taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C86C16EB2E5752FF6ED9FAFEF4F9CE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Ocellar tubercle with additional pair of setulae below ocellar setae; proclinate orbital seta nearer to inner vertical seta than to ptilinal fissure; palpus with hollow-shaped or depressed sense organ (modified from Chen et al. 2005 a). Characters commonly seen across the genus were described by Chen et al. (2005 a), and therefore are not repeated here.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB2E5753FF6EDBBEFE55FD01.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Projections at anterolateral corners of the cibarium longer than 1 / 2 width of cibarial, anterior margin (ch. 10 - 1; Fig. 2 C); mid-dorsally constricted epandrium (ch. 29 - 1; Figs 3 B, D, 4 B, 6 D, 7 E, 8 G, 9 F); less sclerotized, broad lobe-like surstylus (ch. 34 - 1; Figs 3 E, 4 B, 5 C, 6 D, 7 E, 9 F); hypandrium with a pair of anterolateral, inward extensions articulated to base of pregonite (ch. 42 - 1; Figs 3 C, F, 4 D, 5 E, 6 G, 7 F, 8 J, 9 I). Shared characters. Characters described as commonly seen across this subgenus (the Phortica foliiseta species complex at that time) by Chen et al. (2005 b) are not repeated here. Occipital setae on lower portion shorter than postocular setae (ch. 2 - 0; Figs 7 A, 9 A). Pedicel with only 1 thick seta (ch. 4 - 0; Figs 2 A, 4 A, 5 A, 6 A, 7 C, 8 A, 9 B). Clypeus medially pale (ch. 8 - 1; Fig. 8 F). Lateral membrane of proboscis scale-like patterned (ch. 13 - 1; Fig. 2 D). Prominent postpronotal seta 1. Epandrium not extended at anteroventral corner (ch. 30 - 1; Figs 3 D, 4 B, 6 D, 7 E, 8 G, 9 F). Surstylus completely or largely covered with epandrium (ch. 36 - 1; Figs 4 B, 7 E, 8 G, 9 F), with pubescence (ch. 38 - 0; Figs 3 E, 4 B, 5 C, 6 D, 7 E). Cercus longer than twice of width (ch. 39 - 0; Figs 3 B, D, 4 B, 5 C, 6 D, 7 E, 8 G, 9 F). Pregonite articulated to tip of aedeagal guide (ch. 54 - 1; Figs 3 G, 4 I, 5 G, 6 E, 7 G, 8 D, 9 C), without sensilla on apical portion (ch. 51 - 0; Figs 3 G, H, 4 C, 5 D, 6 E, 7 G, 8 I, 9 G). Phallapodeme vertically flat plate, with posterior, rod-like process apically articulated to aedeagal median rod (ch. 60,61 - 1; Figs 3 G, H, 4 C, 5 D, 6 E, 7 G, 8 I). Aedeagal sheath with more or less sclerotized postgonite (s) (ch. 64 - 1; Figs 3 F – H, 4 D, 5 D, E, 6 F, H, 7 F, 8 I – K, 9 G – I).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB2F5753FF6EDFF4FEC3F811.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Aedeagal, median rod distally diffentiated into two strongly sclerotized, asymmetric pieces (ch. 58 - 4; Fig. 3 F); arista with 4 or more ventral branches (ch. 6 - 0; Fig. 2 A); hypandrial phragma broader than lateral gonocoxites (ch. 41 - 0; Fig. 3 F). Shared characters. Some interfrontal setulae as long as lowest setulae on ocellar triangle (ch. 3 - 0). Arista apically without leaf-like expansion (ch. 7 - 0); longest, dorsal branch longer than longest seta on pedicel (Fig. 2 A). Cibarial, medial sensilla all trichoid, apically pointed (ch. 11 - 0; Fig. 2 C). Prementum without pubescent patches (ch. 12 - 0). Pseudotracheae in labellum 6 per side (ch. 14 - 2; Fig. 2 D). Setulae just before prescutellar acrostichal setae somewhat longer than other acrostichal setulae (ch. 15 - 1). Mid and hind femora with gray patch submedially or largely dark brown (ch. 16 - 1; Fig. 2 G); all tibia with dark gray ring (s) or largely dark brown (ch. 17,18,19 - 1; Fig. 2 G). Apical, downward curved setula on fore tarsomere V neither thicker than surrounding setulae nor longer than tarsomere V (ch. 20 - 0; Fig. 2 E). Caudal bands on tergites III and IV medially interrupted / constricted (ch. 21 - 2; Fig. 2 F). Abdominal sternites III – V longer than wide; III not wider than IV; setulae on medial surface of III – V not so dense (ch. 22 – 24,26 – 28 - 0; Fig. 2 H). Epandrium widely round on ventral margin (ch. 31 - 1; Fig. 3 D); setae on and / or near ventral margin of epandrium not denser than those on other portions (ch. 32 - 0; Fig. 3 D), longer than others (ch. 33 - 1; Fig. 3 D). Surstylus without expansion at caudoventral corner (ch. 35 - 0; Fig. 3 E), with peg-like teeth (ch. 37 - 0; Fig. 3 E). Hypandrium symmetric (ch. 40 - 0; Fig. 3 F). Pregonite (Fig. 3 G, H) partly strongly sclerotized (ch. 43 - 0), rod-like, with apical knob (ch. 44 - 1), apically narrowing basal extension nearly rectangular to main body (ch. 49 - 1) and sensilla on submedial and basal portions (ch. 52,53 - 1) but no serration on ventrodistal portion (ch. 50 - 0); apical knob without fine serrations (ch. 45 - 0), ventrosubapically protruded, forming apically pointed barbule (ch. 46,47 - 0). Aedeagal, outer membrane bearing neither spiny ornamentation nor apical, long, narrow tube (ch. 55 - 1, ch. 57 - 0; Fig. 3 F – H). Posterior, rod-like process of phallapodeme not longer than aedeagal median rod (ch. 62 - 0; Fig. 3 G, H). Aedeagal sheath and / or postgonites asymmetric (ch. 63 - 1; Fig. 3 F). Aedeagal sheath without lateral lobe (s) bearing strongly sclerotized postgonites (ch. 65 - 0; Fig. 3 G, H). Included species. Phortica (Ashima) afoliolata; P. (A.) eseta Chen; P. (A.) qingsongi An & Chen *; P. (A.) xishuangbanna Cheng & Chen; and P. (A.) efragmentata sp. nov. * The assignment was judged from the original description by An et al. (2015).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB2F5753FF6EDFF4FEC3F811.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species group first branched off in the subgenus Ashima (Fig. 1), retaining a number of plesiomorphic characters such as the plumose (with 5 and 4 or more dorsal and ventral branches, respectively; ch. 5,6 - 0) arista but lacking the apical, leaf-like expansion (ch. 7 - 0), cibarial, medial sensilla all trichoid, apically pointed (ch. 11 - 0), the fore tarsomere V apically without specially developed, downward curved setula (ch. 20 - 0), and the abdominal sternites III – V small, not so conspicuously differentiated in shape and setation from each other (ch. 22 – 24,26 – 28 - 0).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB2C5750FF6EDD91FC18FD49.taxon	description	(Fig. 3 H)	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB2C5750FF6EDD91FC18FD49.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Aedeagal sheath ventro-apically with a pair of strongly sclerotized postgonites much shorter than bifurcated pieces of aedeagal median rod (Fig. 3 H); aedeagus with free sclerite within outer membrane (ch. 59 - 1; Fig. 3 H). Supplementary description. Supracervical setae 18 – 20. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme slightly longer than 1 / 2 basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Arista with arb (dorsal / ventral branches of arista) = 7 – 9 / 4 – 7. Palpus with hollow-shaped sense organ. Cibarial, medial sensilla 7 – 8 per side; posterior sensilla 6 – 7 per side. All tarsi entirely yellow. Specimens examined. China: 1 ♂ paratype, 4 ♂, Jianfeng, Ledong County, Hainan, 21. ix. 1993, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU); 1 ♂, ditto, except 22. ix. 1993 (SEHU); 5 ♂ paratypes, ditto, except 25. ix. 1993 (SEHU). Myanmar: 1 ♂ paratype, Yangon, 14. i. 1982, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU). Laos: 2 ♂, near Vang Vieng, 27. vii. 2009, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB2C5750FF6EDD91FC18FD49.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan, Hainan), Myanmar, Laos *. * New record.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB2C5750FF6EDE20FC7FFA7D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Aedeagal sheath ventro-apically with a pair of strongly sclerotized postgonites as long as bifurcated processes of aedeagal median rod. Supplementary description. Supracervical setae approximately 17. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme slightly longer than 1 / 2 basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Arista with arb = 5 – 6 / 5. Palpus with hollow-shaped sense organ. Cibarial, medial sensilla 8 – 9 per side; posterior sensilla 5 – 6 per side. All tarsi with gray tarsomeres IV and V. Aedeagus with free sclerite within outer membrane (ch. 59 - 1). Specimen examined. Thailand: 1 ♂, above Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,250 m a. s. l., 6. i. 2008, H. Bän- ziger leg. (SEHU); 1 ♂, Tonluong Temple, Chiang Dao District, Chiang Mai, ~ 700 m a. s. l., 22. ii. 2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB2C5750FF6EDE20FC7FFA7D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan), Thailand *.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB2C5750FF6EDE20FC7FFA7D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is closely related to the foregoing species, P. afoliolata, as having been misidentified to be the latter by Chen et al. (2005 b). However, Cheng et al. (2008) found two distinct forms included in the paratypes of P. afoliolata and described one of them as a new species, i. e. P. xishuangbanna. These two species can be clearly distinguished from each other by the diagnoses revised in this study.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB2C5751FF6EDB14FAB4FF7D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Palpus concave on subapicolateral surface (ch. 9 - 1); cibarial, medial sensilla 65 – 69 in 3 – 4 irregular rows per side; postgonites forming large, somewhat triangular plate (in ventral view); two pieces of aedeagal median rod not bifurcated; aedeagal free sclerite C-shaped, larger than median rod. Supplementary description. Supracervical setae approximately 20 – 21. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 4 / 5 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Arista with arb = 6 / 4 – 5. Cibarial, posterior sensilla approximately 5 per side. All tarsi entirely yellow. Specimens examined. Malaysia: holotype ♂, Poring, Sabah, 30. xii. 1998, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU); 2 ♂ paratypes, 1 ♂, Ulu Senagang, Crocker Range, Sabah, 18. x. 1999, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU); 2 ♂, Tawau, Sabah, 17. iii. 2002, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU); 3 ♂, Deramakot, Sabah, 22 – 31. ii. 2004, K. Akutsu leg. (SEHU); 1 ♂ paratype, Kubah, Sarawak, 21. i. 1999, M. J. Toda leg. (FRCK).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB2C5751FF6EDB14FAB4FF7D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Borneo (Sarawak, Sabah).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB2C5751FF6EDB14FAB4FF7D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is peculiar in the diagnostic characters among the species of the afoliolata group.