taxonID	type	description	language	source
03D687A48A37FFC8FF01F8948D390125.taxon	description	Identification keys to species from the ancient lakes of Sulawesi. – Woltereck (1937 a, b) mentioned the rostrum as a good character to delimit the different species she described from the Malili lakes: “ … the rostrum varies in length, but the type does not change. ” (Woltereck, 1937 a: 228). Schenkel (1902) provided a detailed description of the rostrum in species from Lake Poso and included an elaborate table of rostral characters from one species. The recent examination of specimens from both lake systems confirmed that shape and denticulation of the rostrum are constant in the majority of the species. Therefore, the following morphological key is mainly based on rostral characters from adult specimens of both sexes (although it has to be mentioned that females are generally larger than males). It is not appropriate for the identification of most juveniles, though. During sampling in the lakes, most species could easily be told apart (juveniles included) based on colour pattern, substrate, collecting site, or behaviour. Thus, an additional key for each lake system is provided for the quick preidentification of living animals in the field. Because each species flock is endemic to its respective lake system and both lake systems are completely isolated from each other, the key to living animals in the field is subdivided into species from the Malili lake system and from Lake Poso (and its river system). All keys provided here are only applicable to species of Caridina from the ancient lakes of Sulawesi.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A3FFFC0FC45FE948B1703EC.taxon	description	(Figs. 4 - 6; Table 3)	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A3FFFC0FC45FE948B1703EC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. – Holotype: ovigerous female (cl 3.1 mm) (MZB Cru 1540), Lake Matano, east shore, just at entrance to outlet bay, 02 ° 31.54 ' S, 121 ° 27.00 ' E, loc. 43 - 03, on gravel in shallow water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 18 Sep. 2003.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A3FFFDCFE94F8EF88D80746.taxon	type_taxon	Type species. – Caridina typus H. Milne Edwards, 1837: 363 (type locality unknown, gender feminine), by monotypy. Paratypes (all Lake Matano) – 24 ex. (MZB Cru 1542, n = 10; ZMB 29024, n = 14, some SEM material), south shore, Soroako, Salonsa, INCO boat house, 02 ° 30.71 ' S, 121 ° 20.45 ' E, loc. 19 - 03, on gravel in shallow water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 19 Sep. 2003; 24 ex. (MZB Cru 1541, n = 14 and ZMB 29049, n = 10, some SEM material), east shore, just at entrance to outlet bay, 02 ° 31.54 ' S, 121 ° 27.00 ' E, loc. 43 - 03, on gravel in shallow water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 18 Sep. 2003; 9 ex. (MZB Cru 1548, n = 4; ZMB 29050, n = 5, some SEM material), north shore, 02 ° 27.28 ' S, 121 ° 21.21 ' E, loc. 98 - 03, on gravel, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 1 Oct. 2003; 25 ex. (MZB Cru 1544, n = 13; ZMB 29051, n = 12, some SEM material), northwest corner, 02 ° 27.71 ' S, 121 ° 13.03 ' E, loc. 102 - 03, on boulders in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 1 Oct. 2003; 9 ex. (MZB Cru 1546, n = 5; ZMB 29103, n = 4, some SEM material), east shore, south bay, 02 ° 32.77 ' S, 121 ° 26.71 ' E, loc. 45 - 03, on gravel, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 1 Oct. 2003; 10 ex. (MZB Cru 1547, n = 5; ZMB 29104, n = 5 and few juveniles, some SEM material), southwest shore, Cape Nikomene, 02 ° 32.24 ' S, 121 ° 24.76 ' E, loc. 46 - 03, on gravel, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 1 Oct. 2003; 3 ex. (ZMB 29153, n = 3 and few juveniles), south shore, near cave entrance, 02 ° 29.85 ' S, 121 ° 18.66 ' E, loc. 60 - 03, on boulders in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 24 Sep. 2003; 3 ex. (ZMB 29155), south shore, 02 ° 27.84 ' S, 121 ° 13.88 ' E, loc. 63 - 03, on gravel, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 24 Sep. 2003; 3 ex. (ZMB 29156, some SEM material), north shore, 02 ° 25.67 ' S, 121 ° 16.54 ' E, loc. 65 - 03, on gravel, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 25 Sep. 2003; 4 ex. (ZMB 29157), north shore, 02 ° 26.36 ' S, 121 ° 19.03 ' E, loc. 84 - 03, on gravel, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 1 Oct. 2003; 14 ex. (MZB Cru 1545, n = 7; ZMB 29326, n = 7, some SEM material), south shore, 02 ° 27.85 ' S, 121 ° 13.87 ' E, loc. 125 - 04, on boulders in deeper water, coll. P. Koller & K. von Rintelen, 1 Aug. 2004; 1 ex. (ZMB 29327), south shore, canal between island and mainland, 02 ° 28.46 ' S, 121 ° 15.83 ' E, loc. 62 - 03, on gravel, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 1 Oct. 2003; 3 ex. (ZMB 29328), north shore, 02 ° 26.274 ' S, 121 ° 18.83 ' E, loc. 133 - 04, on gravel, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 22 Jul. 2004; 1 ex. (ZMB 29329), west shore, 02 ° 26.828 ' S, 121 ° 12.988 ' E, loc. 135 - 04, on gravel, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 23 Jul. 2004; 3 ex. (ZMB 29330), north shore, 02 ° 27.311 ' S, 121 ° 21.047 ' E, loc. 09 - 05, on gravel in shallow water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 7 Jan. 2005; 4 ex. (MZB Cru 1543), Lake Matano (no details given), loc. F 2 - 02, substrate unknown, coll. F. Herder & A. Nolte, 1 Dec. 2002.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A3FFFDCFE94F8EF88D80746.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 1.5 - 3.4 mm (n = 53). Rostrum (Fig. 5 A; Table 3) reaching near or to end of scaphocerite, slightly sickle-shaped, 0.9 - 1.3 times as long as carapace (n = 39), armed dorsally with 15 - 25 teeth (including 3 - 7 teeth posterior to orbital margin), anterior less densely spaced, armed ventrally with 5 - 11 teeth. Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end 0.5 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Antennular peduncle 1.0 - 1.3 times as long as carapace (n = 5), second segment 2.0 - 2.2 times length of third segment, third segment 0.3 - 0.4 times length of basal segment. Stylocerite reaching 0.8 - 0.9 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Scaphocerite (Fig. 5 D) 4.3 - 5.7 times as long as wide (n = 5). Sixth abdominal somite 0.5 - 0.7 times length of carapace (n = 35), 1.4 - 2.0 times as long as fifth somite (n = 32), 0.8 - 1.0 times length of telson (n = 24). Telson (Fig. 5 C, H) 3.1 - 3.3 times as long as wide (n = 5), distal margin rounded, without projection, with 3 - 4 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 3 - 4 pairs of spines, lateral pair distinctly longer than intermediate pairs, median pair shortest. Preanal carina (Fig. 5 E) with a spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 5 B) with 12 - 13 movable spinules (n = 5). 5 pairs of pleurobranchs well developed; 3 pairs of arthrobranchs, 2 on third maxillipeds, with second pair strongly reduced in size, 1 pair on first pereiopod; 1 pair of podobranchs on second maxilliped reduced strongly to a laminate form. Epipod present on first pereiopod, but reduced. Incisor process of mandible (Fig. 6 A) ending in a row of 3 - 4 small teeth, molar process truncated. Lower lacinia of maxillula (Fig. 6 B) broadly rounded, upper lacinia elongate, with numerous distinct teeth and setae on inner margin, palp slender. Upper endites of maxilla (Fig. 6 C) subdivided, palp elongated, scaphognathite tapering posteriorly with numerous long, curved setae at posterior end. Distal end of palp of first maxilliped (Fig. 6 F) triangular, with a long finger-like projection; flagellum of the exopod very elongated, endopod high, reaching to half the flagellum of exopod in length. Second maxilliped (Fig. 6 D) typical. Third maxilliped (Fig. 6 E) with ultimate segment slightly shorter than penultimate segment. First and second pereiopod very slender, chela and carpus of first pereiopod distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 5 M-P); chela of first pereiopod 2.4 - 3.8 times as long as wide (n = 35), 0.9 - 1.1 times length of carpus (n = 39); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 1.7 - 2.4 times as long as palm (n = 6); carpus 3.3 - 4.6 times as long as wide (n = 35), 1.4 - 1.8 times length of merus (n = 5). Chela of second pereiopod 2.8 - 3.7 times as long as wide (n = 35), 0.6 - 0.7 times length of carpus (n = 39); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 1.6 - 2.1 times cl (mm) 2.3 - 3.8 2.8 ± 0.4 2.7 29 rl / cl 0.6 - 1.2 0.9 ± 0.1 0.9 32 n dorsal rostral teeth 14 - 28 20 ± 3 20 32 n ventral rostral teeth 3 - 7 5 ± 1 5 32 abds 6 / cl 0.5 - 0.7 0.6 ± 0.1 0.6 15 abds 6 / abds 5 1.4 - 1.8 1.6 ± 0.1 1.6 15 abds 6 / h tel 0.9 - 1.0 0.9 ± 0.0 0.9 10 h tel / w tel 2.9 - 3.5 3.3 ± 0.2 3.4 6 n spines uropodal diaeresis 12 - 13 13 ± 1 13 5 h ch 1 / w ch 1 1.8 - 2.3 2.1 ± 0.2 2.1 18 h ch 1 / h ca 1 1.1 - 1.4 1.2 ± 0.1 1.2 17 h ca 1 / w ca 1 2.0 - 3.1 2.7 ± 0.3 2.7 13 h ch 2 / w ch 2 2.3 - 3.5 2.8 ± 0.3 2.8 18 h ch 2 / h ca 2 0.7 - 0.9 0.8 ± 0.1 0.7 22 h ca 2 / w ca 2 4.3 - 7.0 5.7 ± 0.9 5.7 18 n spines p 3 3 - 6 4 ± 1 4 5 n spines p 5 27 - 39 34 ± 5 33 5 as long as palm (n = 6); carpus 6.9 - 8.5 times as long as wide (n = 35), 1.4 - 1.9 times as long as merus (n = 5). Third pereiopod (Fig. 5 F, I) slender, dactylus 3.8 - 5.3 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 2 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 14.7 - 24.2 times as long as wide, 4.9 - 6.2 times as long as dactylus; carpus 7.5 - 9.2 times as long as wide, 0.6 - 0.7 times as long as propodus, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 11.0 - 12.4 times as long as wide, bearing 3 - 4 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Fifth pereiopod slender (Fig. 5 G, J), dactylus 3.0 - 5.1 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 25 - 30 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 17.3 - 24.2 times as long as wide, 4.4 - 7.0 times as long as dactylus; carpus 6.6 - 9.0 times as long as wide, 0.5 times as long as propodus, 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 9.4 - 13.8 times as long as wide, bearing 1 - 3 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 5 K) elongated triangular, 1.7 - 2.3 times as long as proximally wide (n = 5), without appendix interna. Appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 5 L) 0.8 - 0,9 times length of appendix masculina (n = 5). Ovigerous females with 8 - 14 eggs (n = 7 females); egg size 1.0 - 1.2 x 0.5 - 0.7 mm (n = 88, eggs with and without eyes).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A3FFFDCFE94F8EF88D80746.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – C. dennerli is endemic to Lake Matano and widely distributed within the lake (Fig. 4 A).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A3FFFDCFE94F8EF88D80746.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and ecology. – C. dennerli is a hard substrate dweller (rocks) occurring in different water depths (from shallow water to approx. – 10 m), on or under small rocks, and between boulders. When disturbed, it tries to escape side- or downwards rather than in other directions, but frequently stays attached to a rock when it is uplifted. Colour pattern. – C. dennerli has one of the most conspicuous colour patterns among the ancient lake species (Fig. 4 B-C). Body and most appendages are primarily dark red to purple; body covered with several white conspicuous spots and one distinct white dot on the dorsodistal part of the abdomen. Chela and carpus of the first and second pereiopod bright white and distinctly contrasting the otherwise red colour. Antenna, antenulla, and scaphocerite also white. When feeding, the white chelipeds were observed to be always clearly visible, whereas the rest of the (dark coloured) body was more or less camouflaged; eggs are also dark red. Under stress, red body colour can change to blue, but only temporarily. This change of colour was only observed in a small water tank minutes after being caught.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A3FFFDCFE94F8EF88D80746.taxon	etymology	Etymology. – Caridina dennerli, new species, is dedicated to the German company Dennerle GmbH, which kindly supported the authors’ shrimp project on the ancient lake species of Sulawesi. Taxonomic remarks. – The slightly falciform rostrum is a more constant character in C. dennerli than in other species. Thus, it is already distinguishable in most cases at first sight. With regard to the rostrum, C. dennerli mainly resembles C. holthuisi, but also other species from Lake Towuti, e. g. the broad rostrum morph of C. striata, although it is more slender than in C. holthuisi and usually broader and shorter than in C. striata (reaching near or to end of scaphocerite vs. longer than in C. striata). It differs from C. holthuisi not only in its substrate preference (rocks vs. leaf litter in C. holthuisi) and colour pattern (compare respective description), but also by a different number of ventral teeth on the rostrum (5 - 11, median 9 vs. 3 - 7, median 5 in C. holthuisi) and distinctly more slender pereiopods in C. dennerli (for example chela of first pereiopod 2.4 - 3.8, median 2.7 vs. 1.8 - 2.3, median 2.1 in C. holthuisi). In the molecular phylogeny (Figs. 63 - 64), C. dennerli is genetically distinct form the other species mentioned above.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A23FFD9FC54FF34897D04A5.taxon	description	(Figs. 7 - 9; Table 4) Caridina sp. 1 – von Rintelen et al., 2007 b: 262, fig. 2 b.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A23FFD9FC54FF34897D04A5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. – Holotype: female (cl 2.7 mm) (MZB Cru 2122), Lake Towuti, west shore, south of Cape Timbalo, 02 ° 42.91 ' S, 121 ° 26.78 ' E, loc. 94 - 03, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 4 Oct. 2003. Paratypes (all Lake Towuti) – 5 ex. (ZMB 29053, some SEM material), south shore, approx. 2 km east of Cape Mea, 02 ° 55.8 ' S, 121 ° 26.92 ' E, loc. 74 - 03, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; 2 ex. (ZMB 29074, some SEM material), north shore, bay east of Cape Bintu, 02 ° 39.48 ' S, 121 ° 33.25 ' E, loc. 68 - 03, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Sep. 2003; 26 ex. (MZB Cru 1825, n = 11; ZMB 29077, n = 15), west shore, south of Cape Timbalo, 02 ° 42.91 ' S, 121 ° 26.78 ' E, loc. 94 - 03, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 4 Oct. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29086, some SEM material), Larona River, 02 ° 45.06 ' S, 121 ° 20.12 ’ E, loc. 50 - 03, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 21 Sep. 2003; 12 ex. (MZB Cru 1826, n = 6; ZMB 29109, n = 6), west shore, north of Cape Wasupute, 02 ° 46.9 ' S, 121 ° 27.94 ' E, loc. 78 - 03, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Jul. 2004; 7 ex. (ZMB 29301), west shore, west of Cape Timbalo, 02 ° 42.631 ' S, 121 ° 26.389 ' E, loc. 145 - 04, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Jul. 2004; 3 ex. (ZMB 29335), northwest shore, 02 ° 40.897 ' S, 121 ° 25.015 ' E, loc. 143 - 04, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 25 Jul. 2004; 2 ex. (MZB Cru 1827), west shore, Cape Bakara, 02 ° 40.771 ' S, 121 ° 26.11 ' E, loc. 144 - 04, on rocks in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Jul. 2004.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A23FFD9FC54FF34897D04A5.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 2.3 - 3.4 mm (n = 11). Rostrum (Fig. 8 A; Table 4) long, reaching beyond end of scaphocerite, 0.9 - 1.7 times as long as carapace (n = 12), armed dorsally with 11 - 17 teeth (including 2 - 5 teeth posterior to orbital margin), anterior less densely spaced, armed ventrally with 5 - 16 teeth (n = 9). Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end 0.6 - 0.8 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Antennular peduncle 1.0 times as long as carapace (n = 5), second segment 1.8 - 2.1 times length of third segment, third segment 0.3 times length of basal segment. Stylocerite reaching 0.9 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Scaphocerite (Fig. 8 D) 4.0 - 5.7 times as long as wide (n = 5). Sixth abdominal somite 0.5 - 0.8 times length of carapace (n = 10), 1.6 - 2.0 times as long as fifth somite (n = 5), 0.8 - 1.2 times length of telson (n = 11). Telson (Fig. 8 F-G, M-N) 3.2 - 3.4 times as long as wide (n = 5), distal margin rounded, without projection, with 3 - 4 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 3 - 4 pairs of spines, lateral pair distinctly longer than intermediate spines, median pair or median spine shortest. Preanal carina (Fig. 8 B) rounded, without a spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 8 C) with 11 - 14 movable spinules (n = 5). 5 pairs of pleurobranchs well developed; 3 pairs of arthrobranchs, 2 on third maxillipeds, with second pair strongly reduced in size, 1 pair on first pereiopod; 1 pair cl (mm) 2.3 - 3.4 2.9 ± 0.3 2.9 11 rl / cl 0.9 - 1.7 1.2 ± 0.3 1.1 12 n dorsal rostral teeth 11 - 17 15 ± 2 15 9 n ventral rostral teeth 5 - 16 9 ± 4 8 9 abds 6 / cl 0.5 - 0.8 0.7 ± 0.1 0.7 10 abds 6 / abds 5 1.6 - 2.0 1.8 ± 0.2 1.8 5 abds 6 / h tel 0.8 - 1.2 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 11 h tel / w tel 3.2 - 3.4 3.3 ± 0.1 3.3 5 n spines uropodal diaeresis 11 - 14 13 ± 1 12 5 h ch 1 / w ch 1 2.0 - 2.4 2.2 ± 0.2 2.2 8 h ch 1 / h ca 1 1.1 - 1.4 1.2 ± 0.1 1.2 12 h ca 1 / w ca 1 1.9 - 3.4 2.6 ± 0.5 2.6 8 h ch 2 / w ch 2 2.3 - 3.2 2.8 ± 0.3 2.9 8 h ch 2 / h ca 2 0.7 - 0.8 0.8 ± 0.0 0.8 11 h ca 2 / w ca 2 4.8 - 6.7 5.7 ± 0.7 5.7 8 n spines p 3 2 - 5 4 ± 1 4 4 n spines p 5 14 - 35 26 ± 9 28 4 of podobranchs on second maxilliped reduced strongly to a laminate form. Epipod reduced or totally absent from the first pereiopod. Incisor process of mandible (Fig. 9 A) ending in a row of 4 - 5 small teeth, molar process truncated. Lower lacinia of maxillula (Fig. 9 B) broadly rounded, upper lacinia elongate, with numerous distinct teeth and setae on inner margin, palp slender. Upper endites of maxilla (Fig. 9 C) subdivided, palp short, scaphognathite tapering posteriorly with numerous long, curved setae at posterior end. Distal end of palp of first maxilliped (Fig. 9 F) triangular, not ending with a finger-like projection; flagellum of the exopod very elongated, endopod high, not exceeding the flagellum of exopod in length. Second maxilliped (Fig. 9 D) typical. Third maxilliped (Fig. 9 E) with ultimate segment as long as penultimate segment. Chela and carpus of first pereiopod distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 8 O-Q); chela of first pereiopod 2.0 - 2.4 times as long as wide (n = 8), 1.1 - 1.4 times length of carpus (n = 12); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 1.1 - 1.3 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 1.9 - 3.4 times as long as wide (n = 8), 1.1 - 1.4 times length of merus (n = 5). Chela of second pereiopod 2.3 - 3.2 times as long as wide (n = 8), 0.7 - 0.8 times length of carpus (n = 11); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 1.2 - 1.5 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 4.8 - 6.7 times as long as wide (n = 8), 1.4 times as long as merus (n = 5). Third pereiopod (Fig. 8 H, E) slender, dactylus 3.6 - 4.2 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 4), terminating in one large claw with 2 - 5 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 11.4 - 15.0 times as long as wide, 4.2 - 5.5 times as long as dactylus; carpus 5.8 - 7.5 times as long as wide, 0.6 - 0.7 times as long as propodus, 0.5 times as long as merus; merus 9.0 - 11.3 times as long as wide, bearing 2 - 3 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Fifth pereiopod slender (Fig. 8 I-J), dactylus 3.8 - 4.5 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 4), terminating in one large claw with 14 - 35 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 14.0 - 21.8 times as long as wide, 4.1 - 6.5 times as long as dactylus; carpus 5.0 - 7.2 times as long as wide, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as propodus, 0.6 - 0.7 times as long as merus; merus 8.5 - 12.0 times as long as wide, bearing 2 - 3 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 8 K) elongated triangular, 1.8 - 2.7 times as long as proximally wide (n = 5), without appendix interna. Appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 39 L) 0.8 - 0.9 times length of appendix masculina (n = 5). Ovigerous females with 20 eggs (n = 2 females); egg size 0.8 - 1.0 x 0.5 - 0.6 mm (n = 40, eggs with and without eyes).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A23FFD9FC54FF34897D04A5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – C. glaubrechti is endemic to Lake Towuti and was mainly found in the western part of the lake (Fig. 7 A).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A23FFD9FC54FF34897D04A5.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and ecology. – C. glaubrechti is a hard substrate dweller on rocks and was mainly found in shallow water regions on smaller rocks, but also in deeper water zones (below 3 m) on larger rocks (boulders). When disturbed, it tries to escape side- or downwards rather than in other directions. This is a behaviour also typical for other rock dwellers (KvR, pers. observ.). C. glaubrechti is often found in syntopy with other rock dwellers in Lake Towuti, such as C. profundicola and C. spinata, but particularly C. striata and C. woltereckae. Colour pattern. – The primary colour of C. glaubrechti is brown with several white bands or patches all over the body (including pereiopods and uropods; Fig. 7 B). A conspicuous white band is visible at the distal part of the abdomen. Appendages are transparent or partly brownish. Eggs are brown. This colour pattern remains visible even if the shrimp is under stress; the intensity of the colour merely fades.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A23FFD9FC54FF34897D04A5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. – Caridina glaubrechti, new species, is dedicated to Matthias Glaubrecht, who initiated the current research on endemic species flocks from the ancient lakes of Sulawesi, and who also collected several shrimp specimens. Taxonomic remarks. – The colour pattern of C. glaubrechti closely resembles the colour pattern of C. tenuirostris, but both species not only differ in their substrate preference (rocks vs. wood in C. tenuirostris), but by the continuous dorsal denticulation of the rostrum (vs. anterior dorsal part always completely unarmed in C. tenuirostris), a different number of spines on the uropodal diaeresis (11 - 14, median 12 vs. 7 - 8, median 8 in C. tenuirostris), and on the dactylus of the fifth pereiopod (14 - 35, median 28 vs. 11 - 15, median 14 in C. tenuirostris). As alcohol bleached material, C. glaubrechti is almost identical with C. striata and C. woltereckae, although the colour pattern in living specimens always allows an unambiguous separation. It slightly differs from C. woltereckae by a higher number of spines on the dactylus of the fifth pereiopod (14 - 35, median 28 vs. 13 - 22, median 20 in C. woltereckae). Also, the dimorphic character of the rostrum in C. striata could not be observed in C. glaubrechti. In the molecular phylogeny (Figs. 63 - 64), C. glaubrechti forms a single clade with the other rock dwellers C. striata and C. woltereckae, and the sponge dweller C. spongicola, but their relationship is not resolved within this clade (compare von Rintelen et al., 2007 b; for further details see taxonomic remarks on C. striata).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A26FFD6FF68FD94898F0786.taxon	description	(Figs. 10 - 12, Table 5) Caridina opaensis – Woltereck, 1937 a: 222, fig. I. 4, pls. 3,6 (locality: Matanno [Matano], Soroako). Cardina opaensis – Brooks, 1950: 168 (erroneous spelling).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A26FFD6FF68FD94898F0786.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. – Holotype – ovigerous female (cl 3.2 mm) (MZB Cru 2125), Lake Matano, south shore, canal between island and mainland, 02 ° 28.46 ' S, 121 ° 15.83 ' E, loc. 62 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 1 Oct. 2003. Paratypes (Lake Matano) – 7 ex. (ZMB 29272), south shore, 02 ° 27.85 ' S, 121 ° 13.87 ' E, loc. 125 - 04, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 1 Aug. 2004; 5 ex. (ZMB 29065, some SEM material), south shore, 02 ° 27.84 ' S, 121 ° 13.88 ' E, loc. 63 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 24 Sep. 2003; 4 ex. (ZMB 29073), south shore, at small islands, 02 ° 28.461 ' S, 121 ° 15.591 ' E, loc. 137 - 04, on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 24 Jul. 2004; 44 ex. (MZB Cru 1790, n = 22; ZMB 29075, n = 22, some SEM material), south shore, canal between island and mainland, 02 ° 28.46 ' S, 121 ° 15.83 ' E, loc. 62 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 1 Oct. 2003; 24 ex. (MZB Cru 1791, n = 11; ZMB 29105, n = 13, some SEM material), north shore, 02 ° 26.36 ' S, 121 ° 19.03 ' E, loc. 84 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 1 Oct. 2003; 6 ex. (ZMB 29107, some SEM material), south shore, Soroako, Salonsa, Pantai Ide, 02 ° 30.89 ' S, 121 ° 20.53 ' E, loc. 40 - 03, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 17 Sep. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29139), north shore, 02 ° 29.75 ' S, 121 ° 25.81 ' E, loc. 42 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 17 Sept. 2003; 4 ex. (ZMB 29140), south shore, 02 ° 28.5 ' S, 121 ° 15.55 ' E, loc. 139 - 04, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 24 Jul. 2004; 16 ex. (MZB Cru 1792, n = 8; ZMB 29189, n = 8), at small islands, 02 ° 28.458 ' S, 121 ° 15.57 ' E, loc. F 4 - 02, on mixed substrate, coll. F. Herder, 2 Nov. 2002; 1 ex. (ZMB 29225), north shore, 02 ° 27.28 ' S, 121 ° 21.21 ' E, loc. 98 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 5 Oct. 2003; 4 ex. (ZMB 29227), south shore, 02 ° 27.84 ' S, 121 ° 13.88 ' E, loc. 01 - 05, on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 1 Jan. 2005; 1 ex. (ZMB 29231), south shore, Soroako, Salonsa, INCO boat house, 02 ° 30.71 ' S, 121 ° 20.45 ' E, loc. 19 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 19 Sep. 2003; 6 ex. (ZMB 29232, n = 6 and some juveniles), north shore, 02 ° 28.42 ' S, 121 ° 24.21 ' E, loc. 41 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 17 Sep. 2003; 9 ex. (MZB Cru 1793, n = 4; ZMB 29286, n = 5, some SEM material), northwest shore, 02 ° 25.742 ' S, 121 ° 13.797 ' E, loc. 134 - 04, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 23 Jul. 2004; 11 ex. (MZB Cru 1794, n = 5; ZMB 29185, n = 6), Matano catchment, river, near mouth at northwest corner of Lake Matano, 02 ° 25.88 ' S, 121 ° 13.08 ' E, loc. 24 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 13 Sep. 2003. Paratypes (Lake Mahalona) – 12 ex. (MZB Cru 1795, n = 6; ZMB 29059, n = 6), Lake Mahalona (no further details given), loc. F 3 - 02, substrate unknown, coll. J. Frommen, 1 Nov. 2002; 9 ex. (ZMB 29063, n = 9 and some juveniles, some SEM material), east shore, at mouth of Petea River, 02 ° 34.54 ' S, 121 ° 30.48 ' E, loc. 55 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 23 Sep. 2003; 11 ex. (MZB Cru 1796, n = 5; ZMB 29324, n = 6), east shore, estuary of Ponsoa River, 02 ° 35.101 ' S, 121 ° 30.681 ' E, loc. 146 - 04, on Ottelia, coll. P. Koller, K. & T. von Rintelen, 3 Aug. 2004. Paratypes (Lake Towuti) – 33 ex. (MZB Cru 1797, n = 15; ZMB 29036, n = 18), southwest shore, west of Cape Tetetu, 02 ° 54.13 ' S, 121 ° 23.78 ' E, loc. 76 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; 3 ex. (ZMB 29078, some SEM material), west shore, at entrance to outlet bay, Cape Larona, 02 ° 48.43 ' S, 121 ° 24.75 ' E, loc. 73 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003; 21 ex. (MZB Cru 1798, n = 11; ZMB 29228, n = 10 and some juveniles), east shore, 02 ° 40.84 ' S, 121 ° 41.32 ' E, loc. 87 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 2 Oct. 2003; 4 ex. (ZMB 29303, some SEM material), northeast shore, at Lengkona, 02 ° 40.483 ' S, 121 ° 41.382 ' E, loc. 116 - 04, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Jul. 2004; 3 ex. (MZB Cru 1799), west shore, west of Cape Timbalo, 02 ° 42.631 ' S, 121 ° 26.389 ' E, loc. 145 - 04, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Jul. 2004; 2 ex. (MZB Cru 1800), northwest shore, south of Timampu, 02 ° 39.466 ' S, 121 ° 25.859 ' E, loc. 140 - 04, on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 25 Jul. 2004. Comparative material examined. – Caridina opaensis Roux, 1904: 547, pl. 9, Figs. 8 - 10 (type locality: Southeast Sulawesi, Lake Opa, 30 m above sealevel). Syntypes – 2 females (cl 2.9 - 3.3 mm) (NHMB 9 a), Southeast Sulawesi, Opa, Sulawesi, Indonesia, coll. Sarasin, 1904. Others (all Southeast Sulawesi): 1 ex. (ZMB 29008), Benua River, northern arm, 04 ° 13.388 ' S, 122 ° 6.397 ' E, loc. 85 - 05, coll. M. Glaubrecht, K. & T. von Rintelen, 31 May 2005; 1 ex. (ZMB 29010), stream at road Kendari – Lapuko, near Mulyasari, 04 ° 7.34 ' S, 122 ° 36.82 ' E, loc. 103 - 05, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 1 Jun. 2005; 1 ex. (ZMB 29018), stream at Labeala, east of Pundihaha, road Kendari – Kolaka, 03 ° 57.987 ' S, 122 ° 20.739 ' E, loc. 77 - 05, coll. M. Glaubrecht, K. & T. von Rintelen, 30 May 2005; 1 ex. (ZMB 29338), stream in Pruiala, north of Aopa area, 04 ° 3.67 ' S, 122 ° 6.845 ' E, loc. 83 - 05, coll. M. Glaubrecht, K. & T. von Rintelen, 31 May 2005; 1 ex. (ZMB 29339), Simbune River, approx. 