identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C9885D8F35FFF8FF25F9BF4B542717.text	03C9885D8F35FFF8FF25F9BF4B542717.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drymoluber Amaral 1930	<div><p>Drymoluber Amaral, 1930</p><p>Drymoluber Amaral, 1930 . Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 4, p. 335. Type species by monotypy: Herpetodryas dichroa Peters, 1863</p><p>Diagnosis: Drymoluber is distinguished from all other Neotropical Colubrinae by the following combination of characters: a) dorsal scales smooth, in 13, 15 or 17 midbody rows; b) cloacal shield entire (rarely divided); c) 157– 202 ventrals; d) 84–127 divided subcaudals; e) caudal pseudoautotomy; f) two pairs of chinshields, the first about half the length of the second; g) 8 (less commonly 7 or 9) supralabials; h) 8 or 9 (less commonly 7 and 10) infralabials; i) 1 (rarely 2) preocular; j) 2 (rarely 1 or 3) postoculars; k) 14–26 maxillary teeth; l) ontogenetic variation in the dorsal coloration of body and head (small specimens have dark and white/red colored macules on the head, and the body with dark crossbands separated by light interspaces, while large specimens have dorsal coloration uniformly green, brown or gray); m) hemipenes single, subcylindrical, not capitate, with the lobe about half the length of the organ, ornamented with papillate calyces gradually replaced by spinulate flounces and spines. The spines are arranged in more or less transverse rows, those bordering the sulcus spermaticus having a basal hook.</p><p>Content: Three species: Drymoluber dichrous (Peters, 1863), Drymoluber brazili (Gomes, 1918) and Drymoluber apurimacensis Lehr, Carrillo &amp; Hocking, 2004 .</p><p>Geographical distribution (Fig. 12): The genus Drymoluber is widely distributed in the South America east of the Andes, almost entirely north of the Tropic of Capricorn. It occurs in Amazonia, the Guiana Shield and along the eastern side of Andes, the Atlantic Forest from northeastern to southeastern Brazil, the Brazilian Cerrado and Caatinga, transitional areas between the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado in Brazil and Paraguay, and transitional areas between the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga. The change of the climate and ecosystems south of the Tropic of Capricorn (-23.45) from tropical to subtropical seems to be a decisive factor limiting the austral distribution of Drymoluber (Bérnils et al. 2007) . The elevational distribution of Drymoluber varies from sea level at the Brazilian coast to about 3500 meters in the Andes.</p><p>Tropical and subtropical dry forests; Mediterranean forest of woods and shrubs; Mountain grasslands. Habitat types follow Olson et al. (2001).</p><p>Etymology: Amaral (1930) stated that the dentary and hemipenial characters of Herpetodryas dichroa Peters, 1863 suggested that was a taxon closely related and intermediate between Drymobius and Coluber . The generic name Drymoluber (an amalgam of the words Drymobius and Coluber), was proposed to simultaneously distinguish and show the close relationship between Herpetodryas dichroa (now Drymoluber dichrous) and those genera. The name Drymoluber is masculine in gender.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C9885D8F35FFF8FF25F9BF4B542717	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Costa, Henrique Caldeira;Moura, Mário Ribeiro;Feio, Renato Neves	Costa, Henrique Caldeira, Moura, Mário Ribeiro, Feio, Renato Neves (2013): Taxonomic revision of Drymoluber Amaral, 1930 (Serpentes: Colubridae). Zootaxa 3716 (3): 349-394, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3716.3.3
03C9885D8F37FFEEFF25FE044A2923E1.text	03C9885D8F37FFEEFF25FE044A2923E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drymoluber dichrous (Peters 1863) Peters 1863	<div><p>Drymoluber dichrous (Peters, 1863)</p><p>Herpetodryas dichroa Peters, 1863 . Monatsberichte der königlich Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 29, p. 284. Syntypes: ZMB 1661, ZMB 1662, ZMB 2603.</p><p>Herpetodryas occipitalis Günther, 1868 . Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Fourth Series, 1, p. 420. Holotype: BMNH 1946.1.14.61, formerly 1867.9.17.28.</p><p>Spilotes piceus Cope, 1868 . Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 20, p. 105–106. Holotype: ANSP 3920.</p><p>Coluber dichrous— Boulenger, 1894. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II. British Museum of Natural History, London, p. 30–31.</p><p>Elaphe dichrous— Gomes, 1918. Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 1, p. 67.</p><p>Drymoluber dichrous— Amaral, 1930. Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 4, p. 337.</p><p>Lectotype (here designated in accordance with Article 74 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature): Museum für Naturkunde Berlin ZMB 1661, adult of undetermined sex (probably a male), SVL 585 mm, TL 242 mm, collected in Brazil during the first half of the 19th century by Georg Wilhelm Freyreiss. Specimen examined by photographs. Although we do not know specifically where specimen ZMB 1661 was collected, the itinerary of its collector is known, and this information leads us to designate it as the lectotype, instead of the syntype ZMB 2603, which was listed as “probably from Suriname ” or ZMB 1662 which has a broken tail.</p><p>Paralectotypes: Museum für Naturkunde Berlin ZMB 1662, adult of undetermined sex, SVL 568 mm, TL 237+N mm (broken tail), collected in Brazil during the first half of the 19th century by Georg Wilhelm Freyreiss; ZMB 2603, adult of undetermined sex (probably a female), SVL 623 mm, TL 225+N mm (broken tail), supposedly bought in Suriname. This same information about the collection site of ZMB 2603 is recorded in the catalogue of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin and on the oldest label of the specimen. However, a newer label (with the name Drymoluber dichrous) indicates “ Brasilien Becker ”. The reason and source for the adjusted locality is unknown even to the current curator (M. O. Rödel, pers. com.). We examined the specimens from photographs.</p><p>About the type locality: There is no information about the dates of collection, shipment to Europe or arrival at the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin of the type series of D. dichrous (M. O. Rödel, pers. com.). Thus, the type locality of D. dichrous was reported as “ Brazil and Surinam ” (e.g. Peters &amp; Orejas-Miranda 1970). Since the lectotype designated above (ZMB 1661) is the new name-bearing type of D. dichrous, its place of collection is the type locality. Despite the lack of detailed information as to where the specimen was collected, we consider the type locality to be the area traveled by its collector, G.W. Freyreiss, in Brazil (Fig. 13 and text below).</p><p>Freyreiss was born in Frankfurt on 12 July 1789. In 1813 he left St. Petersburg bound for Brazil, starting his expeditions in June 1814. He departed from the province (currently state) of Rio de Janeiro and travelled south to Minas Gerais, along the Caminho do Proença, a path of the ancient royal road to Vila Rica (currently the municipality of Ouro Preto) (Freyreiss 1907; Papavero 1971) (Fig. 13, localities 1–12). In September 1814, Freyreiss explored the region around the Abaeté, Indaiá and São Francisco Rivers, later returning to Vila Rica (Freyreiss 1907; Papavero 1971) (Fig. 13, localities 12–18–12). In December 1814 he began a second trip to study Indian tribes, travelling from Vila Rica to the vicinities of Presídio São João Batista (currently the municipality of Visconde do Rio Branco) (Fig. 13, localities 12–23). Later he returned to Vila Rica, and then (January 1815) to Rio de Janeiro, leaving no records of his path in this part of the voyage (Freyreiss 1907; Papavero 1971). In July 1815, Maximilian Alexander Philipp, prince of Wied-Neuwied (also known just as Wied) arrived in Brazil, and in August began a natural history trip together with Freyreiss and Friedrich Sellow (Wied 1989; Papavero 1971). From the city of Rio de Janeiro they headed north to Espírito Santo and Bahia provinces (Wied 1989; Papavero 1971). In February 1816, the naturalists were