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB2D5751FF6EDC13FB8AFA69.taxon	description	(Figs 2, 3 D – G)	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB2D5751FF6EDC13FB8AFA69.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Posterior piece of aedeagal median rod widely bifurcated (Fig. 3 F); aedeagal free sclerite absent (ch. 59 - 0; Fig. 3 F).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB2D5751FF6EDC13FB8AFA69.taxon	description	Description. Supracervical setae 18 – 19. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 3 / 4 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Arista with arb = 8 / 4 (Fig. 2 A). Palpus with hollow-shaped sense organ (Fig. 2 B). Cibarial, medial sensilla 12 – 17 per side; posterior sensilla 6 – 7 per side (Fig. 2 C). All tarsi entirely yellow (Fig. 2 G); fore tarsomere I as long as 3 succeeding tarsomeres together; mid one slightly longer than rest tarsomeres together; hind one as long as rest together. Aedeagal sheath ventro-apically with a pair of strongly sclerotized postgonites much smaller than bifurcated pieces of aedeagal median rod (Fig. 3 F). Measurements (holotype, in mm): BL (straight distance from anterior edge of pedicel to tip of abdomen) = 3.65, ThL (distance from anterior notal margin to apex of scutellum) = 1.56, WL (distance from humeral cross vein to wing apex) = 2.46, WW (maximum wing width) = 1.08. Indices (holotype, in ratio): FW / HW (frontal width / head width) = 0.44, ch / o (maximum width of gena / maximum diameter of eye) = 0.08, prorb (proclinate orbital seta length / posterior reclinate orbital seta length) = 1.78, rcorb (anterior reclinate orbital seta length / posterior reclinate orbital seta length) = 0.91, vb (subvibrissal seta length / vibrissa length) = 0.30, dcl (anterior dorsocentral seta length / posterior dorsocentral seta length) = (n / a), presctl (prescutellar seta length / posterior dorsocentral seta length) = 0.52, sctl (basal scutellar seta length / apical scutellar seta length) = (n / a), sterno (anterior katepisternal seta length / posterior katepisternal seta length) = (n / a), orbito (distance between proclinate and posterior reclinate orbital setae / distance between inner vertical and posterior reclinate orbital setae) = 2.08, dcp (distance between ipsilateral dorsocentral setae / distance between anterior dorsocentral setae) = 0.24, sctlp (distance between ipsilateral scutellar setae / distance between apical scutellar setae) = 1.20, C (2 nd costal section between subcostal break and R 2 + 3 / 3 rd costal section between R 2 + 3 and R 4 + 5) = 2.35, 4 c (3 rd costal section between R 2 + 3 and R 4 + 5 / M 1 between r-m and dm-cu) = 1.50, 4 v (M 1 between dm-cu and wing margin / M 1 between r-m and dm-cu) = 3.03, 5 x (CuA 1 between dm-cu and wing margin / dm-cu between M 1 and CuA 1) = 1.00, ac (3 rd costal section between R 2 + 3 and R 4 + 5 / distance between distal ends of R 4 + 5 and M 1) = 3.88, M (CuA 1 between dm-cu and wing margin / M 1 between r-m and dm-cu) = 0.66, C 3 F [length of heavy setation in 3 rd costal section / (length of heavy setation in 3 rd costal section + length of light setation in 3 rd costal section)] = 0.71.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB2D5751FF6EDC13FB8AFA69.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ♂ (SEHU), “ Ulu Gombak, Selangor, Malaysia, 8. xii. 2013, M. J. Toda ”.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB2D5751FF6EDC13FB8AFA69.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Peninsular Malaysia.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB2D5751FF6EDC13FB8AFA69.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles P. afoliolata in having the small postgonites (Fig. 3 F – H), but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB2D5751FF6EDC13FB8AFA69.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Referring to the lack of free sclerite within aedeagal outer membrane.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB2D5751FF6EDB00FB20F845.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Pregonital, apical knob with fine serrations (ch. 45 - 1; Figs 4 C, 5 D) and round barbule (ch. 46 - 0, 47 - 1; Figs 4 C, 5 D, 6 E, 7 G). Shared characters. Palpus with hollow-shaped sense organ (ch. 9 - 2). Some anterior, cibarial, medial sensilla short, apically blunt, peg-like (ch. 11 - 1). Pseudotracheae in labellum 6 per side (ch. 14 - 2). Mid and hind femora and hind tibia entirely yellow (ch. 16,19 - 0). Epandrium widely round on ventral margin (ch. 31 - 1; Figs 4 B, 5 C, 6 D, 7 E); setae on and / or near ventral margin of epandrium not denser than those on other portions (ch. 32 - 0; Figs 4 B, 5 C, 6 D, 7 E). Hypandrium symmetric (ch. 40 - 0; Figs 4 D, 5 E, 6 G, 7 H). Pregonite (Fig. 4 C, 5 D, 6 E, 7 G) partly strongly sclerotized (ch. 43 - 0), rod-like, with apical knob (ch. 44 - 1) and sensilla only on basal portion (ch. 53 - 1) but no serration on ventrodistal portion (ch. 50 - 0). Aedeagal, outer membrane without apical, long, narrow tube (ch. 57 - 0; Figs 5 D, 6 E, 7 G); aedeagal free sclerite absent (ch. 59 - 0; Figs 5 D, E, 6 E, G, 7 G, H). Aedeagal sheath and / or postgonites asymmetric (ch. 63 - 1; Figs 4 D, 5 E, 6 F, 7 F). Included taxa. Phortica (Ashima) foliiseta species subgroup; and P. (A.) tanabei subgroup.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB285754FF6EDE1CFD47F9B7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Aedeagal sheath with submedial and anterior, sclerotized, marginally serrated postgonites on left lateral lobe (“ Fig. 18 ” in Chen & Máca 2012). Supplementary description. Supracervical setae 15 – 17. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 1 / 2 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Some interfrontal setulae as long as lowest setulae on ocellar triangle (ch. 3 - 0). Arista with neither dorsal nor ventral branches (ch. 5,6 - 2); apical, leaf-like expansion narrower than long, apically tapering, slightly serrated on apical margin. Cibarial, medial sensilla 7 – 9 per side; posterior sensilla 4 – 6 per side. Setulae just before prescutellar acrostichal setae somewhat longer than other acrostichal setulae (ch. 15 - 1). Fore and mid tibiae entirely yellow (ch. 17,18 - 0); all tarsi with gray tarsomeres IV and V. Abdominal sternite III wider than long (ch. 22 - 1), widest among sternites (ch. 23 - 1), with dense setulae on medial surface (ch. 26 - 1); IV and V wider than long (ch. 24,25 - 1). Surstylus without expansion at caudoventral corner (ch. 35 - 0). Pregonite not concave on dorsosubapical margin of apical knob (ch. 48 - 0). Sclerotized postgonites on lateral lobes of aedeagal sheath medially separated from each other (ch. 66 - 0). Specimens examined. Myanmar: ♂ holotype, Yangon, 14. i. 1982, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU); 2 ♂ paratypes, ditto (SEHU); 2 ♂ paratypes, ditto, except 10. i. 1982 (SEHU); 4 ♂ paratypes, ditto, except 11 – 15. i. 1982 (SEHU); 4 ♂ para- types, Mandalay, 26. xii. 1981 – 4. i. 1982, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU). Thailand: 1 ♂, near Tonluong Temple, Chiang Dao, Chiang Mai, 700 m a. s. l., 22. ii. 2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU); 1 ♂, ditto, except 6. xi. 2008 (SEHU). Laos: 1 ♂, path to Phousi, Luang Prabang, 26. vii. 2009, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB285754FF6EDE1CFD47F9B7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Myanmar, Thailand *, Laos *.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB285754FF6EDD91FD89FD65.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Surstylus without peg-like teeth (ch. 37 - 1; Figs 4 B, 5 C); pregonite basally with recurved, apically truncate extension (ch. 49 - 3; Figs 4 C, 5 D); posterior, rod-like process of phallapodeme longer than aedeagal median rod (ch. 62 - 1; Figs 4 C, 5 D). Shared characters. Prementum without pubescent patches (ch. 12 - 0). Setulae on medial surface of abdominal sternites IV and V not so dense (ch. 27,28 - 0; Fig. 5 B). Setae on and / or near ventral margin of epandrium longer than others (ch. 33 - 1; Figs 4 B, 5 C). Aedeagal, outer membrane without spiny ornamentation (ch. 55 - 1; Fig. 5 D, E); aedeagal, median rod less sclerotized (ch. 58 - 2; Fig. 5 D). Aedeagal sheath with lateral lobes bearing strongly sclerotized postgonites (ch. 65 - 1; Figs 4 D, 5 E). Included taxa. Phortica (Ashima) biclavata Chen; P. (A.) dianmianensis Gong, Zhu & Chen; P. (A.) foliisetoides Chen & Toda; P. (A.) libo Zhu, Qin & Chen *; P. (A.) menglian Gong, Zhu & Chen *; P. (A.) nakanoi Chen; P. (A.) phyllochaeta; P. (A.) sagittaristula Chen & Wen; P. (A.) saltiaristula Chen & Wen; P. (A.) symmetria *; P. (A.) xyleboriphaga *; P. (A.) yalianae Zhu, Qin & Chen *; P. (A.) yiqini Zhu, Qin & Chen *; and P. (A.) foliiseta species complex. * The assignment was judged from the original descriptions by Senior-White (1921), Chen et al. (2005 b), Zhu et al. (2017) and Gong et al. (2018).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB285755FF6EDB69FE80FEE9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Aedeagal sheath with two sclerotized, marginally serrated postgonites on anterior portion of left lateral lobe (“ Fig. 9 ” in Tsacas & Okada 1983). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. biclavata). Supracervical setae 12 – 14. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 2 / 5 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Cibarial, medial sensilla 9 – 11 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 6 per side. Specimen examined. Papua New Guinea: 1 ♂ paratype, Wau, Morobe district, 1,200 m a. s. l., 18. iii. 1977, T. Okada leg. (NSMT).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB285755FF6EDB69FE80FEE9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Papua New Guinea.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB285755FF6EDB69FE80FEE9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species closely resembles the foregoing species, P. biclavata, in having the aedeagal sheath with two marginally serrated postgonites on left lateral lobe and one anterior, large, marginally serrated postgonite and posterior, small, not serrated one on right lobe. However, these two species can be distinguished from each other by their diagnoses.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB295755FF6EDC9DFDF7FBDF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Setulae just before prescutellar acrostichal setae somewhat longer than other acrostichal setulae (ch. 15 - 1); anterior, sclerotized postgonite on right lateral lobe of aedeagal sheath bifurcated into short and long projections (“ Fig. 13 ” in Chen et al. 2005 b). Supplementary description. Supracervical setae approximately 9. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 1 / 2 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Some interfrontal setulae longer than lowest setulae on ocellar triangle (ch. 3 - 2). Arista with neither dorsal nor ventral branches (ch. 5,6 - 2); apical, leaf-like expansion narrower than long, apically tapering and pointed. Cibarial, medial sensilla 4 – 7 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 7 per side. Fore femur entirely yellow; fore and mid tibiae entirely yellow (ch. 17,18 - 0); all tarsi with gray tarsomeres IV and V. Abdominal sternite III wider than long (ch. 22 - 1), widest among sternites (ch. 23 - 1), with dense setulae on medial surface (ch. 26 - 1); IV and V wider than long (ch. 24,25 - 1). Surstylus expanded at caudoventral corner (ch. 35 - 1). Pregonite not concave on dorsosubapical margin of apical knob (ch. 48 - 0), gently curved ventrad distally. Posterior postgonites on lateral lobes of aedeagal sheath medially separated from each other (ch. 66 - 0), both apically roundish; right one less sclerotized (“ Figs 12, 13 ” in Chen et al. 2005 b). Specimens examined. China: 4 ♂ paratypes, Jianfengling, Ledong County, Hainan, 21. ix. 1993, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU); 5 ♂ paratypes, 2 ♂, ditto, except 22. ix. 1993 (SEHU); 21 ♂, ditto, except 25. ix. 1993 (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB295755FF6EDC9DFDF7FBDF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Hainan).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB295755FF6ED9CEFB26F967.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Setulae just before prescutellar acrostichal setae as short as other acrostichal setulae (ch. 15 - 0); anterior, sclerotized postgonite on right lateral lobe of aedeagal sheath bifurcated into subequal, long projections (“ Fig. 2 C ” in Chen et al. 2005 a). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. foliisetoides). Supracervical setae approximately 9. Cibarial, medial sensilla 7 – 8 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 6 per side. Specimens examined. Malaysia: 1 ♂, Ulu Gombak, Selangor, 8. xii. 2013, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU). Indonesia: 1 ♂, Bogor, West Java, 13 – 18. xi. 2009, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB295755FF6ED9CEFB26F967.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Guangxi, Yunnan), Peninsular Malaysia *, Java *.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB295755FF6ED9CEFB26F967.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is closely related to the foregoing species, P. foliisetoides, in the molecular phylogeny reconstructed by Cao et al. (2011), but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB29574AFF6EDA1AFDC0FE79.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Apical, leaf-like expansion of arista roundish apically; surstylus without expansion at caudoventral corner (ch. 35 - 0); anterior postgonites with 5 and 3 acutely pointed, narrowly triangular, flap-like projections on left and right lateral lobes of aedeagal sheath, respectively (“ Fig. 20 ” in Gong et al. 2018). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. foliisetoides). Supracervical setae 12 – 14. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 7 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 5 per side. Setulae just before prescutellar acrostichal setae as short as other acrostichal setulae (ch. 15 - 0). Specimen examined. Thailand: 1 ♂, Chaiprakan, Chiang Mai, 18. x. 2009, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU); 1 ♂, Ton- luong Temple, Chiang Dao, Chiang Mai, 6. xi. 2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB29574AFF6EDA1AFDC0FE79.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan), Thailand *.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB29574AFF6EDA1AFDC0FE79.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles P. sagittaristula in having the setulae just before prescutellar acrostichal setae as short as other acrostichal setulae and both posterior postgonites apically roundish, but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB36574AFF6ED872FB48F801.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Aedeagal sheath with the following sclerotized postgonites: anterior one longest and strongly curved ventrad, and posterior one minute and apically pointed on left lateral lobe; anterior one broadest, somewhat triangular and gently curved ventrad, and posterior one long and apically pointed on right lateral lobe (“ Figs 13, 14 ” in Chen & Máca 2012). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. foliisetoides). Supracervical setae approximately 14. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 1 / 2 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Cibarial, medial sensilla 7 – 8 per side; posterior sensilla 6 – 7 per side. Setulae just before prescutellar acrostichal setae as short as other acrostichal setulae (ch. 15 - 0). Specimen examined. Indonesia: 3 ♂ paratypes, Padang, West Sumatra, 11. xii. 1989, S. Nakano leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB36574AFF6ED872FB48F801.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Sumatra.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB36574AFF6ED872FB48F801.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles P. saltiaristula in having both posterior postgonites apically pointed and neither anterior one bifurcated, but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB36574AFF6EDF2DFC52FA82.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Arista with 1 or 2 minute, dorsal branches basally (ch. 5 - 1) and apical, leaf-like expansion roundish and irregularly serrated on apical margin; setulae just before prescutellar acrostichal setae somewhat longer than other acrostichal setulae (ch. 15 - 1); pregonite slightly concave on dorsosubapical margin of apical knob (ch. 48 - 1), strongly curved ventrad distally (“ Fig. 3 D ” in Chen et al. 2005 a); anterior, sclerotized postgonite on right lateral lobe of aedeagal sheath not bifurcated (“ Fig. 3 C ” in Chen et al. 2005 a); posterior postgonites both strongly sclerotized and apically pointed (“ Fig. 3 C ” in Chen et al. 2005 a). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. foliisetoides). Supracervical setae 8 – 9. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 1 / 2 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Cibarial, medial sensilla 7 – 8 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 5 per side. Anterior postgonite on left lateral lobe of aedeagal sheath broadest, located subapically. Specimens examined. China: 1 ♂ paratype, Menglun, Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, 940 m a. s. l., 25. xii. 2003, S. - Y. Wen and H. - W. Chen leg. (SEHU). Thailand: 1 ♂, path to Bung La U O, Ban Thi Pho Ji, Umphang Distr., Tak Prov., ~ 800 m a. s. l., 22. i. 2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU); 2 ♂, Ban Jom Khiri, Amphoe Chiang Dao, Chiang Mai, 19. xi. 2009, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB36574AFF6EDF2DFC52FA82.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan), Thailand *.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB36574AFF6EDF2DFC52FA82.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is closely related to P. foliisetoides and P. sagittaristula (Cao et al. 2011; An et al. 2015), but can be distinguished from them by the diagnostic characters.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB37574BFF6EDFFAFAB1F92B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 3 / 4 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme; longest, dorsal branch of arista as long as longest seta on pedicel; each lateral lobe of aedeagal sheath with apically more or less pointed, sclerotized, anterior and posterior postgonites (“ Fig. 4 ” in Tsacas & Okada 1983). Supplementary description. Supracervical setae approximately 12. Some interfrontal setulae as long as lowest setulae on ocellar triangle (ch. 3 - 0). Arista with arb = 1 – 2 / 0; apical, leaf-like expansion narrower than long, apically tapering and pointed (ch. 7 - 1). Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 7 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 6 per side. Fore and mid tibiae entirely yellow (ch. 17,18 - 0). All tarsi entirely yellow. Abdominal sternite III longer than wide (ch. 22 - 0), not wider than IV (ch. 23 - 0), without dense setulae on medial surface (ch. 26 - 0). Pregonite gently curved ventrad distally. Posterior postgonites on lateral lobes of aedeagal sheath medially separated from each other (ch. 66 - 0). The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the right, posterior postgonite is slightly curved but the left one nearly straight, and the right, anterior postgonite is thicker than the left one (“ Fig. 4 ” in Tsacas & Okada 1983); but in B-type, vice versa. Specimens examined. Taiwan: 2 ♂ (A-type), Shanlinxi, 16. x. 1992, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU); 3 ♂ (B-type), Shan- linxi, 15 – 16. x. 1992, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU); 1 ♂ (A-type), Wulai, 8. x. 1992, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU). China: 1 ♂ (Btype), Dinghushan, Guangdong, 4 – 10. iii. 1987, T. - X. Peng leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB37574BFF6EDFFAFAB1F92B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Taiwan, China (Guangdong), Thailand.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB37574BFF6EDFFAFAB1F92B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species and the subsequent three species form a cluster (BP = 88 %) with three synapomorphies (Fig. 1): abdominal sternite III longer than wide (ch. 22 - 0), not wider than IV (ch. 23 - 0), without dense setulae on medial surface (ch. 26 - 0). However, this species can be distinguished from them by the diagnostic characters.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB375749FF6EDBDAFD7CFF7D.taxon	description	(Fig. 4)	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB375749FF6EDBDAFD7CFF7D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Some interfrontal setulae longer than lowest setulae on ocellar triangle (ch. 3 - 2); arista without apical expansion (ch. 7 - 0; Fig. 4 A); pregonite strongly curved ventrad distally (Fig. 4 C); posterior postgonites on lateral lobes of aedeagal sheath medially fused to each other (ch. 66 - 1; Fig. 4 D); left and right lateral lobes of aedeagal sheath with 1 and 2 anterior, somewhat triangular, plate-like postgonites, respectively (Fig. 4 D).