1 km northeast of Raterate, road Kendari – Kolaka, 04 ° 2.326 ' S, 121 ° 54.204 ' E, loc. 79 - 05, coll. M. Glaubrecht, K. & T. von Rintelen, 30 May 2005; 1 ex. (ZMB 29340), Humbuti River, northwest of Abuki, 03 ° 38.91 ' S, 121 ° 52.38 ' E, loc. 78 - 05, coll. M. Glaubrecht, K. & T. von Rintelen, 30 May 2005.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A26FFD6FF68FD94898F0786.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 2.3 - 3.8 mm (n = 29). Rostrum (Fig. 11 A-E; Table 5) usually broad, reaching near or slightly beyond end of scaphocerite, 0.6 - 1.2 times as long as carapace (n = 32), armed dorsally with 14 - 28 teeth (including 4 - 8 teeth posterior to orbital margin), armed ventrally with 3 - 7 teeth. Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end 0.5 - 0.6 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 6). Antennular peduncle 0.8 - 1.0 times as long as carapace (n = 6), second segment 1.6 - 2.1 times length of third segment, third segment 0.3 - 0.4 times length of basal segment. Stylocerite reaching 0.9 - 1.0 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 6). Scaphocerite (Fig. 11 H) 3.8 - 4.8 times as long as wide (n = 5). Sixth abdominal somite 0.5 - 0.7 times length of carapace (n = 15), 1.4 - 1.8 times as long as fifth somite (n = 15), 0.9 - 1.0 times length of telson (n = 10). Telson (Fig. 11 J-K) 2.9 - 3.5 times as long as wide (n = 6), distal margin rounded, without projection, with 3 - 4 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 3 - 4 pairs of spines, lateral pair longer than intermediate pairs, median pair shortest. Preanal carina (Fig. 11 I) with a spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 11 L) with 12 - 13 movable spinules (n = 5). 5 pairs of pleurobranchs well developed; 3 pairs of arthrobranchs, 2 on third maxillipeds, with second pair strongly reduced in size, 1 pair on first pereiopod; 1 pair of podobranchs on second maxilliped reduced strongly to a laminate form. Epipod present on first two pereiopods. Incisor process of mandible (Fig. 12 A) ending in a row of 3 - 4 small teeth, molar process truncated. Lower lacinia of maxillula (Fig. 12 B) broadly rounded, upper lacinia elongate, with numerous distinct teeth and setae on inner margin, palp slender. Upper endites of maxilla (Fig. 12 C) subdivided, palp short, scaphognathite tapering posteriorly with numerous long, curved setae at posterior end. Distal end of palp of first maxilliped (Fig. 12 F) triangular, with a finger-like projection; flagellum of the exopod very elongated, endopod high, not exceeding the flagellum of exopod in length. Second maxilliped (Fig. 12 E) typical. Third maxilliped (Fig. 12 D) with ultimate segment distinctly shorter than penultimate segment. cl (mm) 2.3 - 3.8 2.8 ± 0.4 2.7 29 rl / cl 0.6 - 1.2 0.9 ± 0.1 0.9 32 n dorsal rostral teeth 14 - 28 20 ± 3 20 32 n ventral rostral teeth 3 - 7 5 ± 1 5 32 abds 6 / cl 0.5 - 0.7 0.6 ± 0.1 0.6 15 abds 6 / abds 5 1.4 - 1.8 1.6 ± 0.1 1.6 15 abds 6 / h tel 0.9 - 1.0 0.9 ± 0.0 0.9 10 h tel / w tel 2.9 - 3.5 3.3 ± 0.2 3.4 6 n spines uropodal diaeresis 12 - 13 13 ± 1 13 5 h ch 1 / w ch 1 1.8 - 2.3 2.1 ± 0.2 2.1 18 h ch 1 / h ca 1 1.1 - 1.4 1.2 ± 0.1 1.2 17 h ca 1 / w ca 1 2.0 - 3.1 2.7 ± 0.3 2.7 13 h ch 2 / w ch 2 2.3 - 3.5 2.8 ± 0.3 2.8 18 h ch 2 / h ca 2 0.7 - 0.9 0.8 ± 0.1 0.7 22 h ca 2 / w ca 2 4.3 - 7.0 5.7 ± 0.9 5.7 18 n spines p 3 3 - 6 4 ± 1 4 5 n spines p 5 27 - 39 34 ± 5 33 5 Chela and carpus of first pereiopod distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 11 S-T); chela of first pereiopod 1.8 - 2.3 times as long as wide (n = 18), 1.1 - 1.4 times length of carpus (n = 17); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 0.9 - 1.3 times as long as palm (n = 9); carpus 2.0 - 3.1 times as long as wide (n = 13), 1.1 - 1.3 times length of merus (n = 9). Chela of second pereiopod 2.3 - 3.5 times as long as wide (n = 18), 0.7 - 0.9 times length of carpus (n = 22); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 1.0 - 1.4 times as long as palm (n = 9); carpus 4.3 - 7.0 times as long as wide (n = 18), 1.2 - 1.5 times as long as merus (n = 10). Third pereiopod (Fig. 11 M, O) slender, dactylus 4.2 - 5.0 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 3 - 6 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 8.8 - 13.5 times as long as wide, 2.8 - 3.8 times as long as dactylus; carpus 4.8 - 5.6 times as long as wide, 0.6 - 0.7 times as long as propodus, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 7.2 - 8.8 times as long as wide, bearing 3 - 4 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Fifth pereiopod slender (Fig. 11 N, P), dactylus 3.7 - 6.3 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 27 - 39 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 11.0 - 15.0 times as long as wide, 2.7 - 3.1 times as long as dactylus; carpus 4.6 - 5.5 times as long as wide, 0.5 times as long as propodus, 0.6 - 0.7 times as long as merus; merus 6.5 - 8.5 times as long as wide, bearing 2 - 3 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 11 Q) elongated triangular, 1.8 - 2.5 times as long as proximally wide (n = 5), without appendix interna. Appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 11 R) 0.8 - 0.9 times length of appendix masculina (n = 5). Ovigerous females with 19 - 25 eggs (n = 2 females); egg size 0.8 - 1.0 x 0.5 - 0.6 mm (n = 38, eggs with and without eyes).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A26FFD6FF68FD94898F0786.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – Endemic to the Malili lake system; occurring in all three major lakes and in Petea River, widely distributed within each lake (Fig. 10 B).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A26FFD6FF68FD94898F0786.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and ecology. – C. holthuisi is a soft substrate dweller, mainly found under dead leaves (leaf litter), but also sporadically on macrophytes. Its colour pattern is similar to its substrate, the usually dark brown leaves that can be found covering the shallow bottom in various shore areas. When disturbed, C. holthuisi rather tries to escape downwards than in other directions to hide under its substrate. When a pile of dead leaves is sampled with a dip net, specimens usually accumulate at the bottom of the net. Colour pattern. – The body, and often also the appendages too, show a vivid dark brown colour similarly to the brown colour of the species’ leaf substrate (Fig. 10 A). Various white-beige markings (usually transversal stripes or a dorsal longitudinal stripe) are possible. Eggs are also dark brown.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A26FFD6FF68FD94898F0786.taxon	etymology	Etymology. – Caridina holthuisi, new species, is named in honour of L. B. Holthuis as one of the well-known carcinologist of our time, who also contributed greatly to our knowledge of the shrimp genus Caridina. Taxonomic remarks. – Woltereck (1937 a, b) described some specimens from Lake Matano as Caridina opaensis Roux, 1904, and thus mentioned it as the only non-endemic species in the Malili lake system. Brooks (1950: 169) even discussed the origin of Lake Matano’s fauna based on the presumed non-endemism of this species. However, albeit some first glance similarities between the true C. opaensis Roux, 1904 from Southeast Sulawesi and Woltereck’s C. opaensis, i. e. C. holthuisi, new species (Fig. 29 F-G), both are morphologically distinct species and Woltereck’s ‘ C. opaensis’ is here considered as to be C. holthuisi, new species. C. holthuisi can be distinguished from C. opaensis by its generally smaller size (cl 2.3 - 3.8, mean 2.8 vs. 2.9 - 4.9, mean 4.0, n = 23 in C. opaensis), a generally longer rostrum compared to the carapace length (0.6 - 1.2, mean 0.9, vs. 0.40.8, mean 0.7, n = 25 in C. opaensis), a lower number of movable spinules on the uropodal diaeresis (12 - 13 vs. 14 - 19, n = 6, in C. opaensis), and a lower number of accessory spines on flexor margin of dactylus of the third and fifth pereiopod (3 - 6 and 31 - 39 vs. 6 and 54 - 64, n = 3 in C. opaensis). C. holthuisi slightly resembles C. dennerli, but differs not only in its substrate preference (leaf litter vs. rocks in C. dennerli), or colour pattern (compare respective description), but also by a broader rostrum, a different number of ventral teeth on the rostrum (5 - 11, median 9 vs. 3 - 7, median 5), and distinctly stouter pereiopods in C. holthuisi (for example chela of first pereiopod 1.8 - 2.3, median 2.1 vs. 2.4 - 3.8, median 2.7 in C. dennerli). C. holthuisi can resemble C. masapi, but the rostrum in C. masapi usually differs by a more or less dense denticulation on the dorsal margin, and a straighter and broader shape (vs. usually with a conspicuous unarmed gap on the dorsal margin and a more slender and cambered shape in C. masapi). Besides the morphological differences, C. holthuisi is genetically distinct from C. opaensis (Fig. 63). All sequenced specimens of C. opaensis from and around the type locality are not closely related to any of the ancient lake species (compare von Rintelen et al., in review). On the other hand, all specimens of C. holthuisi appear within the Malili clade. Therefore, they must be regarded as truly endemic to the lakes. However, within the Malili clade, C. holthuisi is not monophyletic, but appears in two allopatric clades (Figs. 10 B, 63 - 64). The existence of two cryptic species is therefore possible despite the fact that morphological differences have not been observed so far.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A29FFD2FF66FCB4896302A4.taxon	description	(Figs. 13 - 14, Table 6)	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A29FFD2FF66FCB4896302A4.taxon	description	Cardina lanceolata – Brooks, 1950: 168 (erroneous spelling).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A29FFD2FF66FCB4896302A4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. – Lake Matano: 10 ex. (ZMB 29021, some SEM material), north shore, 02 ° 29.75 ' S, 121 ° 25.81 ' E, loc. 42 - 03, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 17 Sep. 2003; 112 ex. (MZB Cru 1738, n = 55; ZMB 29070, n = 57), south shore, at small islands, 02 ° 28.458 ' S, 121 ° 15.57 ' E, loc. F 4 - 02, mixed substrate, coll. F. Herder, 2 Nov. 2002; 5 ex. (ZMB 29082), northwest corner, 02 ° 27.71 ' S, 121 ° 13.03 ' E, loc. 102 - 03, on rocks in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 7 Oct. 2003; north shore, 02 ° 26.36 ' S, 121 ° 19.03 ' E, loc. 84 - 03, on wood (ZMB 29090, n = 3), coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 1 Oct. 2003; 21 ex. (MZB Cru 1739, n = 10, ZMB 29110; n = 11), south shore, near cave entrance, 02 ° 29.85 ' S, 121 ° 18.66 ' E, loc. 60 - 03, on rocks in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 24 Sep. 2003; 31 ex. (MZB Cru 1740, n = 14, ZMB 29111, n = 17), south shore, west of small islands, 02 ° 28.5 ' S, 121 ° 15.55 ' E, loc. 82 - 03, on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 1 Oct. 2003; 129 ex. (MZB Cru 1741 a, n = 35; ZMB 29120 a, n = 10 and MZB Cru 1742 b, n = 50; ZMB 29120 b, n = 34, some SEM material), north cl (mm) 2.2 - 4.0 3.0 ± 0.4 3.1 129 rl / cl 1.5 - 2.3 1.9 ± 0.2 1.9 120 n dorsal rostral teeth 8 - 19 14 ± 2 13 124 n ventral rostral teeth 4 - 13 7 ± 2 7 124 abds 6 / cl 0.8 - 1.1 0.9 ± 0.0 1.0 129 abds 6 / abds 5 1.4 - 2.3 2.0 ± 0.1 2.0 33 abds 6 / h tel 1.0 - 1.9 1.3 ± 0.1 1.3 101 h tel / w tel 3.3 - 3.7 3.5 ± 0.1 3.5 6 n spines uropodal diaeresis 7 - 9 8 ± 1 8 5 h ch 1 / w ch 1 1.9 - 3.5 2.6 ± 0.4 2.6 35 h ch 1 / h ca 1 0.8 - 1.4 1.1 ± 0.1 1.1 127 h ca 1 / w ca 1 2.4 - 5.3 3.6 ± 0.7 3.7 35 h ch 2 / w ch 2 2.1 - 6.7 3.7 ± 0.8 3.7 35 h ch 2 / h ca 2 0.5 - 1.6 0.7 ± 0.1 0.6 127 h ca 2 / w ca 2 5.4 - 9.9 8.3 ± 1.2 8.6 35 n spines p 3 4 - 6 5 ± 1 6 5 n spines p 5 28 - 35 31 ± 3 31 5 shore, 02 ° 28.42 ' S, 121 ° 24.21 ' E, loc. 41 - 03, (a) on wood, (b) on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 17 Sep. 2003; 2 ex. (ZMB 29160), west shore, 02 ° 26.828 ' S, 121 ° 12.988 ' E., loc. 135 - 04, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen & A. Wessel, 23 Jul. 2004; 20 ex. (MZB Cru 1743, n = 11; ZMB 29162, n = 9), south shore, 02 ° 27.84 ' S, 121 ° 13.88 ' E, loc. 63 - 03, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 24 Sep. 2003; 26 ex. (MZB Cru 1744, n = 13; ZMB 29164, n = 13, some SEM material), east shore, outlet bay, at Petea outlet, 02 ° 32.11 ' S, 121 ° 28.69 ' E, loc. 44 - 03, on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 18 Sep. 2003; 40 ex. (MZB Cru 1745, n = 20; ZMB 29190, n = 20), north shore, 02 ° 27.28 ' S, 121 ° 21.21 ' E, loc. 98 - 03, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 5 Oct. 2003; 2 ex. (ZMB 29193), east shore, just south of entrance to outlet bay, 02 ° 31.54 ' S, 121 ° 27.0 ' E, loc. 43 - 03, on rocks in shallow water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 18 Sep. 2003; 2 ex. (ZMB 29194), southwest shore, at Cape Nikomene, 02 ° 32.24 ' S, 121 ° 24.76 ' E, loc. 46 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 18 Sep. 2003; 7 ex. (ZMB 29237), north shore, 02 ° 25.67 ' S, 121 ° 16.54 ' E, loc. 65 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 25 Sep. 2003; 18 ex. (ZMB 29249), south shore, canal between island and mainland, 02 ° 28.46 ' S, 121 ° 15.83 ' E, loc. 62 - 03, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 1 Oct. 2003; 14 ex. (ZMB 29321), south shore, 02 ° 28.461 ' S, 121 ° 15.591 ' E, loc. 137 - 04, on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 24 Sep. 2004; 2 ex. (ZMB 29322), south shore, at small islands, 02 ° 28.476 ' S, 121 ° 15.64 ' E, loc. 138 - 04, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen & A. Wessel, 24 Jul. 2004; 9 ex. (ZMB 29323), south shore, 02 ° 27.85 ' S, 121 ° 13.87 ' E., loc. 125 - 04, on rocks in deeper water, coll. P. Koller & K. von Rintelen, 1 Aug. 2004; 1 ex. (MZB Cru 1746), east shore, south bay, 02 ° 32.77 ' S, 121 ° 26.71 ' E, loc. 45 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 18 Sep. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29188), Petea River, 02 ° 32.64 ' S, 121 ° 29.51 ' E, loc. 101 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2003; 15 ex. (MZB Cru 1762, n = 8; ZMB 29279, n = 7), Petea River, 02 ° 32.672 ' S, 121 ° 30.137 ' E, loc. F 4 - 04, substrate unknown, coll. F. Herder, 25 Mar. 2004. Lake Mahalona – 41 ex. (MZB Cru 1747 a, n = 2; ZMB 29022 a, n = 21 and MZB Cru 1748 b, n = 9; ZMB 29022 b, n = 9, some SEM material), northwest shore, 02 ° 34.72 ' S, 121 ° 29.12 ' E, loc. 56 - 03, on (a) on wood, (b) on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 23 Sep. 2003; 22 ex. (MZB Cru 1749, n = 11; ZMB 29041, n = 11), east shore, 02 ° 34.54 ' S, 121 ° 30.48 ' E, loc. 55 - 03, on Ottelia, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 23 Sep. 2003; 12 ex. (MZB Cru 1750, n = 6; ZMB 29042, n = 6, some SEM material), south shore, 02 ° 36.93 ' S, 121 ° 30.02 ' E, loc. 57 - 03, on Ottelia, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 23 Sep. 2003; 18 ex. (MZB Cru 1751, n = 9; ZMB 29236; n = 9, some SEM material), east shore, 02 ° 34.217 ' S, 121 ° 30.681 ' E, loc. 147 - 04, on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 3 Aug. 2004; 31 ex. (MZB Cru 1752, n = 15; ZMB 29250, n = 16), south shore, 02 ° 36.982 ' S, 121 ° 30.078 ' E, loc. 45 - 04, on wood, coll. M. Glaubrecht & T. von Rintelen, 26 Mar. 2004; 1 ex. (ZMB 29336), north shore, at cape, 02 ° 34.71 ' S, 121 ° 29.144 ' E, loc. 148 - 04, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 3 Aug. 2004; 15 ex. (MZB Cru 1753), east shore, estuary of Ponsoa River, 02 ° 35.101 ' S, 121 ° 30.681 ' E, loc. 146 - 04, on Ottelia, coll. P. Koller, K. & T. von Rintelen, 3 Aug. 2004; 8 ex. (ZMB 29115), Tominanga River, approx. 2.2 km north of Lake Towuti, 02 ° 36.5 ' S, 121 ° 31.78 ' E, loc. 58 - 03, on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 23 Sep. 2003. Lake Towuti – 69 ex. (MZB Cru 1754, n = 59; ZMB 29029, n = 10, some SEM material), south shore, approx. 100 m offshore, 02 ° 56.27 ' S, 121 ° 23.67 ' E, loc. 75 - 03, on Ottelia, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; 2 ex. (ZMB 29030), west shore, 02 ° 48.526 ' S, 121 ° 25.044 ' E, loc. 120 - 04, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen & A. Wessel, 29 Jul. 2004; 141 ex. (MZB Cru 1755, n = 123; ZMB 29032, n = 18, some SEM material), west shore, outlet bay, east of Cape Kombe, 02 ° 48.08 ' S, 121 ° 23.05 ' E, loc. 53 - 03, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 21 Sep. 2003; 34 ex. (MZB Cru 1756, n = 24; ZMB 29033 a, n = 8 and ZMB 29033 b, n = 2, some SEM material), southwest shore, Cape Sioloya, 02 ° 50.7 ' S, 121 ° 26.32 ' E, loc. 77 - 03, (MZB and ZMB a) pelagic, (b) on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; 3 ex. (ZMB 29081), east shore, south of Cape Tomeraka, 02 ° 44.47 ' S, 121 ° 37.53 ' E, loc. 70 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 9 Oct. 2003; 206 ex. (MZB Cru 1757 a, n = 22; ZMB 29093 a, n = 11 and MZB Cru 1758 b, n = 92; ZMB 29093 b, n = 81, some SEM material), southwest shore, west of Cape Tetetu, 02 ° 454.13 ' S, 121 ° 23.78 ' E, loc. 76 - 03, (a) on wood, (b) pelagic, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; 10 ex. (ZMB 29094, some SEM material), northeast shore, at Cape Noote, 02 ° 39.751 ' S, 121 ° 39.195 ' E, loc. 117 - 04, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Jul. 2004; 7 ex. (ZMB 29112), Loeha Island, south shore, 02 ° 46.85 ' S, 121 ° 32.86 ' E, loc. 96 - 03, on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 4 Oct. 2003; 9 ex. (ZMB 29113), east shore, off Beau village, 02 ° 48.99 ' S, 121 ° 33.64 ' E, loc. 71 - 03, on Ottelia, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003; 55 ex. (MZB Cru 1759, n = 27; ZMB 29114, n = 28), west shore, outlet bay, west of Cape Tokaluku, 02 ° 47.32 ' S, 121 ° 23.38 ' E, loc. 52 - 03, on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 21 Sep. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29128), west shore, at entrance to outlet bay, Cape Larona, 02 ° 48.43 ' S, 121 ° 24.75 ' E, loc. 73 - 03, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003; (ZMB 29158, few juveniles), north shore, west of Cape Manu, 02 ° 41.67 ' S, 121 ° 36.85 ' E, loc. 69 - 03, on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003; 4 ex. (ZMB 29161), Larona River, close to outlet bay, 02 ° 45.8 ' S, 121 ° 20.8 ' E, loc. 51 - 03, on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 21 Sep. 2003; 13 ex. (MZB Cru 1761, n = 6; ZMB 29163, n = 7), Larona River, close to outlet bay, 02 ° 45.6 ' S, 121 ° 20.12 ' E, loc. 50 - 03, on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 20 Sep. 2003; (ZMB 29166, few juveniles), east shore, 02 ° 52.79 ' S, 121 ° 31.18 ' E, loc. 72 - 03, on Ottelia, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003; 7 ex. (ZMB 29167), Loeha Island, south shore, 02 ° 47.22 ' S, 121 ° 33.68 ' E, loc. 91 - 03, on Ottelia, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 2 Oct. 2003; 12 ex. (ZMB 29181), Loeha Island, west shore, 02 ° 45.5 ' S, 121 ° 31.06 ' E, loc. 95 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 4 Oct. 2003; 23 ex. (ZMB 29182, some SEM material), north shore, bay east of Cape Bintu, 02 ° 39.48 ' S, 121 ° 33.25 ' E, loc. 68 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Sep. 2003; (ZMB 29183, few juveniles) west shore, north of Cape Wasupute, 02 ° 46.9 ' S, 121 ° 27.94 ' E, loc. 78 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; 4 ex. (ZMB 29314), west shore, outlet bay, 02 ° 47.142 ' S, 121 ° 23.63 ' E, loc. 11 - 05, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 9 Jan. 2005; 4 ex. (ZMB 29315), west shore, Cape Bakara, 02 ° 40.771 ' S, 121 ° 26.11 ' E, loc. 144 - 04, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Jul. 2004; 12 ex. (ZMB 29317), west shore, west of Cape Timbalo, 02 ° 42.631 ' S, 121 ° 26.389 ' E, loc. 145 - 04, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Jul. 2004; 4 ex. (ZMB 29318), northwest shore, south of Timampu, 02 ° 39.466 ' S, 121 ° 25.859 ' E, loc. 140 - 04, on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 25 Jul. 2004; 43 ex. (MZB Cru 1760, n = 28; ZMB 29319, n = 15), outlet bay, at Cape Kombe, 02 ° 48.083 ' S, 121 ° 23.049 ' E, loc. 118 - 04, (MZB) on macrophytes, (ZMB) on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 29 Jul. 2004; 8 ex. (ZMB 29320), northwest shore, 02 ° 40.897 ' S, 121 ° 25.015 ' E, loc. 143 - 04, on wood (Pandanus), coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 25 Jul. 2004.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A29FFD2FF66FCB4896302A4.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 2.2 - 4.0 mm (n = 129). Rostrum (Fig. 14 A-C; Table 6) very long, slender and always strongly upturned, reaching far beyond end of scaphocerite, 1.5 - 2.3 times as long as carapace (n = 120), armed dorsally with 8 - 19 teeth (including 1 - 3 teeth posterior to orbital margin), approx. anterior third to half unarmed, usually with 1 - 4 subapical teeth, sometimes subapical teeth absent, armed ventrally with 4 - 13 teeth (n = 124). Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end 0.6 - 0.7 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Antennular peduncle 0.9 - 1.0 times as long as carapace (n = 5), second segment 2.0 - 2.4 times length of third segment, third segment 0.2 - 0.3 times length of basal segment. Stylocerite reaching 0.87 - 0.9 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Scaphocerite (Fig. 14 F) 4.8 - 5.4 times as long as wide (n = 5). Sixth abdominal somite 0.8 - 1.1 times length of carapace (n = 129), 1.4 - 2.3 times as long as fifth somite (n = 33), 1.0 - 1.9 times length of telson (n = 101). Telson (Fig. 14 G, J) 3.3 - 3.7 times as long as wide (n = 6), distal margin rounded, without projection, with 3 - 5 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 4 pairs of spines, lateral pair distinctly longer than intermediate pairs, median pair shortest. Preanal carina (Fig. 14 E) with a spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 14 D) with 7 - 9 movable spinules (n = 5). 5 pairs of pleurobranchs well developed; 3 pairs of arthrobranchs, 2 on third maxillipeds, with second pair strongly reduced in size, 1 pair on first pereiopod; 1 pair of podobranchs on second arthrobrach maxillipeds reduced strongly to a laminate form. Epipods only present on first two pereiopods. Mouthparts as described by Cai et al. (2009). Chela and carpus of first pereiopod distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 14 M-O); chela of first pereiopod 1.9 - 3.5 times as long as wide (n = 35), 0.8 - 1.4 times length of carpus (n = 127); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 1.2 - 1.5 times as long as palm (n = 7); carpus 2.4 - 5.3 times as long as wide (n = 35), 1.2 - 1.4 times length of merus (n = 5). Chela of second pereiopod 2.1 - 6.7 times as long as wide (n = 35), 0.5 - 1.6 times length of carpus (n = 127); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 1.2 - 1.7 times as long as palm (n = 7); carpus 5.4 - 9.9 times as long as wide (n = 35), 1.5 - 1.6 times as long as merus (n = 5). Third pereiopod (Fig. 14 H, K) slender, dactylus 4.5 - 5.4 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 4 - 6 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 12.3 - 18.8 times as long as wide, 3.4 - 4.5 times as long as dactylus; carpus 5.8 - 6.8 times as long as wide, 0.5 times as long as propodus, 0.5 times as long as merus; merus 10.5 - 11.4 times as long as wide, bearing 3 - 4 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Fifth pereiopod slender (Fig. 14 I, L), dactylus 4.0 - 6.2 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 28 - 35 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 11.3 - 21.3 times as long as wide (n = 5), 3.3 - 5.3 times as long as dactylus; carpus 5.0 - 6.3 times as long as wide, 0.5 times as long as propodus, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 8.3 - 11.5 times as long as wide, bearing 2 - 3 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 14 P) elongated triangular, 1.4 - 2.5 times as long as proximally wide (n = 5), without appendix interna. Appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 14 Q) 0.9 - 1.0 times length of appendix masculina (n = 5). Ovigerous females with 15 - 69 eggs (n = 27 females); egg size 0.6 - 0.9 x 0.4 - 0.6 mm (n = 701, eggs with and without eyes).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A29FFD2FF66FCB4896302A4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – Endemic to the Malili lake system, widely distributed and abundant in Lake Matano, Lake Mahalona, Lake Towuti, and connecting rivers, i. e. Larona (close to the outlet of Lake Towuti), Petea, and Tominanga (Fig. 13 A). As these rivers are rather an extension of the lakes themselves (albeit with currents), C. lanceolata is regarded here, in contrast to C. masapi, as a typical lacustrine species.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A29FFD2FF66FCB4896302A4.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and ecology. – C. lanceolata occurs on various kinds of substrates, except sponges, that are available in the Malili lakes (rocks from gravel to boulders, wood, leaf litter, different kinds of macrophytes, and in pelagic swarms), and down to a depth of approx. 10 m. When disturbed, C. lanceolata makes characteristic abrupt movements in all directions or simply keeps still in midwater. It often occurs syntopically, i. e. on the same substrate, with other species, for example with C. tenuirostris on wood in Lake Towuti and Lake Mahalona. It is the only wood dweller in Lake Matano and often the only shrimp on macrophytes surrounded by sand or mud, e. g. on the basal parts of the water plant Ottelia. Colour pattern. – Body and appendages are transparent throughout, with a reddish pigmentation caused by several red, sometimes yellowish-greenish, dots or spots (Fig. 13 B). Ovigerous females were observed to bear green eggs. Taxonomic remarks. – Cai et al. (2009: 19) designated a neotpye for C. lanceolata: “ Specimens of Woltereck (1937 a, b) are no longer extant […]. As all new species described by Woltereck are morphologically close to each other and to stabilize the taxonomic status of those species, neotypes are designated if specimens are available from the recent collections. A neotype from Lake Towuti is designated here (1 male, cl 2.9 mm, ZRC, Lake Matano, south coast) ”. C. lanceolata can easily be distinguished from all other ancient lake species by the characteristic shape and denticulation of the rostrum, which is already visible in juveniles: strongly upturned with approximately anterior third to half unarmed and usually with 1 - 4 subapical teeth. The arrangement of rostral teeth slightly resembles C. tenuirostris, but this species has a distinctly more slender rostrum, a higher number of ventral teeth (10 - 24, median 15 vs. 4 - 13, median 7 in C. lanceolata), and subapical teeth are always absent. Also, C. lanceolata differs from all other species by a distinctly longer sixth abdominal somite compared to the carapace length (0.8 - 1.1, median 1.0 vs. shorter in all other species). Roy et al. (2006) hint at the possibility that C. lanceolata might comprise cryptic species, but a recent study by von Rintelen et al. (in review) does not support this hypothesis. Although there are genetic differences between allopatric populations from the three major lakes of the Malili system, C. lanceolata is here regarded as a valid taxon without the need of further taxonomic subdivision. C. lanceolata is genetically distinct from all other ancient lakes species (Figs. 63 - 64), and the clade only consisting of C. lanceolata specimens even represents a single colonization event of the Malili lakes (Fig. 63).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A2DFFEEFC3AFF378A8F0585.taxon	description	(Figs. 15 - 17, Table 7)	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A2DFFEEFC3AFF378A8F0585.taxon	description	Cardina lingkonae – Brooks, 1950: 168 (erroneous spelling). Caridina linkonae – Fernandez-Leborans et al., 2006 b: 1985, Table I (erroneous spelling).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A2DFFEEFC3AFF378A8F0585.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. – Neotype: ovigerous female (cl. 4.1 mm) (MZB Cru. 1554), Lake Towuti, west shore, at entrance to outlet bay, Cape Larona, 02 ° 48.43 ' S, 121 ° 24.75 ' E, loc. 73 - 03, pelagic, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003. Others from Lake Towuti: 184 ex. (MZB Cru 1763, n = 149; ZMB 29076, n = 35, some SEM material), west shore, at entrance to outlet bay, Cape Larona, 02 ° 48.43 ' S, 121 ° 24.75 ' E, loc. 73 - 03, pelagic, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003; 18 ex. (MZB Cru 1764, n = 9; ZMB 29235, n = 9), southwest shore, west of Cape Tetetu, 02 ° 54.13 ' S, 121 ° 23.78 ' E, loc. 76 - 03, pelagic, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29239), east shore, south of Cape Tomeraka, 02 ° 44.47 ' S, 121 ° 37.53 ' E, loc. 70 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 9 Oct. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29282), west shore, Cape Larona, 02 ° 48.526 ' S, 121 ° 25.044 ' E, loc. 120 - 04, boulders in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 29 Jul. 2004; 3 ex. (ZMB 29283), west shore, west of Cape Timbalo, 02 ° 42.631 ' S, 121 ° 26.389 ' E, loc. 145 - 04, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Jul. 2004; 1 ex. (ZMB 29287), outlet bay, at Cape Kombe, 02 ° 48.083 ' S, 121 ° 23.049 ' E, loc. 118 - 04, on boulders in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 29 Jul. 2004; 15 ex. (MZB Cru 1765, n = 7; ZMB 29302, n = 8), northeast shore, at Lengkona, 02 ° 40.483 ' S, 121 ° 41.382 ' E, loc. 116 - 04, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Jul. 2004; 3 ex. (ZMB 29304), Loeha Island, west shore, 02 ° 45.5 ' S, 121 ° 31.06 ' E, loc. 951 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 4 Oct. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29316), northeast shore, at Cape Noote, 02 ° 39.751 ' S, 121 ° 39.195 ' E, loc. 117 - 04, pelagic, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Jul. 2004; 3 ex. (MZB Cru 1766), west shore, outlet bay, 02 ° 46.277 ' S, 121 ° 21.83 ' E, loc. 02 - 05, on sponge, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 3 Jan. 2005; 7 ex. (MZB Cru 1767), east shore, off Beau village, 02 ° 48.99 ' S, 121 ° 33.64 ' E, loc. 71 - 03, on Ottelia, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003. Others from Lake Mahalona: 1 ex. (ZMB 29208), east shore, at mouth of Petea River, 02 ° 34.54 ' S, 121 ° 30.48 ' E, loc. 55 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 23 Sep. 2003.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A2DFFEEFC3AFF378A8F0585.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 2.3 - 4.5 mm (n = 46). Rostrum (Fig. 16 A-B; Table 7) long, reaching beyond end of scaphocerite, proximal part typically triangular, 1.0 - 1.6 times as long as carapace (n = 46), armed dorsally with 17 - 29 teeth (including 3 - 5 teeth posterior to orbital margin), anteriorly less densely spaced, armed ventrally with 7 - 18 teeth. Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end 0.6 - 0.7 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Antennular peduncle 0.9 - 1.2 times as long as carapace (n = 5), second segment 1.7 - 2.0 times length of third segment, third segment 0.3 - 0.4 times length of basal segment. Stylocerite reaching 0.8 - 0.9 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Scaphocerite (Fig. 16 F) 4.1 - 5.3 times as long as wide (n = 5). Sixth abdominal somite 0.7 - 0.9 times length of carapace (n = 46), 1.6 - 1.9 times as long as fifth somite (n = 20), 1.0 - 1.3 times length of telson (n = 26). Telson (Fig. 16 D, K) 3.4 - 3.6 times as long as wide (n = 5), distal margin rounded, without projection, with 3 - 4 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 4 pairs of spines, lateral pair distinctly longer than intermediate pairs, median pair shortest. Preanal carina (Fig. 16 E) with a spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 16 C) with 9 - 11 movable spinules (n = 5). 5 pairs of pleurobranchs well developed; 3 pairs of arthrobranchs, 2 on third maxillipeds, with second pair strongly reduced in size, 1 pair on first pereiopod; 1 pair of podobranchs on second maxilliped reduced strongly to a laminate form. Epipod reduced or absent from first pereiopod. Incisor process of mandible (Fig. 17 A) ending in a row of small teeth, molar process truncated. Lower lacinia of maxillula (Fig. 17 B) broadly rounded, upper lacinia elongate, with numerous distinct teeth on inner margin, palp slender. Upper endites of maxilla (Fig. 17 C) subdivided, palp short, scaphognathite tapering posteriorly with numerous long, curved setae at posterior end. Distal end of palp of first maxilliped (Fig. 17 F) triangular, with a finger-like projection; flagellum of the exopod very short, endopod high, distinctly exceed the flagellum of exopod in length. Second maxilliped (Fig. 17 E) typical. Third maxilliped (Fig. 17 D) with ultimate segment distinctly shorter than penultimate segment. First and second pereiopod very slender, chela and carpus of first pereiopod distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 16 N-P); chela of first pereiopod 3.0 - 4.1 times as long as wide (n = 20), 0.9 - 1.1 times length of carpus (n = 46); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 1.7 - 1.9 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 4.4 - 5.0 times as long as wide (n = 20), 1.3 - 1.4 times length of merus (n = 5). Chela of second pereiopod 4.2 - 5.6 times as long as wide (n = 20), 0.6 - 0.8 times length of carpus (n = 46); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 1.4 - 1.6 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 7.9 - 10.7 times as long as wide (n = 20), 1.6 - 1.7 times as long as merus (n = 5). Third pereiopod (Fig. 16 G, I) slender, dactylus 4.3 - 5.5 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 1 - 3 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 13.2 - 17.0 times as long as wide, 3.9 - 4.9 times as long as dactylus; cl (mm) 2.3 - 4.5 3.5 ± 0.6 3.6 46 rl / cl 1.0 - 1.6 1.3 ± 0.1 1.2 46 n dorsal rostral teeth 17 - 29 22 ± 3 22 46 n ventral rostral teeth 7 - 18 12 ± 2 12 46 abds 6 / cl 0.7 - 0.9 0.8 ± 0.1 0.8 46 abds 6 / abds 5 1.6 - 1.9 1.8 ± 0.1 1.8 20 abds 6 / h tel 1.0 - 1.3 1.1 - 0.1 1.1 26 h tel / w tel 3.4 - 3.6 3.5 ± 0.1 3.5 5 n spines uropodal diaeresis 9 - 11 10 ± 1 10 5 h ch 1 / w ch 1 3.0 - 4.1 3.5 ± 0.3 3.5 20 h ch 1 / h ca 1 0.9 - 1.1 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 46 h ca 1 / w ca 1 4.4 - 5.0 4.7 - 0.2 4.7 20 h ch 2 / w ch 2 4.2 - 5.6 4.8 ± 0.3 4.8 20 h ch 2 / h ca 2 0.6 - 0.8 0.7 ± 0.0 0.7 46 h ca 2 / w ca 2 7.9 - 10.7 9.6 ± 0.7 9.6 20 n spines p 3 1 - 3 2 ± 1 1 5 n spines p 5 17 - 42 33 ± 10 36 5 carpus 5.3 - 5.9 times as long as wide, 0.5 times as long as propodus, 0.4 - 0.5 times as long as merus; merus 10.5 - 12.2 times as long as wide, bearing 3 - 4 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Fifth pereiopod slender (Fig. 16 H, J), dactylus 3.5 - 5.6 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 17 - 42 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 14.0 - 19.3 times as long as wide, 4.3 - 5.5 times as long as dactylus; carpus 5.3 - 6.1 times as long as wide, 0.4 - 0.6 times as long as propodus, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 10.0 - 12.4 times as long as wide, bearing 2 - 5 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 16 L) elongated triangular, 2.0 - 2.5 times as long as proximally wide (n = 5), without appendix interna. Appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 16 M) 0.8 - 0.9 times length of appendix masculina (n = 5). Ovigerous females with 30 - 32 eggs (n = 3 females); egg size 0.7 - 1.0 x 0.4 - 0.6 mm (n = 90, eggs with and without eyes).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A2DFFEEFC3AFF378A8F0585.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – Endemic to the Malili lakes, widely distributed in Lake Towuti, a single specimen was caught in Lake Mahalona (Fig. 15 A).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A2DFFEEFC3AFF378A8F0585.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and ecology. – Caridina lingkonae was already mentioned as littoral and pelagic by Woltereck (1937 a: 229) and Brooks (1950: 168). The majority of the specimens caught between 2003 and 2004 were found in huge pelagic swarms similarly to those of C. ensifera from Lake Poso. Although it was likewise found sporadically on other substrates (e. g. rocks or leaf litter), C. lingkonae is here regarded as a typical pelagic species. In comparison, C. lanceolata was also found in occasionally pelagic swarms, but the majority of specimens of that species occurred in the littoral on various kind of substrate. When disturbed, it tries to escape in all directions. Colour pattern. – C. lingkonae has a translucent reddish body colouration throughout, similarly to C. lanceolata, but more pronounced (Fig. 15 B). Ovigerous females bear green eggs. Taxonomic remarks. – C. lingkonae might be confused with C. lanceolata in the field, especially when occurring as a pelagic swarm, but a generally stouter body and the typical triangular shape of the rostrum (vs. not triangular, but longer and more slender in C. lanceolata) are characteristic for this species. C. lingkonae can further be distinguished by the dorsal denticulation of the rostrum (17 - 29 continuous teeth vs. 8 - 19 teeth including an unarmed gap in C. lanceolata) and a shorter sixth abdominal segment compared to the carapace length (0.7 - 0.9, median 0.8 vs. 0.8 - 1.1, median 1.0 in C. lanceolata). The typical triangular shape of the proximal part of the rostrum (best visible transilluminated), and its dense dorsal and ventral denticulation in C. lingkonae, has already been mentioned by Woltereck (1937 a: 218, b: 299). A similarly triangular shape is pronounced in C. profundicola, but this species differs from C. lingkonae by a distinctly more slender and also longer rostrum compared to carapace length (1.4 - 2.8, median 1.9 vs. 1.0 - 1.6, median 1.2 in C. lingkonae) and a higher number of ventral teeth (13 - 24, median 20 vs. 7 - 18, median 12 in C. lingkonae). C. lingkonae has similarly slender pereiopods than C. profundicola and C. spinata that further distinguish C. lingkonae from all other species. Furthermore, C. lingkonae differs from C. spinata by the shape of the rostrum and less spines on the uropodal diaeresis; 9 - 11, median 10 vs. 12 - 16, median 14 in C. spinata). In the molecular phylogeny (Figs. 63 - 64), C. lingkonae is genetically distinct from all ancient lake species.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A11FFEAFE9EFEB48D810485.taxon	description	(Figs. 18 - 19, Table 8)	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A11FFEAFE9EFEB48D810485.taxon	description	Caridina loehae – Chace, 1997: 13; von Rintelen et al., 2008: 2244, Table 1; Cai et al., 2009: 27, Fig. 7 (type locality of neotype: Lake Towuti, about 3 km south of Timampu, estuary of Sungei [River] Batuopa). Cardina loéhae – Brooks, 1950: 168 (erroneous spelling).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A11FFEAFE9EFEB48D810485.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. – Lake Matano: 8 ex. (ZMB 29062, n = 8), north shore, 02 ° 26.36 ' S, 121 ° 19.03 ' E, loc. 84 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 1 Oct. 2003; 20 ex. (MZB Cru 1768, n = 10; ZMB 29066, n = 10, some SEM material), north shore, 02 ° 27.28 ' S, 121 ° 21.21 ' E, loc. 98 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 5 Oct. 2003; 3 ex. (ZMB 29079, and few juveniles), south shore, Soroako, Salonsa, INCO boat house, 02 ° 30.71 ' S, 121 ° 20.45 ' E, loc. 04 - 05, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 3 Jan. 2005; 42 ex. (MZB Cru 1769, n = 30, ZMB 29080, n = 12, some SEM material), south shore, Soroako, Salonsa, INCO boat house, 02 ° 30.71 ' S, 121 ° 20.45 ' E, loc. 19 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 19 Sep. 2003; 15 ex. (MZB Cru 1770, n = 7; ZMB 29118, n = 8, some SEM material), south shore, east of Soroako, just west of Cape Patipuoho, 02 ° 31.57 ' S, 121 ° 23.41 ' E, loc. 99 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 5 Oct. 2003; 4 ex. (ZMB 29233, some SEM material), southwest shore, Cape Nikomene, 02 ° 32.24 ' S, 121 ° 24.76 ' E, loc. 46 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 18 Sep. 2003; 3 ex. (ZMB 29244), north shore, 02 ° 29.75 ' S, 121 ° 25.81 ' E, loc. 42 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 17 Sep. 2003; 10 ex. (MZB Cru 1771, n = 5; ZMB 29168, n = 5), north shore, 02 ° 26.274 ' S, 121 ° 18.83 ' E, loc. 133 - 04, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 22 Jul. 2004; 15 ex. (MZB Cru 1772, n = 7; ZMB 29223, n = 6), north shore, 02 ° 27.311 ' S, 121 ° 21.047 ' E, loc. 09 - 05, on rocks in shallow water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 7 Jan. 2005; 2 ex. (ZMB 29241), north shore, 02 ° 25.67 ' S, 121 ° 16.54 ' E, loc. 65 - 03, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 25 Sep. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29447), south shore, 02 ° 27.84 ' S, 121 ° 13.88 ' E, loc. 63 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 24 Sep. 2003; 1 ex. (MZB Cru 1773), south shore, at small islands, 02 ° 28.476 ' S, 121 ° 15.64 ' E, loc. 138 - 04, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 24 Jul. 2004; 2 ex. (MZB Cru 1774), north shore, 02 ° 27.418 ' S, 121 ° 21.533 ' E, loc. 10 - 05, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 7 Jan. 2005; 1 ex. (MZB Cru 1775), south shore, canal between island and mainland, 02 ° 28.46 ' S, 121 ° 15.83 ' E, loc. 62 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 1 Oct. 2003; 1 cl (mm) 2.2 - 2.9 2.6 ± 0.2 2.6 27 rl / cl 0.5 - 1.3 0.8 ± 0.1 0.8 29 n dorsal rostral teeth 14 - 20 17 ± 2 17 29 n ventral rostral teeth 1 - 8 4 ± 2 4 29 abds 6 / cl 0.5 - 0.8 0.6 ± 0.0 0.7 27 abds 6 / abds 5 1.5 - 2.1 1.8 ± 0.2 1.9 20 abds 6 / h tel 0.9 - 1.7 1.0 ± 0.2 1.0 20 h tel / w tel 3.1 - 3.5 3.3 ± 0.2 3.3 6 n spines uropodal diaeresis 9 - 14 12 ± 2 11 5 h ch 1 / w ch 1 1.9 - 2.7 2.1 ± 0.2 2.1 27 h ch 1 / h ca 1 0.9 - 1.8 1.1 ± 0.2 1.0 30 h ca 1 / w ca 1 2.5 - 4.7 3.2 ± 0.5 3.3 26 h ch 2 / w ch 2 2.3 - 3.1 2.7 ± 0.2 2.6 26 h ch 2 / h ca 2 0.6 - 1.0 0.7 ± 0.1 0.6 30 h ca 2 / w ca 2 5.4 - 8.1 6.7 ± 0.7 6.7 27 n spines p 3 2 - 6 3 ± 2 3 5 n spines p 5 12 - 16 15 ± 2 16 5 ex. (MZB Cru 1776), south shore, 02 ° 27.85 ' S, 121 ° 13.87 ' E, loc. 125 - 04, on rocks, coll. P. Koller & K. von Rintelen, 1 Aug. 2004; 36 ex. (MZB Cru 1780, n = 14; ZMB 29084, n = 22), Petea River, 02 ° 32.64 ' S, 121 ° 29.51 ' E, loc. 101 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2003; 27 ex. (MZB Cru 1781, n = 13; ZMB 29460, n = 14). 02 ° 32.672 ' S, 121 ° 30.137 ' E, loc. F 4 - 04, substrate unknown, coll. F. Herder, 25 Mar. 2004. Lake Towuti – 1 ex. (MZB Cru 17771), outlet bay, at Cape Kombe, 02 ° 48.083 ' S, 121 ° 23.049 ' E, loc. 118 - 04, on mixed substrate, coll K. & T. von Rintelen, 29 Jul. 2004; 8 ex. (MZB Cru 1779), Larona River, close to outlet bay, 02 ° 45.06 ' S, 121 ° 20.12 ' E, loc. 50 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 21 Sep. 2003.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A11FFEAFE9EFEB48D810485.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 2.2 - 2.9 mm (n = 27). Rostrum (Fig. 19 A, B; Table 8) short, reaching near or to end of second segment of antennular peduncle, 0.5 - 1.3 times as long as carapace (n = 29), armed dorsally with 14 - 20 teeth (including 3 - 5 teeth posterior to orbital margin), armed ventrally with 1 - 8 teeth. Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end 0.5 - 0.7 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Antennular peduncle 0.8 - 1.1 times as long as carapace (n = 5), second segment 1.6 - 1.8 times length of third segment, third segment 0.3 - 0.4 times length of basal segment. Stylocerite reaching 0.9 - 1.0 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Scaphocerite (Fig. 19 D) 3.7 - 4.7 times as long as wide (n = 5). Sixth abdominal somite 0.5 - 0.8 times length of carapace (n = 27), 1.5 - 2.1 times as long as fifth somite (n = 20), 0.9 - 1.7 times length of telson (n = 20). Telson (Fig. 19 F, K) 3.1 - 3.5 times as long as wide (n = 6), distal margin rounded, without projection, with 3 - 4 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 3 - 4 pairs of spines, lateral pair distinctly longer than intermediate pairs. Preanal carina (Fig. 19 C) rounded, without a spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 19 E) with 9 - 14 movable spinules (n = 5). 5 pairs of pleurobranchs well developed; 3 pairs of arthrobranchs, 2 on third maxillipeds, with second pair strongly reduced in size, 1 pair on first pereiopod; 1 pair of podobranchs on second maxilliped reduced strongly to a laminate form. Epipods only present on first two pereiopods. Mouthparts as described by Cai et al. (2009). Chela and carpus of first pereiopod distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 19 N-P); chela of first pereiopod 1.9 - 2.7 times as long as wide (n = 27), 0.9 - 1.8 times length of carpus (n = 30); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 1.4 - 1.6 times as long as palm (n = 6); carpus 2.5 - 4.7 times as long as wide (n = 26), 1.2 - 1.3 times length of merus (n = 5). Chela of second pereiopod 2.3 - 3.1 times as long as wide (n = 26), 0.6 - 1.0 times length of carpus (n = 30); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 1.6 - 2.1 times as long as palm (n = 6); carpus 5.4 - 8.1 times as long as wide (n = 27), 1.3 - 1.5 times as long as merus (n = 6). Third pereiopod (Fig. 19 G, H) slender, dactylus 2.7 - 3.6 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 2 - 6 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 10.2 - 17.2 times as long as wide, 3.7 - 7.3 times as long as dactylus; carpus 4.6 - 6.1 times as long as wide, 0.6 - 0.7 times as long as propodus, 0.5 - 0.7 times as long as merus; merus 6.8 - 9.6 times as long as wide, bearing 1 - 4 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Fifth pereiopod slender (Fig. 19 I, J), dactylus 3.2 - 4.0 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 12 - 16 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 12.8 - 20.3 times as long aswide, 5.2 - 8.1 times as long as dactylus; carpus 5.8 - 7.8 times as long as wide, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as propodus, 0.5 - 0.7 times as long as merus; merus 7.9 - 12.6 times as long as wide, bearing 2 - 3 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 19 L) elongated triangular, 1.8 - 2.3 times as long as proximally wide (n = 5), without appendix interna. Appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 19 M) 0.8 - 0.9 times length of appendix masculina (n = 5). Ovigerous females with 10 - 19 eggs (n = 4 females); egg size 0.8 - 1.1 x 0.5 - 0.7 mm (n = 60, eggs with and without eyes).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A11FFEAFE9EFEB48D810485.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – C. loehae is endemic to the Malili lake system. There, however, widely distributed in Lake Matano and in Petea River, but was only found in the outlet bay area of Lake Towuti (Fig. 18 A). Woltereck mentioned the occurrence of C. loehae at three other localities in Lake Towuti, e. g. at Loeha Island, therefore the distribution shown here may not be complete.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A11FFEAFE9EFEB48D810485.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and ecology. – C. loehae is a typical hard substrate dweller, mainly occurring on and under smaller rocks, and on gravel in shallow water (above 5 m), where it is often collected with other rock dwellers such as C. parvula and C. dennerli. When disturbed, it tries to escape side- or downwards and often stays attached to rocks. The red colour can turn blue in stressed animals. Colour pattern. – Body colouration (including appendages) of C. loehae varies from light to dark red with three conspicuous white transversal stripes in regular intervals on the posterior part of the carapace and the abdomen, a scattering of small white spots covering the whole body and uropods with white tips (Fig. 18 B), although the white colour is not always strongly pronounced. Eggs were observed to be red. Taxonomic remarks. – Cai et al. (2009: 19) stated: “ Specimens of Woltereck (1937 a, b) are no longer extant […]. As all new species described by Woltereck are morphologically close to each other and to stabilize the taxonomic status of those species, neotypes are designated if specimens are available from the recent collections ”. Consequently, they designated a neotype for C. loehae from Lake Towuti (ovigerous female, cl 2.6 mm, ZRC) (2009: 27). With regard to its small size (carapace length 2.2 - 2.9 mm, median 2.6 mm), C. loehae is one of the smallest species in the Malili lake system, similar to C. spongicola and C. parvula. It differs from both by the generally more slender and fragile rostrum, a different rostrum length (reaching near or to end of second segment of antennular peduncle vs. longer in C. spongicola), and a lower number of spines on the dactylus of the fifth pereiopod (12 - 16, median 16 vs. 21 - 31, median 27 in C. spongicola and 34 - 39, median 37 in C. parvula). With regard to the rostrum, it also resembles C. masapi. However, C. loehae is generally smaller (vs. 2.1 - 4.6 mm, median 3.1 mm in C. masapi), has a shorter rostrum (not overreaching end of second segment of antennular peduncle vs. longer in C. masapi), and a lower number of spines on the dactylus of the fifth pereiopod (vs. 30 - 44, median 33 in C. masapi). In the molecular phylogeny (Figs. 63 - 64), C. loehae is genetically distinct from all other ancient lake species.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A15FFE0FCE1FDB48A560745.taxon	description	(Figs. 20 – 23; Table 9)	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A15FFE0FCE1FDB48A560745.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. – Lake Mahalona catchment: 1 ex. (ZMB 29466, some SEM material), Ponsoa River, 02 ° 32.243 ' S, 121 ° 31.818 ' E, loc. F 1 - 02, substrate unknown, coll. F. Herder, 7 Nov. 2002. Lake Matano catchment – 44 ex. (MZB Cru 1835, n = 22; ZMB 29069, n = 22, some SEM material), Lawa River, near mouth at northwest shore of Lake Matano, 02 ° 25.75 ' S, 121 ° 13.27 ' E, loc. 25 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 13 Sep. 2003; 20 ex. (MZB Cru 1836, n = 10; ZMB 29096, n = 10), river, near mouth at northwest corner of Lake Matano, 02 ° 25.88 ' S, 121 ° 13.08 ' E, loc. 24 - 03, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 13 Sep. 2003; 5 ex. (ZMB 29295, some SEM material), small stream northwest of Lake Matano, 02 ° 25.846 ' S, 121 ° 13.097 ' E, loc. 126 - 04, on macrophytes, coll. T. von Rintelen, 1 Aug. 2004. Lake Towuti catchment – 19 ex. (MZB Cru 1840, n = 9; ZMB 29067, n = 10, some SEM material), Lengkona River, 02 ° 40.82 ' S, 121 ° 41.77 ' E, loc. 86 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 2 Oct. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29192), Kondube River, at road north of Matompi, near Timampu, 02 ° 38.36 ' S, 121 ° 24.98 ' E, loc. 37 - 03, on roots, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 15 Sep. 2003; 36 ex. (MZB Cru 1841, n = 18; ZMB 29210, n = 18, some SEM material), Bombongan River, 02 ° 52.38 ' S, 121 ° 22.54 ' E, loc. 49 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 20 Sep. 2003; 17 ex. (MZB Cru 1842, n = 9; ZMB 29212, n = 8), stream, tributary of Bombongan River, 02 ° 51.59 ' S, 121 ° 21.61 ' E, loc. 48 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 20 Sep. 2003. Patingko River (Malili lake system) – 35 ex. (MZB Cru 1838, n = 17; ZMB 29085, n = 18, some SEM material), at road Tabarano, off road Malili-Soroako north of Balambano, 02 ° 38.222 ' S, 121 ° 14.56 ' E, loc. 14 - 03, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 15 Sep. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29184, n = 1), Kondara River (tributary of Patingko River), at road Malili-Soroako, east of Leduledu, 02 ° 35.11 ' S, 121 ° 17.34 ' E, loc. 36 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 15 Sep. 2003; 14 ex. (MZB Cru 1839, n = 7; ZMB 29196, n = 7), south of road Malili-Soroako, 02 ° 37.17 ' S, 121 ° 14.95 ' E, loc. 33 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 15 Sep. 2003; 14 ex. (ZMB 29197, some SEM material), at road Malili-Soroako, in Togo village, 02 ° 36.53 ' S, 121 ° 15.56 ' E, loc. 34 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 15 Sep. 2003. Tomori (north of the Malili lake system) – 10 ex. (MZB Cru 1837, n = 5; ZMB 29061, n = 5, some SEM material), Momonsi River; at road Nuha-Beteleme, 02 ° 25.36 ' S, 121 ° 21.43 ' E, loc. 64 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 25 Sep. 2003.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A15FFE0FCE1FDB48A560745.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 2.8 - 5.2 mm (n = 17). Rostrum (Fig. 21 A-E; Table 9) length variable, short to long, sometimes reaching slightly beyond end of scaphocerite, sometimes distinctly shorter, 0.5 - 1.0 times as long as carapace (n = 21), armed dorsally with 7 - 21 teeth (including 1 - 6 teeth posterior to orbital margin), approx. anterior 1 / 4 to 2 / 3 unarmed, without subapical teeth armed ventrally with 2 - 9 teeth. Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end 0.6 - 0.7 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Antennular peduncle 0.7 - 0.9 times as long as carapace (n = 5), second segment 1.5 - 1.8 times length of third segment, third segment 0.3 - 0.4 times length of basal segment. Stylocerite reaching 0.9 - 1.0 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Scaphocerite (Fig. 21 F, K, P) 3.5 - 4.1 times as long as wide (n = 5). Sixth abdominal somite 0.5 - 0.7 times length of carapace (n = 17), 1.7 - 1.9 times as long as fifth somite (n = 5), 0.9 - 1.0 times length of telson (n = 17). Telson (Fig. 21 G, J, L, O, Q, T) 2.9 - 3.3 times as long as wide (n = 6), distal margin rounded, without projection, with 3 - 4 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 3 - 4 pairs of spines, lateral pair distinctly stronger but not always longer than cl (mm) 2.8 - 5.2 4.5 ± 0.7 4.4 17 rl / cl 0.5 - 1.0 0.7 ± 0.2 0.7 21 n dorsal rostral teeth 7 - 21 13 ± 3 14 20 n ventral rostral teeth 2 - 9 5 ± 2 4 20 abds 6 / cl 0.5 - 0.7 0.6 ± 0.0 0.6 17 abds 6 / abds 5 1.7 - 1.9 1.8 ± 0.1 1.8 5 abds 6 / h tel 0.9 - 1.0 0.9 ± 0.1 0.9 17 h tel / w tel 2.9 - 3.3 3.2 ± 0.2 3.2 6 n spines uropodal diaeresis 12 - 15 13 ± 1 13 6 h ch 1 / w ch 1 2.0 - 2.5 2.3 ± 0.2 2.4 9 h ch 1 / h ca 1 0.7 - 1.4 1.2 ± 0.1 1.2 24 h ca 1 / w ca 1 2.5 - 3.3 2.9 ± 0.3 2.8 9 h ch 2 / w ch 2 2.6 - 3.4 2.9 ± 0.2 2.8 9 h ch 2 / h ca 2 0.7 - 1.3 0.8 ± 0.1 0.7 23 h ca 2 / w ca 2 5.6 - 7.0 6.3 ± 0.5 6.2 9 n spines p 3 5 - 6 5 ± 1 5 6 n spines p 5 39 - 57 51 ± 6 52 6 intermediate pairs. Preanal carina (Fig. 21 H, M, R) with a spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 21 I, N, S) with 12 - 15 movable spinules (n = 6). 5 pairs of pleurobranchs well developed; 3 pairs of arthrobranchs, 2 on third maxillipeds, with second pair strongly reduced in size, 1 pair on first pereiopod; 1 pair of podobranchs on second maxilliped reduced strongly to a laminate form. Epipod present on first pereiopod. Incisor process of mandible (Fig. 23 A) ending in a row of 4 - 5 small teeth, molar process truncated. Lower lacinia of maxillula (Fig. 23 B) broadly rounded, upper lacinia elongate, with numerous distinct teeth and setae on inner margin, palp slender. Upper endites of maxilla (Fig. 23 C) subdivided, palp short, scaphognathite tapering posteriorly with numerous long, curved setae at posterior end. Distal end of palp of first maxilliped (Fig. 23 D) triangular, ending with a finger-like projection; flagellum of the exopod very elongated, endopod high, not exceeding the flagellum of exopod in length. Second maxilliped (Fig. 23 F) typical. Third maxilliped (Fig. 23 E) with ultimate segment distinctly shorter than penultimate segment. Chela and carpus of first pereiopod distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 22 E-F, M-N, U-V); chela of first pereiopod 2.0 - 2.5 times as long as wide (n = 9), 0.7 - 1.4 times length of carpus (n = 24); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 1.1 - 1.4 times as long as palm (n = 9); carpus 2.5 - 3.3 times as long as wide (n = 9), 1.1 - 1.4 times length of merus (n = 8). Chela of second pereiopod 2.6 - 3.4 times as long as wide (n = 9), 0.7 - 1.3 times length of carpus (n = 23); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 1.1 - 1.5 times as long as palm (n = 9); carpus 5.6 - 7.0 times as long as wide (n = 9), 1.3 - 1.5 times as long as merus (n = 8). Third pereiopod (Fig. 22 A-B, I-J, Q-R) slender, dactylus 3.0 - 4.4 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 6), terminating in one large claw with 5 - 6 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 9.0 - 13.0 times as long as wide, 3.6 - 4.5 times as long as dactylus; carpus 4.9 - 5.8 times as long as wide, 0.6 - 0.7 times as long as propodus, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 7.1 - 10.0 times as long as wide, bearing 2 - 3 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Fifth pereiopod slender (Fig. 22 C-D, K-L, S-T), dactylus 3.9 - 5.4 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 6), terminating in one large claw with 39 - 57 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 9.6 - 14.9 times as long as wide, 2.8 - 3.7 times as long as dactylus; carpus 4.7 - 5.7 times as long as wide, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as propodus, 0.6 - 0.7 times as long as merus; merus 6.1 - 8.5 times as long as wide, bearing 2 - 3 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 22 G, O, W) elongated triangular, 1.7 - 2.7 times as long as proximally wide (n = 5), without appendix interna. Appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 22 H, P, X) 0.7 - 0.9 times length of appendix masculina (n = 5). Ovigerous females with 10 - 24 eggs (n = 3 females); egg size 1.0 - 1 - 2 x 0.6 - 0.8 mm (n = 28, eggs with and without eyes).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A15FFE0FCE1FDB48A560745.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – C. mahalona mainly occurs in rivers within the Malili lakes’ catchment (Fig. 20), but was also found at one locality north of Lake Matano (Tomori area), outside of the system. Therefore, it is the only non-endemic species occurring in the Malili system.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A15FFE0FCE1FDB48A560745.