in the Mucuri River, southern Bahia (Fig. 13, localities 1, 24–37). There, Freyreiss decided to return to Espírito Santo, while Wied continued his travel northward (Wied 1989, p. 186). In Espírito Santo, Freyreiss visited again the localities of São Mateus and Linhares (Fig. 13, localities 35 and 36), and in May 1816 he travelled back to Mucuri (Fig. 13, locality 37) to visit Wied (Wied 1989, p. 162, 170, 201). While Freyreiss and Sellow stayed in Mucuri, Wied continued travelling toward the north. In Ocotber 1816, Wied returned to Mucuri to visit Freyreiss and Sellow, with whom he spent three weeks before heading north again (Wied 1989, p. 273). There is no itinerary of the voyages of Freyreiss after that, but it is known that in Bahia he also visited the localities of Caravelas, Canavieiras (Wied 1989, p. 330) and Salvador (Fig. 13, localities 39, 40 and 41), and contributed to the foundation of a German colony, Colônia Leopoldina, currently part of the municipality of Nova Viçosa (Papavero 1971) (Fig. 13, locality 38). There are some inconsistencies related to the place of death of Freyreiss, in 1825. Löfgren (1902) and Papavero (1971) wrote that the German naturalist died in Colônia Leopoldina, while Rocha (1972 “1973”) stated that he died in Europe.</p><p>Wied described the species collected during his travels, and his collections are now in the American Museum of Natural History. Even though the type series of D. dichrous is in Germany, we believe that if Freyreiss collected the specimens of D. dichrous during the trip from Rio de Janeiro to Bahia, it probably was done at times when he was not with Wied’s expedition. It is known that from his trips through Espírito Santo and Bahia, Freyreiss sent three shipments of collected specimens to Europe (Papavero, 1971), but, as we have written above, there is no information about the dates when the type series of D. dichrous was collected, shipped to, or arrived in Europe. Additionally, we have record of a single shipment of specimens sent to Europe from his trip through Minas Gerais, when he stated that his collections were sent to Rio de Janeiro on 30 July 1814 (Freyreiss 1907, p. 167). As his travels continued, he certainly made other shipments, of which we have no information.</p><p>Diagnosis: Drymoluber dichrous is distinguished from D. brazili and D. apurimacensis by the following combination of characters: a) 15-15-15 dorsal scale rows with two apical pits; b) 157–173 ventrals in males, 160– 180 in females; c) 87–110 subcaudals in males, 86–109 in females; d) 19–26 maxillary teeth. See Table 5.</p><p>Comparisons: Drymoluber brazili has 17-17-15 dorsal scales rows, and D. apurimacensis has 13-13-13. Apical pits are absent in D. apurimacensis . Drymoluber brazili has 182–200 ventrals in males and 185–202 in females, 109–127 subcaudals in males and 109–126 in females. Drymoluber apurimacensis is not distinguishable from D. dichrous based on ventrals and subcaudals counts, having 158–164 ventrals in males and 166–182 in females, 84–93 subcaudals in males and 87–91 in females. Drymoluber apurimacensis has 14–16 maxillary teeth.</p><p>Small specimens of D. dichrous have dark crossbands 1.5–7 scales wide (mean 3.6) and light interspaces 0.5– 2.5 scales wide (mean 0.8), while in D. apurimacensis the dark crossbands are 1–2 scales wide, and the pale interspaces are 2–3 scales wide. Juvenile specimens of D. brazili have dark crossbands of similar width to those of D. dichrous (2–6 scales; mean 3.6), but the pale interspaces are wider (0.5–5 scales; mean 1.6).</p><p>The hemipenes of D. dichrous tend to have more calyces than D. brazili, smaller spinulated flounces, and no spines in the lobular region. The walls of the sulcus spermaticus tend to have more ornamentation, at least in the lobular region, with small jagged papillae. The spines of the asulcate face are generally larger than those of D. brazili, especially those most proximal. The hemipenial morphology of D. dichrous and D. apurimacensis is similar and of little value in differentiating these species.</p><p>Description of the lectotype (Fig. 14): Snout-vent length 585 mm, and tail length 242 mm; head distinct from the body, 24.6 mm length (4.2% of the SVL); greatest width of head 12.9 mm (52% of its length); width of head at the supraoculars 9.3 mm; internasal distance 5.1 mm; eye diameter 4.45 mm; eye-nostril distance 4.5 mm. The morphometric measurements were taken by Christoph Kucharzewski, Museum für Naturkunde Berlin. Smooth dorsal scales in 15-15-15 rows, with two apical pits; 161 ventrals and 1 preventral (sensu Peters 1964); cloacal shield entire; tail intact, with 96 divided subcaudals and one terminal spine; rostral wider than high, visible from above; internasals and prefrontals slightly wider than long; each prefrontal contacting the frontal, supraocular, internasals, posterior nasal, preocular and loreal; frontal about 1.5 times longer than wide; supraoculars longer than wide; parietals about 1.5 times longer than wide; nasal divided above and below the naris, mainly in contact with the first supralabial, but also with the second; loreal slightly longer than high, contacting the second and third supralabials; one preocular; two subequal postoculars; three anterior temporals (one upper and two lower) and two posterior temporals (one upper and one lower) on the right side (1/2+1/1); four anterior temporals (two uppers and two lowers) and two posterior temporals (one upper and one lower) on the left side (2/2+1/1); eight supralabials, the fourth and the fifth contacting the eye; mental triangular, wider than long; nine infralabials, the first pair in contact behind the mental; first to fifth infralabials in contact with the first pair of chinshields; fifth and sixth infralabials in contact with the second pair of chinshields; sixth to ninth infralabials contacting the gulars; first pair of chinshields about the half of the length of the second.</p><p>FIGURE 13. Itinerary of the travels made by Georg Wilhelm Freyreiss in Brazil, in the 19th century, when the lectotype (ZMB 1661) and one paralectotype (ZMB 1662) of Drymoluber dichrous were collected. The inset map shows South America, highlighting in gray the current states of Rio de Janeiro (RJ), Espírito Santo (ES), Minas Gerais (MG) and Bahia (BA), visited by Freyreiss. For easy viewing, only the main localities are represented in the main map. For complete lists of localities, see Freyreiss (1907) and Wied (1989), Bokermann (1957) and Papavero (1971). When the old and current names of a toponym are different, the later is written inside brackets. 1 = Praia dos Mineiros, Rio de Janeiro; 2 = Porto Estrela (Magé); 3 = Fazenda Mandioca (Magé); 4 = Fazenda do Padre Correia ( Corrêas, Petrópolis); 5 = Fazenda das Sebollas (Inconfidência, Paraíba do Sul); 6 = Rio Paraibuna; 7 = Matias Barbosa; 8 = Juiz de Fora; 9 = Chapéu D’Uvas (Juiz de Fora); 10 = Barbacena; 11 = Congonhas do Campo (Congonhas); 12 = Villa Rica (Ouro Preto); 13 = Ponte das Almoreiras (Ponte das Almorreimas, Brumadinho); 14 = Fazenda São Joanico (Maravilhas); 15 = Pompeu; 16 = Rio São Francisco; 17 = Fazenda do Comandante de Indaiá (Quartel Geral); 18 = Quartel do Assunção (Córrego dos Tiros, Tiros); 19 = Mariana; 20 = Santana dos Ferros (Guaraciaba); 21 = Santa Rita (Viçosa); 22 = Serra de S. Beralde (Serra de São Geraldo, São Geraldo); 23 = Presídio de São João Batista (Visconde do Rio Branco); 24 = S. Gonzalves (São Gonçalo); 25 = Freguesia de Maricá (Maricá); 26 = Araruama; 27 = Cabo Frio; 28 = Villa de S. João de Macahé (Macaé); 29 = Villa de S. Salvador dos Campos dos Goytacazes (Campos dos Goytacazes); 30 = Itapemerim; 31 = Povoação de Piuma (Piúma); 32 = Nossa Senhora da Victoria (Vitória); 33 = Vila Nova do Almeida (Nova Almeida, Serra); 34 = Quartel do Riacho (Riacho, Aracruz); 35 = Linhares; 36 = Barra do São Mateus (São Mateus); 37 = Rio Mucuri (Mucuri); 38 = Colônia Leopoldina (Nova Viçosa); 39 = Caravelas; 40 = Canavieiras; 41 = Salvador. Dashed line = Travel from Rio de Janeiro to Quartel do Assunção (Tiros), in 1814 (Localities 1–12, 12–11, 11–18); Dotted line = Travel from Villa Rica (Ouro Preto) to the vicinities of Presídio São João Batista (Visconde do Rio Branco), from December 1814 to January 1815 (Localities 12–23); Dashed-dotted line = Travel from Rio de Janeiro to Mucuri, from July 1815 to 1816 (Localities 1, 24–38). Localities 39–41 are not linked by lines because of the lack of information about the itinerary took by Freyreiss when visiting them. Tropical and subtropical moist forests; Tropical and subtropical savannas; Deserts and xeric formations; Mangroves; Tropical and subtropical dry forests. Habitat types follow Olson et al. (2001).