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB375749FF6EDBDAFD7CFF7D.taxon	description	Description (not repeating characters common to P. foliiseta). Supracervical setae 14 – 15. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 2 / 3 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Longest, dorsal branch of arista shorter than longest seta on pedicel (Fig. 4 A). Fore and hind tarsomere Is slightly longer than 3 succeeding tarsomeres together; mid one as long as rest tarsomeres together. Measurements (holotype, in mm): BL = 3.69, ThL = 1.51, WL = 2.46, WW = 1.10. Indices (holotype, in ratio): FW / HW = 0.46, ch / o = 0.07, prorb = 1.26, rcorb = 0.53, vb = 0.29, dcl = 0.55, presctl = 0.46, sctl = (n / a), sterno = 1.00, orbito = 2.37, dcp = 0.33, sctlp = 1.32, C = 2.01, 4 c = 1.69, 4 v = 2.99, 5 x = 0.97, ac = 3.45, M = 0.64, C 3 F = 0.58.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB375749FF6EDBDAFD7CFF7D.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ♂ (SEHU), “ Chang Khian Stream gully, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, Thailand, 800 m a. s. l., 5. vii. 2009, H. Bänziger ”.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB375749FF6EDBDAFD7CFF7D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB375749FF6EDBDAFD7CFF7D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles P. foliiseta within the cluster of the four species, in having the dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme ≥ 2 / 3 basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme (ch. 1 - 0), but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB375749FF6EDBDAFD7CFF7D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Composite patronym with which H. B. wants to honor Prof. Dr. Andrea Gigon for his friendship and creation of the Blue Lists (Gigon et al. 2000).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB355749FF6ED95DFCFDF831.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Arista apically with distinct, leaf-like expansion narrower than long and apically tapering and pointed but neither dorsal nor ventral branches (“ Fig. 8 ” in Cheng et al. 2008); one lateral lobe of aedeagal sheath with 2 anterior postgonites widely separated; the other lateral lobe with 1 posterior and 1 anterior postgonites (“ Fig. 11 ” in Cheng et al. 2008). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. pavriarista). Supracervical setae 9 – 11. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 9 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 5 per side. The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the left lateral lobe bears 2 anterior postgonites, and the right lobe 1 posterior and 1 anterior postgonites (“ Fig. 11 ” in Cheng et al. 2008); but in B-type, vice versa. Specimens examined. China: 1 ♂ (B-type), Zhengxing, Jingdong, Yunnan, 24. vii. 2009 (SEHU). Thailand: 1 ♂ (B-type), above Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,250 m a. s. l., 24. vii. 2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU); 1 ♂ (Atype), above Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,250 m a. s. l., 9. i. 2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU); 1 ♂ (B-type), path to Pha Lad, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 5. x. 2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU); 1 ♂ (B-type), path to Bung La U O, Ban Thi Pho Ji, Umphang Distr., Tak, ~ 800 m, 22. i. 2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU). Malaysia: 1 ♂ (B-type), Ulu Gombak, Selangor, 9. xii. 2013, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU). India: 1 ♂ (B-type), Uttarakhand, Chamoli Distr., Simli (Narainbagar), 5. ix. 2010, P. C. Sati leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB355749FF6ED95DFCFDF831.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan), Thailand *, Peninsular Malaysia *, India (Uttarakhand) *.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB355749FF6ED95DFCFDF831.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles P. pavriarista in the morphology of the aedeagal sheath and postgonites, but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB355749FF6EDC21FD62FBA9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Arista only very slightly expanded apically (“ Fig. 14 ” in Cheng et al. 2008); all postgonites strongly sclerotized, apically more or less pointed; posterior postgonite on only one lateral lobe of aedeagal sheath; lateral lobes submedially separated from each other; one lateral lobe of aedeagal sheath with 2 relatively close anterior postgonites (“ Fig. 17 ” in Cheng et al. 2008). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. foliiseta). Supracervical setae 12 – 14. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 1 / 2 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Longest, dorsal branch of arista shorter than longest seta on pedicel. Cibarial, medial sensilla 9 – 10 per side; posterior sensilla 4 – 6 per side. All tarsi with gray tarsomere V. The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the left lateral lobe bears 2 anterior postgonites, and the right lobe 1 posterior and 1 anterior postgonites (“ Fig. 17 ” in Cheng et al. 2008); but in B-type, vice versa. Specimen examined. Thailand: 1 ♂ (B-type), above Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,250 m a. s. l., 6. i. 2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB355749FF6EDC21FD62FBA9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan), Thailand *.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB355749FF6EDC21FD62FBA9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles P. andreagigoni in having the less expanded apex of arista, but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB32574EFF6ED958FCAAF969.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Arista apically with somewhat triangular, leaf-like expansion but neither dorsal nor ventral branches (“ Fig. 5 ” in Chen et al. 2005 b); all postgonites nearly straight in ventral view; posterior postgonite apically pointed, as long as anterior ones; 2 anterior postgonites on one lateral lobe nearly parallel (“ Fig. 8 ” in Chen et al. 2005 b). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. speculum). Supracervical setae 14 – 16. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 8 per side; posterior sensilla 6 – 7 per side. The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the left lateral lobe bears 2 anterior postgonites, and the right lobe 1 posterior and 1 anterior postgonites; but in B-type, vice versa (“ Fig. 8 ” in Chen et al. 2005 b). Specimen examined. Thailand: 1 ♂ (B-type), Chang Khian Stream gully, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, ~ 1,100 m a. s. l., 13. ii. 2009, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB32574EFF6ED958FCAAF969.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Guangdong, Yunnan), Thailand *.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB32574EFF6ED958FCAAF969.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles P. speculum within the foliiseta complex, in having the abdominal sternite III wider than long (ch. 22 - 1), widest among sternites (ch. 23 - 1), and with dense setulae on medial surface (ch. 26 - 1), but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB32574EFF6EDD91FCFDFC54.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Arista apically with distinct, leaf-like expansion narrower than long and apically tapering and pointed and 2 – 3 long and 1 – 3 minute branches dorsally and ventrally, respectively; longest, dorsal branch longer than longest seta on pedicel [“ Fig. 19 (mislabeled as 18 on the plate) ” in Cheng et al. 2008]; posterior postgonite apically blunt. Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. pavriarista). Supracervical setae 8 – 11. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme slightly longer than 1 / 2 basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 8 per side; posterior sensilla 6 – 7 per side. All tarsi with gray tarsomeres IV and V. Abdominal sternite III wider than long (ch. 22 - 1), widest among sternites (ch. 23 - 1), with dense setulae on medial surface (ch. 26 - 1). The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the left lateral lobe bears 2 anterior postgonites, and the right lobe 1 posterior and 1 anterior postgonites (the holotype; “ Fig. 3 ” in Máca & Lin 1993 b); but in B-type, vice versa (“ Fig. 4 ” in Máca & Lin 1993 b). Specimens examined. Japan: 1 ♂ (A-type), Iriomote, Ryukyu Is., x. 1994, M. T. Kimura leg. (SEHU). China: 1 ♂ (A-type), Mt. Emei, Sichuan, 550 m a. s. l., 18. vii. 1992, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB32574EFF6EDD91FCFDFC54.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Ryukyu Is., Taiwan, China (Shaanxi, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB32574EFF6EDD91FCFDFC54.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles P. pavriarista in the morphology of the aedeagal sheath and postgonites, but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB32574CFF6EDA1DFCE0FE79.taxon	description	(Fig. 5)	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB32574CFF6EDA1DFCE0FE79.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Apical expansion of arista 1 / 4 as wide as long, apically tapering and pointed (Fig. 5 A); fore and mid tibiae with dark gray rings proximally and distally (ch. 17,18 - 1); posterior postgonite slightly curved outward, 1 / 2 as long as anterior one on the same lateral lobe; 2 anterior postgonites on the other lateral lobe widely divergent (Fig. 5 E).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB32574CFF6EDA1DFCE0FE79.taxon	description	Description (not repeating characters common to P. brachychaeta). Supracervical setae 7 – 10. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 7 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 7 per side. All tarsi with gray tarsomeres IV and V; all tarsomere Is slightly longer than 3 succeeding tarsomeres together. Measurements (holotype / 1 ♂ paratype, in mm): BL = (n / a) / 2.06, ThL = 1.27 / 1.42, WL = 2.50 / 2.52, WW = 1.13 / 1.14. Indices (holotype / 1 ♂ paratype, in ratio): FW / HW = 0.41 / 0.48, ch / o = 0.11 / 0.09, prorb = 1.17 / 1.43, rcorb = 0.83 / 0.53, vb = (n / a) / 0.36, dcl = 0.57 / 0.42, presctl = (n / a) / 0.51, sctl = 1.20 / 1.00, sterno = 0.88 / 0.92, orbito = 2.00 / 2.37, dcp = 0.18 / 0.27, sctlp = 1.50 / 1.08, C = 2.60 / 2.31, 4 c = (n / a) / 1.68, 4 v = 2.35 / 3.11, 5 x = 0.75 / 1.09, ac = 3.10 / 2.58, M = (n / a) / 0.76, C 3 F = 0.60 / 0.51. The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the left lateral lobe bears 2 anterior postgonites, and the right lobe 1 posterior and 1 anterior postgonites; but in B-type, vice versa (Fig. 5 E).