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and ecology. – C. mahalona is an exclusively riverine species, dwelling on various kinds of substrate (leaf litter, riverine vegetation, roots, dead wood). Except for one riverine locality very close to Lake Matano (loc. 24 - 03), where it occurred together with C. holthuisi, C. mahalona was never found in sympatry with any other species (not even the other riverine species of the Malili lake system, C. masapi). Colour pattern. – Without any species specific pattern. Body colouration transparently yellowish or brownish, similar to C. masapi, C. acutirostris, C. schenkeli, and many other riverine species from all over Sulawesi. Large (often ovigerous) females usually appear darker than smaller specimens. Taxonomic remarks. – C. mahalona mostly resembles C. masapi, but both species were never found together at any locality. C. mahalona is generally larger than C. masapi (carapace length 2.8 - 5.2, median 4.4 vs. 2.1 - 4.6, median 3.1 in C. masapi), its rostrum displays a higher degree of variability than in C. masapi, and differs by the number of teeth on the dactylus of the fifth pereiopod (39 - 57, median 52 vs. 30 - 44, median 33 in C. masapi). In specimens with a short rostrum, C. mahalona can resemble C. acutirostris from Lake Poso, although the scaphocerite usually is more slender (3.5 - 4.1 times as long as wide vs. 3.0 - 3.6 times as long as wide in C. acutirostris); the same applies to the carpus of the first and second pereiopod (2.5 - 3.3 and 5.6 - 7.0 times as long as wide vs. 2.0 - 2.7 and 4.5 - 5.9 times as long as wide in C. acutirostris). The general range of parameters (for example the number of rostral teeth) is usually higher in C. mahalona than in C. acutirostris (compare Tables 10,19). In the molecular phylogeny (Figs. 63 - 64), C. mahalona appears in three allopatric clades (drawings of representatives of each clade are shown in Figs. 21 - 22). The high degree of rostrum variability partly occurs within populations, and no significant morphological differences where found between members of the different clades. However, the geographic pattern might suggest the existence of cryptic species (compare von Rintelen et al., in review).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A1FFFFDFE97FDF488F00745.taxon	description	(Figs. 24 – 26; Table 10) Caridina Masapi Woltereck, 1937 a: 223, Figs. I. 6 a-h, pls. 3,6 (type locality: Matanno [Matano] islands, Lake Towuti, Lake Mahalone [Mahalona], Lake Wawontoa [Lontoa], Lake Masapi, small stream between Lake Matanno and Lake Mahalone). Caridina masapi – Woltereck, 1937 b: 306, fig. 10; Chace, 1997: 16; Fernandez-Leborans et al., 2006 b: 1985, Table I; von Rintelen et al., 2008: 2244, Table 1; Cai et al., 2009: 21, Figs. 4 - 5 (type locality of neotype: southern shore of Lake Masapi). Cardina masapi – Brooks, 1950: 168 (erroneous spelling).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A1FFFFDFE97FDF488F00745.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. – Lake Lontoa: 74 ex. (MZB Cru 1689, n = 37; ZMB 29038, n = 37, some SEM material), southeast shore, 02 ° 40.4 ' S, 121 ° 43.35 ' E, loc. 92 - 03, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 3 Oct. 2003; 16 ex. (MZB Cru 1690, n = 8; ZMB 29045, n = 8, some SEM material), southwest shore, 02 ° 40.48 ' S, 121 ° 43.06 ' E, loc. 93 - 03, on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 3 Oct. 2003. Lake Matano – 13 ex. (MZB Cru 1692), south shore, near cave entrance, 02 ° 29.85 ' S, 121 ° 18.66 ' E, loc. 60 - 03, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 24 Sep. 2003; 5 ex. (ZMB 29083, n = 5 and few juveniles), Petea River, approx. 400 m east of Lake Mahalona, 02 ° 34.41 ' S, 121 ° 30.63 ' E, loc. 54 - 03, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 23 Sep. 2003; 27 ex. (MZB Cru 1702, n = 14; ZMB 29276, n = 13), Petea River, approx. 1.8 km north of Lake Mahalona, 02 ° 34.15 ' S, 121 ° 31.4 ' E, loc. F 2 - 04, substrate unknown, coll. F. Herder, 31 Mar. 2004; 9 ex. (MZB Cru 1703, n = 4; ZMB 29280, n = 5), Petea River, 02 ° 34.17 ' S, 121 ° 31.21 ' E, loc. F 3 - 04, substrate unknown, coll. F. Herder, 31 Mar. 2004. Lake Masapi – 170 ex. (MZB Cru 1693, n = 70; ZMB 29035, n = 100, some SEM material), south shore, 02 ° 50.84 ' S, 121 ° 21.09 ' E, loc. 47 - 03, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 20 Sep. 2003; 81 ex. (MZB Cru 1694, n = 62; ZMB 29277, n = 19, some SEM material), south shore, 02 ° 50.837 ' S, 121 ° 21.116 ' E, loc. F 5 - 04, on mixed substrate, coll. F. Herder, 15 Apr. 2004. Lake Towuti – 1 ex. (ZMB 29031, n = 1 and some juveniles), east shore, 02 ° 40.84 ' S, 121 ° 41.32 ' E, loc. 87 - 03, on Ottelia, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 2 Oct. 2003; 14 ex. (MZB Cru 1695, n = 7; ZMB 29046, n = 7, some SEM material), north shore, at cape, 02 ° 39.38 ’ S, 121 ° 29.73 ' E, loc. 67 - 03, on rocks in shallow water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Sep. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29117), west shore, south of Cape Timbalo, 02 ° 42.91 ' S, 121 ° 26.78 ' E, loc. 94 - 03, on rocks in shallow water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 3 Mar. 2003; 2 ex. (ZMB 29281), west shore, west of Cape Timbalo, 02 ° 42.631 ' S, 121 ° 26.389 ' E, loc. 145 - 04, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Jul. 2004; 2 ex. (ZMB 29284), northwest shore, 02 ° 40.647 ' S, 121 ° 24.915 ' E, loc. 142 - 04, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 25 Jul. 2004; 7 ex. (ZMB 29285), west shore, Cape Bakara, 02 ° 40.771 ' S, 121 ° 26.11 ' E, loc. 144 - 04, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Jul. 2004; 3 ex. (MZB Cru 1696), west shore, at entrance to outlet bay, Cape Larona, 02 ° 48.43 ' S, 121 ° 24.75 ' E, loc. 73 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003; 1 ex. (MZB Cru 1697), southwest shore, Cape Sioloya, 02 ° 50.7 ' S, 121 ° 26.32 ' E, loc. 77 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; 39 ex. (MZB Cru 1699, n = 39), Larona River, close to outlet bay of Lake Towuti, 02 ° 45.8 ' S, 121 ° 20.8 ' E, loc. 51 - 03, on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 21 Sep. 2003; 54 ex. (MZB Cru 1701, n = 27; ZMB 29195, n = 27), Towuti catchment, stream at road Wawondula-Timampu, 02 ° 38.47 ' S, 121 ° 22.76 ' E, loc. 39 - 03, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 16 Sep. 2003; 4 ex. (ZMB 29448), Lemolemo River, 02 ° 42.62 ' S, 121 ° 40.99 ' E, loc. 85 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 2 Oct. 2003. Lampesue River (Malili lake system) – 44 ex. (MZB Cru 1698, n = 22; ZMB 29047, n = 22), 02 ° 35.4 ' S, 121 ° 39.85 ' E, loc. 79 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 29 Sep. 2003. Tominanga River (Lake Mahalona) – 3 ex. (ZMB 29072), approx. 1.5 km east of Lake Mahalona, 02 ° 38.73 ' S, 121 ° 31.95 ' E, loc. 59 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 23 Sep. 2003; 3 ex. (ZMB 29209), approx. 2.2 km north of Lake Towuti, 02 ° 36.5 ' S, 121 ° 31.78 ' E, loc. 58 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 23 Sep. 2003.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A1FFFFDFE97FDF488F00745.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 2.1 - 4.6 mm (n = 56). Rostrum (Fig. 25 A-C, Table 10) shorter than antennular peduncle to slightly reaching beyond end of scaphocerite, 0.6 - 1.3 times as long as carapace (n = 56), armed dorsally with 7 - 21 teeth (including 2 - 5 teeth posterior to orbital margin), approx. anterior third unarmed or with few teeth widely spaced, armed ventrally with 3 - 10 teeth. Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end 0.6 - 0.7 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Antennular peduncle 0.8 - 1.0 times as long as carapace (n = 5), second segment 1.7 - 2.4 times length of third segment, third segment 0.3 times length of basal segment. Stylocerite reaching 0.9 - 1.0 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Scaphocerite (Fig. 25 E) 3.2 - 4.5 times as long as wide (n = 5). Sixth abdominal somite 0.4 - 0.7 times length of carapace (n = 56), 1.4 - 2.1 times as long as fifth somite (n = 21), 0.8 - 1.1 times length of telson (n = 37). Telson (Fig. 25 I, L) 2.9 - 3.6 times as long as wide (n = 6), distal margin rounded, without projection, with 3 - 5 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 3 - 5 pairs of spines, sometimes with one median spine, lateral pair distinctly longer than intermediate spines, median spine or pair of spines usually shortest. Preanal carina (Fig. 25 D) with a spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 25 F) with 10 - 14 movable spinules (n = 6). 5 pairs of pleurobranchs well developed; 3 pairs of arthrobranchs, 2 on third maxillipeds, with second pair strongly reduced in size, 1 pair on first pereiopod; 1 pair of podobranchs on second maxilliped reduced strongly to a laminate form. Epipod present on first pereiopod. Incisor process of mandible (Fig. 26 A) ending in a row of 7 - 8 small teeth, molar process truncated. Lower lacinia of maxillula (Fig. 26 B) broadly rounded, upper lacinia elongate, with numerous distinct teeth and setae on inner margin, palp slender. Upper endites of maxilla (Fig. 26 C) subdivided, palp slender, short, scaphognathite tapering posteriorly with numerous long, curved setae at posterior end. Distal end of palp of first maxilliped (Fig. 26 F) triangular, with a finger-like projection; flagellum of the exopod very stout, endopod high, but not exceed the flagellum of exopod in length. Second maxilliped (Fig. 26 E) typical. Third maxilliped (Fig. 26 D) with ultimate segment as long as penultimate segment. Chela and carpus of first pereiopod distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 25 M-O); chela of first pereiopod 1.9 - 2.9 times as long as wide (n = 25), 0.9 - 1.3 times length of carpus (n = 56); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 1.1 - 1.3 times as long as palm (n = 12); carpus 2.1 - 4.6 times as long as wide (n = 25), 1.1 - 1.3 times length of merus (n = 5). Chela of second pereiopod 2.4 - 3.9 times as long as wide (n = 25), 0.6 - 1.6 times length of carpus (n = 55); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 1.2 - 1.5 times as long as palm (n = 12); carpus 5.0 - 8.1 times as long as wide (n = 25), 1.4 - 1.6 times as long as merus (n = 5). Third pereiopod (Fig. 25 G-H) slender, dactylus 3.5 - 5.9 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 3 - 7 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 12.6 - 14.8 times as long as wide, 2.9 - 5.0 times as long as dactylus; carpus 5.4 - 6.9 times as long as wide, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as propodus, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 8.1 - 11.0 times as long as wide, bearing 3 - 4 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Fifth pereiopod slender (Fig. 25 J-K), dactylus 5.7 - 7.0 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 30 - 44 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 11.6 - 15.3 times as long as wide, 2.6 - 3.3 times as long as dactylus; carpus 5.0 - 5.9 times as long as wide, 0.5 times as long as propodus, 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 9.0 - 9.8 times as long as wide, bearing 3 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 25 Q) elongated triangular, 2.0 - 2.7 times as long as proximally wide (n = 5), without appendix interna. Appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 25 R) 0.8 - 0.9 times as long as appendix masculina (n = 5). Ovigerous females with 15 - 41 eggs (n = 3 females); egg size 0.7 - 1.2 x 0.5 - 0.7 mm (n = 54, eggs with and without eyes).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A1FFFFDFE97FDF488F00745.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – C. masapi is endemic to the Malili system, where it is widely distributed in the lakes and rivers (Fig. 24). Although there is only a single collecting site from Lake Matano, and none directly from Lake Mahalona, Woltereck (1937 a: 223, b: 306) reports this species from another locality in Lake Matano (“ Matanno islands ”), which are further west of the current collecting site on the south coast) and Lake Mahalona. So far, it is the only shrimp species occurring in Lake Masapi and Lake Lontoa.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A1FFFFDFE97FDF488F00745.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and ecology. – C. masapi, similarly to C. lanceolata, was found on various kinds of often mixed, but mainly soft substrate (e. g. macrophytes and leaf litter). Thus, it seems rather to be a generalist with a respective feeding strategy (compare von Rintelen et al., in review). The cheliped morphology does not show any conspicuity, unlike in most other species from the Malili lakes (for example the unusually slender pereiopods in C. lingkonae, C. spinata, and C. profundicola). Colour pattern. – Yellowish or brownish to transparent, often with transversal dark or light bands, but without an always equally pronounced pattern. The colouration resembles that of many riverine Caridina species from Sulawesi, which are either dark (brownish) or lightly (yellowish-transparent) coloured. Large (often ovigerous) females usually appear darker than smaller specimens. Taxonomic remarks. – Cai et al. (2009: 19) stated: “ Specimens of Woltereck (1937 a, b) are no longer extant […]. As all new species described by Woltereck are morphologically close to each other and to stabilize the taxonomic status of those species, neotypes are designated if specimens are available from the recent collections ”. Consequently, they designated a neotype for C. masapi from Lake Masapi (male, cl 2.9 mm, ZRC) (2009: 21). Here, C. masapi is regarded as a riverine species (that also enters the lakes) rather than a typical lacustrine species, because of its occurrence in all five lakes and the surrounding rivers. C. lanceolata is also widely distributed in the lakes (excluding Lake Masapi and Lake Lontoa), but does not occur in any tributary to the lakes. Thus, we here regard it as a lacustrine species. The rostrum superficially resembles C. loehae, but it appears less fragile and longer (usually overreaching end of second segment of antennular peduncle vs. not overreaching in C. loehae). Furthermore, both species show a different number of spines on the dactylus of the fifth pereiopod (30 - 44, median 33 vs. 12 - 16, median 16 in C. loehae). Also, C. masapi is similar to C. mahalona, the other riverine species of the Malili lake system, but the rostrum is not as variable as in C. mahalona and the anterior dorsal part is not always unarmed. It is generally smaller than C. mahalona (carapace length 2.1 - 4.6 mm, median 3.1 mm vs. 2.8 - 5.2 mm, median 4.4 mm in C. mahalona) and differs by the number of teeth on the dactylus of the fifth pereiopod (vs. 39 - 57, median 52 in C. mahalona). C. masapi can resemble C. holthuisi, but the rostrum in C. masapi usually differs by a conspicuous unarmed gap on the dorsal margin (sometimes with few teeth widely spaced) and a more slender and cambered shape (vs. usually straight and broader with a more or less thorough denticulation in C. holthuisi). C. masapi is genetically distinct from C. loehae and C. mahalona (Figs. 63 - 64). C. masapi appears in two allopatric clades. One is restricted to Lake Masapi (MS; Fig. 64), the other one to several lakes and rivers. This might hint at the existence of cryptic species (compare von Rintelen et al., in review).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A02FFF9FC29FF378D6800C5.taxon	description	(Figs. 27 – 29; Table 11)	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A02FFF9FC29FF378D6800C5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. – Holotype: ovigerous female (cl 3.2 mm) (MZB Cru 2127), Lake Towuti, southwest shore, Cape Sioloya, 02 ° 50.7 ' S, 121 ° 26.32 ' E, loc. 77 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003. Paratypes (Lake Matano) – 2 ex. (ZMB 29221), north shore, 02 ° 27.418 ' S, 121 ° 21.533 ' E, loc. 10 - 05, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 7 Jan. 2005; 1 ex. (ZMB 29229), east shore, just south of entrance to outlet bay, 02 ° 31.54 ' S, 121 ° 27.0 ' E, loc. 43 - 03, on rocks in shallow water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 18 cl (mm) 2.1 - 3.0 2.6 ± 0.3 2.6 15 rl / cl 0.4 - 0.8 0.5 ± 0.1 0.5 15 n dorsal rostral teeth 11 - 18 15 ± 2 14 15 n ventral rostral teeth 2 - 6 4 ± 1 4 15 abds 6 / cl 0.5 - 0.6 0.6 ± 0.0 0.6 14 abds 6 / abds 5 1.4 - 1.9 1.6 ± 0.2 1.6 7 abds 6 / h tel 0.9 - 1.0 0.9 ± 0.0 0.9 13 h tel / w tel 2.8 - 3.4 3.1 ± 0.2 3.1 5 n spines uropodal diaeresis 12 - 18 16 ± 2 16 5 h ch 1 / w ch 1 2.2 - 2.5 2.4 ± 0.1 2.4 10 h ch 1 / h ca 1 0.9 - 1.6 1.1 ± 0.2 1.0 14 h ca 1 / w ca 1 3.3 - 4.1 3.8 ± 0.2 3.8 10 h ch 2 / w ch 2 2.5 - 3.4 3.1 ± 0.2 3.1 10 h ch 2 / h ca 2 0.5 - 1.2 0.7 ± 0.2 0.6 14 h ca 2 / w ca 2 4.3 - 9.8 7.8 ± 1.6 8.0 10 n spines p 3 2 - 3 3 ± 1 3 4 n spines p 5 34 - 39 37 ± 2 37 4 Sep. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29242), north shore, 02 ° 25.67 ' S, 121 ° 16.54 ' E, loc. 65 - 03, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 25 Sep. 2003; 17 ex. (MZB Cru 1801, n = 8; ZMB 29243, n = 9, some SEM material), west shore, north of Lake Matano, 02 ° 26.91 ' S, 121 ° 13.01 ' E, loc. 83 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 1 Oct. 2003; 2 ex. (ZMB 29247), south shore, east of Soroako, just west of Cape Patipuoho, 02 ° 31.57 ' S, 121 ° 23.41 ' E, loc. 99 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 5 Oct. 2003; 2 ex. (MZB Cru 1802), north shore, 02 ° 26.274 ' S, 121 ° 18.83 ' E, loc. 133 - 04, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 22 Jul. 2004; 2 ex. (MZB Cru 1803), south shore, 02 ° 27.85 ' S, 121 ° 13.87 ' E, loc. 125 - 04, on rocks, coll. P. Koller & K. von Rintelen, 1 Aug. 2004; 2 ex. (MZB Cru 1805), south shore, Soroako, INCO boat house, 02 ° 30.71 ' S, 121 ° 20.45 ' E, loc. 19 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 19 Sep. 2003; 3 ex. (MZB Cru 1806), south shore, canal between island and mainland, 02 ° 28.46 ' S, 121 ° 15.83 ' E, loc. 62 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 24 Jul. 2004; 1 ex. (MZB Cru 1807), north shore, 02 ° 26.36 ' S, 121 ° 19.03 ' E, loc. 84 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 1 Oct. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29437), Petea River, 02 ° 32.672 ' S, 121 ° 30.137 ' E, loc. F 4 - 04, substrate unknown, coll. F. Herder, 25 Mar. 2004; 1 ex. (MZB Cru 1813), Petea River, 02 ° 32.64 ' S, 121 ° 29.51 ' E, loc. 101 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2003. Paratypes (Lake Mahalona) – 3 ex. (MZB Cru 1814), Tominanga River, approx. 1.5 km east of Lake Mahalona, 02 ° 38.73 ' S, 121 ° 31.95 ' E, loc. 59 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 23 Sep. 2003. Paratypes (Lake Towuti) – 1 ex. (ZMB 29020), south shore, approx. 2 km east of Cape Mea, 02 ° 55.8 ' S, 121 ° 26.92 ' E, loc. 74 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; 7 ex. (ZMB 29064), southwest shore, Cape Sioloya, 02 ° 50.7 ' S, 121 ° 26.32 ' E, loc. 77 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; 5 ex. (ZMB 29097), northwest shore, 02 ° 40.647 ' S, 121 ° 24.915 ' E, loc. 142 - 04, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 25 Jul. 2004; 1 ex. (ZMB 29098), west shore, south of Cape Timbalo, 02 ° 42.91 ' S, 121 ° 26.78 ' E, loc. 94 - 03, on rocks in shallow water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 4 Oct. 2003; 2 ex. (ZMB 29108, some SEM material), east shore, south of Cape Tomeraka, 02 ° 44.47 ' S, 121 ° 37.53 ' E, loc. 70 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003; 10 ex. (MZB Cru 1808, n = 5; ZMB 29116, n = 5), west shore, at entrance to outlet bay, Cape Larona, 02 ° 48.43 ' S, 121 ° 24.75 ' E, loc. 73 - 03, on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003; 3 ex. (ZMB 29119, some SEM material), Loeha Island, west shore, 02 ° 45.5 ' S, 121 ° 31.06 ' E, loc. 95 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 4 Oct. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29226), east shore, 02 ° 52.79 ' S, 121 ° 31.18 ' E, loc. 72 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003; 6 ex. (ZMB 29263, some SEM material), west shore, west of Cape Timbalo, 02 ° 42.631 ' S, 121 ° 26.389 ' E, loc. 145 - 04, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Jul. 2004; 1 ex. (MZB Cru 1809), northeast shore, at Lengkona, 02 ° 40.483 ' S, 121 ° 41.382 ' E, loc. 116 - 04, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Jul. 2004; 1 ex. (MZB Cru 1810, ovigerous female with freshly hatched juveniles), west shore, north of Cape Sioloya, 02 ° 50.389 ' S, 121 ° 26.026 ' E, loc. 03 - 05, on rocks, coll. Y. Cai, K. & T. von Rintelen, 3 Jan. 2005; 4 ex. (MZB Cru 1811), west shore, Cape Bakara, 02 ° 40.771 ' S, 121 ° 26.11 ' E, loc. 144 - 04, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Jul. 2004; 4 ex. (MZB Cru 1812), west shore, north of Cape Wasupute, 02 ° 46.9 ' S, 121 ° 27.94 ' E, loc. 78 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; Towuti catchment, Lemolemo River, 3 ex. (ZMB 29028, some SEM material), 02 ° 42.62 ' S, 121 ° 40.99 ' E, loc. 85 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 2 Oct. 2003.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A02FFF9FC29FF378D6800C5.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 2.1 - 3.0 mm (n = 15). Rostrum (Fig. 28 A; Table 11) short, not reaching to end of second segment of antennular peduncle, 0.4 - 0.8 times as long as carapace (n = 15), armed dorsally with 11 - 18 teeth (including 2 - 7 teeth posterior to orbital margin), anterior less densely spaced, armed ventrally with 2 - 6 teeth. Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end 0.5 - 0.6 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Antennular peduncle 0.7 - 0.9 times as long as carapace (n = 5), second segment 1.5 - 1.7 times length of third segment, third segment 0.3 - 0.4 times length of basal segment. Stylocerite reaching 0.9 - 1.0 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Scaphocerite (Fig. 28 E) 3.3 - 5.4 times as long as wide (n = 5). Sixth abdominal somite 0.5 - 0.6 times length of carapace (n = 14), 1.4 - 1.9 times as long as fifth somite (n = 7), 0.9 - 1.0 times length of telson (n = 13). Telson (Fig. 28 D, I) 2.8 - 3.4 times as long as wide (n = 5), distal margin rounded, without projection, with 3 - 5 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 3 - 5 pairs of spines, lateral pair longer than intermediate pairs, median pair usually shortest. Preanal carina (Fig. 28 B) rounded, without a spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 28 C) with 12 - 18 movable spinules (n = 5). 5 pairs of pleurobranchs well developed; 3 pairs of arthrobranchs, 2 on third maxillipeds, with second pair strongly reduced in size, 1 pair on first pereiopod; 1 pair of podobranchs on second maxilliped reduced strongly to a laminate form. Epipod present on first two pereiopods. Incisor process of mandible (Fig. 29 A) ending in a row of 3 - 5 small teeth, molar process truncated. Lower lacinia of maxillula (Fig. 29 B) broadly rounded, upper lacinia elongate, with numerous distinct teeth and setae on inner margin, palp slender. Upper endites of maxilla (Fig. 29 C) subdivided, palp short, scaphognathite tapering posteriorly with numerous long, curved setae at posterior end. Distal end of palp of first maxilliped (Fig. 29 F) triangular, not ending with a distinct finger-like projection; flagellum of the exopod stout, endopod high, not exceeding the flagellum of exopod in length. Second maxilliped (Fig. 29 E) typical. Third maxilliped (Fig. 29 D) with ultimate segment as long as penultimate segment. First and second pereiopod very slender, chela and carpus of first pereiopod distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 28 K-L, O); chela of first pereiopod 2.2 - 2.5 times as long as wide (n = 10), 0.9 - 1.6 times length of carpus (n = 14); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 1.4 - 2.0 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 3.3 - 4.1 times as long as wide (n = 10), 1.2 - 1.3 times length of merus (n = 5). Chela of second pereiopod 2.5 - 3.4 times as long as wide (n = 10), 0.5 - 1.2 times length of carpus (n = 14); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 1.5 - 1.8 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 4.3 - 9.8 times as long as wide (n = 10), 1.3 - 1.4 times as long as merus (n = 5). Third pereiopod (Fig. 28 F-G) slender, dactylus 3.2 - 5.0 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 4), terminating in one large claw with 2 - 3 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 8.8 - 14.3 times as long as wide, 2.8 - 4.6 times as long as dactylus; carpus 4.8 - 7.4 times as long as wide, 0.6 - 0.7 times as long as propodus, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 7.2 - 10.6 times as long as wide, bearing 3 - 4 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Fifth pereiopod slender (Fig. 28 H, J), dactylus 4.0 - 5.0 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 4), terminating in one large claw with 34 - 39 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 11.3 - 16.7 times as long as wide, 3.0 - 4.0 times as long as dactylus; carpus 3.4 - 6.6 times as long as wide, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as propodus, 0.5 - 0.7 times as long as merus; merus 7.3 - 10.6 times as long as wide, bearing 1 - 2 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 28 M) elongated triangular, 1.8 - 2.4 times as long as proximally wide (n = 5), without appendix interna. Appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 28 N) 0.8 - 0.9 times length of appendix masculina (n = 5). Ovigerous females with 12 - 15 eggs (n = 3 females); egg size 0.8 - 0.9 x 0.5 - 0.6 mm (n = 37, eggs with and without eyes).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A02FFF9FC29FF378D6800C5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – Endemic to the Malili lake system. There, widely distributed in Lake Matano and Lake Towuti, some specimens were found in Petea and Tominanga rivers, but none in Lake Mahalona (Fig. 27).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A02FFF9FC29FF378D6800C5.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and ecology. – This small and rather inconspicuous species often lives in sympatry with other rock dwellers, for example C. loehae, under small rocks as its primary substrate in shallow water regions. Colour pattern. – The colour pattern of C. parvula is rather inconspicuous compared to other species from the Malili lakes. The body usually shows a light red colouration, which can turn completely blue when under stress, with a few faint white transversal stripes. Body appendages are transparent. Eggs are the same colour as the body.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A02FFF9FC29FF378D6800C5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. – Caridina parvula refers to the small size of this new species (the Latin word parvus means little). Taxonomic remarks. – C. parvula (carapace length 2.1 - 3.0 mm, median 2.6 mm) is one of the smallest species in the Malili lakes, similarly to C. loehae and C. spongicola, but differs from C. spongicola by a shorter rostrum (not reaching to end of second segment of antennular peduncle vs. longer in C. spongicola), by a higher number of spines on the uropodal diaeresis (12 - 18, median 16 vs. 10 - 12, median 11 in C. spongicola), and by a lower number of spines on the dactylus of the fifth pereiopod (34 - 39, median 37 vs. 21 - 31, median 27 in C. spongicola). The very short and broad rostrum is characteristic for C. parvula. The length of the rostrum only resembles C. loehae, but is distinctly broader. Both species further differ by a different number of spines on the uropodal diaeresis (vs. 9 - 14, median 11 in C. loehae) and on the dactylus of the fifth pereiopod (vs. 12 - 16, median 16 in C. loehae). However, both species often occur in syntopy (on rocks in shallow water) and have a similar colour pattern, although the white markings in C. loehae are often more pronounced than in C. parvula. In the molecular phylogeny (Figs. 63 - 64), C. parvula is genetically distinct from all other ancient lake species.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A06FFF6FC35FA748AE104E5.taxon	description	(Figs. 30 – 32; Table 12)	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A06FFF6FC35FA748AE104E5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. – Holotype: male (cl 3.5 mm) (MZB Cru 1549), Lake Towuti, Loeha Island, southwest shore, 02 ° 45.58 ' S, 121 ° 31.14 ' E, loc. 149 - 04, on boulders in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 5 Aug. 2004. Paratypes (Lake Towuti) – 7 ex. (MZB Cru 1552, n = 3; ZMB 29025, n = 4, some SEM material), east shore, south of Cape Tomeraka, 02 ° 44.47 ' S, 121 ° 37.53 ' E, loc. 70 - 03, on boulders in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 9 Oct. 2003; 6 ex. (ZMB 29054 a, n = 3; some SEM material; ZMB 29054 b, n = 3), west shore, at entrance to outlet bay, Cape Larona, 02 ° 48.43 ' S, 121 ° 24.75 ' E, loc. 73 - 03, (a) on boulders in deeper water, (b) on leaf litter, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 8 Oct. 2003; 6 ex. (MZB Cru. 1553, n = 3; ZMB 29055, n = 3, some SEM material), Loeha Island, north shore, 02 ° 45.64 ' S, 121 ° 34.32 ' E, loc. 97 - 03, on boulders in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 4 Oct. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29305), west shore, Cape Larona, 02 ° 48.526 ' S, 121 ° 25.044 ' E, loc. 120 - 04, on boulders in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 29 Jul. 2004; 5 ex. (ZMB 29435, some SEM material), Loeha Island, north shore, 02 ° 45.324 ' S, 121 ° 32.019 ' E, loc. 226 - 05, on boulders in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 23 Oct. 2005; 9 ex. (MZB Cru. 1550), Loeha Island, southwest shore, 02 ° 45.58 ' S, 121 ° 31.14 ' E, loc. 149 - 04, on boulders in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 5 Aug. 2004; 2 ex. (MZB Cru. 1551), northeast shore, at Cape Noote, 02 ° 39.751 ' S, 121 ° 39.195 ' E, loc. 117 - 04, on boulders in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Jul. 2004.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A06FFF6FC35FA748AE104E5.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 2.7 - 4.9 mm (n = 35). Rostrum (Fig. 31 A-C; Table 12) very long and slender, proximal part triangular widened, equally pronounced in male and female, reaching far beyond scaphocerite; 1.4 - 2.8 times as long as carapace (n = 34), armed dorsally with 16 - 25 teeth, including 2 - 3 posterior to orbital margin, dorsal teeth throughout less densely spaced than ventral teeth, armed ventrally with 13 - 24 teeth. Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end 0.6 - 0.7 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Antennular peduncle 0.8 - 1.1 times as long as carapace (n = 5), second segment 1.8 - 2.0 times length of third segment, third segment 0.2 - 0.3 times length of basal segment. Stylocerite reaching 0.9 - 1.0 times length of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Scaphocerite (Fig. 31 E) 3.4 - 5.1 times as long as wide (n = 22). Sixth abdominal somite 0.7 - 1.0 times length of carapace (n = 35), 1.5 - 2.1 times as long as fifth somite (n = 22), 0.9 - 1.1 times length of telson (n = 30). Telson (Fig. 31 F, K) 3.4 - 4.0 times as long as wide (n = 5), distal margin rounded, without projection, with 2 - 4 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules (n = 22); distal end with 4 pairs of spines, lateral pair distinctly longer than intermediate pairs, median pair shortest. Preanal carina (Fig. 31 G) with a spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 31 D) with 9 - 11 movable spinules (n = 9). 5 pairs of pleurobranchs well developed; 3 pairs of arthrobranchs, 2 on third maxillipeds, with second pair strongly reduced in size, 1 pair on first pereiopod; 1 pair of podobranchs on second maxilliped reduced strongly to a laminate form. Epipod absent from all pereiopods. Incisor process of mandible (Fig. 32 A) ending in a row of 2 - 3 small teeth, molar process truncated. Lower lacinia of maxillula (Fig. 32 B) broadly rounded, upper lacinia elongate, with numerous distinct teeth and setae on inner margin, palp slender. Upper endites of maxilla (Fig. 32 C) subdivided, palp very slender, scaphognathite tapering posteriorly with numerous long, curved setae at posterior end. Distal end of palp of first maxilliped (Fig. 32 D) triangular, with a long finger-like projection; flagellum of the exopod very elongated, endopod high, reaching half the flagellum of exopod in length. Second maxilliped (Fig. 32 F) typical. Third maxilliped (Fig. 32 E) with ultimate segment distinctly shorter than penultimate segment. First and second pereiopod very slender, chela and carpus of first pereiopod distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 31 M-O); chela of first pereiopod 2.9 - 4.4 times as long as wide (n = 20), 0.8 - 1.1 times length of carpus (n = 34); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 1.0 - 1.3 times as long as palm (n = 6); carpus 4.2 - 5.6 times as long as wide (n = 20), 1.3 - 1.5 times length of merus (n = 5). Chela of second pereiopod 4.3 - 6.1 times as long as wide (n = 20), 0.6 - 0.7 times length of carpus (n = 34); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 1.1 - 1.2 times as long as palm (n = 6); carpus 8.8 - 12.2 times as long as wide (n = 20), 1.3 - 1.6 times as long as merus (n = 5). Third pereiopod (Fig. 31 I, L) slender, dactylus 5.8 - 7.8 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 1 - 2 accessory spines on flexor margin (n = 16); propodus 14.0 - 19.0 times as long as wide (n = 5), 3.2 - 4.1 times as long as dactylus; carpus 6.9 - 8.2 times as long as wide, 0.6 times as long as propodus, 0.4 - 0,5 times as long as merus; merus 11.5 - 15.7 times as long as wide, bearing 3 - 4 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Fifth pereiopod slender (Fig. 31 H, J), dactylus 6.2 - 8.3 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 34 - 44 (n = 7) accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 20.4 - 22.8 times as long as wide (n = 5), 3.6 - 4.6 times as long as dactylus; carpus 6.6 - 9.3 times as long as wide, 0.5 times as long as propodus, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 10.7 - 14.3 times as long as wide, bearing 3 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface (n = 2). Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 31 P) elongated triangular, 1.8 - 2,2 times as long as proximally wide (n = 5), without appendix interna. Appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 31 Q) 0.8 - 1.0 times length of appendix masculina (n = 5). Ovigerous females with 41 - 80 eggs (n = 9 females); egg size 0.7 - 0.9 x 0.4 - 0.6 mm (n = 202, eggs with and without eyes).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A06FFF6FC35FA748AE104E5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – Endemic to Lake Towuti (Fig. 30 A).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A06FFF6FC35FA748AE104E5.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and ecology. – C. profundicola is a hard substrate dweller. Adult specimens of this species were exclusively found in deeper water regions, approx. below 3 m, although two juveniles were collected among leaf litter in shallow water. The majority of species was found between large rocks (boulders), often together with C. spinata. C. profundicola is a rather inactive species, which keeps still when disturbed (KvR pers. observation), although it is capable of very fast movements if necessary. Colour pattern. – Body and appendages yellowishtransparent, sometimes slightly red, usually with two conspicuous yellow transversal stripes on the abdomen (Fig. 30 B). Eggs green, contrasting the body colour. The yellow stripes are also already distinctive in juveniles.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A06FFF6FC35FA748AE104E5.taxon	etymology	Etymology. – Caridina profundicola refers to the unusually deep occurrence of this new species in the Malili lake system. The name is a combination of the Latin words profundus (depths) and collere (to inhabit). Taxonomic remarks. – C. profundicola differs from all Malili species by the characteristic triangular shape of the proximal part of the otherwise very slender rostrum. A similar triangular shape is only pronounced in C. lingkonae, but differs by a distinctly more slender and also longer rostrum compared to carapace length (1.4 - 2.8, median 1.9 vs. 1.0 - 1.6, median 1.2 in C. lingkonae), and a higher number of ventral teeth (13 - 24, median 20 vs. 7 - 18, median 12 in C. lingkonae). C. profundicola (2.7 - 4.9 mm, median 4.0 mm) and C. spinata (carapace length 3.0 - 5.0 mm, median 4.2 mm) are the largest lacustrine species in the Malili system. Both show similar slender pereiopods and often occur on the same substrate (usually boulders in deeper water) at the same locality, but differ in the shape of the rostrum (proximal part triangular while distal part distinctly slender vs. not triangular, but rather uniformly slender in C. spinata), a longer rostrum compared to the carapace length (1.4 - 2.8, median 1.9 vs. 0.9 - 1.7, median 1.2 in C. spinata), a larger number of ventral teeth on the rostrum (13 - 24, median 20 vs. 5 - 12, median 9 in C. spinata) and on the dactylus of the fifth pereiopod (34 - 44, median 39 vs. 25 - 31, median 29 in C. spinata), respectively, and a lower number of spines on the uropodal diaeresis (9 - 11, median 10 vs. 12 - 16, median 14 in C. spinata). Both species differ in their behaviour: C. profundicola is distinctly more inactive and can almost be caught by hand, while C. spinata always appears rather active. With its extremely long and slender rostrum, C. profundicola further resembles C. ensifera and C. caerulea from Lake Poso, but differs in the triangular shape and the constant denticulation (vs. always with an unarmed gap in both Poso species). In the molecular phylogeny (Figs. 63 – 64), C. profundicola is genetically distinct from all other ancient lake species.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A09FFF2FE97FE548D810425.taxon	description	(Figs. 33 – 35; Table 13)	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A09FFF2FE97FE548D810425.taxon	description	Cardina spinata – Brooks, 1950: 168 (erroneous spelling).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A09FFF2FE97FE548D810425.taxon	materials_examined	Not: Caridina spinata – von Rintelen et al., 2007 b: 262, fig. 2 b. Material examined. – Lake Towuti: 19 ex. (MZB Cru 1555, n = 10 and ZMB 29026, n = 9, some SEM material), west shore, at entrance to outlet bay, Cape Larona, 02 ° 48.43 ' S, 121 ° 24.75 ' E, loc. 73 - 03, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 8 Oct. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29056, n = 1 and few juveniles, some SEM material), east shore, south of Cape Tomeraka, 02 ° 44.47 ' S, 121 ° 37.53 ' E, loc. 70 - 03, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29057, n = 1 and few juveniles), southwest shore, west of Cape Tetetu, 02 ° 54.13 ' S, 121 ° 23.78 ' E, loc. 76 - 03, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29058, some SEM material), Loeha Island, north shore, 02 ° 45.64 ' S, 121 ° 34.32 ' E, loc. 97 - 03, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 4 Oct. 2003; (ZMB 29141, n = few juveniles), south shore, approx. 2 km east of Cape Mea, 02 ° 55.8 ' S, 121 ° 26.92 ' E, loc. 74 - 03, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; (ZMB 29142, n = few juveniles), north shore, bay east of Cape Bintu, 02 ° 39.48 ' S, 121 ° 33.25 ' E, loc. 68 - 03, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Sep. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29154), Larona River, close to outlet bay, 02 ° 45.8 ' S, 121 ° 20.8 ' E, loc. 51 - 03, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Jul. 2004; 2 ex. (ZMB 29434), Loeha Island, north shore, 02 ° 45.324 ' S, 121 ° 32.019 ' E, loc. 226 - 05, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 23 Oct. 2005; 6 ex. (MZB Cru 1556), northeast shore, at Cape Noote, 02 ° 39.751 ' S, 121 ° 39.195 ' E, loc. 117 - 04, coll. cl (mm) 3.0 - 5.0 4.1 ± 0.6 4.2 17 rl / cl 0.9 - 1.7 1.3 ± 0.2 1.2 16 n dorsal rostra teeth 14 - 24 17 ± 3 17 16 n ventral rostral teeth 5 - 12 8 ± 2 9 16 abds 6 / cl 0.5 - 0.7 0.6 ± 0.0 0.6 18 abds 6 / abds 5 1.5 - 1.9 1.7 ± 0.1 1.7 11 abds 6 / h tel 0.8 - 1.0 0.9 ± 0.0 0.9 12 h tel / w tel 3.2 - 3.6 3.3 ± 0.1 3.3 6 n spines uropodal diaeresis 12 - 16 14 ± 1 14 6 h ch 1 / w ch 1 2.0 - 3.6 2.8 ± 0.6 3.0 13 h ch 1 / h ca 1 0.9 - 1.4 1.1 ± 0.2 1.0 18 h ca 1 / w ca 1 2.1 - 5.2 3.7 ± 1.3 4.5 12 h ch 2 / w ch 2 2.3 - 5.5 3.8 ± 1.1 4.3 13 h ch 2 / h ca 2 0.5 - 0.8 0.6 ± 0.1 0.6 17 h ca 2 / w ca 2 4.8 - 11.9 8.4 ± 2.6 9.6 13 n spines p 3 2 - 3 2 ± 0 2 5 n spines p 5 25 - 31 29 ± 2 29 5 K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Jul. 2004; 1 ex. (MZB Cru 1557), Loeha Island, southwest shore, 02 ° 45.58 ' S, 121 ° 31.14 ' E, loc. 149 - 04, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 5 Aug. 2004; 2 ex. (MZB Cru 1558, n = 2 juveniles), Loeha Island, west shore, 02 ° 45.5 ' S, 121 ° 31.06 ' E, loc. 95 - 03, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 5 Aug. 2004.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A09FFF2FE97FE548D810425.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 3.0 - 5.0 mm (n = 17). Rostrum (Fig. 34 A-B, Table 13) long, reaching beyond or far beyond end of scaphocerite, 0.9 - 1.7 times as long as carapace (n = 16), armed dorsally with 14 - 24 teeth (including 3 - 5 teeth posterior to orbital margin), anterior less densely spaced, armed ventrally with 5 - 12 teeth. Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end 0.6 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Antennular peduncle 0.9 - 1.0 times as long as carapace (n = 5), second segment 1.4 - 2.0 times length of third segment, third segment 0.3 - 0.4 times length of basal segment. Stylocerite reaching 0.9 - 1.0 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Scaphocerite (Fig. 34 F) 3.3 - 5.4 times as long as wide (n = 5). Sixth abdominal somite 0.5 - 0.7 times length of carapace (n = 18), 1.5 - 1.9 times as long as fifth somite (n = 11), 0.8 - 1.0 times length of telson (n = 12). Telson (Fig. 34 E, I) 3.2 - 3.6 times as long as wide (n = 6), distal margin rounded, without projection, with 3 - 4 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 3 pairs of spines, lateral pair distinctly longer than intermediate pairs, median pair or median spine shortest. Preanal carina (Fig. 34 C) with a spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 34 D) with 12 - 16 movable spinules (n = 6). 5 pairs of pleurobranchs well developed; 3 pairs of arthrobranchs, 2 on third maxillipeds, with second pair strongly reduced in size, 1 pair on first pereiopod; 1 pair of podobranchs on second maxilliped reduced strongly to a laminate form. Epipod present on first pereiopod. Incisor process of mandible (Fig. 35 A) ending in a row of 3 - 4 small teeth, molar process truncated. Lower lacinia of maxillula (Fig. 35 B) broadly rounded, upper lacinia elongated, with numerous distinct teeth and setae on inner margin, palp slender. Upper endites of maxilla (Fig. 35 C) subdivided, palp short, scaphognathite tapering posteriorly with numerous long, curved setae at posterior end. Distal end of palp of first maxilliped (Fig. 35 F) triangular, with a finger-like projection; flagellum of the exopod very elongated, endopod high, reaching half the flagellum of exopod in length. Second maxilliped (Fig. 35 E) typical. Third maxilliped (Fig. 35 D) with ultimate segment distinctly shorter than penultimate segment. Chela and carpus of first pereiopod distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 34 N-P); chela of first pereiopod 2.0 - 3.6 times as long as wide (n = 13), 0.9 - 1.4 times length of carpus (n = 18); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 1.3 - 1.5 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 2.1 - 5.2 times as long as wide (n = 12), 1.2 - 1.5 times length of merus (n = 5). Chela of second pereiopod 2.3 - 5.5 times as long as wide (n = 13), 0.5 - 0.8 times length of carpus (n = 17); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 1.3 - 1.6 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 4.8 - 11.9 times as long as wide (n = 13), 1.4 - 1.6 times as long as merus (n = 5). Third pereiopod (Fig. 34 G, K) slender, dactylus 2.8 - 4.0 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 2 - 3 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 17.0 - 23.0 times as long as wide, 7.0 - 7.8 times as long as dactylus; carpus 6.8 - 8.9 times as long as wide, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as propodus, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 10.0 - 13.4 times as long as wide, bearing 3 - 4 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Fifth pereiopod slender (Fig. 34 H, J), dactylus 3.6 - 5.4 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 25 - 31 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 18.7 - 26.3 times as long as wide, 3.9 - 7.6 times as long as dactylus; carpus 6.9 - 8.7 times as long as wide, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as propodus, 0.6 - 0.7 times as long as merus; merus 9.2 - 11.8 times as long as wide, bearing 2 - 3 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 34 L) elongated triangularly, 1.8 - 1.9 times as long as proximally wide (n = 5), without appendix interna. Appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 34. M) 0.7 - 0.9 times length of appendix masculina (n = 5). Ovigerous females with 17 - 31 eggs (n = 3 females); egg size 1.0 - 1.1 x 0.6 - 0.7 mm (n = 37, eggs with and without eyes).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A09FFF2FE97FE548D810425.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – Endemic to Lake Towuti and widely distributed within the lake (Fig. 33 A).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A09FFF2FE97FE548D810425.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and ecology. – C. spinata is a hard substrate dweller on rocks. Whereas juveniles were also frequently observed in shallow water zones (above approx. 3 - 5 m), adults seem to prefer boulders in deeper water zones, where they often occur in syntopy with C. profundicola and sometimes with other rock dwellers from Lake Towuti. When disturbed, C. spinata tries to hide in nearby gaps between rocks (usually boulders). Like in other typical rock dwellers from the Malili lakes it rather escapes side- or downwards than in other directions. Colour pattern. – Body and appendages mainly crimson to deep red (Fig. 33 B-C), often with two to three bright yellow or orange transversal stripes at the end of the carapace and the abdomen and a few dots of the same colour on various body parts or body appendages, e. g. tips of the uropods. Chelae and uropods can be completely yellow or orange. This combination of red-crimson and yellow or orange is unique in the ancient lake species, although a red body colouration is common in rock dwellers. Antennules usually transparently white. Eggs coloured as body. This colour pattern remains visible even if the shrimp is under stress, the intensity of the colour might fade. Taxonomic remarks. – Cai et al. (2009: 19) stated: “ Specimens of Woltereck (1937 a, b) are no longer extant […]. As all new species described by Woltereck are morphologically close to each other and to stabilize the taxonomic status of those species, neotypes are designated if specimens are available from the recent collections ”. Consequently, they designated a neotype for C. spinata from Lake Towuti (ovigerous female, cl 4.3 mm, ZRC) (2009: 25). In living animals the colour pattern of C. spinata always distinguishes it from all other species. C. spinata (carapace length 3.0 - 5.0 mm, median 4.2 mm) and C. profundicola (2.7 - 4.9 mm, median 4.0 mm) are the largest lacustrine species in the Malili lakes. Both have similarly slender pereiopods and often occur on the same substrate (usually boulders in deeper water) at the same locality. They differ in the shape of the rostrum (not triangular, but rather uniformly slender vs. proximal part triangular while distal part distinctly slender in C. profundicola), a shorter rostrum compared to the carapace length (0.9 - 1.7, median 1.2 vs. 1.4 - 2.8, median 1.9 in C. profundicola), a smaller number of ventral teeth on the rostrum (5 - 12, median 9 vs. 13 - 24, median 20 in C. profundicola) and on the dactylus of the fifth pereiopod (25 - 31, median 29 vs. 34 - 44, median 39 in C. profundicola), as well as a higher number of spines on the uropodal diaeresis (12 - 16, median 14 vs. 9 - 11, median 10 in C. profundicola). With regard to the rostrum, C. spinata resembles C. striata, C. glaubrechti and C. woltereckae, but it differs in the slender form of the first and second pereiopods and the generally larger size (carapace length up to 5.0 mm vs. not larger than 3.4 - 3.8 mm in the other species). In the molecular phylogeny (Figs. 63 - 64), C. spinata is genetically distinct from all other ancient lake species.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A0DFF8FFC0DFE148BE00725.taxon	description	(Figs. 36 – 38; Table 14)	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A0DFF8FFC0DFE148BE00725.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. – Holotype: ovigerous female (eggs without eyes), cl 2.4 mm (MZB Cru 1559), Lake Towuti, west shore, outlet bay, west of Cape Tokaluku, 02 ° 47.261 ' S, 121 ° 23.17 ' E, loc. 119 - 04, on sponge, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 29 Jul. 2004. Paratypes (Lake Towuti) – 3 females (cl 2.0 - 2.4 mm) (MZB Cru 1560); 2 ovigerous females (cl 2.4 - 2.8 mm) (MZB Cru 1560), same data as holotpye; 5 males (cl 1.8 - 2.3 mm) (MZB Cru 1560), same data as holotype; 11 females (cl 1.9 - 2.6 mm) (ZMB 29027, some SEM material), 2 ovigerous females (cl 2.4 mm) (ZMB 29027, some SEM material), Lake Towuti, west shore, outlet bay, west of Cape Tokaluku, 02 ° 47.32 ' S 121 ° 23.38 ' E, loc. 52 - 03, on sponge, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 21 Sep. 2003; 4 males (cl 1.9 - 2.1 mm) (ZMB 29027, some SEM material), same data as previous sample; 9 males (cl 2.1 - 2.4 mm), 12 females (cl 2.2 - 2.6 mm), 6 ovigerous females (cl 2.4 - 2.6 mm) (ZRC 2006.0114), Lake Towuti, west shore, outlet bay, west of Cape Tokaluku, 02 ° 46.277 ' S 121 ° 21.83 ' E, loc. 02 - 05, on sponge, coll. Y. Cai, K. & T. von Rintelen, 3 Jan. 2005. Others (Lake Towuti )) – 170 ex. (MZB Cru 1845, n = 75; ZMB 29125, n = 95 and several juveniles), same data as paratypes of ZRC 2006.0114, loc. 02 - 05, on sponge; 23 ex. (ZMB 29313, n = 23 and several juveniles), west shore, outlet bay, 02 ° 47.345 ' S, 121 ° 23.356 ' E, loc. 14 - 05, on sponge, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 9 Jan. 2005; 12 ex. (ZMB 29129, n = 12 and several juveniles), west shore, outlet bay, 02 ° 47.623 ' S, 121 ° 22.724 ' E, loc. 13 - 05, on sponge, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 9 Jan. 2005; (ZMB 29294, several juveniles), same data as holotype, loc. 119 - 04, on sponge.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A0DFF8FFC0DFE148BE00725.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 1.8 - 2.8 mm (n = 48). Rostrum (Figs. 36 B, 37. A, 38. A; Table 14) short, straight and slender, anterior third slightly upturned, reaching to or slightly beyond third segment of antennular peduncle, 0.7 - 3.0 times as long as carapace (n = 48), armed dorsally with 14 - 25 teeth (including 3 - 5 teeth posterior to orbital margin), anterior less densely spaced, armed ventrally with 3 - 15 teeth. Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end reaching to or beyond half length of basal segment of antennular peduncle. Antennular peduncle 0.8 - 1.2 times as long as carapace (n = 10), second segment 2.0 - 2.3 times length of third segment, third segment 0.2 - 0.3 times length of basal segment (n = 5). Stylocerite reaching 0.8 - 0.9 length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Scaphocerite (Fig. 37 C) slender, 3.5 - 5.0 times as long as wide (n = 8). Sixth abdominal somite 0.5 - 0.7 times length of carapace (n = 48), 1.2 - 2.3 times as long as fifth somite (n = 21), 0.7 - cl (mm) 1.8 - 2.8 2.3 ± 0.3 2.4 48 rl / cl 0.7 - 3.0 1.6 ± 0.8 1.2 48 n dorsal rostral teeth 14 - 25 20 ± 2 20 48 n ventral rostral teeth 3 - 15 6 ± 2 6 48 abds 6 / cl 0.5 - 0.7 0.6 ± 0.1 0.6 48 abds 6 / abds 5 1.2 - 2.3 1.9 ± 0.3 1.9 21 abds 6 / h tel 0.7 - 1.0 0.9 ± 0.1 0.9 28 h tel / w tel 2.8 - 4.1 3.4 ± 0.3 3.4 13 n spines uropodal diaeresis 10 - 12 11 ± 1 11 12 h ch 1 / w ch 1 2.3 - 2.9 2.6 ± 0.2 2.7 20 h ch 1 / h ca 1 0.8 - 1.4 1.2 ± 0.1 1.2 48 h ca 1 / w ca 1 2.5 - 3.5 2.9 ± 0.3 3.0 20 h ch 2 / w ch 2 3.0 - 4.0 3.4 ± 0.3 3.3 20 h ch 2 / h ca 2 0.7 - 0.8 0.8 ± 0.0 0.8 46 h ca 2 / w ca 2 5.9 - 7.9 6.6 ± 0.5 6.6 20 n spines p 3 1 - 3 2 ± 1 2 7 n spines p 5 21 - 31 26 ± 4 27 7 1.0 times length of telson (n = 28). Telson (Fig. 37 D, F) 2.8 - 4.1 times as long as wide (n = 13), distal margin rounded, without projection, with 3 - 4 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 4 pairs of spines, lateral pair distinctly longer than intermediate pairs, median pair shortest. Preanal carina (Fig. 37 B) rounded, without spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 37 E) with 10 - 12 movable spinules (n = 12). Incisor process of mandible (Fig. 38 B) ending in irregular teeth, molar process truncated. Lower lacinia of maxillule (Fig. 38 C) broadly rounded, upper lacinia elongated, with a number of distinct teeth on inner margin, palp slender. Upper endites of maxilla (Fig. 38 G) subdivided, palp elongate, scaphognathite tapering posteriorly. Palp of first maxilliped (Fig. 38 D) truncate, ending in triangular shape. Podobranchs of second maxilliped (Fig. 38 F) reduced to small lamina. Third maxilliped (Fig. 38 E) with ultimate segment slightly shorter than penultimate segment. Chela and carpus of first pereiopod distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 37 K-M); chela of first pereiopod 2.3 - 2.9 times as long as wide (n = 20), 0.8 - 1.4 times length of carpus (n = 48); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 1.2 - 1.5 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 2.5 - 3.5 times as long as wide (n = 20), 1.2 - 1.5 times length of merus (n = 5). Chela of second pereiopod 3.0 - 4.0 times as long as wide (n = 20), 0.7 - 0.8 times length of carpus (n = 46); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 1.3 - 1.7 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 5.9 - 7.9 times as long as wide (n = 20), 1.4 - 1.6 times as long as merus (n = 5). Third pereiopod (Fig. 37 G-H) slender, dactylus 3.0 - 5.8 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 1 - 3 accessory spines on flexor margin (n = 7); propodus 11.1 - 15.0 times as long as wide, 3.3 - 5.3 times as long as dactylus; carpus 5.0 - 6.1 times as long as wide, 0.5 - 0.7 times as long as propodus, 0.5 times as long as merus; merus 8.1 - 10.0 times as long as wide, bearing 2 - 4 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Fifth pereiopod slender (Fig. 37 I-J), dactylus 3.5 - 4.4 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 21 - 31 accessory spines on flexor margin (n = 7); propodus 13.1 - 15.0 times as long as wide, 3.6 - 4.5 times as long as dactylus; carpus 4.6 - 5.9 times as long as wide, 0.4 - 0.5 times as long as propodus, 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 7.1 - 9.0 times as long as wide, bearing 2 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 38 H) elongated triangular, 2.0 - 2.8 times as long as proximally wide (n = 5), without appendix interna, appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 38 I) not reaching end of appendix masculina. Ovigerous females with 12 - 18 eggs (n = 4 females); egg size 0.8 - 0.9 x 0.4 - 0.6 mm (n = 53, eggs with and without eyes).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A0DFF8FFC0DFE148BE00725.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – Caridina spongicola is endemic to Lake Towuti and so far only known from the outlet bay, where its sponge host occurs (Fig. 36 A; Zitzler & Cai, 2006).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A0DFF8FFC0DFE148BE00725.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and ecology. – During an extensive substrate specific sampling in the Malili lake system in 2003, 2004, and 2005, Caridina spongicola was exclusively found on a currently undescribed freshwater sponge of the suborder Spongillina. It grows in the outlet of lake Towuti at depths of 2 - 5 (- 10) m. The shrimps either occur on the sponge or dwell inside its oscula (Zitzler & Cai, 2006; von Rintelen et al., 2007 b). A preliminary gut content analysis was carried out to investigate the shrimp’s diet (Zitzler & Cai, 2006). According to these authors, none of the six dissected guts contained traces of poriferean spicules. The spicules are presumably too big (0.2 - 0.3 mm) to be consumed by the shrimp. On the other hand, a variety of diatoms, which possibly accumulate on or within the sponge, were found in the guts. These findings suggest that the shrimp does not feed on sponge tissue and thus does not parasitize its host. Instead, it appears to be a commensal using the sponge’s cavities as shelter and the inherent accumulation of diatoms as a food supply (Zitzler & Cai, 2006). Colour pattern. – Carapace with three transversal dark brown bands (Fig. 36 C-D), first two usually joined at dorsal surface to form a n-shaped band in lateral view. Anterior part of cephalothorax, antennular peduncle, bases of antennae and posterior rostrum similarly pigmented, whereas anterior rostrum, antennae and distal antennules mostly unpigmented. First and second pereiopods white with brown bands, abdomen with a conspicuous white stripe expanding laterally along each side, dorsally densely covered with dark brown bands except for a white patch on third sternum, ventrally uniformly brown. Uropods with a characteristic brown band on distal endopods, endopods and exopods with white-pigmented tips, respectively. Pleopods and telson colourless. Eggs usually dark brown. This colour pattern remains visible even if the shrimp is under stress, the intensity of the colour merely fades (compare Zitzler & Cai, 2006; von Rintelen et al., 2007 b). In a few specimens, the colour pattern resembled C. glaubrechti, but the majority was observed to be as mentioned above. Taxonomic remarks. – The rostrum of C. spongicola displays a high degree of variation within the populations (Fig. 36 B; compare Zitzler & Cai, 2006), similarly to many other species from the Malili lakes. However, certain qualitative characters, i. e. the general shape or the arrangement of the rostral teeth, are constant not only in C. spongicola, but in all other ancient lake species (e. g. Schenkel, 1902; Woltereck 1937 a, b; Cai & Wowor, 2007). The colour morph of the majority of living specimens closely resembles C. woltereckae, and both species can easily be confused in the field, although C. woltereckae is a typical rock dweller and has a much wider distribution. C. spongicola is generally smaller (carapace length 1.8 - 2.8, median 2.4 vs. 2.4 - 3.8, median 2.8 in C. woltereckae) and has a shorter rostrum (reaching to or slightly beyond third segment of antennular peduncle vs. reaching beyond end of scaphocerite in C. woltereckae). Its smaller size (cl 1.8 - 2.8 mm, median 2.4) also distinguishes C. spongicola from most of the other lake species apart from C. loehae and C. parvula. From these, it differs by a longer rostrum (reaching to or slightly beyond third segment of antennular peduncle vs. shorter in the other species), a different shape of the rostrum (more slender and fragile in C. loehae and distinctly stouter in C. parvula), and a different number of spines on the dactylus of the fifth pereiopod (21 - 31, median 27 vs. 12 - 16, median 16 in C. loehae vs. 34 - 39, median 37 in C. parvula). In the molecular phylogeny (Figs. 63 - 64), C. spongicola appears within an unresolved clade of the rock dwellers C. striata, C. glaubrechti, and C. woltereckae (compare von Rintelen et al., 2007 b), although C. spongicola differs in morphology and choice of habitat (sponge) from the other species (for example its generally smaller size and a shorter rostrum vs. rostrum reaching beyond end of scaphocerite in the rock dwellers).