</p><p>Coloration of the lectotype: Peters (1863) described the coloration of Herpetodryas dichroa as: “Dorsum olive-brown, the sides, including the lateral edges of ventral plates; subcaudals olive-green; the whole venter to the tip of the tail of yellow color; a black stripe bordered by the yellow (darker than that of the belly) supralabials on both sides of the head, becoming suddenly wider behind the eyes.”. After almost 200 years of preservation, the dorsum is uniformly brownish-blue. Supralabials, gular region and venter are uniformly creamish colored, the lateral edges of ventrals and subcaudals are the same color as the dorsum. The upper margins of some supralabials, especially the last two, have the color of the dorsum. The dark lateral stripe of the head is indistinct.</p><p>Coloration of preserved adults: The dorsal coloration of adult specimens after fixation is usually darker than the lectotype, with bluish-gray or dark-blue colors. Faint crossbands that formed the juvenile color pattern are visible in smaller specimens.</p><p>The venter of most specimens is immaculate cream, with lateral edges of ventral plates having the same color as the dorsal scales (n=203; 95%). In some cases (n=3; 1.5%) the dark dorsal coloration continues into the ventral region from the lateral edges of ventral plates. There are specimens with a creamish venter with small black marks (n=3; 1.5%). The venter of some specimens is the same color as dorsal scales or a little paler (n=3; 1.5%). One specimen (0.05%) has a yellow venter, with the lateral and the posterior edges of ventral plates darkened.</p><p>The ventral part of the tail usually is creamish with lateral edges of subcaudals darkened (n=207; 97%), with little variation. The lateral edges may not be darkened (n=1; 0.05%), the subcaudals may have small black dots, in larger numbers in the posterior region (n=1; 0.05%), or be completely black along the whole tail (n=4; 2%).</p><p>The gular region is pale and immaculate in most specimens (n=153; 72%). Some of them, however, have dark marks in the posterior edges of infralabials, and sometimes on the chinshields (n=60; 28%). The lateral edges of supralabials (especially the last ones) in most specimens are dark colored (n=166; 78%), sometimes (n=14; 6.5%), with strong and thick marks. Supralabials can also be completely dark (n=15; 7%) or totally cream, without marks, or with inconspicuous marks (n=18; 8.5%).</p><p>Coloration of adults in life: Based on descriptions in the literature (e.g. Cunha &amp; Nascimento 1978; Martins &amp; Oliveira 1998; Bartlett &amp; Bartlett 2003; Argôlo 2004a) and some photographs (Fig. 15), we noted some variation in the color pattern of adult specimens of D. dichrous in life—but unrelated to the geographic distribution. The dorsum varies between brown, olive-brown, green, dark-green and gray-bluish. In some snakes the dorsal color changes posterior to the first third or the half of the body. The dorsum of head is sometimes a little paler than the body. A barely distinguishable black stripe from the preocular to the end of the posterior temporal may be present. Supralabials, gular region and the venter vary between yellow and white, with the lateral edges of ventrals and subcaudals of the same color or little paler than the dorsals. The supralabials also may be dark along their upper and lateral edges.</p><p>Coloration of preserved juveniles: The number of dark crossbands along the body varies between 31 and 52 (mean 40; SD=4.3; n=49; 63%). Specimens with indistinct bands on the posterior third of the body are common (n=29; 37%), and in seven small specimens (SVL 285–391 mm), the banded coloration has disappeared completely. The tail bands are rarely visible (only in some specimens with SVL &lt;385 mm). Dorsal crossbands vary from de 1.5–7 vertebral/paravertebral scales wide (mean 3.6; SD=0.87; n=306 crossbands).</p><p>The last crossband anterior to the cloacal shield tends to be the narrowest (1.5–5 scales; mean 2.9; SD=0.79; n=48) and the fifteenth after the head the widest (2–7 scales; mean 3.6; SD=0.75; n=71). The light interspaces between dark crossbands vary between 0.5–2.5 scales (mean 0.8; SD=0.43; n=306 interspaces). The interspaces anterior to the last crossband and the fifth crossband anterior to the cloacal shield are the narrowest, with 0.5–1 scales (mean 0.5; SD=0.1; n=48; and mean 0.5; SD=0.09; n=49). The interspace posterior to the first crossband and the interspace anterior to the fifth crossband are the widest, with 0.5–2.5 scales (mean 1.17; SD=0.49; n=67; and mean 0.96; SD=0.46; n=71).</p><p>The venter of juveniles usually has a creamish coloration as in adults (n=66; 85 %). It also may have black marks spreading ventromedially from the lateral edges of ventral plates (n=9; 11%), or even be completely black along the whole body (n=1; 1.5%), or only on the posterior half (n=2; 2.5%).</p><p>The subcaudals in juveniles are the same pattern as those in adults (cream color with darkened lateral edges) (n=73; 93.5%), although in some specimens these plates are completely black (n=5; 6.5%).</p><p>The head pattern consists of light internasals; light prefrontals with darkened posterior edge; and dark frontal and supraoculars with light anterior edge. A light stripe in the parietal region may be present and immaculate (n=19; 26.1%), maculate (n=5; 6.8%), or absent (n=49; 67.1%) (Fig. 13).</p><p>Like in the adults, the gular region of the juveniles usually is cream colored (n=48; 61.5%), but black marks may occur on the infralabials and chinshields (n=30; 38.5%). The supralabials have distinct dark marks on their lateral edges (n=51; 65.4%), but sometimes these marks are pale, as in adults (n=8; 10.25%), or even barely visible (n=19; 24.35%).</p><p>Coloration of juveniles in life: The light colored regions of preserved juveniles may vary from shades of white, cream, light-brown and orange in life. The dark colored regions of preserved specimens vary in shades of brown, orange-brown, reddish-brown and grayish-brown (Fig. 16).</p><p>Drymoluber apurimacensis Drymoluber brazili Drymoluber dichrous</p><p>Geographic distribution South of the Apurimác and Cerrado, Caatinga, Atlantic Forests of the lower Doce Eastern Andes, Amazonia, Guiana Shield, Pampas Rivers, in the Peruvian River, and Atlantic Forest–Cerrado transitional areas. Brazilian Atlantic Forest, Atlantic Forest– Serranía Esteparia ecoregion. Caatinga and Atlantic Forest–Cerrado transitional areas.