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB32574CFF6EDA1DFCE0FE79.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ♂ (A-type) (DZHNBGU), “ Simli (Narainbagar), Chamoli Distr., Uttarakhand, India, 5. ix. 2010, P. C. Sati ”. Paratype. India: 1 ♂ (B-type), same data as the holotype (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB32574CFF6EDA1DFCE0FE79.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India (Uttarakhand).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB32574CFF6EDA1DFCE0FE79.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is unique in having the fore and mid tibiae with gray color rings (ch. 17,18 - 1) within the foliiseta subgroup, and somewhat resembles P. brachychaeta in the morphology of the aedeagal sheath and postgonites, but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB32574CFF6EDA1DFCE0FE79.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Patronym, in honor of Emeritus Prof. Hideaki Watabe, Hokkaido University of Education, who has long contributed to the taxonomy of Asian drosophilids.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB30574CFF6ED981FD87F88C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Arista with arb = 8 / 7 – 8 (ch. 5,6 - 0); longest, dorsal branch longer than longest seta on pedicel; apical, leaf-like expansion narrower than long, apically tapering and with long, awn-like projection. Supplementary description. Supracervical setae approximately 16. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme slightly longer than 1 / 2 basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Cibarial, medial sensilla 6 – 7 per side; posterior sensilla 6 – 7 per side. All tarsi with gray tarsomeres IV and V. Setulae on medial surface of abdominal sternites IV and V not so dense (ch. 27,28 - 0). Setae on and / or near ventral margin of epandrium longer than others (ch. 33 - 1). Surstylus with peg-like teeth (ch. 37 - 0). Aedeagal, median rod less sclerotized (ch. 58 - 2), looking like looped submedially [the corresponding portion labeled ‘ aed a’ (aedeagal apodeme) in “ Fig. 10 ” of Chen & Máca 2012]. Specimens examined. Malaysia: holotype ♂, Mahua, Crocker Range, Sabah, 16. x. 1999, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU); 6 ♂, same data as the holotype, except 5. viii. 2003 (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB30574CFF6ED981FD87F88C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Borneo (Sabah).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB30574CFF6ED981FD87F88C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species first branched off in the tanabei subgroup (Fig. 1). The remaining three species form a cluster (BP = 82 %) with two synapomorphies (Fig. 1): dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme ≥ 2 / 3 basal, parallel por- tion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme (ch. 1 - 0; Fig. 7 A); and setae on and / or near ventral margin of epandrium not longer than others (ch. 33 - 0; Figs 6 D, 7 E).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB30574CFF6EDF2DFEC3FB9D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Prementum with a pair of patches of pubescence (ch. 12 - 1; Fig. 6 B); aedeagal, outer membrane ornamented with somewhat long, conical spines (ch. 55 - 0, ch. 56 - 2; Figs 6 E, G, 7 G, H). Shared characters. Some interfrontal setulae as long as lowest setulae on ocellar triangle (ch. 3 - 0; Fig. 7 B). Arista apically with leaf-like expansion (ch. 7 - 1; Figs 6 A, 7 C). Setulae just before prescutellar acrostichal setae somewhat longer than other acrostichal setulae (ch. 15 - 1). Fore and mid tibiae entirely yellow (ch. 17,18 - 0). Abdominal sternites III – V wider than long (ch. 22,24,25 - 1; Figs 6 C, 7 D); III widest among sternites (ch. 23 - 1; Figs 6 C, 7 D), with dense setulae on medial surface (ch. 26 - 1; Figs 6 C, 7 D). Pregonite not concave on dorsosubapical margin of apical knob (ch. 48 - 0; Figs 6 E, 7 G), without basal extension (ch. 49 - 0; Figs 6 E, 7 G). Posterior, rod-like process of phallapodeme not longer than aedeagal median rod (ch. 62 - 0; Fig. 6 E). Aedeagal sheath without lateral lobes bearing strongly sclerotized postgonites (ch. 65 - 0; Figs 6 F, 7 F). Included species. Phortica (Ashima) huiluoi Cheng & Chen *; P. (A.) mediarista; P. (A.) tanabei; P. (A.) akutsui sp. nov.; and P. (A.) halimunensis sp. nov. * The assignment was judged from the original description by Cheng et al. (2008).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB30574DFF6EDA7FFADEFD65.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Aedeagal, median rod distally diffentiated into asymmetric piece strongly sclerotized and apically hooked like anchor (ch. 58 - 3; “ Fig. 32 ” in Chen et al. 2005 b). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. mediarista). Supracervical setae approximately 13. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 2 / 3 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Arista with arb = 1 – 3 / 0 – 3. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 6 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 6 per side. All tarsi with gray tarsomere V. Setae on and / or near ventral margin of epandrium not longer than others (ch. 33 - 0). Specimens examined. China: 20 ♂, Jianfeng, Ledong, Hainan, 23 – 24. ix. 1993, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU); Malay- sia: 2 ♂ paratypes, Mahua, Crocker Range, Sabah, 16. x. 1999, M. J. Toda leg. (KPSP); 3 ♂, ditto, except 5. viii. 2003 (SEHU); 2 ♂ paratype, Park Headquarters, Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, 27. xii. 1998, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU); 20 ♂ paratypes, ditto, except 11 – 23. iii. 1999 (KPSP, BORN); 11 ♂ paratypes, ditto, except 1 – 10. x. 1999, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU); 2 ♂ paratypes 1 ♂, ditto, except 7. iii. 2000 (SEHU). Myanmar: 2 ♂ paratypes, Pyinoolwin, 30. xii. 1981 – 6. i. 1982, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU). Thailand: 1 ♂, above Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,250 m a. s. l., 9. i. 2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU); 1 ♂, Doi Suthep – Pui Pha Lad, Chiang Mai, 620 m a. s. l., 9. iv. 2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU); 1 ♂, Chang Khian Hmong Village, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,340 m a. s. l., 2. ii. 2009, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB30574DFF6EDA7FFADEFD65.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan), Myanmar, Borneo (Sabah), Thailand *.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB31574DFF6EDE29FD75F931.taxon	description	(Fig. 6)	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB31574DFF6EDE29FD75F931.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Apical piece of aedeagal, median rod small and flat plate (Fig. 6 E, F).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB31574DFF6EDE29FD75F931.taxon	description	Description (not repeating characters common to P. tanabei). Supracervical setae 8 – 11. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme slightly shorter than basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Arista with arb = 1 – 2 / 1; apical, leaf-like expansion apically somewhat roundish and with short, awn-like projection (Fig. 6 A). Cibarial, medial sensilla 5 – 6 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 5 per side. Fore and hind tarsomere Is as long as 3 succeeding tarsomeres together; mid one slightly longer than rest tarsomeres together. Measurements (holotype / range of 4 ♂ paratypes, in mm): BL = 2.90 / 2.46 – 2.74, ThL = 1.39 / 1.15 – 1.37, WL = 2.11 / 1.83 – 2.11, WW = 0.95 / 0.86 – 0.98. Indices (holotype / range of 4 ♂ paratypes, in ratio): FW / HW = 0.46 / 0.45 – 0.47, ch / o = 0.07 / 0.07 – 0.08, prorb = 1.13 / 1.11 – 1.29, rcorb = 0.66 / 0.47 – 0.69, vb = 0.31 / 0.33 – 0.46, dcl = 0.44 / 0.37 – 0.47, presctl = 0.41 / 0.45 – 0.51, sctl = 1.00 / 1.00 – 1.07, sterno = 0.88 / 0.85 – 0.99, orbito = 1.84 / 2.00 – 2.39, dcp = 0.22 / 0.21 – 0.26, sctlp = 1.08 / 0.93 – 1.12, C = 2.31 / 2.06 – 2.20, 4 c = 1.44 / 1.43 – 1.70, 4 v = 2.87 / 2.62 – 3.21, 5 x = 1.30 / 1.04 – 1.28, ac = 3.72 / 3.34 – 4.03, M = 0.70 / 0.59 – 0.80, C 3 F = 0.54 / 0.61 – 0.72.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB31574DFF6EDE29FD75F931.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ♂ (MZB), “ Cikaniki, Mt. Halimun, West Java, Indonesia, 6 ° 44 ’ 42.5 ” S 106 ° 32 ’ 14.5 ” E, 1,051 m a. s. l., 4. xi. 2009, ex around eyes, M. J. Toda ”. Paratypes. Indonesia: 1 ♂, same data as the holotype, except 5. xi. 2009 (MZB); 1 ♂, ditto, except ex tree trunk (SEHU); 2 ♂, same data as the holotype, except 9. xi. 2009 (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB31574DFF6EDE29FD75F931.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Java (West Java).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB31574DFF6EDE29FD75F931.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is coupled with P. tanabei (BP = 72 %; Fig. 1), sharing the aedeagal, median rod distally diffentiated into one asymmetric sclerite piece (ch. 58 - 3; Fig. 6 E, F), but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic character.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB31574DFF6EDE29FD75F931.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Referring to the type locality.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB315740FF6EDBE5FB6AFECD.taxon	description	(Fig. 7)	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB315740FF6EDBE5FB6AFECD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Arista with arb = 2 – 3 / 0 (ch. 6 - 2; Fig. 7 C); apical, leaf-like expansion somewhat triangular, distally dilated, apically nearly flat (Fig. 7 C); abdominal sternites IV and V dense setulae on medial surface (ch. 27,28 - 1; Fig. 7 D); surstylus without peg-like teeth (ch. 37 - 1; Fig. 7 E).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB315740FF6EDBE5FB6AFECD.taxon	description	Description (not repeating characters common to P. halimunensis). Supracervical setae 14 – 15. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 3 / 4 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 6 per side; posterior sensilla 5 – 7 per side. Fore and hind tarsomere Is as long as rest and 3 succeeding tarsomeres together, respectively. Aedeagal, median rod less sclerotized (ch. 58 - 2; Fig. 7 G). Measurements (holotype, in mm): BL = 2.84, ThL = 1.35, WL = 2.02, WW = 0.95. Indices (holotype, in ratio): FW / HW = 0.42, ch / o = 0.07, prorb = 1.25, rcorb = 0.62, vb = 0.48, dcl = 0.49, presctl = 0.42, sctl = 1.02, sterno = 1.06, orbito = 2.48, dcp = 0.24, sctlp = 0.92, C = 2.30, 4 c = 1.42, 4 v = 2.78, 5 x = 1.09, ac = 3.20, M = 0.68, C 3 F = 0.62.