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A70FF84FC51FD178C6B0485.taxon	description	(Figs. 39 – 41; Table 15) Caridina spinata – von Rintelen et al., 2007 b: 262, fig. 2 b.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A70FF84FC51FD178C6B0485.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. – Holotype: ovigerous female, cl 3.5 mm (MZB Cru 2121), Indonesia, Sulawesi Selatan, Lake Towuti, north shore, 02 ° 38.56 ' S, 121 ° 27.82 ' E, loc. 66 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Sep. 2003. Paratypes (Lake Towuti) – 7 ex. (ZMB 29023, some SEM material), north shore, bay east of Cape Bintu, 02 ° 39.48 ' S, 121 ° 33.25 ' E, loc. 68 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Sep. 2003; 6 ex. (ZMB 29048, n = 6, some SEM material), south shore, approx. 2 km east of Cape Mea, 02 ° 55.8 ' S, 121 ° 26.92 ' E, loc. 74 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; 11 ex. (MZB Cru 1815, n = 5; ZMB 29095, n = 6, some SEM material), Loeha Island, north shore, 02 ° 45.64 ' S, 121 ° 34.32 ' E, loc. 97 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 4 Oct. 2003; 2 ex. (ZMB 29169, n = 2, some SEM material), west shore, north of Cape Wasupute, 02 ° 46.9 ' S, 121 ° 27.94 ' E, loc. 78 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; 4 ex. (ZMB 29170, n = 4), north shore, west of Cape Manu, 02 ° 41.67 ' S, 121 ° 36.85 ' E, loc. 69 - 03, on boulders in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003; 15 ex. (MZB Cru 1816, n = 7; ZMB 29171, n = 8), north shore, at cape, 02 ° 39.38 ' S, 121 ° 29.73 ' E, loc. 67 - 03, on rocks in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Sep. 2003; 40 ex. (MZB Cru 1817, n = 25; ZMB 29172, n = 15), north shore, 02 ° 38.56 ' S, 121 ° 27.82 ' E, loc. 66 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Sep. 2003; 13 ex. (MZB Cru 1818, n = 6; ZMB 29173, n = 7), southwest shore, west of Cape Tetetu, 02 ° 54.13 ' S, 121 ° 23.78 ' E, loc. 76 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; 13 ex. (MZB Cru 1819, n = 6; ZMB 29174, n = 7), west shore, south of Cape Timbalo, 02 ° 42.91 ' S, 121 ° 26.78 ' E, loc. 94 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 4 Oct. 2003; 16 ex. (MZB Cru 1820, n = 8; ZMB 29175, n = 8), Loeha Island, west shore, 02 ° 45.5 ' S, 121 ° 31.06 ' E, loc. 95 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 4 Oct. 2003; 9 ex. (MZB Cru 1821, n = 4; ZMB 29176, n = 5), east shore, 02 ° 52.79 ' S, 121 ° 31.18 ' E, loc. 72 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003; 7 ex. (ZMB 29177), west shore, at entrance to outlet bay, Cape Larona, 02 ° 48.43 ' S, 121 ° 24.75 ' E, loc. 73 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 8 Oct. 2003; 4 ex. (ZMB 29178), east shore, south of Cape Tomeraka, 02 ° 44.47 ' S, 121 ° 37.53 ' E, loc. 70 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003; 9 ex. (ZMB 29299, n = 9 and few juveniles, some SEM material), west shore, Cape Bakara, 02 ° 40.771 ' S, 121 ° 26.11 ' E, loc. 144 - 04, on rocks in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Jul. 2004; 1 ex. (ZMB 29337), Loeha Island, southwest shore, 02 ° 45.58 ' S, 121 ° 31.14 ' E, loc. 149 - 04, on rocks in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 5 Aug. 2004; 5 ex. (MZB Cru 1822), west shore, outlet bay, 02 ° 46.277 ' S, 121 ° 21.83 ' E, loc. 02 - 05, on sponge, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 3 Jan. 2005. Paratypes (Lake Mahalona) – 44 ex. (MZB Cru 1823, n = 22; ZMB 29039, n = 22 and some juveniles, some SEM material), northwest shore, at cape, 02 ° 34.72 ' S, 121 ° 29.12 ' E, loc. 56 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 23 Sep. 2003; 5 ex. (ZMB 29102, n = 5, some SEM material), east shore, 02 ° 34.217 ' S, 121 ° 30.681 ' E, loc. 147 - 04, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 3 Aug. 2004; 17 ex. (MZB Cru 1824, n = 8; ZMB 29298, n = 9), north shore, at cape, 02 ° 34.71 ' S, 121 ° 29.144 ' E, loc. 148 - 04, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 3 Aug. 2004. cl (mm) 1.7 - 3.8 3.0 ± 0.5 3.1 36 rl / cl 0.8 - 2.4 1.3 ± 0.4 1.1 36 n dorsal rostral teeth 3 - 25 12 ± 8 15 36 n ventral rostral teeth 4 - 28 9 ± 6 7 36 abds 6 / cl 0.5 - 0.8 0.6 ± 0.1 0.6 36 abds 6 / abds 5 1.4 - 2.1 1.7 ± 0.2 1.7 20 abds 6 / h tel 0.8 - 1.1 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 14 h tel / w tel 2.9 - 3.7 3.4 ± 0.4 3.4 5 n spines uropodal diaeresis 11 - 14 13 ± 1 13 5 h ch 1 / w ch 1 2.2 - 3.0 2.4 ± 0.2 2.4 21 h ch 1 / h ca 1 1.1 - 1.3 1.2 ± 0.1 1.2 35 h ca 1 / w ca 1 2.5 - 3.5 2.9 ± 0.3 2.8 21 h ch 2 / w ch 2 2.7 - 4.0 3.1 ± 0.3 3.0 22 h ch 2 / h ca 2 0.7 - 1.0 0.7 ± 0.1 0.7 20 h ca 2 / w ca 2 5.5 - 7.5 6.3 ± 0.5 6.1 21 n spines p 3 2 - 3 3 ± 0 3 5 n spines p 5 24 - 35 31 ± 5 33 5	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A70FF84FC51FD178C6B0485.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 1.7 - 3.8 mm (n = 36). Rostrum (Fig. 40 A-C; Table 15) generally long to very long, anterior upturned, reaching beyond end of scaphocerite; rostrum dimorphic, either very long and slender, reaching far beyond end of scaphocerite (Fig. 40 B) or shorter and broader with less teeth, reaching beyond end of scaphocerite (Fig. 40 A); 0.8 - 2.4 times as long as carapace (n = 36), armed dorsally with 3 - 25 teeth (including 3 - 5 teeth posterior to orbital margin), anterior less densely spaced, armed ventrally with 4 - 28 teeth. Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end 0.6 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Antennular peduncle 1.0 - 1.1 times as long as carapace (n = 5), second segment 1.8 - 2.8 times length of third segment, third segment 0.2 - 0.4 times length of basal segment. Stylocerite reaching 0.9 - 1.1 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Scaphocerite (Fig. 40 F) 5.0 - 5.7 times as long as wide (n = 5). Sixth abdominal somite 0.5 - 0.8 times length of carapace (n = 36), 1.4 - 2.1 times as long as fifth somite (n = 20), 0.8 - 1.1 times length of telson (n = 14). Telson (Fig. 40 G-H, K-L) 2.9 - 3.7 times as long as wide (n = 5), distal margin rounded, without projection, with 3 - 4 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 4 pairs of spines, lateral pair distinctly longer than intermediate pairs, median pair not always shortest. Preanal carina (Fig. 40 E) rounded, without a spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 40 D) with 11 - 14 movable spinules (n = 5). 5 pairs of pleurobranchs well developed; 3 pairs of arthrobranchs, 2 on third maxillipeds, with second pair strongly reduced in size, 1 pair on first pereiopod; 1 pair of podobranchs on second maxilliped reduced strongly to a laminate form. Epipod present on first pereiopod. Incisor process of mandible (Fig. 41 A) ending in a row of 3 - 4 small teeth, molar process truncated. Lower lacinia of maxillula (Fig. 41 B) broadly rounded, upper lacinia elongated, with numerous distinct teeth and setae on inner margin, palp slender. Upper endites of maxilla (Fig. 41 C) subdivided, palp short, scaphognathite tapering posteriorly with numerous long, curved setae at posterior end. Distal end of palp of first maxilliped (Fig. 41 F) triangular, with a finger-like projection; flagellum of the exopod very elongated, endopod high, reaching half the flagellum of exopod in length. Second maxilliped (Fig. 41 E) typical. Third maxilliped (Fig. 41 D) with ultimate segment distinctly shorter than penultimate segment. Chela and carpus of first pereiopod distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 40 Q-S); chela of first pereiopod 2.2 - 3.0 times as long as wide (n = 21), 1.1 - 1.3 times length of carpus (n = 35); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 1.0 - 1.3 times as long as palm (n = 7); carpus 2.5 - 3.5 times as long as wide (n = 21), 1.2 - 1.4 times length of merus (n = 5). Chela of second pereiopod 2.7 - 4.0 times as long as wide (n = 22), 0.7 - 1.0 times length of carpus (n = 20); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 1.1 - 1.4 times as long as palm (n = 7); carpus 5.5 - 7.5 times as long as wide (n = 21), 1.3 - 1.5 times as long as merus (n = 5). Third pereiopod (Fig. 40 I, M) slender, dactylus 4.4 - 5.4 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 2 - 3 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 11.8 - 12.7 times as long as wide, 3.1 - 3.6 times as long as dactylus; carpus 5.2 - 6.6 times as long as wide, 0.6 - 0.7 times as long as propodus, 0.5 times as long as merus; merus 8.9 - 9.7 times as long as wide, bearing 3 - 4 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Fifth pereiopod slender (Fig. 40 J, N), dactylus 4.4 - 6.0 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 24 - 35 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 13.1 - 17.6 times as long as wide, 3.1 - 4.2 times as long as dactylus; carpus 5.0 - 6.4 times as long as wide, 0.5 times as long as propodus, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 9.1 - 9.7 times as long as wide, bearing 3 - 4 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 40 O) elongated triangular, 1.6 - 2.1 times as long as proximally wide (n = 5), without appendix interna. Appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 40 P) 0.8 - 1.0 times length of appendix masculina (n = 5). Ovigerous females with 17 - 38 eggs (n = 3 females); egg size 0.8 - 0.9 x 0.5 mm (n = 37, eggs with and without eyes).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A70FF84FC51FD178C6B0485.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – C. striata is endemic to the Malili lake system. There, widely distributed and often numerous in Lake Towuti, but was also found in Lake Mahalona (Fig. 39 B).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A70FF84FC51FD178C6B0485.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and ecology. – C. striata is a hard substrate dweller on rocks. It occurs both in shallow water regions on and under smaller rocks, and in deeper water zones (below 3 m) between larger rocks (boulders). When disturbed, it tries to escape side- or downwards rather than in other directions. C. striata is often found in syntopy with other rock dwellers in Lake Towuti, such as C. profundicola and C. spinata, but particularly C. glaubrechti and C. woltereckae. Colour pattern. – Body red, laterally with characteristic white stripes, dorsally with some white spots (Fig. 39 A). The uropods sometimes bear red and white patches on the distal margin. Appendages either transparent or reddishtransparent. First and second pereiopod usually conspicuously white. When animals are feeding, the white chelipeds were observed to be always clearly visible, whereas the rest of the (darker coloured) body was more or less camouflaged. This colour pattern remains visible even if the shrimp is under stress, the intensity of the colour merely fades.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A70FF84FC51FD178C6B0485.taxon	etymology	Etymology. – The name Caridina striata, new species, refers to the characteristic colour pattern of red and white stripes (the Latin word striatus means striped). Taxonomic remarks. – As alcohol bleached material, C. striata is almost identical with C. glaubrechti and C. woltereckae, although the colour pattern in living animals allows an unambiguous separation. It slightly differs from C. woltereckae by a higher number of spines on the dactylus of the fifth pereiopod (24 - 35, median 33 vs. 13 - 22, median 20 in C. woltereckae). The dimorphic character of the rostrum in C. striata was not observed in the other two species. In the molecular phylogeny (Figs. 63 - 64), all three species form a single clade with the sponge dweller C. spongicola, but their relationship is not resolved within this clade (compare von Rintelen et al., 2007 b, in review). However, the distinct colour patterns in all three species were found to be stable over the years of sampling. While morphological differences are largely lacking, they differ in behaviour and distribution (compare von Rintelen et al., 2007 b, in review). C. striata was observed to be generally more active and faster than the other two rock dwellers and usually tried to escape sidewards instead of staying attached to a rock as observed in C. glaubrechti and C. woltereckae. C. striata also occurs in Lake Mahalona, whereas the others seem to be restricted to Lake Towuti.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A7BFF81FC32FDB48BD904A5.taxon	description	(Figs. 42 – 45; Table 16)	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A7BFF81FC32FDB48BD904A5.taxon	description	Cardina tenuirostris – Brooks, 1950: 168 (erroneous spelling). Caridina Towutensis – Woltereck, 1937 a: 220, fig. I. 2, pls. 3,6 (type locality: Lake Towuti, South). Caridina towutensis – Woltereck, 1937 b: 301, fig. 7 (type locality further specified as Lake Towuti, South, Cape Sirioga); Chace, 1997: 20; von Rintelen et al., 2008: 2244, Table 1. Cardina towutensis – Brooks, 1950: 168 (erroneous spelling).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A7BFF81FC32FDB48BD904A5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. – Neotype: ovigerous female (cl. 2.8 mm), Lake Towuti, southwest shore, west of Cape Tetetu, 02 ° 54.13 ' S, cl (mm) 2.4 - 3.3 2.9 ± 0.2 2.9 32 rl / cl 1.1 - 1.8 1.5 ± 0.2 1.4 32 n dorsal rostral teeth 9 - 18 14 ± 2 14 32 n ventral rostral teeth 10 - 24 14 ± 3 15 32 abds 6 / cl 0.6 - 0.9 0.8 ± 0.0 0.8 32 abds 6 / abds 5 1.8 - 2.3 2.0 ± 0.1 1.9 20 abds 6 / h tel 1.0 - 1.5 1.2 ± 0.1 1.3 12 h tel / w tel 2.8 - 5.7 3.6 ± 1.2 3.4 5 n spines uropodal diaeresis 7 - 8 8 ± 0 8 5 h ch 1 / w ch 1 1.7 - 2.3 1.9 ± 0.2 1.9 20 h ch 1 / h ca 1 1.3 - 1.7 1.5 ± 0.1 1.5 32 h ca 1 / w ca 1 1.5 - 2.4 1.8 ± 0.2 1.8 20 h ch 2 / w ch 2 1.9 - 3.1 2.4 ± 0.4 2.3 20 h ch 2 / h ca 2 0.8 - 1.0 0.9 ± 0.1 0.9 32 h ca 2 / w ca 2 3.1 - 5.0 4.0 ± 0.7 3.8 20 n spines p 3 3 - - 6 n spines p 5 11 - 15 13 ± 1.7 14 6 121 ° 23.78 ' E, loc. 76 - 03, on wood (MZB Cru 2126), coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003. Others (Lake Towuti) – 32 ex. (MZB Cru 1782, n = 17; ZMB 29034, n = 15, some SEM material), east shore, south of Cape Tomeraka, 02 ° 44.47 ' S, 121 ° 37.53 ' E, loc. 70 - 03, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003; 27 ex. (MZB Cru 1783, n = 15; ZMB 29043, n = 12), wet shore, at entrance to outlet bay, Cape Larona, 02 ° 48.43 ' S, 121 ° 24.75 ' E, loc. 73 - 03, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003; 30 ex. (MZB Cru 1784, n = 15; ZMB 29122, n = 15), north shore, bay east of Cape Bintu, 02 ° 39.48 ' S, 121 ° 33.25 ' E, loc. 68 - 03, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Sep. 2003; 10 ex. (ZMB 29123), east shore, 02 ° 52.79 ' S, 121 ° 31.18 ' E, loc. 72 - 03, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003; 12 ex. (ZMB 29124), Loeha Island, west shore, 02 ° 45.5 ' S, 121 ° 31.06 ' E, loc. 95 - 03, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 4 Oct. 2003; 35 ex. (MZB Cru 1785, n = 12; ZMB 29127, n = 23, some SEM material), north shore, at cape, 02 ° 29.73 ' S, 121 ° 29.73 ' E, loc. 67 - 03, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Sep. 2003; 6 ex. (ZMB 29132), southwest shore, Cape Sioloya, 02 ° 50.7 ' S, 121 ° 26.32 ' E, loc. 77 - 03, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; 34 ex. (MZB Cru 1786, n = 20; ZMB 29133, n = 14), southwest shore, west of Cape Tetetu, 02 ° 54.13 ' S, 121 ° 23.78 ' E, loc. 76 - 03, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; 6 ex. (ZMB 29134), west shore, north of Cape Wasupute, 02 ° 46.9 ' S, 121 ° 27.94 ' E, loc. 78 - 03, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; 26 ex. (MZB Cru 1787, n = 9; ZMB 29300, n = 17), east shore, 02 ° 43.82 ' S, 121 ° 39.211 ' E, loc. 115 - 04, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Jul. 2004; 3 ex. (ZMB 29311), west shore, west of Cape Timbalo, 02 ° 42.631 ' S, 121 ° 26.389 ' E, loc. 145 - 04, on mixed substrate with wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Jul. 2004; 7 ex. (MZB Cru 1788, n = 4; ZMB 29312, n = 3), west shore, Cape Bakara, 02 ° 40.771 ' S, 121 ° 26.11 ' E, loc. 144 - 04, on mixed substrate with wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Jul. 2004; 3 ex. (ZMB 29450), west shore, Cape Bakara, 02 ° 40.876 ' S, 121 ° 26.043 ' E, loc. 225 - 05, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 23 Oct. 2005; 13 ex. (ZMB 29130, n = 13 and some juveniles, some SEM material), Larona River, close to outlet bay, 02 ° 45.8 ' S, 121 ° 20.8 ' E, loc. 51 - 03, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 21 Sep. 2003. Others (Lake Mahalona) – 47 ex. (MZB Cru 1789, n = 23 and some juveniles; ZMB 29040, n = 24, some SEM material), northwest shore, at cape, 02 ° 34.72 ' S, 121 ° 29.12 ' E, loc. 56 - 03, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 23 Sep. 2003; 3 ex. (ZMB 29224), east shore, 02 ° 34.217 ' S, 121 ° 30.681 ' E, loc. 147 - 04, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 3 Aug. 2004; 6 ex. (ZMB 29071), Tominanga River, approx. 2.2 km north of Lake Towuti, 02 ° 36.5 ' S, 121 ° 31.78 ' E, loc. 58 - 03, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 23 Sep. 2003.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A7BFF81FC32FDB48BD904A5.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 2.4 - 3.3 mm (n = 32). Rostrum (Fig. 43 A-B; Table 16) long and throughout slender, reaching far beyond end of scaphocerite, 1.1 - 1.8 times as long as carapace (n = 32), armed dorsally with 9 - 18 teeth (including 1 - 4 teeth posterior to orbital margin), approx. anterior 2 / 3 to ½ unarmed, without subapical teeth, armed ventrally with 10 - 24 teeth. Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end 0.6 - 0.7 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Antennular peduncle 0.9 - 1.0 times as long as carapace (n = 5), second segment 1.9 - 2.2 times length of third segment, third segment 0.3 times length of basal segment. Stylocerite reaching 0.8 - 0.9 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Scaphocerite (Fig. 43 F) 4.3 - 5.4 times as long as wide (n = 5). Sixth abdominal somite 0.6 - 0.9 times length of carapace (n = 32), 1.8 - 2.3 times as long as fifth somite (n = 20), 1.0 - 1.5 times length of telson (n = 12). Telson (Fig. 43 E, K) 2.8 - 5.7 times as long as wide (n = 5), distal margin rounded, without projection, with 3 - 4 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 3 - 5 pairs of spines, lateral pair distinctly longer than intermediate pairs, median pair shortest. Preanal carina (Fig. 43 C) with a spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 43 D) with 7 - 8 movable spinules (n = 5). 5 pairs of pleurobranchs well developed; 3 pairs of arthrobranchs, 2 on third maxillipeds, with second pair strongly reduced in size, 1 pair on first pereiopod; 1 pair of podobranchs on second maxilliped reduced strongly to a laminate form. Epipod on first pereiopod. Incisor process of mandible (Fig. 44 A) ending in a row of 3 - 4 small teeth, molar process truncated. Lower lacinia of maxillula (Fig. 44 B) broadly rounded, upper lacinia elongate, with numerous distinct teeth and setae on inner margin, palp slender. Upper endites of maxilla (Fig. 44 C) subdivided, palp elongated, scaphognathite broadly tapering posteriorly with numerous long, curved setae at posterior end. Distal end of palp of first maxilliped (Fig. 44 F) triangular, ending with a finger-like projection; flagellum of the exopod short, endopod high, not exceed the flagellum of exopod in length. Second maxilliped (Fig. 44 E) typical. Third maxilliped (Fig. 44 D) ultimate segment slightly shorter than penultimate segment. Chela and carpus of first pereiopod distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 43 L-N); chela of first pereiopod 1.7 - 2.3 times as long as wide (n = 20), 1.3 - 1.7 times length of carpus (n = 32); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 1.0 - 1.6 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 1.5 - 2.4 times as long as wide (n = 20), 1.0 - 1.6 times length of merus (n = 5). Chela of second pereiopod 1.9 - 3.1 times as long as wide (n = 20), 0.8 - 1.0 times length of carpus (n = 32); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 1.5 - 1.7 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 3.1 - 5.0 times as long as wide (n = 20), 1.1 - 1.3 times as long as merus (n = 5). Third pereiopod (Fig. 43 G, I) slender, dactylus 2.0 - 3.2 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 6), terminating in one large claw with 3 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 8.6 - 12.2 times as long as wide, 4.3 - 6.8 times as long as dactylus; carpus 3.6 - 5.2 times as long as wide, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as propodus, 0.5 times as long as merus; merus 6.8 - 8.3 times as long as wide, bearing 2 - 3 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Fifth pereiopod slender (Fig. 43 H, J), dactylus 2.5 - 3.3 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 6), terminating in one large claw with 11 - 15 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 10.5 - 14.4 times as long as wide, 4.8 - 6.4 times as long as dactylus; carpus 3.9 - 4.6 times as long as wide, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as propodus, 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 6.1 - 7.3 times as long as wide, bearing 2 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 43 O) elongated triangular, 1.6 - 2.3 times as long as proximally wide (n = 5), without appendix interna. Appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 26 P) 0.9 - 1.0 times as long as appendix masculina (n = 5). Ovigerous females with 11 - 22 eggs (n = 3 females); egg size 0.8 - 0.9 x 0.5 - 0.6 mm (n = 51, eggs with and without eyes).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A7BFF81FC32FDB48BD904A5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – C. tenuirostris is endemic to the Malili lake system. It occurs in Lake Towuti, Lake Mahalona, and the connecting Tominanga River as well as Larona River close to the outlet bay of Lake Towuti (Fig. 42 A; for localitiy names see Fig. 1. C).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A7BFF81FC32FDB48BD904A5.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and ecology. – With its rather stout first and second pereiopods, C. tenuirostris represents a typical hardsubstrate dweller. The majority of specimens were collected from wood. It often occurs syntopically on wood with C. lanceolata in Lake Towuti and Lake Mahalona, but whereas C. lanceolata occurs on various substrates, the occurrence of C. tenuirostis is mainly restricted to wood. Colour pattern. – The primary colour of C. tenuirostris is brown with several white transversal stripes all over the body (Fig. 42 B). A conspicuous white band is visible at the distal part of the abdomen. Appendages are transparent or partly brownish. This colour pattern remains visible even if the shrimp is under stress, though the intensity of the colour merely fades. Taxonomic remarks. – The arrangement of rostral teeth slightly resembles that in C. lanceolata, but C. tenuirostris has a distinctly more slender rostrum, a higher number of ventral teeth (10 - 24, median 15 vs. 4 - 13, median 7 in C. lanceolata), always lacking subapical teeth, and a shorter sixth abdominal somite compared to carapace length (0.6 - 0.9, median 0.8 vs. 0.8 - 1.1, median 1.0 in C. lanceolata). The pereiopods are further distinctively stouter than in C. lanceolata. The colour pattern of C. tenuirostris closely resembles C. glaubrechti, but both species not only differ in their substrate preference (wood vs. rocks in C. glaubrechti), but by the continuous dorsal denticulation of the rostrum (vs. anterior dorsal part always completely unarmed in C. tenuirostris), a different number of spines on the uropodal diaeresis (7 - 8, median 8 vs. 11 - 14, median 12 in C. glaubrechti), and on the dactylus of the fifth pereiopod (11 - 15, median 14 vs. 14 - 35, median 28 in C. glaubrechti). In the molecular phylogeny (Figs. 63 - 64), C. tenuirostris is genetically distinct from all other ancient lake species. Woltereck’s (1937 a) species C. towutensis was never reported by any later collectors, e. g. neither by M. Kottelat nor C. Schubart (see Cai et al., 2009), and was not found during fieldwork for this study at the Malili lakes including an exhaustive search at the (presumed) type locality at Cape Sirioga [Sioloya], Lake Towuti, in 2005 (Fig. 45 A; Yixiong Cai, K. & T. von Rintelen, pers. field observation). However, at this locality (loc. 77 - 03) other species were found, i. e. C. lanceolata, C. parvula, C. masapi, and C. tenuirostris. A possible explanation could be the extinction of this tiny species (“ total length of largest specimen including the rostrum 16 mm ”; Woltereck, 1937 b: 301), but this seems unlikely for no other species has become extinct since Woltereck’s descriptions. A rather more plausible explanation is the misinterpretation of C. towutensis as a distinct species. Woltereck examined only nine specimens and might have incidentally described local variations of another species. Woltereck’s drawing of the rostrum (Fig. 45 B) closely resembles juveniles or small adults (usually males) of C. tenuirostris, that have not developed full rostrum length yet. Consequently, we here synonymize C. towutensis with C. tenuirostris.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A7EFF9DFCC0FD97897207A5.taxon	description	(Figs. 46 – 47; Table 17)	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A7EFF9DFCC0FD97897207A5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. – Lake Towuti: 28 ex. (MZB Cru 1828, n = 10 and few juveniles; ZMB 29037, n = 18, some SEM material), west shore, at entrance to outlet bay, Cape Larona, 02 ° 48.43 ' S, 121 ° 24.75 ' E, loc. 73 - 03, (MZB) on mixed substrate, (ZMB) on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 8 Oct. 2003; 24 ex. (MZB Cru 1829, n = 12; ZMB 29044, n = 12, some SEM material), north shore, bay east of Cape Bintu, 02 ° 39.48 ' S, 121 ° 33.25 ' E, loc. 68 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Sep. 2003; 13 ex. (MZB Cru 1830, n = 6; ZMB 29052, n = 7, some SEM material), Loeha Island, west shore, 02 ° 45.5 ' S, 121 ° 31.06 ' E, loc. 95 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 4 Oct. 2003; 13 ex. (MZB Cru 1831, n = 7; ZMB 29106, n = 6, some SEM material), southwest shore, west of Cape Tetetu, 02 ° 54.13 ' S, 121 ° 23.78 ' E, loc. 76 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; 4 ex. (ZMB 29144), west shore, south of Cape Timbalo, 02 ° 42.91 ' S, 121 ° 26.78 ' E, loc. 94 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 4 Oct. 2003; 7 ex. (ZMB 29145), Loeha Island, north shore, 02 ° 45.64 ' S, 121 ° 34.32 ' E, loc. 97 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 4 Oct. 2003; 21 ex. (MZB Cru 1832, n, = 9; ZMB 29146, n = 12), north shore, 02 ° 38.56 ' S, 121 ° 27.82 ' E, loc. 66 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Sep. 2003; 13 ex. (MZB Cru 1833, n = 6; ZMB 29147, n = 7, some SEM material), north shore, at cape, 02 ° 39.38 ' S, 121 ° 29.73 ' E, loc. 67 - 03, on rocks in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Sep. 2003; 2 ex. (ZMB 29148, n = 2 and few juveniles, some SEM material), north shore, west of Cape Manu, 02 ° 41.67 ' S, 121 ° 36.85 ' E, loc. 69 - 03, on rocks in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29149, n = 1 and few juveniles), west shore, north of Cape Wasupute, 02 ° 46.9 ' S, 121 ° 27.94 ' E, loc. 78 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Sep. 2003; 3 ex. (ZMB 29151), east shore, south of Cape Tomeraka, 02 ° 44.47 ' S, 121 ° 37.53 ' E, loc. 70 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 27 Sep. 2003; 1 ex. (ZMB 29310, n = 1, some SEM material), west shore, north of Cape Sioloya, 02 ° 50.386 ' S, 121 ° 26.026 ' E, loc. 03 - 05, on rocks, coll. Y. Cai, K. & T. von Rintelen, 3 Jan. 2005; 4 ex. (ZMB 29331), west shore, northeast shore, at Cape Noote, 02 ° 39.751 ' S, 121 ° 39.195 ' E, loc. 117 - 04, on rocks in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 28 Jul. 2004; 13 ex. (MZB Cru 1834, n = 7; ZMB 29332, n = 6), Cape Bakara, 02 ° 40.771 ' S, 121 ° 26.11 ' E, loc. 144 - 04, on rocks in deeper water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Jul. 2004; 3 ex. (ZMB 29333), west shore, outlet bay, east of Cape Kombe, 02 ° 48.08 ' S, 121 ° 23.05 ' E, loc. 53 - 03, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 21 Sep. 2003; 4 ex. (ZMB 29334), west shore, west of Cape Timbalo, 02 ° 42.631 ' S, 121 ° 26.389 ' E, loc. 145 - 04, on rocks, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 26 Jul. 2004.