</p><p>Maximum snout-vent length 670 mm (MHNSM 18647) 1178 mm (IBSP 34369) 1050 mm (MPEG 17235)</p><p>Number of dorsal scale rows 13–13–13 17–17–15 15–15–15 (n=289); 15–15–17 (n=1); 15–15–13 (n=1)</p><p>Dorsal apical pits 0 2 2</p><p>Cloacal shield Entire Entire (n=82); Divided (n=1) Entire (n=290); Divided (n=1)</p><p>Number of pre-ventrals 1 (n=1); 2 (n=2) 1 (n=74); 2 (n=8); 3 (n=1) 0 (n=12); 1 (n=277); 2 (n=2)</p><p>Number of ventrals in males 158–164* (n=2) 182–200 (mean 189; SD=3.61; n=46) 157–173 (mean 165; SD=3.35; n=172)</p><p>Number of ventrals in females 166–182 (n=2) 185–202 (mean 193; SD=3,68; n=37) 160–180 (mean 172; SD=3.72; n=114)</p><p>Number of subcaudals in males 84–93 (mean 88; SD=4.58; n=3) 109–127 (mean 118; SD=4.37; n=29) 87–110 (mean 97; SD=4.20; n=122)</p><p>Number of subcaudals in females 87–91 (mean 89; SD=2.08; n=3) 109–126 (mean 119; SD=4.45; n=26) 86–109 (mean 98; SD=4.79; n=89)</p><p>Loreal longer than high longer than high longer than high (n=193); as high as long</p><p>(n=92); higher than long (n=5)</p><p>Preoculars 1 1 1 (n=572 sides); 2 (n=10 sides)</p><p>Postoculars 2 2 (n=159 sides); 3 (n=5 sides) 1 (n=1 side); 2 (n=551 sides); 3 (n=28) sides</p><p>Temporal formula 1+1/1 1+1/1 (n=9 sides), 1+2/3 (n=1 side), 1/1+1 (n=1 side), 1+1 (1 side), 1+1/1 (n=38 sides), 1/1+1 (n=2 1/1+1/1 (n=90 sides), 1/1+1/2 (n=8 sides), 1/1+2/1 (n=10 sides), 1/1+1/1 (n=480 sides), 1/1+1/2 (n=7 sides), 1/1+2/2 (n=1 side), 1/1+3/1 (n=1 side), 1/2+1/1 sides), 1/1+2/1 (n=8 sides), 1/1+2/2 (n=1 (n=19 sides), 1/2+1/2 (n=5 sides), 1/2+2/1 (n=5 sides), side), 1/2+1/1 (n=20 sides), 2/1+1/1 (n= 14 1/2 +2/1/2 (n=1 side), 1/2+3/1 (n=1 side), 1/2+4/1 (n=1 sides), 2/1+1/2 (n=1 side) or 2/2+1/1 (n=4 side), 2/1+1/1 (n=5 sides), 2/1+1/2 (n=3 sides), 2/2+2/2 sides)</p><p>(n=1 side), 2/2+4/2 (n=1 side), 2/3+1/2 (n=1 side)</p><p>……continued on the next page iv–vi (n=34 sides) vi–vii (n=2 sides) Infralabials contacting the gulars v–vii (n=2 sides); iii–viii (n=1 side); iv–viii (n=1 side); v–viii (n=4 sides); v–ix (n=7 sides);</p><p>v–viii (n=4 sides) ** v–viii (n=4 sides); v–ix (n=143 sides); vi–viii (n=75 sides); vi–ix (n=485 sides);</p><p>v–x (n=6 sides); vi–ix (n=4 sides); vi–x (n=2 sides); vii–x (n=6 sides)</p><p>vi–x (n=4 sides)</p><p>Maxillary teeth 14–16 (mean =15; SD=1) 19–25 (mean =23; SD=1.05) 19–26 (mean =23; SD=1.21) Lehr et al. (2004) cited 182 ventrals for MTKD 44669 (male), but this specimen is in poor condition (Fig. 23 B), with at least three regions where the scale count is impaired; thus, we do not consider the countings of Lehr et al. (2004) in the current work.</p><p>We have no information concerning the contact between infralabials, chinshields and gulars for MHNSM 18647, which, according to Lehr et al. (2004) has nine infralabials.</p><p>Hemipenial morphology (n=17) (Fig. 17): Hemipenis single, subcylindrical, not capitate. Sulcus spermaticus single and centrolinear. Lobe about half of the hemipenis length, with papillate calyces (5–10 triangular papillae per calyx). Proximally, the calyces are gradually replaced by spinulate flounces and spines. Body covered by spines arranged in more or less transverse rows (about 60–70 spines in total). Walls of the sulcus spermaticus ornamented at least in the lobular region by jagged papillae (sometimes in small number), and some spinules. These walls are also bordered on both sides by a longitudinal row of 6–10 spines (mean 7; SD=1.22) increasing in size toward the proximal region. The spines from the left side may increase in size up to the middle of the row, and then decrease in size toward the proximal region. A hook is present at the end of each row of spines bordering the sulcus. Both left (n=11) and right (n=2) hooks can be located more proximally than the other hook, or reach the same position in the hemipenis base (n=4). None (n=8), or three to four small spines (n=7) or spinules (n=2) may be present between the left hook and the wall of the sulcus spermaticus.</p><p>One (n=10) or two (n=2) lateral spines, larger than the hooks, may be present to the left of the sulcus spermaticus, or a single large lateral spine may be present on both sides of the sulcus (n=2). In some cases (n=3), lateral spines are smaller than the hooks. The asulcate face is formed by spines arranged in 5–7 more or less transverse rows (counted from proximal to distal region), with largest spines in the median rows. The base of the hemipenis is smooth, with some grooves and several sparse spinules.</p><p>Variation: Largest male with SVL 1050 mm, TL 340+N mm (MPEG 17235); largest female with SVL 801 mm, TL 89+N mm (IBSP 2198). Seventy seven (77) examined specimens (26.5%) had broken tail. The tail of 54 of those specimens (18.5% of the total examined) was healed, suggesting that the breakage did not occur during collection or preservation, and is evidence of the presence of pseudoautotomy in this species, a defensive behavior already recorded in several other Neotropical Colubrinae, including Dendrophidion, Drymobius, Mastigodryas and Scaphiodontophis (Mendelson III 1992; Slowinski &amp; Savage 1995; Prudente et al. 2007; Leite et al. 2009). Tail length of specimens with complete tail is 25.9–48.4% of the SVL in males (mean 40.6%; SD=3.18; n=122) and 35.4–65.3% in females (mean 41%; SD=3.75; n=89). For variation in meristic characters, see Table 5.</p><p>Geographic distribution: Drymoluber dichrous inhabits the eastern portion of the Andean mountain range (Peru and Ecuador), the Amazonia and Guiana Shield (Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana), and the Atlantic Forest and its transitional areas with the Caatinga (brejos nordestinos) and Cerrado domains (Fig. 12; Appendices II and III). The Andes of Colombia and the Venezuelan Llanos may limit the northward expansion of D. dichrous, while the transition from tropical to subtropical climate below the Tropic of Capricorn may act as a southern barrier. The Andes may also limit its western distribution, while in the east the species reaches the coast. The elevational distribution of D. dichrous is extremely wide, varying from sea level to about 3500 meters.</p><p>The absence of morphological characters distinguishing the Amazonian and Atlantic Forest populations of Drymoluber dichrous could be due to genetic continuity maintained until the Pleistocene, when both forested regions were in contact; today this past area of contact is located in the Caatinga (Vanzolini 1981; Rodrigues 1990; Costa 2003) and part of the Cerrado (Ledru 1993; Costa 2003). Future phylogenetic analyses can help solving the issue concerning where was the bridge between the Amazonia and the Atlanctic Forest that maintained the genetic flux of D. dichrous in the past.</p><p>Natural history: Drymoluber dichrous inhabits mainly forests with additional records from natural savannas and environments with a relative degree of anthropization (Cunha &amp; Nascimento 1978; Martins &amp; Oliveira 1998; Argôlo 2004a; França et al. 2006). Drymoluber dichrous is diurnal, forages on the ground and rests on the vegetation at night (Cunha &amp; Nascimento 1978; Martins &amp; Oliveira 1998). Its diet seems to be represented mainly by terrestrial anurans and lizards (including their eggs), but also snakes (even cospecifics). The following taxa were recorded as prey of D. dichrous: Adelophryne maranguapensis, Alobates aff. marchesianus, Anomaloglossus (= Colostethus) sp., Ischnocnema cf. ramagii, Leptodactylus sp., L. didymus and Physalaemus gr. cuvieri (Anurans); Ameiva ameiva, Anolis fuscoauratus, Arthrosaura reticulata, Cercosaura eigenmanni, Ce. ocellata, Coleodactylus meridionalis, Colobosauroides cearensis, Gonatodes hasemani, Go. humeralis, Iphisa elegans, Kentropyx calcarata, Leposoma percarinatum, Le. baturitensis, Neusticurus ecpleopus and Placosoma sp. (Lizards); Oxybelis sp. and Thamnodynastes hypoconia (Snakes) (Cunha &amp; Nascimento 1978; Duellman 1978, 2005; Dixon &amp; Soini 1986; Avila-Pires 1995; Martins &amp; Oliveira 1998; Vitt et al. 2000; Borges-Nojosa &amp; Lima 2001; Pinto 2006; Bernarde &amp; Abe 2010; Veríssimo et al. 2012). During the present study, three newborns of an opossum species ( Didelphidae) and the remains of an amphisbaenian ( Amphisbaenidae) where found in the stomach of a previously dissected specimen (MPEG 2670, male, 920 mm SVL). These food items constitute new registers for the species’ diet.</p><p>Information about reproduction in D. dichrous is scarce and restricted to Amazonian specimens. Drymoluber dichrous is oviparous and there are reports of 2– 6 eggs per clutch (Fitch 1970; Martins &amp; Oliveira 1998). Three females examined in this study had four (MPEG 10832, MPEG 16551, MPEG 19007) and one (MPEG 20330) had five eggs. This information, together with other literature records, indicates an average of four eggs per clutch. The reproductive season in Amazonia seems to be prolonged throughout the year, according data from Fitch (1970) and Martins &amp; Oliveira (1998).</p><p>Drymoluber dichrous has several defensive behaviors. When handled, individuals will rotate their body, vibrate their tail and occasionally bite (Martins &amp; Oliveira 1998). Martins et al. (2008) observed three types of defensive behaviors directed to visually oriented predators: crypsis, head elevation and neck S-coil. Brodie III &amp; Brodie Jr. (2004) suggested that young cross-banded specimens might mimic coralsnakes ( Elapidae).