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB315740FF6EDBE5FB6AFECD.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ♂ (BORN), “ Deramakot Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysia, 5 ° 19 ’ – 20 ’ N, 117 ° 20 ’ – 42 ’ E, 150 m a. s. l., 31. vii – 9. viii. 2003, ex banana-trap at 31.5 m from the ground, K. Akutsu ”. Distribution. Borneo (Sabah). Remarks. This species resembles P. mediarista in having the less sclerotized aedeagal, median rod submedially with loop-like structure, but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters. Etymology. Patronym, dedicated to Dr. Kosuke Akutsu, who collected the specimen.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3C5740FF6EDCB1FE74FB09.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Pseudotracheae in labellum 7 per side (ch. 14 - 1; Fig. 9 C); aedeagal, outer membrane apically with long, narrow tube (ch. 57 - 1; Figs 6 H, 8 I); aedeagal, median rod moderately sclerotized (ch. 58 - 1; Fig. 8 K). Shared characters. Some interfrontal setulae as long as lowest setulae on ocellar triangle (ch. 3 - 0). Arista with 1 – 3 dorsal branches (ch. 5 - 1; Figs 8 A, 9 B) and apical, leaf-like expansion (ch. 7 - 1; Figs 8 A, 9 B). Some anterior, cibarial, medial sensilla short, apically blunt, peg-like (ch. 11 - 1; Fig. 8 C). Prementum without pubescent patches (ch. 12 - 0; Fig. 9 D). Setulae just before prescutellar acrostichal setae somewhat longer than other acrostichal setulae (ch. 15 - 1; Fig. 8 B). Mid and hind femora and all tibiae entirely yellow (ch. 16 – 19 - 0). Apical, downward curved setula on fore tarsomere V stout, as long as tarsomere V (ch. 20 - 1; Fig. 8 D). Caudal bands on tergites III and IV medially interrupted / constricted (ch. 21 - 2). Abdominal sternite V wider than long (ch. 25 - 1; Figs 8 E, 9 E). Epandrium widely round on ventral margin (ch. 31 - 1; Figs 8 G, 9 F); setae on and / or near ventral margin of epandrium longer than those on other portions (ch. 33 - 1; Figs 8 G, 9 F). Surstylus without expansion at caudoventral corner (ch. 35 - 0; Fig. 9 F). Hypandrial phragma as narrow as lateral gonocoxites (ch. 41 - 1; Figs 8 I – K, 9 G – I). Pregonite (Figs 8 I, 9 G) rod-like, with apical knob (ch. 44 - 1); apical knob without fine serrations (ch. 45 - 0). Aedeagal free sclerite absent (ch. 59 - 0; Figs 8 I – K, 9 G – I). Posterior, rod-like process of phallapodeme not longer than aedeagal median rod (ch. 62 - 0). Aedeagal sheath and / or postgonites asymmetric (ch. 63 - 1; Figs 8 J, 9 I), with lateral lobes bearing strongly sclerotized postgonites (ch. 65 - 1; Figs 8 I – K, 9 G – I). Included taxa. Phortica (Ashima) foliacea; P. (A.) longipenis Chen & Wen; P. (A.) montipagana An & Chen; P. (A.) semiannulata Gong, Zhu & Chen; P. (A.) spinosa Chen & Gao; P. (A.) glabra species subgroup; and P. (A.) nigrifoliiseta subgroup.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3C5740FF6ED9FDFD4BF873.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Sclerotized arch on anterior margin of aedeagal sheath with posterior postgonite laterally on each side; anterior postgonites articulated to tips of arch and oriented inward; left, anterior postgonite longer, apically with small claw, and right one shorter, subapically with large hook (“ Figs 14, 15 ” in Gong et al. 2018). Supplementary description. Supracervical setae 18 – 19. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme slightly longer than 1 / 2 basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Arista with arb = 3 / 0; longest, dorsal branch longer than longest seta on pedicel; apical, leaf-like expansion narrower than long, apically tapering and with short, awnlike projection. Palpus with hollow-shaped sense organ (ch. 9 - 2). Cibarial, medial sensilla 9 – 10 per side; posterior sensilla 5 – 7 per side. All tarsi entirely yellow. Abdominal sternites III and IV wider than long (ch. 22,24 - 1), with dense setulae on medial surface (ch. 26,27 - 1); III not wider than IV (ch. 23 - 0); V without dense setulae on medial surface (ch. 28 - 0). Setae on and / or near ventral margin of epandrium not denser than those on other portions (ch. 32 - 0). Surstylus with peg-like teeth (ch. 37 - 0). Hypandrium symmetric (ch. 40 - 0). Pregonite partly strongly sclerotized (ch. 43 - 0), not serrated on ventrodistal portion (ch. 50 - 0), with sensilla on submedial and basal portions (ch. 52,53 - 1); apical knob with round barbule (ch. 46,47 - 0); basal extension nearly rectangular to main body, apically narrowing (ch. 49 - 1). Aedeagal, outer membrane ornamented with short, conical spines (ch. 55 - 0, ch. 56 - 1). Specimen examined. Thailand: 1 ♂, above Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,250 m a. s. l., 24. vii. 2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3C5740FF6ED9FDFD4BF873.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan), Thailand *.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3D5741FF6EDD91FE06FCE5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Arch on anterior margin of aedeagal sheath narrow, less sclerotized; postgonites small; posterior one only on either side; anterior ones articulated to tips of arch, slightly curved inward, subequal in size (“ Figs 13, 14 ” in Tsacas & Okada 1983). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. semiannulata). Supracervical setae 15 – 16. Longest, dorsal branch of arista as long as longest seta on pedicel; apical, leaf-like expansion triangular, slightly narrower than long. Cibarial, posterior sensilla 7 – 8 per side. All tarsi with gray tarsomeres IV and V. The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the posterior postgonite only on the right side; but in B-type, only on the left side. Specimens examined. Taiwan: 1 ♂ (A-type) 2 ♂ (B-type), Shanlinxi, 16. x. 1992, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU); 2 ♂ (A-type) 1 ♂ (B-type), Chitou, 21 – 22. iv. 1997, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3D5741FF6EDD91FE06FCE5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Taiwan.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3D5741FF6EDD91FE06FCE5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles P. semiannulata in having the anterior, more or less inward oriented postgonites articulated to tips of sclerotized arch on the anterior margin of aedeagal sheath, but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3D5741FF6EDE9CFD4BF9CC.taxon	description	(Fig. 6 H)	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3D5741FF6EDE9CFD4BF9CC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Apical, leaf-like expansion of arista much narrower than long, apically with 1 long, medial and 2 minute, lateral, awn-like projections (“ Fig. 4 A ” in Chen et al. 2005 a); strongly sclerotized arch on anterior margin of aedeagal sheath recurved at anterior ends as postgonites, posteriorly with one large and one small postgonites (projections); one anterior postgonite curved inward, longer, strongly sclerotized, apically with small claw, but the other curved dorsad, shorter, less sclerotized, without claw (Fig. 6 H). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. semiannulata). Supracervical setae approximately 16. Arista with arb = 1 – 3 / 0. Cibarial, posterior sensilla 6 – 7 per side. Pregonite without sensilla on submedial portion (ch. 52 - 0). The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the large, posterior postgonite and strongly sclerotized, inward curved, anterior postgonite is present on the right side (Fig. 6 H), while the small, posterior one and less sclerotized, dorsad curved, anterior one on the left side; but in B-type, vice versa. Specimens examined. China: 4 ♂ (A-type) 6 ♂ (B-type) paratypes, Mt. Jizu, Binchuan, Yunnan, 1,840 m a. s. l., 17. viii. 2000, H. - W. Chen leg. (SEHU). Thailand: 1 ♂ (A-type), above Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,250 m a. s. l., 25. vii. 2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3D5741FF6EDE9CFD4BF9CC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan), Thailand *.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3D5746FF6EDBA2FC7CFDC9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Supracervical setae 25 – 26; dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 4 / 5 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme (ch. 1 - 0); apical, leaf-like expansion of arista somewhat irregularly serrated on apical margin (“ Fig. 7 ” in An et al. 2015); strongly sclerotized arch on anterior margin of aedeagal sheath with one large and one small, posterior postgonites (projections) and inward curved, anterior postgonite longer apically bearing small claw on one side, but with only dorsad curved, anterior postgonite on the other side (“ Fig. 10 ” in An et al. 2015). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. longipenis). Arista with arb = 1 – 2 / 0. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 10 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 6 per side. Pregonite with sensilla on submedial portion (ch. 52 - 1). The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the two posterior postgonites and inward curved, anterior postgonite on the right side (Fig. 6 H), while only the dorsad curved, anterior one on the left side; but in B-type, vice versa. Specimens examined. Thailand: 2 ♂ (B-type), Doi Ang Khang, Chiang Mai, ~ 1,450 m a. s. l., H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU); 2 ♂ (A-type) 3 ♂ (B-type), above Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,250 m a. s. l., 24. vii. 2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU); 1 ♂ (B-type), ditto, except 25. vii. 2008 (SEHU); 1 ♂ (B-type), below Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 31. viii. 2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3D5746FF6EDBA2FC7CFDC9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan), Thailand *.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3D5746FF6EDBA2FC7CFDC9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species closely resembles P. longipenis in the morphology of postgonites on the aedeagal sheath, but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3A5746FF6EDB06FB9EF872.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Setae on and / or near ventral margin of epandrium denser than those on other portions (ch. 32 - 1; Fig. 8 G); aedeagal, outer membrane ornamented with somewhat irregular, minute spinules (ch. 56 - 3; Fig. 8 H). Shared characters. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme <3 / 5 basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme (ch. 1 - 1). Longest, dorsal branch of arista shorter than longest seta on pedicel; apical, leaf-like expansion heart-shaped, as broad as long, apically notched (Fig. 8 A). Palpus with hollow-shaped sense organ (ch. 9 - 2). Abdominal sternite III wider than long (ch. 22 - 1; Fig. 8 E), without dense setulae on medial surface (ch. 26 - 0; Fig. 8 E). Hypandrium symmetric (ch. 40 - 0; Fig. 8 J). Pregonite (Fig. 8 I) partly strongly sclerotized (ch. 43 - 0), with basal extension nearly rectangular to main body, apically narrowing (ch. 49 - 1) and sensilla on submedial and basal portions (ch. 52,53 - 1); apical knob with pointed barbule (ch. 46,47 - 0). Sclerotized, posterior postgonites on aedeagal sheath medially separated from each other (ch. 66 - 0). Included species. Phortica (Ashima) nigrifoliiseta; and P. (A.) kerinciensis sp. nov.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3A5746FF6EDFA2FBBEFA6D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Abdominal sternite III longer than wide (ch. 22 - 0), without dense setulae on medial surface (ch. 26 - 0); IV not wider than long (ch. 24 - 0), without dense setulae on medial surface (ch. 27 - 0); strongly sclerotized arch on anterior margin of aedeagal sheath nearly symmetric in posterior portion bearing posterior postgonites subequal in size, but asymmetric in anterior portion bearing anterior postgonites (“ Fig. 22 ” in Chen et al. 2005 b). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. semiannulata). Supracervical setae 14 – 15. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 1 / 2 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Arista with arb = 2 – 3 / 0; apical, leaf-like expansion apically with 1 or 2 awn-like projections. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 11 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 5 per side. Pregonite without sensilla on submedial portion (ch. 52 - 0). The antisymmetry is observed in the anterior postgonites: in A-type, the left postgonite is shorter, and the right one longer (“ Fig. 22 ” in Chen et al. 2005 b); but in B-type, vice versa. Specimens examined. China: 4 ♂ (A-type) 1 ♂ (B-type) paratypes, Jianfengling, Ledong County, Hainan, 23. ix. 1993, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU); 2 ♂ (A-type) 2 ♂ (B-type), ditto, except 24. ix. 1993 (SEHU). Myanmar: 1 ♂ (Atype) paratype, Pyinoolwin, 30. xii. 1981 – 6. i. 1982, M. J. Toda leg. (SEHU). Thailand: 1 ♂ (B-type), above Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,250 m a. s. l., 30. v. 2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU); 1 ♂ (B-type), below Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 31. viii. 2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU); 2 ♂ (A-type), Chang Khian, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,200 m a. s. l., 2. ii. 2009, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3A5746FF6EDFA2FBBEFA6D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Guizhou, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan), Myanmar, Thailand *.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3B5747FF6EDE19FD75F921.taxon	description	(Fig. 8)	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3B5747FF6EDE19FD75F921.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Surstylus without peg-like teeth (ch. 37 - 1); aedeagal sheath with 1 posterior and 2 anterior postgonites all strongly sclerotized, recurved, long and thick (Fig. 8 I – K).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3B5747FF6EDE19FD75F921.taxon	description	Description (not repeating characters common to P. nigrifoliiseta). Supracervical setae 25 – 27. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme slightly longer than 1 / 2 basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Arista with arb = 1 – 3 / 0. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 10 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 7 per side. All tarsomere Is slightly longer than rest tarsomeres together. One anterior postgonite deeply bifurcated, but the other with triangular flap submedially (Fig. 8 I – K). Measurements (holotype / range of 6 ♂ paratypes, in mm): BL = 4.13 / 3.94 – 4.32, ThL = 2.07 / 1.92 – 2.14, WL = 3.31 / 3.11 – 3.47, WW = 1.39 / 1.34 – 1.45. Indices (holotype / range of 6 ♂ paratypes, in ratio): FW / HW = 0.44 / 0.44 – 0.47, ch / o = 0.12 / 0.10 – 0.11, prorb = 1.24 / 1.05 – 1.28, rcorb = 0.52 / 0.48 – 0.60, vb = 0.55 / 0.36 – 0.67, dcl = 0.51 / 0.51 – 0.62, presctl = 0.66 / 0.60 – 0.76, sctl = 0.99 / 0.92 – 1.09, sterno = 1.00 / 0.92 – 0.99, orbito = 2.04 / 1.56 – 1.90, dcp = 0.26 / 0.25 – 0.31, sctlp = 1.12 / 1.03 – 1.29, C = 2.78 / 2.25 – 2.71, 4 c = 1.21 / 1.31 – 1.48, 4 v = 2.75 / 2.69 – 3.33, 5 x = 0.91 / 0.90 – 1.13, ac = 3.00 / 3.00 – 3.45, M = 0.54 / 0.59 – 0.69, C 3 F = 0.71 / 0.66 – 0.76. The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the posterior postgonite and the bifurcated, anterior one are present on the right side, but only the other anterior postgonite on the left side; but in B-type, vice versa (Fig. 8 J).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3B5747FF6EDE19FD75F921.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ♂ (B-type; MZB), “ Mt. Kerinci, Jambi, Indonesia, 1 ° 45 ’ 5.9 ” S 101 ° 15 ’ 34.6 ” E, 1800 – 2000 m a. s. l., 6. x. 2004, M. J. Toda ”. Paratypes. Indonesia: 1 ♂ (A-type) 5 ♂ (B-type), same data as the holotype (3 ♂ MZB, 3 ♂ SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3B5747FF6EDE19FD75F921.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Sumatra (Jambi).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3B5747FF6EDE19FD75F921.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Referring to the type locality.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3B5747FF6EDD91FDF4FD6A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Surstylus with approximately 8 apically blunt, peg-like teeth (ch. 37 - 0); both anterior postgonites basally with strongly sclerotized, large flaps asymmetric in shape. Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. spinosa). Supracervical setae 27 – 29. Arista with arb = 2 / 0. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 9 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 6 per side. Abdominal sternite III wider than long (ch. 22 - 1). Pregonite with sensilla on submedial portion (ch. 52 - 1). Posterior postgonite only on right side of aedeagal sheath; left, anterior postgonite apically strongly sclerotized and bifurcated, but right one not. Specimen examined. Malaysia: holotype ♂, Silau Silau Trail, Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, 27. vi. 1972, E. Momma leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3B5747FF6EDD91FDF4FD6A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Borneo (Sabah).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB3B5744FF6EDBD5FA65FEE9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Palpus concave on subapicolateral surface (ch. 9 - 1; Fig. 9 C); abdominal sternite III widest among sternites (ch. 23 - 1; Fig. 9 E); sternite V with dense setulae on medial surface (ch. 28 - 1; Fig. 9 E); hypandrium asymmetric (ch. 40 - 1; Fig. 9 I); pregonite (Fig. 9 G) with neither basal extension (ch. 49 - 0) nor sensilla on basal portion (ch. 53 - 0); aedeagus without spiny ornamentation on outer membrane (ch. 55 - 1; Fig. 9 G); aedeagal sheath with only 1 anterior or 1 posterior, strongly sclerotized postgonite on each side (Fig. 9 H, I). Shared characters. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme <3 / 5 basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme (ch. 1 - 1). Abdominal sternites III and IV wider than long (ch. 22,24 - 1; Fig. 9 E), with dense setulae on medial surface (ch. 26,27 - 1; Fig. 9 E). Setae on and / or near ventral margin of epandrium not denser than those on other portions (ch. 32 - 0; Fig. 9 F). Surstylus with peg-like teeth (ch. 37 - 0). Pregonite with sensilla on submedial portion (ch. 52 - 1). Sclerotized, posterior postgonites on aedeagal sheath medially separated from each other (ch. 66 - 0). Included species. Phortica (Ashima) glabra; P. (A.) idiasta; P. (A.) zhangyuanae; and P. (A.) takehiroi sp. nov.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB395745FF6EDD91FEEDFCD4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Pregonite partly less sclerotized (ch. 43 - 0), not serrated on ventrodistal portion (ch. 50 - 0); ventrosubapical portion of apical knob more or less protruded, forming barbule (ch. 46 - 0); posterior postgonite dorsad curved, claw-like process, and anterior one basally divided into 3 long, outward oriented processes (“ Figs 24, 25 ” in Gong et al. 2018). Supplementary description. Supracervical setae approximately 14. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 1 / 2 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Arista with arb = 2 / 0; longest, dorsal branch as long as longest seta on pedicel; apical, leaf-like expansion narrower than long, apically roundish and with minute projection. Cibarial, medial sensilla 6 – 7 per side; posterior sensilla 3 – 4 per side. The antisymmetry is observed in the phallic organs: in A-type, the posterior postgonite is present on the right side, the anterior one on the left side, and left gonocoxite of hypandrium more stretched out (“ Fig. 25 ” in Gong et al. 2018); but in B-type, vice versa. Specimen examined. Thailand: 1 ♂ (B-type), Umphang, Tak, 30. v. 2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB395745FF6EDD91FEEDFCD4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan), Thailand *.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB395745FF6EDD91FEEDFCD4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species first branched off in the glabra subgroup (Fig. 1). The remaining three species form a cluster (BP = 96 %) with three synapomorphies (Fig. 1): pregonite (Fig. 9 G) nearly entirely sclerotized (ch. 43 - 1), only angulated in ventrosubapical portion of apical knob (ch. 46 - 1), and coarsely serrated on ventrodistal portion (ch. 50 - 1).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB395745FF6EDED8FD4BF9C7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Posterior postgonite apically bifid, and anterior one composed of basal, thick, short trifurcation and large, thin, V-shaped sclerite (“ Figs 34, 35 ” in Gong et al. 2018). Supplementary description. Supracervical setae 22 – 23. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme slightly longer than 1 / 2 basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Arista with arb = 0 – 3 / 0; longest, dorsal branch longer than longest seta on pedicel; apical, leaf-like expansion narrower than long, apically roundish. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 6 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 5 per side. All tarsi entirely yellow. Pregonite nearly entirely sclerotized (ch. 43 - 1), only angulated in ventrosubapical portion of apical knob (ch. 46 - 1), and coarsely serrated on ventrodistal portion (ch. 50 - 1). The antisymmetry is observed in the phallic organs: in A-type, the posterior postgonite is present on the right side, the anterior one on the left side, and left arm of hypandrium more stretched out; but in B-type, vice versa (“ Fig. 35 ” in Gong et al. 2018). Specimens examined. Thailand: 1 ♂ (A-type), above Sangwal, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 1,250 m a. s. l., 20. viii. 2008, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU); 1 ♂ (B-type), Chang Khian Stream gully, Doi Suthep, Chiang Mai, 29. xi. 2009, H. Bänziger leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB395745FF6EDED8FD4BF9C7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan), Thailand *.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB39577AFF6EDBB6FCF7FEEE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Arista with 1 or 2 ventral branches (ch. 6 - 1); posterior postgonite present only on right side of aedeagal sheath, short, apically blunt, and left lateral lobe long, broad, somewhat sinuated, apically with very large, trifurcated, anterior postgonite (“ Figs 17, 18 ” in Chen et al. 2005 b). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. zhangyuanae). Supracervical setae 20 – 22. Apical, leaf-like expansion of arista apically pointed or with minute, awn-like projection. Cibarial, medial sensilla 7 – 8 per side. All tarsi with gray tarsomeres IV and V. Specimens examined. China: 5 ♂ paratypes, Nanlling, Luyuan, Guangdong, 2. v. 2004, H. - W. Chen leg. (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB39577AFF6EDBB6FCF7FEEE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB06577BFF6EDC9DFB65FCBD.taxon	description	(Fig. 9)	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB06577BFF6EDC9DFB65FCBD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Arista with arb = 2 / 0 (ch. 6 - 2) and apical, leaf-like expansion narrower than 1 / 2 length and apically roundish or slightly notched (Fig. 9 B); anterior postgonite on left lateral lobe of aedeagal sheath apically trifurcated into one very large, sickle-like and two small, claw-like projections (Fig. 9 I).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB06577BFF6EDC9DFB65FCBD.taxon	description	Description (not repeating characters common to P. glabra). Supracervical setae 16 – 17. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 1 / 2 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 6 per side; posterior sensilla 3 – 4 per side. All tarsi with gray tarsomere V; all tarsomere Is slightly longer than 3 succeeding tarsomeres together. Measurements (holotype / 1 ♂ paratype, in mm): BL = 3.34 / 3.43, ThL = 1.55 / 1.37, WL = 2.46 / 2.24, WW = 1.08 / 1.03. Indices (holotype / 1 ♂ paratype, in ratio): FW / HW = 0.43 / 0.48, ch / o = 0.11 / 0.09, prorb = 1.23 / 1.45, rcorb = 0.53 / 0.59, vb = 0.55 / 0.40, dcl = 0.49 / 0.50, presctl = 0.68 / 0.56, sctl = 1.01 / 1.03, sterno = 0.92 / 0.98, orbito = 1.91 / 1.95, dcp = 0.25 / 0.23, sctlp = 1.33 / 1.36, C = 2.48 / 2.32, 4 c = 1.55 / 1.47, 4 v = 3.37 / (n / a), 5 x = 1.17 / 1.08, ac = 3.40 / (n / a), M = 0.76 / 0.68, C 3 F = 0.68 / 0.64.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB06577BFF6EDC9DFB65FCBD.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. ♂ (SEHU), “ Matsuyama, Ehime Pref., Japan, 33 ° 51 ’ 19 ” N 132 ° 46 ’ 21 ” E, 100 m a. s. l., 23. x. 2010, T. Katoh ”. Paratype. Japan: 1 ♂, Kakei, Aki-ota, Hiroshima Pref., 18. vii. 2010, T. Katoh (SEHU).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB06577BFF6EDC9DFB65FCBD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Japan (Chugoku, Shikoku).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB06577BFF6EDC9DFB65FCBD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species resembles P. glabra in having the apically blunt posterior postgonite on the right side of aedeagal sheath and the long, broad, sinuated lateral lobe on the left side, but can be distinguished from it by the diagnostic characters.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB06577BFF6EDC9DFB65FCBD.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Patronym, dedicated to Dr. Takehiro Katoh, who collected the specimens.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB07577BFF6EDE61FBB8F949.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme ≥ 2 / 3 basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme (ch. 1 - 0); abdominal tergites III and IV unicolor (ch. 21 - 3); epandrium with triangular or hook-like projection on anteroventral margin (ch. 31 - 2; Fig. 3 B); pregonite (Fig. 3 C) not strongly sclerotized (ch. 43 - 2), plate-like (ch. 44 - 0), with basal extension nearly rectangular to main body and apically broad (ch. 49 - 2). Shared characters. Arista with dorsal but no ventral branches; apical, leaf-like expansion apically with small, awn-like projection. Palpus with hollow-shaped sense organ (ch. 9 - 2). Some anterior, cibarial, medial sensilla short, apically blunt, peg-like (ch. 11 - 1). Prementum without pubescent patches (ch. 12 - 0). Pseudotracheae in labellum 6 per side (ch. 14 - 2). Setulae just before prescutellar acrostichal setae somewhat longer than other acrostichal setulae (ch. 15 - 1). Mid and hind femora and all tibiae entirely yellow (ch. 16 – 19 - 0). Apical, downward curved setula on fore tarsomere V stout, as long as tarsomere V (ch. 20 - 1). Abdominal sternite III longer than wide (ch. 22 - 0), not wider than IV (ch. 23 - 0); IV not wider than long (ch. 24 - 0); V wider than long (ch. 25 - 1); III – V without dense setulae on medial surface (ch. 26 – 28 - 0). Setae on and / or near ventral margin of epandrium (Fig. 3 B) not denser than those on other portions (ch. 32 - 0), longer than others (ch. 33 - 1). Surstylus (Fig. 3 B) without expansion at caudoventral corner (ch. 35 - 0), with peg-like teeth (ch. 37 - 0). Hypandrium symmetric (ch. 40 - 0); phragma as narrow as lateral gonocoxites (ch. 41 - 1). Pregonite (Fig. 3 C) not serrated on ventrodistal portion (ch. 50 - 0), with sensilla on submedial and basal portions (ch. 52,53 - 1). Aedeagal, outer membrane bearing neither spiny ornamentation nor apical, long, narrow tube (ch. 55 - 1, ch. 57 - 0); median rod entirely or partly strongly sclerotized (ch. 58 - 0); free sclerite absent within outer membrane (ch. 59 - 0). Posterior, rod-like process of phallapodeme not longer than aedeagal median rod (ch. 62 - 0). Aedeagal sheath with lateral lobes bearing strongly sclerotized postgonites (ch. 65 - 1); sclerotized, posterior postgonites medially separated from each other (ch. 66 - 0). Included species. This species group comprises African species: Phortica (Ashima) angulata Prigent & Chen; P. (A.) curvispina Prigent & Chen *; P. (A.) machoruka Prigent & Chen; and P. (A.) unispina Prigent & Chen *. * The assignment was judged from the original descriptions by Prigent & Chen (2008).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB075778FF6EDA3DFE53FDB1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Aedeagal, median rod apically with 2 claw-like projections (“ Fig. 16 ” in Chen & Máca 2012). Supplementary description. Supracervical setae approximately 11. Dorsomedial, tentorial apodeme 3 / 4 as long as basal, parallel portion of dorsolateral, tentorial apodeme. Arista with arb = 2 / 0; apical, leaf-like expansion distally dilated, apically with small, awn-like projection. Cibarial, medial sensilla 7 – 8 per side; posterior sensilla approximately 6 per side. All tarsi entirely yellow. The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the left postgonite is a broader, large plate with 2 moderate and 1 small, strongly sclerotized projections and 1 long, less sclerotized process, but the right one narrower, with 2 long, strongly sclerotized projections and 1 long, less sclerotized process (“ Figs 16, 17 ” in Chen & Máca 2012); but in B-type, vice versa. Specimens examined. Kenya: holotype ♂ (B-type), Kakamega Equatorial Forest, 11. x. 2002, S. Prigent leg. (MNHN); 1 ♂ paratype, ditto, except 11 – 23. x. 2002 (MNHN).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB075778FF6EDA3DFE53FDB1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Kenya.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB045778FF6EDF65FE53FB4B.taxon	description	(Fig. 3 B, C)	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB045778FF6EDF65FE53FB4B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Aedeagal, median rod deeply bifurcated from base: ventral process strongly sclerotized, apically curved ventrad, but dorsal one less sclerotized, apically curved dorsad (“ Fig. 21 ” in Chen & Máca 2012). Supplementary description (not repeating characters common to P. angulata). Supracervical setae approximately 14. Arista with arb = 3 – 4 / 0; apical, leaf-like expansion narrower than 1 / 2 length, apically with long, awn-like projection. Cibarial, medial sensilla approximately 11 per side; posterior sensilla 5 – 6 per side. The antisymmetry is observed in the postgonites: in A-type, the left postgonite bears apically 1 long and 1 small, strongly sclerotized projections and 1 long, less sclerotized process, and subbasally 1 thick, apically blunt, strongly sclerotized projection, but the right one 2 long, strongly sclerotized projections and 1 long, less sclerotized process in the apical portion; but in B-type, vice versa (“ Figs 21, 22 ” in Chen & Máca 2012). Specimens examined. Kenya: holotype ♂ (A-type), Kakamega Equatorial Forest, 11. x. 2002, S. Prigent leg. (MNHN); 1 ♂ paratype, ditto, except 11 – 23. x. 2002 (MNHN).	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
03C86C16EB045778FF6EDF65FE53FB4B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Kenya.	en	Toda, Masanori J., Bänziger, Hans, Sati, Pradeep C., Fartyal, Rajendra S., Suwito, Awit, Katoh, Toru (2020): Taxonomy and evolution of asymmetric male genitalia in the subgenus Ashima Chen (Diptera: Drosophilidae: Phortica Schiner), with descriptions of seven new species. Zootaxa 4789 (1): 1-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4789.1.1