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A7EFF9DFCC0FD97897207A5.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 2.4 - 3.8 mm (n = 26). Rostrum (Fig. 47 A; Table 17) long, reaching beyond end of scaphocerite, 1.0 - 1.6 times as long as carapace (n = 20), armed dorsally with 13 - 22 teeth (including 3 - 4 teeth posterior to orbital margin), anterior less densely spaced, armed ventrally with 3 - 13 teeth. Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end 0.5 - 0.6 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Antennular peduncle 0.9 - 1.0 times as long as carapace (n = 5), second segment 2.0 - 2.3 times length of third segment, third segment 0.3 times length of basal segment. Stylocerite reaching 0.9 - 1.0 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Scaphocerite (Fig. 47 B) 4.7 - 5.6 times as long as wide (n = 5). Sixth abdominal somite 0.6 - 0.9 times length of carapace (n = 26), 1.5 - 1.8 times as long as fifth somite (n = 20), 0.9 times length of telson (n = 7). Telson (Fig. 47 E, H) 3.3 - 3.9 times as long as wide (n = 5), distal margin rounded, without projection, with 3 - 4 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 4 pairs of spines, lateral pair distinctly longer than intermediate pairs, median pair not always shortest. Preanal carina (Fig. 47 C) rounded, without a spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 47 D) with 11 - 13 movable spinules (n = 5). 5 pairs of pleurobranchs well developed; 3 pairs of arthrobranchs, 2 on third maxillipeds, with second pair strongly reduced in size, 1 pair on first pereiopod; 1 pair of podobranchs on second maxilliped reduced strongly to a laminate form. Epipods only present on first pereiopod. Mouthparts as described by Cai et al. (2009). Chela and carpus of first pereiopod distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 47 M-O); chela of first pereiopod 2.0 - 2.5 times as long as wide (n = 20), 1.2 - 1.5 times length of carpus (n = 26); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 1.0 - 1.5 times as long as palm (n = 6); carpus 2.1 - 2.9 times as long as wide (n = 20), 1.2 - 1.3 times length of merus (n = 5). Chela of second cl (mm) 2.4 - 3.8 2.8 ± 0.3 2.8 26 rl / cl 1.0 - 1.6 1.3 ± 0.2 1.3 20 n dorsal rostral teeth 13 - 22 18 ± 2 19 26 n ventral rostral teeth 3 - 13 8 ± 2 7 26 abds 6 / cl 0.6 - 0.9 0.6 ± 0.1 0.6 26 abds 6 / abds 5 1.5 - 1.8 1.6 ± 0.1 1.6 20 abds 6 / h tel 0.9 - - 7 h tel / w tel 3.3 - 3.9 3.5 ± 0.3 3.4 5 n spines uropodal diaeresis 11 - 13 12 ± 1.0 13 5 h ch 1 / w ch 1 2.0 - 2.5 2.2 ± 0.1 2.3 20 h ch 1 / h ca 1 1.2 - 1.5 1.3 ± 0.1 1.3 26 h ca 1 / w ca 1 2.1 - 2.9 2.6 ± 0.2 2.6 20 h ch 2 / w ch 2 2.4 - 3.1 2.7 ± 0.2 2.7 20 h ch 2 / h ca 2 0.7 - 1.0 0.8 ± 0.0 0.8 25 h ca 2 / w ca 2 4.8 - 7.3 6.1 ± 0.7 6.1 20 n spines p 3 1 - 2 2 ± 0 2 5 n spines p 5 13 - 22 19 ± 4 20 5 pereiopod 2.4 - 3.1 times as long as wide (n = 20), 0.7 - 1.0 times length of carpus (n = 25); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 1.3 - 1.6 times as long as palm (n = 6); carpus 4.8 - 7.3 times as long as wide (n = 20), 1.4 - 1.5 times as long as merus (n = 5). Third pereiopod (Fig. 47 F-G) slender, dactylus 2.8 - 4.0 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 1 - 2 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 12.5 - 17.0 times as long as wide, 4.8 - 6.5 times as long as dactylus; carpus 5.5 - 6.5 times as long as wide, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as propodus, 0.5 times as long as merus; merus 9.2 - 9.9 times as long as wide, bearing 2 - 3 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Fifth pereiopod slender (Fig. 47 I-J), dactylus 3.4 - 4.5 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 13 - 22 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 16.0 - 22.0 times as long as wide, 4.4 - 5.8 times as long as dactylus; carpus 4.9 - 6.5 times as long as wide, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as propodus, 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 9.1 - 10.0 times as long as wide, bearing 2 - 3 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 47 K) elongated triangular, 1.6 - 2.0 times as long as proximally wide (n = 5), without appendix interna. Appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 47 L) 0.8 - 0.9 times length of appendix masculina (n = 5). Ovigerous females with 19 - 29 eggs (n = 2 females); egg size 0.8 - 1.0 x 0.5 - 0.6 mm (n = 48, eggs with eyes).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A7EFF9DFCC0FD97897207A5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – C. woltereckae is endemic to Lake Towuti, where it is widely distributed (Fig. 46 A).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A7EFF9DFCC0FD97897207A5.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and ecology. – C. woltereckae is a hard substrate dweller on smaller rocks mainly in shallow water, but also in deeper water regions (below 3 m) between larger rocks (boulders). When disturbed, in tries to escape side- or downwards rather than in other directions, but mainly stays attached to rocks. C. woltereckae is often found in syntopy with other rock dwellers in Lake Towuti, such as C. profundicola, C. spinata, C. striata, or C. glaubrechti. Colour pattern. – Carapace with three transversal dark brown (sometimes reddish) bands (Fig. 46 B-C), first two usually joint at dorsal surface to form a n-shaped band in lateral view. Appendages are either transparent or slightly pigmented. Most parts of first and second pereiopods usually bright white, abdomen with a conspicuous white stripe expanding laterally along each side, dorsally densely covered with dark brown bands except for a white belt on the posterior of the carapace. Uropods with white-pigmented tips or unpigmented. Eggs usually dark brown. This colour pattern remains visible even if the shrimp is under stress, the intensity of the colour merely fades. When feeding, the white chelipeds were observed to be always clearly visible, whereas the rest of the (darker coloured) body was more or less camouflaged. Taxonomic remarks. – The colour morph of living specimens closely resembles C. spongicola. Therefore, both species can easily be confused in the field, although C. woltereckae is a typical rock dweller and has a much wider distribution (vs. sponge dweller and restricted to the outlet bay of Lake Towuti). It is generally also larger (carapace length 2.4 - 3.8, median 2.8 vs. in 1.8 - 2.8, median 2.4 in C. spongicola) and has a longer rostrum (reaching beyond end of scaphocerite vs. reaching to or slightly beyond third segment of antennular peduncle in C. spongicola). As alcohol bleached material, C. woltereckae is almost identical with C. striata and C. glaubrechti, although the colour pattern in living specimens always allows an unambiguous separation. It slightly differs from both by a lower number of spines on the dactylus of the fifth pereiopod (13 - 22, median 20 vs. 14 - 35, median 28 in C. glaubrechti and 24 - 35, median 33 in C. striata). Also the dimorphic character of the rostrum in C. striata could not be observed in C. woltereckae. In the molecular phylogeny (Figs. 63 - 64), C. woltereckae forms a single clade with the other rock dwellers C. striata and C. glaubrechti, and the sponge dweller C. spongicola, but their relationship is not resolved within this clade (compare von Rintelen et al., 2007 b; for further details see taxonomic remarks on C. striata).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A62FF99FF77FCF4898C0445.taxon	description	(Figs. 48 – 50; Table 18)	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A62FF99FF77FCF4898C0445.taxon	description	Sixth abdominal somite 0.6 times length of carapace (n = 9), 1.7 - 2.0 times as long as fifth somite (n = 5), 0.9 - 1.0 times length of telson (n = 5). Telson (Fig. 49 G, J) 3.0 - 3.3 times as long as wide (n = 5), distal margin rounded, without projection, with 4 - 5 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 4 - 5 pairs of spines. Preanal carina (Fig. 49 E) with a spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 49 F) with 11 - 17 movable spinules (n = 5). 5 pairs of pleurobranchs well developed; 3 pairs of arthrobranchs, 2 on third maxillipeds, with second pair strongly reduced in size, 1 pair on first pereiopod; 1 pair of podobranchs on second maxilliped reduced strongly to a laminate form. Epipods present on first two pereiopod, reduced or totally absent from third pereiopod. Incisor process of mandible (Fig. 50 A) ending in a row of 3 - 5 small teeth, molar process truncated. Lower lacinia of maxillula (Fig. 50 B) broadly rounded, upper lacinia elongate, with numerous distinct teeth and setae on inner margin, palp slender. Upper endites of maxilla (Fig. 50 C) subdivided, palp short, scaphognathite tapering posteriorly with numerous long, curved setae at posterior end. Distal end of palp of first maxilliped (Fig. 50 F) triangular, ending with a short finger-like projection; flagellum of the exopod elongated, endopod high, not exceeding the flagellum of	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A62FF99FF77FCF4898C0445.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. – Holotype: female (cl 5.2 mm) (NHMB 3 a), area south of Lake Poso, approx. 600 m above sealevel, coll. Sarasin, 1907. Lake Poso catchment: 14 ex. (MZB Cru 1843, n = 7; ZMB 29439, n = 7), Tonusu, approx. 3 km south of Tonusu towards Siuri, 01 ° 48.95 ' S, 120 ° 31.18 ' E, loc. 185 - 05, on macrophytes, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005; 11 ex. (MZB Cru 1844, n = 5; ZMB 29440, n = 6 and some juveniles, some SEM material), stream south of Pendolo, 02 ° 8.702 ' S, 120 ° 43.854 ' E, loc. 196 - 05, on roots, coll. K. von Rintelen, 8 Oct. 2005.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A62FF99FF77FCF4898C0445.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 3.1 - 5.8 mm (n = 11). Rostrum (Fig. 49 A-C; Table 18) short, usually shorter than scaphocerite, reaching to or near distal end of second segment of antennular peduncle, in large females sometimes reaching near end of scaphocerite, 0.3 - 0.7 times as long as carapace (n = 11), armed dorsally with 10 - 13 teeth (including 3 - 4 teeth posterior to orbital margin), about anterior third to half unarmed, without subapical teeth, armed ventrally with 4 - 9 teeth. Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end 0.6 - 0.7 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Antennular peduncle 0.7 - 1.1 times as long as carapace (n = 5), second segment 1.4 - 1.8 times length of third segment, third segment 0.3 - 0.4 times length of basal segment. Stylocerite reaching 0.9 - 1.0 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Scaphocerite (Fig. 49 D) 3.0 - 3.6 times as long as wide (n = 5). cl (mm) 3.1 - 5.8 4.3 ± 0.7 4.1 11 rl / cl 0.3 - 0.7 0.5 ± 0.1 0.5 11 n dorsal rostral teeth 10 - 13 11 ± 1 11 11 n ventral rostral teeth 4 - 9 5 ± 2 4 11 abds 6 / cl 0.6 - - 9 abds 6 / abds 5 1.7 - 2.0 1.8 ± 0.1 1.8 5 abds 6 / h tel 0.9 - 1.0 1.0 ± 0.0 1.0 5 h tel / w tel 3.0 - 3.3 3.1 ± 0.1 3.1 5 n spines uropodal diaeresis 11 - 17 14 ± 2 13 5 h ch 1 / w ch 1 2.0 - 2.6 2.3 ± 0.2 2.2 8 h ch 1 / h ca 1 1.2 - 1.3 1.3 ± 0.0 1.3 8 h ca 1 / w ca 1 2.0 - 2.7 2.2 ± 0.3 2.1 8 h ch 2 / w ch 2 2.9 - 3.4 3.2 ± 0.2 3.2 8 h ch 2 / h ca 2 0.8 - 0.9 0.8 ± 0.0 0.8 8 h ca 2 / w ca 2 4.5 - 5.9 5.1 ± 0.5 4.9 8 n spines p 3 4 - 9 6 ± 2 6 5 n spines p 5 45 - 66 55 ± 7.6 55 5 exopod in length. Second maxilliped (Fig. 50 D) typical. Third maxilliped (Fig. 50 E) with ultimate segment slightly shorter than penultimate segment. Chela and carpus of first pereiopod distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 49 O-Q); chela of first pereiopod 2.0 - 2.6 times as long as wide (n = 8), 1.2 - 1.3 times length of carpus (n = 8); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 0.7 - 1.4 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 2.0 - 2.7 times as long as wide (n = 8), 1.1 - 1.2 times length of merus (n = 5). Chela of second pereiopod 2.9 - 3.4 times as long as wide (n = 8), 0.8 - 0.9 times length of carpus (n = 8); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 1.0 - 1.4 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 4.5 - 5.9 times as long as wide (n = 8), 1.4 - 1.6 times as long as merus (n = 5). Dactylus of third pereiopod (Fig. 49 H, K) 3.2 - 3.9 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 4 - 9 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 8.6 - 11.1 times as long as wide, 3.3 - 3.7 times as long as dactylus; carpus 4.6 - 5.7 times as long as wide, 0.6 - 0.7 times as long as propodus, 0.5 times as long as merus; merus 7.1 - 9.2 times as long as wide, bearing 2 - 3 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Dactylus of fifth pereiopod (Fig. 49 I, L) 4.0 - 5.6 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 45 - 66 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 10.0 - 12.5 times as long as wide, 2.9 - 3.2 times as long as dactylus; carpus 4.1 - 5.5 times as long as wide, 0.5 times as long as propodus, 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 6.7 - 7.9 times as long as wide, bearing 2 - 3 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 49 M) elongated triangular, 2.1 - 2.4 times as long as proximally wide (n = 4), without appendix interna. Appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 49 N) 0.7 - 0.8 times length of appendix masculina (n = 4). Ovigerous females with 23 - 54 eggs (n = 2 females); egg size 1.1 - 1.3 x 0.7 - 0.8 mm (n = 20, eggs with and without eyes).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A62FF99FF77FCF4898C0445.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – C. acutirostris is endemic to the Poso river catchment occurring in streams around the lake (Fig. 48). So far only known from two distant localities, the southern one is the type locality “ Salukuwa and other small streams, drainage of Kodina River, south of Lake Poso ”, where Fritz and Paul Sarasin collected the specimens of C. acutirostris (Sarasin & Sarasin, 1905: 238) later described by Schenkel (1902). In the molecular phylogeny (Figs. 63,65), two specimens referred to as C. cf. acutirostris from the Tomori region cluster with specimens of C. acutirostris (compare von Rintelen et al., 2007 a). These have not been included here due to differences in morphology and their geographic origin. Their taxonomic status awaits further investigation.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A62FF99FF77FCF4898C0445.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and ecology. – C. acutirostris is an exclusively riverine species that was collected from vegetation (green parts and roots). It was never found in sympatry with the other riverine species endemic to the Poso system (C. schenkeli). Colour pattern. – Without any species specific pattern. Body colouration transparently yellowish or brownish, typical for riverine species from all over Sulawesi. Large (often ovigerous) females usually appear darker than smaller specimens. Taxonomic remarks. – C. acutirostris differs from all Poso species by the short rostrum (usually not reaching end of scaphocerite vs. longer in all other species) and the ratio of rostrum to carapace length (0.3 - 0.7, median 0.5 vs. over 0.7 in the other species). With regard to the rostrum and body size, C. acutirostris mainly resembles C. schenkeli (carapace length in mm 3.1 - 5.8, median 4.1 and 3.6 - 5.1, median 4.2 in C. schenkeli), but differs by the length of the rostrum (shorter in C. acutirostris), and a lower number of ventral rostral teeth (4 - 9, median 4 vs. 9 - 13, median 11 in C. schenkeli). Further, C. acutirostris can resemble specimens of C. mahalona (Malili lakes) with a short rostrum, although the scaphocerite usually is stouter (3.0 - 3.6 times as long as wide vs. 3.5 - 4.1 times as long as wide in C. mahalona). Further, the carpus of the first and second pereiopod is stouter (2.0 - 2.7 and 4.5 - 5.9 times as long as wide vs. 2.5 - 3.3 and 5.6 - 7.0 times as long as wide in C. mahalona). The general range of parameters (for example the number of rostral teeth) is usually higher in C. mahalona than in C. acutirostris (Tables 10,19). In the molecular phylogeny (Figs. 63, 65) C. acutirostris is genetically distinct from all other Poso species, however appears within the Poso clade (for a detailed discussion see von Rintelen et al., 2007 a).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A66FF95FE96FEF48D410665.taxon	description	(Figs. 51 – 53; Tables 19 – 20) Caridina ensifera Schenkel, 1902 pro parte: 490, pl. 8, Figs. 1 a-e, 4 d (type locality: Lake Poso). Caridina ensifera – Cai & Wowor, 2007 pro parte: 311, Figs. 1 - 2. Caridina ensifera “ blue ” – von Rintelen et al., 2007 a: 1034, Figs. 1 - 2, Tables 1 - 2.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A66FF95FE96FEF48D410665.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. – Holotype – male (cl 4.4 mm) (MZB Cru 2123), Lake Poso, west shore, Cape Bancea, 01 ° 59.023 ' S, 120 ° 35.108 ' E, loc. 59 - 04, on rocks in shallow water, coll. M. Glaubrecht & T. von Rintelen, 29 Mar. 2004. Paratypes (Lake Poso) – 1 ex. (ZMB 29207), east shore, 01 ° 59.867 ' S, 120 ° 41.238 ' E, loc. 160 - 04, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 16 Aug. 2004; 17 ex. (MZB Cru 1718, n = 9; ZMB 29251, n = 8, some SEM material), south shore, Pendolo, beach at Hotel Mulia, 02 ° 3.876 ' S, 120 ° 41.587 ' E, loc. 50 - 04, on wood, coll. M. Glaubrecht & T. von Rintelen, 27 Mar. 2004; 16 ex. (MZB Cru 1719, n = 7; ZMB 29260, n = 9, some SEM material), west shore, Cape Bancea, 01 ° 59.023 ' S, 120 ° 35.108 ' E, loc. 59 - 04, on rocks in shallow water, coll. M. Glaubrecht & T. von Rintelen, 29 Mar. 2004; 1 ex. (ZMB 29290, n = 1 and some juveniles, some SEM material), south shore, Pendolo beach at Hotel Mulia, 02 ° 3.928 ' S, 120 ° 41.536 ' E, loc. 157 - 04, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 15 Aug. 2004; 8 ex. (ZMB 29292 a, n = 2; ZMB 29292 b, n = 6), east shore, south of Cape Sinampada, 01 ° 56.25 ' S, 120 ° 40.443 ' E, loc. 159 - 04, (a) on rocks in deeper water (approx. 13 m), (b) on macrophytes, coll. M. Glaubrecht & T. von Rintelen, 29 Mar. 2004; 5 ex. (ZMB 29306), east shore, Tando Bone, 01 ° 50.0 ' S, 120 ° 38.004 ' E, loc. 157 - 05, on wood, coll. K. von Rintelen, 3 Oct. 2005; 13 ex. (MZB Cru 1720, n = 6; ZMB 29325, n = 7), west shore, Siuri, 01 ° 48.259 ' S, 120 ° 31.667 ' E, loc. 186 - 05, on mixed substrate, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005; 4 ex. (ZMB 29382), north shore, 01 ° 47.162 ' S, 120 ° 33.144 ' E, loc. 187 - 05, on rocks, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005; 6 ex. (ZMB 29385), west shore, 02 ° 2.734 ' S, 120 ° 37.368 ' E, loc. 178 - 05, on wood, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005; 4 ex. (ZMB 29393), east shore, at road Tentena-Peura, 01 ° 47.33 ' S, 120 ° 38.079 ' E, loc. 160 - 05, on wood, coll. K. von Rintelen, 3 Oct. 2005; 8 ex. (MZB Cru 1721, n = 4; ZMB 29394, n = 4), west shore, 01 ° 58.21 ' S, 120 ° 34.316 ' E, loc. 181 - 05, on wood, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005; 13 ex. (MZB Cru 1722, n = 6; ZMB 29395, n = 7, some SEM material), east shore, bay at Cape Nceppo, 01 ° 52.39 ' S, 120 ° 38.974 ' E, loc. 156 - 05, on mixed substrate, coll. K. von Rintelen, 3 Oct. 2005; 7 ex. (MZB Cru 1723, n = 3; ZMB 29400, n = 4), east shore, shallow bay at Cape Songuo, 01 ° 53.748 ' S, 120 ° 39.939 ' E, loc. 155 - 05, on mixed substrate, coll. R. Lamers & K. von Rintelen, 3 Oct. 2005; 1 ex. (ZMB 29405), west shore, Taipa, 01 ° 55.289 ' S, 120 ° 32.77 ' E, loc. 182 - 05, on wood, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A66FF95FE96FEF48D410665.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 3.0 - 4.5 mm (n = 40). Rostrum (Fig. 52 A; Tables 19 - 20) very long and slender, reaching far beyond end of scaphocerite, 1.9 - 2.6 times as long as carapace (n = 40), armed dorsally with 11 - 20 teeth (including 2 - 4 teeth posterior to orbital margin), approx. anterior 2 / 3 unarmed, without subapical teeth, armed ventrally with 26 - 48 teeth. Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end 0.5 - 0.6 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Antennular peduncle 0.9 - 1.1 times as long as carapace (n = 5), second segment 1.8 - 2.0 times length of third segment, third segment 0.3 times length of basal segment. Stylocerite reaching 0.8 - 1.0 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Scaphocerite (Fig. 52 D) 3.6 - 4.8 times as long as wide (n = 5). Sixth abdominal somite 0.4 - 0.8 times length of carapace (n = 40), 1.0 - 2.5 times as long as fifth somite (n = 40), 0.9 - 1.0 times length of telson (n = 5). Telson (Fig. 52 C, J) 3.5 - 4.1 times as long as wide (n = 5), distal margin rounded, without projection, with 4 - 5 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 2 - 3 pairs of spines, lateral pair distinctly longer than intermediate pairs. Preanal carina (Fig. 52 E) with a spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 52 B) with 11 - 14 movable spinules (n = 5). 5 pairs of pleurobranchs well developed; 3 pairs of arthrobranchs, 2 on third maxillipeds, with second pair strongly reduced in size, 1 pair on first pereiopod; 1 pair of podobranchs on second maxilliped reduced strongly to a laminate form. Epipods present on first two pereiopods. Incisor process of mandible (Fig. 53 A) ending in a row of 3 - 4 small teeth, molar process truncated. Lower lacinia of maxillula (Fig. 53 B) broadly rounded, upper lacinia elongate, with numerous distinct teeth and setae on inner margin, palp slender. Upper endites of maxilla (Fig. 53 C) subdivided, palp short, scaphognathite tapering posteriorly with numerous long, curved setae at posterior end. Distal end of palp of first maxilliped (Fig. 53 F) triangular, ending with a short finger-like projection; flagellum of the exopod short and stout, endopod high, almost reaching end of the flagellum of exopod. Second maxilliped (Fig. 53 E) typical. Third maxilliped (Fig. 53 D) with ultimate segment as long as penultimate segment. Chela and carpus of first pereiopod distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 52 K-M); chela of first pereiopod 1.9 - 2.7 times as long as wide (n = 40), 0.9 - 1.5 times length of carpus (n = 40); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 1.1 - 1.4 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 1.9 - 5.1 times as long as wide (n = 40), 1.1 - 1.3 times length of merus (n = 5). Chela of second pereiopod 2.1 - 3.2 times as long as wide (n = 40), 0.6 - 1.4 times length of carpus (n = 40); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 1.3 - 1.6 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 2.2 - 6.0 times as long as wide (n = 40), 1.3 - 1.6 times as long as merus (n = 5). Third pereiopod (Fig. 52 F, H) slender, dactylus 3.0 - 3.8 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 4 - 5 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 12.9 - 16.3 times as long as wide, 5.0 - 6.0 times as long as dactylus; carpus 5.9 - 8.0 times as long as wide, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as propodus, 0.5 times as long as merus; merus 9.4 - 11.8 times as long as wide, bearing 3 - 5 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Fifth pereiopod slender (Fig. 52 G, I), dactylus 3.6 - 5.0 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 27 - 49 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 15.8 - 22.3 times as long as wide, 4.3 - 6.0 times as long as dactylus; carpus 6.2 - 7.2 times as long as wide, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as propodus, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 8.5 - 11.3 times as long as wide, bearing 3 - 5 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 52 N) elongated triangular, 2.1 - 2.8 times as long as proximally wide (n = 5), without appendix interna. Appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 52 O) 0.8 - 0.9 times length of appendix masculina (n = 5). Ovigerous females with 16 - 32 eggs (n = 2 females); egg size 0.9 - 1.1 x 0.6 - 0.7 mm (n = 25, eggs with and without eyes).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A66FF95FE96FEF48D410665.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – Endemic to Lake Poso (excluding rivers) and widely distributed within the lake (Fig. 51 A), although not as abundant as C. ensifera.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A66FF95FE96FEF48D410665.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and ecology. – C. caerulea was mainly found on hard substrate (wood, rocks, but also sporadically on soft substrate, for example macrophytes; compare von Rintelen et al., 2007 a). Colour pattern. – Body transparently yellowish or reddish, antennules reddish; legs and rostrum bluish (Fig. 51 B). The most conspicuous pattern is visible on the tailfan, each endopod bearing an elongated blue patch (upside down Vshape) on the distal part (Fig. 51 C).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A66FF95FE96FEF48D410665.taxon	etymology	Etymology. – The name Caridina caerulea refers to the conspicuous colour pattern of this new species (the Latin word caeruleus means blue). C. caerulea is the only ancient lake shrimp exhibiting a partly blue body colouration. Taxonomic remarks. – Of all Lake Poso species, C. caerulea closely resembles C. ensifera. Therefore, both taxa can easily be confused as alcohol bleached material, although in living specimens the colour pattern (“ blue ” vs. “ red ” in C. ensifera; compare von Rintelen et al. 2007 a) always allows an unambiguous separation, even in juveniles. Additionally, they show different substrate preferences and behaviour (rather stationary on hard substrate, i. e. rock and wood, vs. often pelagic on various kinds of substrate in C. ensifera). Although C. caerulea is almost identical with C. ensifera (excluding the always distinct colour pattern), it can be distinguished by not only a generally higher number of rostral teeth (Table 20), but also by a higher number of spines on the uropodal diaeresis (11 - 14, median 12 vs. 9 - 11, median 10 in C. ensifera) and by a lower number of spines on the third and fifth pereiopod (4 - 5, median 5 and 27 - 49, median 35 vs. 6 - 9, median 6 and 51 - 57, median 52 in C. ensifera). The morphological results are well supported by molecular data (Figs. 63,65), placing C. caerulea and C. ensifera in two separate clades that are not even sister groups (for a detailed discussion see von Rintelen et al., 2007 a).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A6AFF91FC26FCD48A8C0605.taxon	description	(Figs. 54 – 55; Tables 20 – 21) Caridina ensifera Schenkel, 1902 pro parte: 490, pl. 8, Figs. 1 a-e, 4 d (type locality: Lake Poso). Caridina ensifera – Roux, 1904: 552; Bouvier, 1904: 131, 1905: 73, 1912: 918, 1913 a: 463; 1913 b: 182, 1925: 163, Figs. 344 - 352; Chace, 1997: 9; Fernandez-Leborans & von Rintelen, 2007; Cai & Wowor, 2007 pro parte: 311, Figs. 1 - 2; von Rintelen et al., 2007 a: 1033, Figs. 1 - 2; Tables 1 - 2, 2008: 2244, Table 1.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A6AFF91FC26FCD48A8C0605.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. – Lectotype: male (cl 3.9 mm) (NHMB 1 a), Indonesia, Sulawesi, Lake Poso, coll. Sarasin, no date indicated. Paralectotypes – 5 males (cl 3.1 - 3.5 mm), 10 females (cl 3.0 - 5.3 mm) (NHMB 1 a), same data as lectotype. Others (Lake Poso): 16 ex. (MZB Cru 1709, n = 8; ZMB 29248, n = 8, some SEM material), south shore, Pendolo beach at Hotel Mulia, 02 ° 3.928 ' S, 120 ° 41.536 ' E, loc. 157 - 04, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 15 Aug. 2004; 10 ex. (MZB Cru 1710, n = 5; ZMB 29253, n = 5, some SEM material), east shore, Cape Watulunto, 02 ° 0.825 ' S, 120 ° 42.007 ' E, loc. 63 - 04, on mixed substrate, coll. M. Glaubrecht & T. von Rintelen, 30 Mar. 2004; 5 ex. (ZMB 29291), east shore, south of Cape Panti, 02 ° 55.277 ' S, 120 ° 40.289 ' E, loc. 158 - 04, on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 16 Aug. 2004; 4 ex. (ZMB 29381), north shore, 01 ° 47.162 ' S, 120 ° 33.144 ' E, loc. 187 - 05, on rocks, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005; 9 ex. (MZB Cru 1711, n = 4; ZMB 29384, n = 5), west shore, Siuri, 01 ° 48.259 ' S, 120 ° 31.667 ' E, loc. 186 - 05, pelagic, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005; 20 ex. (MZB Cru 1712, n = 10; ZMB 29389, n = 10, some SEM material), east shore, bay at Cape Nceppo, 01 ° 52.39 ' S, 120 ° 38.974 ' E, loc. 156 - 05, on mixed substrate, coll. K. von Rintelen, 3 Oct. 2005; 14 ex. (MZB Cru 1713, n = 7; ZMB 29392, n = 7), west shore, 02 ° 2.734 ' S, 120 ° 37.368 ' E, loc. 178 - 05, on mixed substrate, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005; 21 ex. (MZB Cru 1714, n = 10; ZMB 29396, n = 11), west shore, 01 ° 58.21 ' S, 120 ° 34.316 ' E, loc. 181 - 05, on mixed substrate, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005; 7 ex. (MZB Cru 1715, n = 3; ZMB 29397, n = 4), east shore, at road Tentena- Peura, 01 ° 47.33 ' S, 120 ° 38.079 ' E, loc. 160 - 05, on rocks, coll. K. von Rintelen, 3 Oct. 2005; 8 ex. (MZB Cru 1716, n = 4; ZMB 29399, n = 4 and some juveniles), east shore, shallow bay, 01 ° 49.702 ' S, 120 ° 38.161 ' E, loc. 159 - 05, on macrophytes, coll. K. von Rintelen, 3 Oct. 2005; 17 ex. (MZB Cru 1717, n = 8; ZMB 29404, n = 9, some SEM material), west shore, 01 ° 52.205 ' S, 120 ° 32.281 ' E, loc. 184 - 05, pelagic, coll. R. Lamers & K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A6AFF91FC26FCD48A8C0605.