</p><p>As mentioned above, the long tail of D. dichrous (mean 40.6% of the SVL in males and 41% in females), with a tail breakage ratio of 18.5% (considering only those specimens where breakage occurred before collection) is evidence of the defensive behavior known as pseudoautotomy (Slowinski &amp; Savage 1995). This defensive behavior may explain the long tail in this primarily terrestrial species.</p><p>The presence of sexual dimorphism in D. dichrous, with males larger than females, was already observed by Fitch (1981). The longer tail of males of D. dichrous (mean 277 mm) related to females (mean 253 mm) is a common character in snakes (Shine et al. 1999; Pizzatto et al. 2007). Future research on the reproductive biology of the species would provide more information and a better understanding of these topics.</p><p>Etymology: Peters (1863) did not comment on the reasons that led him to choose the name dichroa for the species he described. The words dichroa / dichrous comes from the ancient Greek, meaning “two-colored” or “two-skins”, and we suggest that the name may be an allusion to the contrasting color of adult specimens, which dorsum is dark colored, while the venter is light colored.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C9885D8F37FFEEFF25FE044A2923E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Costa, Henrique Caldeira;Moura, Mário Ribeiro;Feio, Renato Neves	Costa, Henrique Caldeira, Moura, Mário Ribeiro, Feio, Renato Neves (2013): Taxonomic revision of Drymoluber Amaral, 1930 (Serpentes: Colubridae). Zootaxa 3716 (3): 349-394, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3716.3.3
03C9885D8F21FFD7FF25F9964A1B25E9.text	03C9885D8F21FFD7FF25F9964A1B25E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drymoluber brazili (Gomes 1918) Gomes 1918	<div><p>Drymoluber brazili (Gomes, 1918)</p><p>Drymobius brazili Gomes, 1918 . Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 1, p. 81. Holotype: IBSP 696 (probably destroyed during the fire of May 2010).</p><p>Drymobius rubriceps Amaral, 1923 . Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club, 8, p. 85. Holotype: IBSP 1844 (probably destroyed during the fire of May 2010).</p><p>Drymobius boddaerti (partim.)—Amaral 1929. Memórias do Instituto Butantan, 4, p. 11.</p><p>Drymoluber brazili— Stuart 1932. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 236, p. 4.</p><p>The types of Drymoluber brazili and its junior synonym, Drymobius rubriceps, were personally examined by the senior author in 2009. On May 2010, the collections of Instituto Butantan in São Paulo, Brazil, where those and most known specimens of D. brazili were maintained were consumed in a fire (Warrell et al. 2010; Franco 2012). It is estimated that 80% of the snake collection was destroyed, but there is still no information if the types of Drymoluber brazili were lost (F. Franco, pers. comm.).</p><p>Holotype: Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, IBSP 696, adult male, SVL 1090 mm, TL 473 mm, collected on September 1914 in the Estação Ferroviária de Engenheiro Lisboa (currently inactive), near the municipality of Uberaba (-19.80, -47.60), Minas Gerais, Brazil. Specimen personally examined by the senior author.</p><p>Paratypes: Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, IBSP 383, adult male, SVL 863 mm, TL 394 mm, collected in February 1913, in the Estação Ferroviária Santa Eudóxia (currently inactive), municipality of São Carlos (-21.77, -47.78), São Paulo, Brazil; IBSP 573, adult female, SVL 854 mm, TL 422 mm, collected in February 1914, in the Estação Ferroviária de Sampaio Vidal (currently inactive), municipality of Ribeirão Bonito (-22.07, -48.18), São Paulo, Brazil; IBSP 574, adult male, SVL 862 mm, TL 268+N mm (broken tail), without locality data; IBSP 741, adult male, SVL 1120 mm, TL 162+N mm (broken tail), collected in December 1914, in the Estação Ferroviária Java (currently inactive), municipality of Boa Esperança do Sul (-21.99, -48.39), São Paulo, Brazil; IBSP 1286, adult female, SVL 898 mm, TL 402 mm, collected in May 1917, in the Estação Ferroviária Pedregulho (currently inactive), municipality of Pedregulho (-20.26, -47.48), São Paulo, Brazil. All specimens personally examined by the senior author.</p><p>About the type locality: In the 20th century the Instituto Butantan often received snakes from several Brazilian localities, sent by collectors to the institute via the railroads that crossed some regions of the country at that time. Thus, the accuracy of localities of specimens from railroads (like the type series of D. brazili) must be treated with caution (Pereira et al. 2007). In the specific case of D. brazili, the Estação Ferroviária Engenheiro Lisboa (type locality), was located at km 555 of the Tronco-Catalão railroad, which, at the time of the collection of the holotype (September 1914) went from Campinas, São Paulo (-22.09, -47.05) to Ipameri, Goiás (-17.72, -48.15) (Giesbrecht 2009; Cavalcanti 2010). Although it is hard to identify the exact locality where the holotype of D. brazili was collected, we believe it really was in the proximities of the Tronco-Catalão railroad, since the road is located in areas with other confirmed records of the species (see map in Fig. 12).</p><p>Similar locality problems exist with the paratypes that purportedly also are from rail stations. The Santa Eudóxia, Sampaio Vidal and Java stations, were part of a wide railroad network belonging to the Companhia Paulista de Estradas de Ferro that crossed the state of São Paulo from the southeast to the north and northwest (Giesbrecht 2009; Cavalcanti 2010). On the other hand, the Estação Ferroviária Pedregulho was located at km 455 on the Tronco-Catalão railroad.</p><p>Diagnosis: Drymoluber brazili can be distinguished from D. apurimacensis and D. dichrous by the following combination of characters: a) 17-17-15 dorsal scale rows with two apical pits; b) 182–200 ventrals in males, 185– 202 in females; c) 109–127 subcaudals in males, 109–126 in females; d) 19–25 maxillary teeth. See Table 5.</p><p>Comparisons: Drymoluber apurimacensis has 13-13-13 dorsal scales rows, and D. dichrous has 15-15-15. Apical pits are absent in D. apurimacensis . Drymoluber apurimacensis has 158–164 ventrals in males and 166–182 in females, 84–93 subcaudals in males and 87–91 in females. Drymoluber dichrous has 157–173 ventrals in males and 160–180 in females, 87–110 subcaudals in males and 86–109 in females. Drymoluber apurimacensis has 14– 16 maxillary teeth.</p><p>Small specimens of Drymoluber brazili have dark crossbands 2–6 scales wide (mean 3.6) and light interspaces 0.5–5 scales wide (mean 1.6), while in a single specimen of D. apurimacensis the dark crossbands are 1–2 scales wide and the light interspaces 2–3 scales wide. Young specimens of D. dichrous have dark crossbands with similar width to those of D. brazili (1.5–7 scales, mean 3.6), but the pale interspaces are on average narrower (0.5–2.5 scales, mean 0.8).</p><p>The hemipenes of Drymoluber brazili tend to have fewer calyces than that of D. dichrous and D. apurimacensis, larger spinulate flounces, and spines in the lobular region. The walls of the sulcus spermaticus are less ornamented. The spines of the asulcate face in general are smaller than those of D. dichrous and D. apurimacensis, especially those most proximal.