p><p>Description of larva and tritonymph: Shape of larva (Figs 19, 20 A), prodorsal setae, bothridium, sensillus, and gastronotal setae as in C. reticulatus, but hypertrophied seta with more cilia (e -series with 15–16 pairs of cilia, f -series with 11–12 pairs). Cupules ia, im, ip and ih located as in C. reticulatus .</p><p>Shape of body, setae, bothridium and sensillus of tritonymph of C. ugamaensis (Figs 20 B, 21) as in C. reticulatus, but setae of e -series with 14–15 pairs of cilia, and setae of f -series with 11–13 pairs (Figs 21, 22). Basal cilia of setae of f -series longer than those of e -series, and setae p 1 and h 1 thicker than h 2 and h 3 (Figs 10 C, 20B). Cupules ia, im, ip, ih, ips and iad located as in C. reticulatus . Ontogenetic transformations of C. ugamaensis, and shape of tibia and tarsus I, solenidia φ and ω, and famulus ε as in C. ponticus (see Seniczak &amp; Seniczak 2009a).</p><p>Distribution and ecology: Cosmochthonius ugamaensis is considered an Asian centro-occidental species (Subías 2004, 2011), but this species was also found by Penttinen and Gordeeva (2009) to be rather abundant in litter of olive woodland ( Olea europea L.) in Greece (Lesvos Island, N39°21.32, E 26°17.95, 520 m a. s. l.).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C8020FFFAEFFFF82E9D8FAFA90F8D6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Seniczak, Stanisław;Penttinen, Ritva;Seniczak, Anna	Seniczak, Stanisław, Penttinen, Ritva, Seniczak, Anna (2011): The ontogeny of morphological traits in three European species of Cosmochthonius Berlese, 1910 (Acari: Oribatida: Cosmochthoniidae). Zootaxa 3034: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278726