</p><p>Redescription of the holotype (Fig. 18): Snout-vent length 1090 mm and tail length 473 mm; head distinct from the body, 35.1 mm long (3.2% of the SVL); greatest width of head 15.20 mm (43% of head length); width of head at the supraoculars 11.3 mm; internasal distance 6.1 mm; eye diameter 6.0 mm; eye-nostril distance 5.9 mm. Smooth dorsal scales in 17-17-15 rows with two apical pits; 190 ventrals and 1 preventral (sensu Peters 1964); cloacal shield entire; tail intact with 117 divided subcaudals and one terminal spine; rostral wider than high, visible from above; internasals and prefrontals slightly wider than long; each prefrontal contacting the frontal, supraocular, internasals, posterior nasal, preocular and loreal; frontal about 1.5 times longer than wide; supraoculars longer than wide; parietals about 1.5 times longer than wide; nasal divided above and below the naris, mainly in contact with the first supralabial, but also with the second; loreal slightly longer than high, (vaguely resembling a parallelogram), contacting the second and third supralabials; one preocular; two postoculars, the upper one larger than the lower; two anterior temporals (one upper and one lower) and two posterior temporals (one upper and one lower) (1/1+1/1) on both sides of the head; eight supralabials, the fourth and the fifth contacting the eye; mental triangular, wider than long; nine infralabials, the first pair in contact behind the mental; first to fifth infralabials in contact with the first pair of chinshields; fifth infralabial in contact with the second pair of chinshields; fifth to ninth infralabials contacting the gulars; first pair of chinshields about the half the length of the second; 23 maxillary teeth, increasing in size posteriorly.</p><p>There are some small differences between the redescription of the holotype presented here (inside brackets) and the original description. Gomes (1918) decribed the holotype as having 22 maxillary teeth, internasals as wide as long, 10 infralabials, 191 ventrals, SVL 1110 mm and TL = 480 mm. The difference in the number of infralabials may be explained on the basis of the method used in both studies. In the present work, the posterior boundary of the infralabial row is defined as the last scale completely covered by the last supralabial (Peters 1964) (Fig. 18 C), which is not the definition seemingly used by Gomes (1918). The differences in SVL and TL may be due to a small error in the original measuring, or a reduction in size caused by fixation and preservation over time time (Vervust et al. 2009; Guimarães et al. 2010). This situation is also applicable to the paratypes of D. brazili .</p><p>Coloration of the holotype: Gomes (1918) described the holotype in life as having olive-green color in the head and on the anterior part of the body, becoming reddish-brown in the posterior part of body and on the tail. The venter was yellowish-white, while the lateral edges of the ventral plates were the same color as the dorsum. When the senior author examined the holotype, it was grayish-brown on the dorsum of head and anterior half of the body, becoming yellowish-brown on the posterior half of the body and tail. Supralabials, gular region and venter were yellowish-brown and similar to or slightly paler than the dorsum.</p><p>Coloration of preserved adults: The dorsal coloration of most of the examined adults (n=49; 77.8%) is uniform bluish-gray, bluish-brown or yellowish-brown throughout. A few specimens (n=13; 20.6%) are grayishbrown or bluish-brown on the anterior half of the body and yellowish-brown on the posterior half. One specimen has faint crossbands as are present in the juvenile color pattern.</p><p>The venter of most specimens (n=49; 77.8%) is immaculate, yellowish-cream, and the lateral edges of ventrals have the same color as the dorsal scales. In one specimen (1.6%) the dorsal coloration extends into the ventral region; in other specimens (n=13; 20.6%) the venter is yellowish-colored with some dark spots, and the lateral edges of ventrals are the same color as the dorsal scales.</p><p>Dorsally, the tail is the same color as the body, but shows some variations in the subcaudal coloration. In 24 specimens (38.1%) the subcaudals are yellowish-cream, immaculate, and with their lateral edges the same color as the dorsum. In some snakes, the lateral edges are inconspicuous and the same color as subcaudals (n=5; 7.9%). In a few, the subcaudals have more than half their area dark like the dorsals (n=1; 1.6%), or have black spots throughout their area (n=1; 1.6%). In others, black spots are numerous only in the posterior region of the tail (n=24; 38.1%), or the posterior part of tail is completely black (n=8; 12.7%).</p><p>In all specimens the head is uniform dorsally and the same color as the dorsum of body. The gular region is immaculate, yellowish-cream. The supralabials of most adult specimens have dark lateral edges (mainly in the last scales (n=59; 93.6%), but in some specimens visible markings are absent (n=4; 6.4%).</p><p>Coloration of adults in life: Unlike Drymoluber dichrous, there is little information about the coloration of D. brazili in life. Gomes (1918) described the the type series in life as follows: two specimens have the dorsum completely olive-green, while in the other three, and the holotype, the posterior part of the dorsum is reddishbrown. This same pattern is seen in the illustration (Fig. 19 A) of one specimen from Visconde de Parnaíba, São Paulo (IBSP 4812) published by Amaral (1978). In some specimens, the dorsal color may consist of grayish tones (Fig. 19 B).</p><p>Coloration of preserved juveniles: The color pattern of preserved juveniles of Drymoluber brazili is similar to that of the other species of the genus, consisting of dark crossbands separated by pale interspaces. Only two specimens (10%) have crossbands (47 and 54) visible throughout the body (MZUSP 9596 and IBSP 29221). Crossbands on the tail were not visible in any specimen. The dark crossbands varied in width between 2–6 vertebral/paravertebral scales (mean 3.6; SD=0.89; n=62 crossbands). The last crossband anterior to the cloaca is the narrowest and two scales wide (n=2; 10%), while the first crossband on the body is the widest, 2–6 scales wide (mean 4; SD=0.95; n=20; 100%). The widths of the pale interspaces vary between 0.5–5 scales (mean 1.6; SD=0.97; n=62 interespaces). The interspace anterior to the fifth crossband anterior to the cloaca is the narrowest, with 0.5 or 1.5 scales (n=2; 10%). The interspace posterior to the first crossband is the widest, with 1–5 scales (mean 2.32; SD=0.90; n=20; 100%).</p><p>The venter of young specimens is always yellowish-cream and immaculate, and the lateral edges of ventral plates are the same color as the dorsals.</p><p>The subcaudals are cream colored, with the lateral edges darkened (n=9; 45%), cream (n=6; 30%), or cream with only the posterior edges darkened (n=5; 25%).</p><p>The head has light internasals, light pre-frontals with darkened posterior edges, and a dark frontal and supraoculars with light anterior edges. A light stripe in the parietal region can be present and immaculate (n=9; 45%) or maculate (n=4; 20%). In the remaining specimens (n=7; 35%) the parietals are dark (Fig. 11). As occurs in other species of the genus, lighter shades on the head darken as the specimens grow.</p><p>As in adults, the gular region of the juveniles is pale and immaculate. The supralabials have faint dark markings on their lateral edges.</p><p>Coloration of juveniles in life: In life, the light colored regions in preserved juveniles are shades of white, cream and light-brown, except in the head and neck, where an orange-red color prevails. The dark colored regions (including crossbands) vary in shades of brown, olive-green and dark-gray (Fig. 20; Amaral 1923).</p><p>Apparently, only D. brazili juveniles have this reddish coloration on the head. However, since those colors tend to become white in preserved specimens, and because photographs and information about the coloration of live juveniles of Drymoluber are uncommon, it is difficult to know whether this character is diagnostic for D. brazili .</p><p>Hemipenial morphology (n=6) (Fig. 21): Hemipenis single, subcylindrical, not capitate. Sulcus spermaticus single and centrolinear. Lobe about half of the hemipenis length, with papillate calyces (5–10 papillae per calyx, most calyces deep) and spines bordering the sulcus spermaticus. The calyces are gradually replaced by spinulate flounces and spines proximally. The hemipenial body is covered by spines arranged in more or less transverse rows (about 60 or a few more spines in total). Walls of the sulcus spermaticus weakly ornamented, usually with few papillae and spinules. These walls are also bordered on both sides by a longitudinal row of 8–13 spines (mean 8; SD=1.97). The spines from the right side tend to increase in size toward the proximal region, while the spines from the left side increase in size up to the middle of the row, then decrease in size toward the proximal region (n=4). In the rest of the examined specimens (n=2), spines from both sides increase toward the proximal region of the hemipenis. A basal hook is present at the end of each row of spines bordering the sulcus, with the left hook more proximally than the right hook. None (n=2), or three to four small spines (n=2) or spinules (n=2) may be present between the left hook and the wall of the sulcus spermaticus.</p><p>One (n=2) or two (n=2) lateral spines, larger than the hooks, may be present to the left of the sulcus spermaticus, or two large lateral spines may be present on both sides of the sulcus (n=1). The asulcate face is formed by spines arranged in 6–7 more or less transverse rows (counted from proximal to distal region), with largest spines in the median rows, and proximal spines smaller than distal spines. In two specimens (MCNR 1736 and UFMT 6970), those spines are very small. The base of the hemipenis is smooth, with some grooves and several sparse spinules</p><p>Variation: Largest male with SVL 1178 mm, TL 410+N mm (IBSP 34369); largest female with SVL 1035 mm, TL 400+N mm (IBSP 17019). Twenty eight (28) specimens examined (33.7%) had broken tail. The tail of 24 of those specimens (28.9% of the total examined) was healed, suggesting the presence of pseudoautotomy in this species. Tail length of specimens with complete tail is 38.1–62.7% of the SVL in males (mean 44.2%; SD=4.23; n=29) and 41.11–56% (mean 45.7%; SD=3.5; n=26) in females. For variation in meristic characters, see Table 5.</p><p>Geographic distribution: Drymoluber brazili is distributed mainly in Brazil, with a single record from Paraguay (Canindeyú province). The species inhabits the Cerrado domain, with additional records from the Caatinga, Atlantic Forest and its transitional areas with the Cerrado (Fig. 12; Appendices II and III). França et al. (2006) reported the species in Vilhena, Rondônia, Brazil (-12.74, -60.15), in Amazonian savannas. However, that specimen (CHUNB 12791) is actually a D. dichrous . There is a record from Aripuanã, Mato Grosso, Brazil (- 10.15, -59.45) in the MPEG collection, but the specimen (MPEG 10419) could not be found, and we do not consider this record further. Therefore, the presence of D. brazili in the Amazonian region is unconfirmed.</p><p>In their material examined section, Lehr et al. (2004) listed three specimens of Drymoluber brazili deposited in MZUSP that were misidentified: MZUSP 5329 (from Morro Branco, Ceará, Brazil) actually is a young Drymarchon corais; MZUSP 11263 (from Gaúcha do Norte, Mato Grosso, Brazil) and MZUSP 11442 (from Vila Rica, Mato Grosso, Brazil) are specimens of the genus Mastigodryas .</p><p>The records of Drymoluber brazili from the Atlantic Forest, in the municipalities of Colatina (-19.54, -40.64) and Baixo Guandú (-19.52, -41.02) state of Espírito Santo, and in Aimorés (-19.50, -41.06), state of Minas Gerais, suggest relictual populations. The lower Doce River region is relatively arid with notable occurrences of rocky outcrops that resemble Caatinga areas, different from the Atlantic Forest of the nearest regions (Jackson 1978; Ribon 1995). Modelings of the Atlantic Forest range under past climatic scenarios of 6000 and 21,000 years ago suggest that much of the area south of the Doce River was not predicted to retain a large, stable forest refuge, leading to an eastward expansion of the Cerrado (Carnaval &amp; Moritz 2008). Thus, it is possible that in one of these times and benefited by the increasing of non-forested areas in southeastern Brazil, D. brazili expanded its distribution range.</p><p>Natural history: Drymoluber brazili inhabits open areas (Rodrigues 1996; França &amp; Araújo 2006; França et al. 2008), and seems to be absent from altered habitats (França &amp; Araújo 2006). Moreira et al. (2009) recorded the species inhabiting termite mounds, a common behavior in Cerrado snakes. Drymoluber brazili has diurnal activity, and is probably terrestrial (França &amp; Araújo 2006; França et al. 2008). Gomes (1918), however, observed one of the specimens from the type series climbing in arboreal structures in captivity. Amaral (1978) and Pavan &amp; Dixo (2004) cited D. brazili as arboriculous, but they did not state whether their data were obtained from previous published references or represent field observations.</p><p>There is a report of an unidentified Gymnophthalmidae as prey of Drymoluber brazili (França et al. 2008). Additionally, Pavan &amp; Dixo (2004) cited anurans as the main prey of this snake, probably based on uncited literature references, since they collected only one specimen of D. brazili .</p><p>França &amp; Araújo (2006) recorded less than five eggs per clutch of Drymoluber brazili . One specimen examined in the present study (MZUFV 780) has four eggs.</p><p>Gomes (1918) recorded some observations of the defensive behavior of Drymoluber brazili: “When handled, the specimens I had examined did not try to bite; however, when bothered by repeated light hits on the dorsum, they assumed a strike posture similar to D. bifossatus and other species of close related genera ( Coluber, Spilotes, Herpetodryas), also rapidly shaking the tail.” (translation by the authors). Brodie III &amp; Brodie Jr. (2004) suggested that young cross-banded specimens might mimic coralsnakes ( Elapidae).</p><p>The long tail of Drymoluber brazili (mean 44.2% of the SVL in males and 45.7% in females), with a tail beakage ratio of 28.9% (considering only those specimens where the breakage certainly occurred before the collection) is ample evidence of pseudoautotomy (Slowinski &amp; Savage 1995), as in D. dichrous .</p><p>Although morphometric data did not show the presence of sexual size dimorphism in D. brazili, examined males has on average longer SVL than females (mean 870 mm versus mean 856 mm).</p><p>Etymology: The specific name brazili honors Vital Brazil Mineiro da Campanha, well known as the discoverer of the species-specificity of antivenoms, founder of the Instituto Butantan and its director when Gomes (1918) described the species. Vital Brazil developed a system by which the Butantan sent antivenom kits to farmers and ranchers in exchange for live snakes that were freely shipped to the institute by the railroad lines (Adler 2007). This system provided in a few years a snake collection of thousand of specimens to Butantan including the type series of Drymoluber brazili . One disadvantage was the fact that the specific locality of collected specimens could not be certified, and they were labeled as being from the railway stations from where they were sent to the institute (see information about the holotype and paratypes above).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C9885D8F21FFD7FF25F9964A1B25E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Costa, Henrique Caldeira;Moura, Mário Ribeiro;Feio, Renato Neves	Costa, Henrique Caldeira, Moura, Mário Ribeiro, Feio, Renato Neves (2013): Taxonomic revision of Drymoluber Amaral, 1930 (Serpentes: Colubridae). Zootaxa 3716 (3): 349-394, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3716.3.3
03C9885D8F18FFD4FF25FB9E485C257D.text	03C9885D8F18FFD4FF25FB9E485C257D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Drymoluber apurimacensis Lehr, Carrillo & Hocking 2004	<div><p>Drymoluber apurimacensis Lehr, Carrillo &amp; Hocking, 2004</p><p>Drymoluber apurimacensis Lehr, Carrillo &amp; Hocking, 2004 . Copeia, 2004, p. 47.</p><p>Holotype: Museu de Historia Natural Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, MHNSM 20672, juvenile female, SVL 206 mm, TL 73 mm, collected by P. Hocking on 15 January 2001, in Abancay (-13.64, -72.88), Abancay Province, Apurimác Department, Peru, 2500 m above sea level (Lehr et al. 2004). Specimen examined by photographs (Fig. 22).</p><p>Paratypes: Field Museum of Natural History, FMNH 81542, male, SVL 460 mm, TL 192 mm, collected by C. Kalinowski in September 1953 in Hacienda Palmira (-13.65, -73.38), Huancarama district, Andahuaylas Province, Apurimác Department, Peru, 3300 m above sea level (specimen examined by the senior author; Fig. 23 A); Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden, MTKD 44669, adult female, SVL 653 mm, TL 253 mm, killed by a local farmer in May 2002, in Cconoc (-13.06, -72.64), Abancay Province, Apurimác Department, Peru, 1925 m above sea level (Lehr et al. 2004) (specimen examined by photographs; Fig. 23 B); MHNSM 18647, female, SVL 670 mm, TL 274 mm (Lehr et al. 2004; not examined), MTKD 45192, male, SVL 480 mm, TL 165 mm (Lehr et al. 2004; examined by photographs; Fig. 23 C), MTKD 45193, female, without head, TL 216 mm (Lehr et al. 2004; examined by photographs; Fig. 23 D), all collected by an inhabitant of Cconoc, Abancay Province, Apurimác Department, Peru, 1925 m above sea level (Lehr et al. 2004).</p><p>Diagnosis: Drymoluber apurimacensis is distinguished from D. brazili and D. dichrous by the following combination of characters: a) 13-13-13 dorsal scale rows without apical pits; b) 158–164 ventrals in males, 166– 182 in females; c) 84–93 subcaudals in males, 87–91 in females; d) 14–16 maxillary teeth.</p><p>Comparisons: Drymoluber brazili has 17-17-15 dorsal scales rows, and D. dichrous has 15-15-15. Apical pits are present in D. brazili and D. dichrous . Drymoluber brazili has 182–200 ventrals in males and 185–202 in females, 109–127 subcaudals in males and 109–126 in females. Drymoluber dichrous is not distinguishable from D. apurimacensis based on ventrals and subcaudals counts, having 157–173 ventrals in males and 160–180 in females, 87–110 subcaudals in males and 86–109 in females. Drymoluber brazili has 19–15 maxillary teeth, and D. dichrous has 19–16.</p><p>The only known juvenile of Drymoluber apurimacensis (holotype) has dark crossbands 1–2 scales wide, and pale interspaces 2–3 scales wide. Juveniles of D. brazili have dark crossbands 2–6 scales wide (mean 3.6) and pale interspaces 0.5–5 scales wide (mean 1.6). Juveniles of D. dichrous have dark crossbands 1.5–7 scales wide (mean 3.6) and pale interspaces 0.5–2.5 scales wide (mean 0.8).</p><p>The hemipenis of Drymoluber apurimacensis has more calyces than those of D. brazili, smaller spinulate flounces, and no spines in the lobular region. The walls of the sulcus spermaticus tend to be more ornamented, at least in the lobular region, with small jagged papillae. The spines on the asulcate face, mainly the most proximal, are larger than those in some specimens of D. brazili . The hemipenial morphology of D. apurimacensis and D. dichrous is similiar, making inaccurate the differentiation of these species by hemipenial characters.</p><p>According to the description by Lehr et al. (2004), Drymoluber apurimacensis has dorsal scales with two apical pits. However, a reexamination of the holotype and four paratypes did not reveal apical pits (H.C. Costa pers. obs.; M. Auer, pers. comm.; C.P. Torres-Castello, pers. comm.). Lehr et al. (2004) also suggested that D. apurimacensis could de distinguished from its congeners based on the temporal formula of 1+2 (1+1/ 1 in the present study), while D. brazili and D. dichrous have temporal formulae of 2+2 (1/1+1/ 1 in the present study). As previously discussed, marked polymorphism of temporal plates characterizes Drymoluber, and the temporal formula 1+1/1 also occurs in D. dichrous and D. brazili, although the 1/1+1/1 formula is more frequent.</p><p>Coloration of preserved adults: Three of the four paratypes examined (MTKD 44669, 45192, 45193) have the dorsum covered with old scales of olivre-brown color. The inner layer of scales is light bluish-gray. The labials, gular region and the venter are cream colored. The venter becomes bluish-gray with some cream marks on the posterior 2/3 of the body. Subcaudals are bluish-gray and cream colored.</p><p>The coloration of FMNH 81542 is darker; its dorsum is dark-gray, and the venter is cream on the anterior third, becoming gray with cream marks posteriorly. The supralabials are cream with dark upper and lateral edges (the last four scales are almost completely black), and the gular region is cream.</p><p>There is no information about the coloration of living adult specimens of D. apurimacensis .</p><p>Coloration of preserved juveniles: The only known specimen of D. apurimacensis with juvenile coloration is the holotype (MHNSM 20672). Its dorsum has more than 40 dark crossbands of uniform size (about 1–2 scales wide), which become less visible in the posterior third of the body. The light interspaces are 2–3 scales wide. The gular region and venter are cream to light-gray color. The dark crossbands reach the lateral edges of ventrals. The head has the same color of the juveniles of D. dichrous and D. brazili with a transversal white stripe crossing the parietals. The supralabials are pale colored, with slightly darkened lateral edges.</p><p>Coloration of juveniles in life: The holotype had black crossbands, and the interspaces are brown. The venter was light-gray and the head brown with black marks (Lehr et al. 2004).</p><p>Hemipenial morphology (n=1) (Fig. 24): Hemipenis single, subcylindrical, not capitate. Sulcus spermaticus single and centrolinear. Lobe with just less than half of the hemipenis length, with papillate calyces (5–10 triangular papillae per calyx). Proximally, the calyces are gradually replaced by spinulate flounces and spines. Body covered by spines arranged in more or less transverse rows (about 60–70 spines in total). Walls of the sulcus spermaticus ornamented at least in the lobular region by jagged papillae and some spinules. These walls are also bordered on both sides by a longitudinal row of eight spines that tend to increase in size toward the proximal region. A hook is present at the end of each of row bordering the sulcus; the right hook is located more proximally than the left. Neither spines nor spinules occur between the left hook and the sulcus spermaticus. There are two lateral spines larger than the hooks left of the sulcus. The asulcate face of the hemipenis is formed by spines arranged in about seven more or less transverse rows (counted from proximal to distal region), with largest spines in the medial rows. The base of the hemipenis is smooth, with some grooves and several sparse spinules.</p><p>Variation: When available, data of the paratype MHNSM 18647 given by Lehr et al. (2004) were used. Largest male has SVL 643 mm, TL 253 mm (MTKD 44669); largest female has SVL 670 mm, TL 274 mm (MHNSM 18647; not examined). The tail is 34.4–41.7% of the SVL in males (mean 38.5%; SD=3.75; n=3) and 35.4–40.9% (n=2) in females. For variation in meristic characters, see Table 5.</p><p>Geographic distribution: Drymoluber apurimacensis is known from three localities between 1920 and 3300 meters above sea level south of the Apurimác and Pampas Rivers, department of Apurimác, in the Serranía Esteparia ecoregion. The area is characterized by matorral seco and matorral sub-húmedo vegetation (Lehr et al. 2004). Drymoluber apurimacensis probably is endemic to the deep valley of the Apurímac River, which seems to be a significant geographical barrier to the North-south distribution of some Andean taxa (Lehr et al. 2004). Amphibians of the genus Bryophryne (Strabomantidae), the bird Synallaxis courseni (Furnariidae) and the plant Solanum anomalostemon (Solanaceae) are some species endemic to the Apurímac region (Lehr &amp; Catenazzi 2008; BirdLife International 2009; Knapp &amp; Nee 2009).</p><p>Natural history: The holotype was collected under a rock at midday, and the paratype MTKD 45193 had a lizard Euspondylus sp. ( Gymnophthalmidae) in its stomach (Lehr et al. 2004). Drymoluber apurimacensis is sympatric with the snakes Dipsas peruana, Leptotyphlops sp., Oxyrhopus melanogenys and Tachymenis peruviana (Lehr et al. 2004) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C9885D8F18FFD4FF25FB9E485C257D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Costa, Henrique Caldeira;Moura, Mário Ribeiro;Feio, Renato Neves	Costa, Henrique Caldeira, Moura, Mário Ribeiro, Feio, Renato Neves (2013): Taxonomic revision of Drymoluber Amaral, 1930 (Serpentes: Colubridae). Zootaxa 3716 (3): 349-394, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3716.3.3