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 3.5 - 5.3 mm (n = 40). Rostrum (Fig. 55 A; Tables 20 - 21) very long and slender, reaching far beyond end of scaphocerite, 1.4 - 2.3 times as long as carapace (n = 40), armed dorsally with 9 - 15 teeth (including 1 - 3 teeth posterior to orbital margin), approx. anterior 2 / 3 unarmed, without subapical teeth, armed ventrally with 16 - 29 teeth. Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end 0.6 - 0.7 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Antennular peduncle 0.9 - 1.0 times as long as carapace (n = 5), second segment 1.8 - 2.2 times length of third segment, third segment 0.3 times length of basal segment. Stylocerite reaching 0.8 - 0.9 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Scaphocerite (Fig. 55 B) 3.6 - 4.5 times as long as wide (n = 5). Sixth abdominal somite 0.4 - 0.9 times length of carapace (n = 40), 1.0 - 2.6 times as long as fifth somite (n = 40), 1.2 - 1.3 times length of telson (n = 5). Telson (Fig. 55 E, J) 3.6 - 4.1 times as long as wide (n = 5), distal margin rounded, without projection, with 3 - 4 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 2 - 3 pairs of spines, lateral pair distinctly longer than intermediate spines. Preanal carina (Fig. 55 C) with a spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 55 D) with 9 - 11 movable spinules (n = 5). 5 pairs of pleurobranchs well developed; 3 pairs of arthrobrachs, 2 on third maxillipeds, with second pair strongly reduced in size, 1 pair on first pereiopod; 1 pair of podobranchs on second maxilliped reduced strongly to a laminate form. Epipods only present on first two pereiopods. Mouthparts as described by Cai & Wowor (2007). Chela and carpus of first pereiopod distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 55 K-M); chela of first pereiopod 2.0 - 2.8 times as long as wide (n = 40), 1.0 - 1.3 times length of carpus (n = 40); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 1.0 - 1.3 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 2.5 - 4.0 times as long as wide (n = 40), 1.0 - 1.3 times length of merus (n = 5). Chela of second pereiopod 2.8 - 4.4 times as long as wide (n = 40), 0.7 - 0.8 times length of carpus (n = 40); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 1.2 - 1.4 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 5.4 - 7.3 times as long as wide (n = 40), 1.3 - 1.6 times as long as merus (n = 5). Third pereiopod (Fig. 55 F-G) slender, dactylus 5.0 - 5.4 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 6 - 9 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 10.0 - 13.0 times as long as wide, 3.1 - 3.7 times as long as dactylus; carpus 4.7 - 6.1 times as long as wide, 0.5 - 0.7 times as long as propodus, 0.4 - 0.5 times as long as merus; merus 9.2 - 11.4 times as long as wide, bearing 2 - 4 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Fifth pereiopod slender (Fig. 55 H-I), dactylus 5.4 - 7.0 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 51 - 57 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 11.1 - 20.7 times as long as wide, 2.5 - 3.0 times as long as dactylus; carpus 4.9 - 5.4 times as long as wide, 0.5 times as long as propodus, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 8.8 - 11.1 times as long as wide, bearing 2 - 3 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 55 N) elongated triangular, 1.8 - 2.5 times as long as proximally wide (n = 5), without appendix interna. Appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 55 O) 0.7 - 0.9 length of appendix masculina (n = 5). Ovigerous females with 19 - 25 eggs (n = 2 females); egg size 0.9 - 1.0 x 0.5 - 0.6 mm (n = 20, eggs with and without eyes).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A6AFF91FC26FCD48A8C0605.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – Endemic to Lake Poso (excluding rivers) and widely distributed within the lake (Fig. 54 A).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A6AFF91FC26FCD48A8C0605.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology & Ecology. – C. ensifera is a generalist often found in pelagic swarms or sporadically on various kinds of substrate (rocks and wood or soft substrate, for example sand or macrophytes; compare von Rintelen et al., 2007 a). It is the most abundant shrimp species in Lake Poso. Colour pattern. – Body yellowish-transparent with few white or darker dots, antennules reddish (Fig. 54 B). The most conspicuous pattern is visible on the tailfan, each exopod bearing a red spot on the distal part (Fig. 54 C). Taxonomic remarks. – C. ensifera very closely resembles C. caerulea, previously listed as C. ensifera by Cai & Wowor (2007), but discovered as a cryptic species by von Rintelen et al. (2007 a). In their revision of the Lake Poso species, Cai & Wowor (2007: 314) describe the colour of C. ensifera as “ a single specimen from Lake Poso […] transparent finely spectra, blue-red n-shape on brachiostegal region, blue spot on distal exopod of uropods-conspicuous ”. Thus, they describe the colour pattern of C. caerulea, although their data rather hint at C. ensifera sensu Schenkel (1902). The reason to assign C. ensifera (this study) to the original description of C. ensifera, and to describe C. caerulea as a new species, is mainly based on the rostrum denticulation mentioned in Schenkel’s original description (see Table 20). C. ensifera, as here describe, shows a high congruence with Schenkel’s data (dorsally 9 - 15 and ventrally 16 - 29 vs. dorsally 9 - 20 and ventrally 8 - 26 in the original description), whereas in C. caerulea the number of ventral teeth (26 - 48) does not really agree with Schenkel’s description, especially if the median is considered. Other parameters of Schenkel’s description either fit both species (for example the number of spinules and spines of the telson) or are not comparable due to an obviously different technique of measurement (for example the carapace and rostrum length). Another aspect to consider here is that C. ensifera generally has the highest density of all shrimps in Lake Poso and we thus assume it more likely to be caught by the Sarasins than C. caerulea. Although C. ensifera is almost identical with C. caerulea (not counting the always distinct colour pattern), it can not only be distinguished by a generally lower number of rostral teeth (Table 20), but also by a lower number of spines on the uropodal diaeresis (9 - 11 vs. 11 - 14 in C. caerulea) and by a higher number of spines on the third and fifth pereiopod (6 - 9 and 51 - 57 vs. 4 - 5 and 27 - 49 in C. caerulea). A disciminant analysis of several morphological characters separates both species a hundred percent (von Rintelen et al. 2007 a). The morphological results are well supported by molecular data (Figs. 63,65), placing C. ensifera and C. caerulea in two separate clades that are not even sister groups (for a detailed discussion see von Rintelen et al., 2007 a).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A6EFFACFF51FC34896A032E.taxon	description	(Figs. 56 – 57; Table 22)	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A6EFFACFF51FC34896A032E.taxon	description	Caridina spec. A – von Rintelen et al., 2007 a: 1035, fig. 2, Tables 1 - 2.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A6EFFACFF51FC34896A032E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. – Lake Poso: 42 ex. (MZB Cru 1704 a, n = 5; ZMB 29060 a, n = 6; MZB Cru 1705 b, n = 9; ZMB 29060 b, n = 12; MZB Cru 1706 c, n = 5; ZMB 29060 c, n = 5, some SEM material), east shore, south of Cape Sinampada, 02 ° 56.25 ' S, 120 ° 40.443 ' E, loc. 159 - 04, (a) on rocks in deeper water, (b) on wood, (c) on rocks in shallow water, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 16 Aug. 2004; 14 ex. (MZB Cru 1707, n = 7; ZMB 29252, n = 7, some SEM material), east shore, south of Cape Tolambu, 01 ° 57.928 ' S, 120 ° 40.536 ' E, loc. 65 - 04, on rocks, coll. M. Glaubrecht & T. von Rintelen, 30 Mar. 2004; 4 ex. (ZMB 29258), west shore, Cape Bancea, 01 ° 59.023 ' S, 120 ° 35.108 ' E, loc. 59 - 04, on rocks, coll. M. Glaubrecht & T. von Rintelen, 29 Mar. 2004; 7 ex. (ZMB 29289), east shore, 02 ° 0.825 ' S, 120 ° 42.007 ' E, loc. 161 - 04, on wood, coll. K. von Rintelen, 16 Aug. 2004; (ZMB 29293, some juveniles), east shore, 01 ° 59.867 ' S, 120 ° 41.238 ' E, loc. 160 - 04, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 16 Aug. 2004; 1 ex. (ZMB 29387), west shore, 02 ° 2.734 ' S, 120 ° 37.368 ' E, loc. 178 - 05, on wood, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005; 22 ex. (MZB Cru 1708, n = 11; ZMB 29390, n = 11, some SEM material), east shore, bay at Cape Nceppo, 01 ° 52.39 ' S, 120 ° 38.974 ' E, loc. 156 - 05, on mixed substrate, coll. K. von Rintelen, 3 Oct. 2005; 8 ex. (ZMB 29391), east shore, at road Tentena-Peura, 01 ° 47.33 ' S, 120 ° 38.079 ' E, loc. 160 - 05, on wood, coll. K. von Rintelen, 3 Oct. 2005; 5 ex. (ZMB 29398), east shore, shallow bay at Cape Songuo, 01 ° 53.748 ' S, 120 ° 39.939 ' E, loc. 155 - 05, on mixed substrate, coll. R. Lamers & K. von Rintelen, 3 Oct. 2005; 3 ex. (ZMB 29401), west shore, Taipa, 01 ° 55.289 ' S, 120 ° 32.77 ' E, loc. 182 - 05, on wood, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005; 1 ex. (ZMB 29456), west shore, 01 ° 58.21 ' S, 120 ° 34.316 ' E, loc. 181 - 05, on wood, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A6EFFACFF51FC34896A032E.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 2.9 - 4.1 mm (n = 12). Rostrum (Fig. 57 A; Table 22) long with an anterior upturn, mostly reaching beyond end of scaphocerite, 0.9 - 1.4 times as long as carapace (n = 11), armed dorsally with 16 - 21 teeth (including 4 - 6 teeth posterior to orbital margin), approx. anterior third to half unarmed, without subapical teeth, armed ventrally with 13 - 23 teeth (n = 8). Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end 0.5 - 0.6 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Antennular peduncle 1.0 - 1.1 times as long as carapace (n = 5), second segment 1.5 - 0.2 times length of third segment, third segment 0.3 - 0.4 times length of basal segment. Stylocerite reaching 0.9 - 1.0 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Scaphocerite (Fig. 57 D) 3.8 - 4.3 times as long as wide (n = 5). Sixth abdominal somite 0.5 - 0.7 times length of carapace (n = 11), 1.7 - 1.9 times as long as fifth somite (n = 10), 1.0 - 1.1 times length of telson (n = 6). Telson (Fig. 57 C, H) 2.9 - 3.1 times as long as wide (n = 5), distal margin broadly rounded, without projection, with 3 - 4 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 4 pairs of spines, lateral pair longer than intermediate pairs, median pairs shortest. Preanal carina (Fig. 57 E) with a spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 57 B) with 15 - 17 movable spinules (n = 5). 5 pairs of pleurobranchs well developed; 3 pairs of arthrobranchs, 2 on third maxillipeds, with second pair strongly reduced in size, 1 pair on first pereiopod; 1 pair of podobranchs on second maxilliped reduced strongly to a laminate form. Epipods absent from all pereiopods. Mouthparts as described by Cai & Wowor (2007). Chela and carpus of first pereiopod not distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 57 K-N); chela of first pereiopod long and slender, 4.6 - 6.5 times as long as wide (n = 9), 0.7 - 1.0 times length of carpus (n = 10); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, but with extremely long fingers (about length of or longer than chela); dactylus 3.6 - 4.6 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 4.8 - 8.1 times as long as wide (n = 8), 1.0 - 1.2 times length of merus (n = 5). Chela of second pereiopod 4.8 - 6.4 times as long as wide (n = 9), 0.7 - 1.0 times length of carpus (n = 10); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, but with extremely long fingers (about length of or longer than chela); dactylus 3.4 - 3.9 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 5.2 - 7.9 times as long as wide (n = 8), 1.0 - 1.3 times as long as merus (n = 5). Third pereiopod (Fig. 57 F, I) slender, dactylus 3.1 - 3.6 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 4 - 5 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 11.5 - 15.0 times as long as wide, 4.7 - 6.5 times as long as dactylus; carpus 6.4 - 8.5 times as long as wide, 0.7 - 0.8 times as long as propodus, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 9.4 - 11.5 times as long as wide, bearing 3 - 5 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Fifth pereiopod slender (Fig. 57 G, J), dactylus 2.9 - 3.9 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 26 - 33 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 12.9 - 20.0 times as long as wide, 4.6 - 6.7 times as long as dactylus; carpus 6.3 - 7.5 times as long as wide, 0.6 times as long as propodus, 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 9.1 - 10.2 times as long as wide, bearing 2 - 4 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 57 O) elongated triangular, 1.9 - 2.3 times as long as proximally wide (n = 5), without appendix interna. Appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 57 P) 0.8 - 0.9 times length of appendix masculina (n = 5). Ovigerous females with 24 - 29 eggs (n = 2 females); egg size 1.0 - 1.2 x 0.6 - 0.7 mm (n = 20, eggs with and without eyes).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A6EFFACFF51FC34896A032E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – Endemic to Lake Poso (excluding rivers) and widely distributed within the lake (Fig. 56 A), although less abundant than C. ensifera.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A6EFFACFF51FC34896A032E.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and ecology. – Cai & Wowor (2007) already mentioned the occurrence of C. longidigita on “ rocky substrates ”. This could not only be confirmed in the field, but also further differentiated in gravel from shallow water (above 3 m) and boulders in deeper water (below 3 m). Additional samples from wood show this species to be a typical hard-substrate dweller. Further, C. longidigita shows a unique feeding behaviour that has not been reported from any species of Caridina so far. Instead of the common feeding behaviour described by Fryer (1960), C. longidigita makes lateral sweeping movements with its extremely long fingers cl (mm) 2.9 - 4.1 3.5 ± 0.3 3.4 12 rl / cl 0.9 - 1.4 1.2 ± 0.2 1.3 11 n dorsal rostral teeth 16 - 21 18 ± 2 18 8 n ventral rostral teeth 13 - 23 16 ± 4 16 8 abds 6 / cl 0.5 - 0.7 0.6 ± 0.1 0.6 11 abds 6 / abds 5 1.7 - 1.9 1.8 ± 0.1 1.7 10 abds 6 / h tel 1.0 - 1.1 1.0 ± 0.0 1.0 6 h tel / w tel 2.9 - 3.1 3.0 ± 0.1 3.0 5 n spines uropodal diaeresis 15 - 17 16 ± 1 16 5 h ch 1 / w ch 1 4.6 - 6.5 5.6 ± 0.5 5.6 9 h ch 1 / h ca 1 0.7 - 1.0 0.9 ± 0.1 0.9 10 h ca 1 / w ca 1 4.8 - 8.1 6.6 ± 1.1 6.7 8 h ch 2 / w ch 2 4.8 - 6.4 5.5 ± 0.5 5.5 9 h ch 2 / h ca 2 0.7 - 1.0 0.9 ± 0.1 0.8 10 h ca 2 / w ca 2 5.2 - 7.9 6.7 ± 1.1 7.1 8 n spines p 3 4 - 5 5 ± 1 5 5 n spines p 5 26 - 33 30 ± 3 30 5 (M. Glaubrecht & T. von Rintelen, pers. field observation 2007), while all other species lack this lateral component. Colour pattern. – Body appearing transparently brownish to greenish (sometimes darker), with small dots covering the whole body. Fingers of chelae orange, but without a particular pattern (Fig. 56 B). Eggs dark brown. Taxonomic remarks. – C. longidigita mostly resembles C. sarasinorum, but can easily be distinguished by its extremely long fingers on the chela of the first and second pereiopod (vs. short in C. sarasinorum) and by more slender pereiopods. It differs further by a higher number of ventral rostral teeth (13 - 23, median 16 vs. 8 - 14, median 13 in C. sarasinorum). In the molecular phylogeny, C. longidigita does not appear monophyletic (Figs. 63,65), but based on its distinctive morphology it is regarded as a single valid species that might sometimes hybridize with other species (compare von Rintelen et al., 2007 a).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A53FFAFFF64F92D8AFD01A5.taxon	description	(Figs. 58 – 59; Table 23)	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A53FFAFFF64F92D8AFD01A5.taxon	description	Caridina Sarasinorum – Roux, 1904: 551; Bouvier, 1905: 73, 1913 b: 182, 1925: 168, Figs. 356 - 359.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A53FFAFFF64F92D8AFD01A5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. – Lectotype: ovigerous female (cl 3.1 mm) (NHMB 2 a), Indonesia, Sulawesi, Lake Poso, coll. Sarasin, no date indicated. Paralectotypes – 4 males (cl 2.6 - 2.9 mm), 6 females (cl 2.7 - 3.4 mm) (NHMB 2 a), data same as lectotype. Others: Lake Poso: 3 ex. (ZMB 29068), south shore, Pendolo beach at Hotel Mulia, 02 ° 3.928 ' S, 120 ° 41.536 ' E, loc. 157 - 04, on wood, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 15 Aug. 2004; 2 ex. (ZMB 29137), east shore, 01 ° 59.867 ' S, 120 ° 41.238 ' E, loc. 160 - 04, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 16 Aug. 2004; 12 ex. (ZMB 29201 a, n = 6; ZMB 29201 b, n = 1, and MZB Cru 1732, n = 5), east shore, south of Cape Sinampada, 02 ° 56.25 ' S, 120 ° 40.443 ' E, loc. 159 - 04, (ZMB a) on leaf litter, (ZMB b and MZB) on wood, coll. M. Glaubrecht & T. von Rintelen, 30 Mar. 2004; 7 ex. (ZMB 29261, some SEM material), east shore, Cape Watulunto, 02 ° 0.825 ' S, 120 ° 42.007 ' E, loc. 63 - 04, on leaf litter, coll. M. Glaubrecht & T. von Rintelen, 30 Mar. 2004; 17 ex. (MZB Cru 1733, n = 9; ZMB 29288, n = 8), east shore, 02 ° 0.825 ' S, 120 ° 42.007 ' E, loc. 161 - 04, on wood, coll. K. von Rintelen, 16 Aug. 2004; 13 ex. (MZB Cru 1734, n = 6; ZMB 29383, n = 7), west shore, Siuri, 01 ° 48.259 ' S, 120 ° 31.667 ' E, loc. 186 - 05, on mixed substrate, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005; 5 ex. (ZMB 29386), west shore, 02 ° 2.734 ' S, 120 ° 37.368 ' E, loc. 178 - 05, on wood, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005; 11 ex. (MZB Cru 1735, n = 6; ZMB 29388, n = 5, some SEM material), east shore, at road Tentena-Peura, 01 ° 47.33 ' S, 120 ° 38.079 ' E, loc. 160 - 05, on wood, coll. K. von Rintelen, 3 Oct. 2005; 14 ex. (MZB Cru 1736, n = 7; ZMB 29402, n = 7, some SEM material), west shore, 01 ° 52.205 ' S, 120 ° 32.281 ' E, loc. 184 - 05, on macrophytes, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005; 15 ex. (MZB Cru 1737, n = 8; ZMB 29403, n = 7), east shore, shallow bay, 01 ° 49.702 ' S, 120 ° 38.161 ' E, loc. 159 - 05, on macrophytes, coll. K. von Rintelen, 3 Oct. 2005; 1 ex. (ZMB 29406), west shore, Taipa, 01 ° 55.289 ' S, 120 ° 32.77 ' E, loc. 182 - 05, on wood, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A53FFAFFF64F92D8AFD01A5.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 2.6 - 3.6 mm (n = 12). Rostrum (Fig. 59 A; Table 23) long, reaching beyond end of scaphocerite, 1.0 - 1.2 times as long as carapace (n = 8), armed dorsally with 15 - 21 teeth (including 4 - 6 teeth posterior to orbital margin), approx. anterior third to half unarmed, without subapical teeth, armed ventrally with 8 - 14 teeth. Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital cl (mm) 2.6 - 3.6 3.1 ± 0.3 3.1 12 rl / cl 1.0 - 1.2 1.1 ± 0.1 1.1 8 n dorsal rostral teeth 15 - 21 18 ± 2 17 8 n ventral rostral teeth 8 - 14 12 ± 2 13 8 abds 6 / cl 0.6 - 0.8 0.7 ± 0.1 0.7 11 abds 6 / abds 5 1.7 - 2.0 1.9 ± 0.1 1.9 11 abds 6 / h tel 0.9 - 1.0 0.9 ± 0.1 1.0 6 h tel / w tel 3.2 - 3.6 3.4 ± 0.2 3.3 5 n spines uropodal diaeresis 8 - 10 9 ± 1 9 5 h ch 1 / w ch 1 1.9 - 2.0 1.9 ± 0.1 1.9 8 h ch 1 / h ca 1 1.3 - 1.5 1.5 ± 0.1 1.5 9 h ca 1 / w ca 1 1.1 - 1.9 1.7 ± 0.3 1.7 8 h ch 2 / w ch 2 2.2 - 2.9 2.5 ± 0.2 2.6 8 h ch 2 / h ca 2 0.8 - 0.9 0.8 ± 0.1 0.8 9 h ca 2 / w ca 2 3.6 - 5.0 4.4 ± 0.5 4.6 8 n spines p 3 6 - 7 7 ± 0 7 5 n spines p 5 33 - 43 39 ± 4 39 5 angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end 0.5 - 0.6 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Antennular peduncle 0.9 - 1.1 times as long as carapace (n = 5), second segment 1.7 - 2.0 times length of third segment, third segment 0.3 - 0.4 times length of basal segment. Stylocerite reaching 0.9 - 1.0 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Scaphocerite (Fig. 59 D) 3.8 - 4.4 times as long as wide (n = 5). Sixth abdominal somite 0.6 - 0.8 times length of carapace (n = 11), 1.7 - 2.0 times as long as fifth somite (n = 11), 0.9 - 1.0 times length of telson (n = 6). Telson (Fig. 59 C, H, K) 3.2 - 3.6 times as long as wide (n = 5), distal margin rounded, without projection, with 3 - 4 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 3 pairs of spines, lateral pair sometimes but not always longer than intermediate pairs. Preanal carina (Fig. 59 E) with a spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 59 B) with 8 - 10 movable spinules (n = 5). 5 pairs of pleurobranchs well developed; 3 pairs of arthrobranchs, 2 on third maxillipeds, with second pair strongly reduced in size, 1 pair on first pereiopod; 1 pair of podobranchs on second maxilliped reduced strongly to a laminate form. Epipods present on first pereiopod, greatly reduced or absent from second pereiopod. Mouthparts as described by Cai & Wowor (2007). Chela and carpus of first pereiopod distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 59 L-N); chela of first pereiopod 1.9 - 2.0 times as long as wide (n = 8), 1.3 - 1.5 times length of carpus (n = 9); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 0.9 - 1.1 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 1.1 - 1.9 times as long as wide (n = 8), 1.0 - 1.2 times length of merus (n = 5). Chela of second pereiopod 2.2 - 2.9 times as long as wide (n = 8), 0.8 - 0.9 times length of carpus (n = 9); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 0.9 - 1.4 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 3.6 - 5.0 times as long as wide (n = 8), 1.3 - 1.5 times as long as merus (n = 5). Third pereiopod (Fig. 59 G, I) slender, dactylus 3.3 - 4.5 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 6 - 7 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 9.3 - 11.7 times as long as wide, 2.9 - 4.1 times as long as dactylus; carpus 4.1 - 5.0 times as long as wide, 0.6 - 0.7 times as long as propodus, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 6.8 - 8.9 times as long as wide, bearing 3 - 4 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Fifth pereiopod slender (Fig. 59 F, J), dactylus 4.0 - 5.6 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 33 - 43 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 10.0 - 16.0 times as long as wide, 2.6 - 3.2 times as long as dactylus; carpus 4.3 - 5.7 times as long as wide, 0.5 - 0.6 times as long as propodus, 0.6 times as long as merus; merus 6.3 - 7.8 times as long as wide, bearing 2 - 3 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 59 O) elongated triangular, 1.9 - 2.5 times as long as proximally wide (n = 5), without appendix interna. Appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 59 P) 0.8 - 0.9 times length of appendix masculina (n = 5). Ovigerous females with 19 - 23 eggs (n = 2 females); egg size 0.9 - 1.0 x 0.5 - 0.6 mm (n = 20, eggs with and without eyes).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A50FFABFC20FF348A1201A6.taxon	description	(Figs. 60 – 62; Table 24) Caridina spec. B – von Rintelen et al., 2007 a: 1035, fig. 2, Tables 1 - 2.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A50FFABFC20FF348A1201A6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. – Holotype: female (cl 4.3 mm) (MZB Cru 2124), small stream, west of Lake Poso, 02 ° 2.613 ' S, 120 ° 37.311 ' E, loc. 179 - 05, on macrophytes, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005. Paratypes (Lake Poso catchment) – 38 ex. (MZB Cru 1724, n = 19; ZMB 29159, n = 19), Uebangke River, north of tributary of Lake Poso, 01 ° 46.48 ' S, 120 ° 35.61 ' E, loc. 188 - 05, on mixed substrate, coll. K. von Rintelen, 7 Oct. 2005; 24 ex. (MZB Cru 1725, n = 12; ZMB 29254, n = 12), Sulewana, above rapids, 01 ° 39.121 ' S, 120 ° 39.742 ' E, loc. 52 - 04, on mixed substrate, coll. M. Glaubrecht & T. von Rintelen, 28 Mar. 2004; 22 ex. (MZB Cru 1726, n = 11; ZMB 29407, n = 11), Njongi River, approx. 1 km east of Tentena, 01 ° 44.348 ' S, 120 ° 40.102 ' E, loc. 163 - 05, on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 3 Oct. 2005; 10 ex. (ZMB 29441), small stream, west of Lake Poso, 01 ° 53.816 ' S, 120 ° 31.466 ' E, loc. 183 - 05, on roots, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005; 43 ex. (MZB Cru 1727, n = 22; ZMB 29442, n = 21 and few juveniles, some SEM material), small stream, west of Lake Poso, 02 ° 2.613 ' S, 120 ° 37.311 ' E, loc. 179 - 05, on macrophytes, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005; 11 ex. (MZB Cru 1728, n = 5; ZMB 29443, n = 6), stream, west of Lake Poso, 02 ° 0.233 ' S, 120 ° 35.765 ' E, loc. 180 - 05, mixed substrate, coll. K. von Rintelen, 6 Oct. 2005; 25 ex. (MZB Cru 1729, n = 12; ZMB 29444, n = 13), Salopa River, 01 ° 46.333 ' S, 120 ° 32.49 ' E, loc. 177 - 05,	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A50FFABFC20FF348A1201A6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. – Endemic to Lake Poso (excluding rivers), widely distributed within the lake (Fig. 58), although less abundant than C. ensifera.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A50FFABFC20FF348A1201A6.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and ecology. – C. sarasinorum was found on various kinds of substrate (wood, leaf litter, macrophytes), particularly on weed and wood, often in large numbers at several localities. Colour pattern. – Body transparently yellowish or greenish, lacking a particular pattern. However, further details are still unknown. Taxonomic remarks. – C. sarasinorum resembles C. longidigita, but can easily be distinguished by its stouter pereiopods and the short fingers on the chela of the first and second pereiopod (vs. distinctly more slender pereiopods and very long fingers in C. longidigita). It further differs by a lower number of ventral rostral teeth (8 - 14, median 13 vs. 13 - 23, median 16 in C. longidigita). In the molecular phylogeny (Figs. 63,65), C. sarasinorum does not appear monophyletic, but based on its distinctive morphology it is here regarded as a single valid species that might sometimes hybridize with other species (compare von Rintelen et al., 2007 a). cl (mm) 3.6 - 5.1 4.2 ± 0.4 4.2 17 rl / cl 0.9 - 1.1 1.0 ± 0.1 0.9 10 n dorsal rostral teeth 9 - 16 13 ± 2 13 10 n ventral rostral teeth 9 - 13 11 ± 1 11 10 abds 6 / cl 0.6 - 0.7 0.7 ± 0.0 0.7 17 abds 6 / abds 5 1.9 - 2.0 2.0 ± 0.1 2.0 6 abds 6 / h tel 0.8 - 1.0 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 8 h tel / w tel 3.0 - 3.6 3.4 ± 0.3 3.6 5 n spines uropodal diaeresis 10 - 11 10 ± 0 10 5 h ch 1 / w ch 1 1.9 - 3.2 2.4 ± 0.4 2.3 10 h ch 1 / h ca 1 1.1 - 1.4 1.3 ± 0.1 1.3 10 h ca 1 / w ca 1 2.1 - 3.2 2.5 ± 0.4 2.4 10 h ch 2 / w ch 2 2.5 - 4.4 3.3 ± 0.5 3.3 10 h ch 2 / h ca 2 0.7 - 0.9 0.8 ± 0.0 0.8 10 h ca 2 / w ca 2 4.5 - 6.5 5.5 ± 0.6 5.5 10 n spines p 3 6 - 8 7 ± 1 7 5 n spines p 5 57 - 64 59 ± 3 57 5 on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 5 Oct. 2005; 28 ex. (MZB Cru 1730, n = 14; ZMB 29445, n = 14, some SEM material), Sulewana, above rapids, 01 ° 39.121 ' S, 120 ° 39.742 ' E, loc. 169 - 05, on mixed substrate, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 4 Oct. 2005; 34 ex. (MZB Cru 1731, n = 17; ZMB 29446, n = 17), Poso outlet, Tentena, 01 ° 45.908 ' S, 120 ° 38.366 ' E, loc. 195 - 05, on wood, coll. R. Lamers & K. von Rintelen, 7 Oct. 2005; 4 ex. (ZMB 29457), Sulewana rapids, 02 ° 38.871 ' S, 120 ° 39.279 ' E, loc. 170 - 05, on macrophytes, coll. K. & T. von Rintelen, 4 Oct. 2005.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A50FFABFC20FF348A1201A6.taxon	description	Description. – Carapace length 3.6 - 5.1 mm (n = 17). Rostrum (Fig. 61 A; Table 24) reaching near or beyond end of scaphocerite, 0.9 - 1.1 times as long as carapace (n = 10), armed dorsally with 9 - 16 teeth (including 2 - 5 teeth posterior to orbital margin), approx. anterior third to half unarmed, without subapical teeth, armed ventrally with 9 - 13 teeth. Antennal spine situated below inferior orbital angle. Pterygostomial angle broadly rounded. Eyes well developed, anterior end 0.4 - 0.6 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Antennular peduncle 0.8 - 1.0 times as long as carapace (n = 5), second segment 1.6 - 2.0 times length of third segment, third segment 0.3 - 0.4 times length of basal segment. Stylocerite reaching 1.0 times length of basal segment of antennular peduncle (n = 5). Scaphocerite (Fig. 61 D) 3.3 - 4.7 times as long as wide (n = 5). Sixth abdominal somite 0.6 - 0.7 times length of carapace (n = 17), 1.9 - 2.0 times as long as fifth somite (n = 6), 0.8 - 1.0 times length of telson (n = 8). Telson (Fig. 61 C, H) 3.0 - 3.6 times as long as wide (n = 5), distal margin rounded, without projection, with 3 - 6 pairs of spinules and 1 pair of dorsolateral spinules; distal end with 2 - 3 pairs of spines, lateral pair usually longer than intermediate pairs. Preanal carina (Fig. 61 E) with a spine. Uropodal diaeresis (Fig. 61 B) with 10 - 11 movable spinules (n = 5). 5 pairs of pleurobranchs well developed; 3 pairs of arthrobranchs, 2 on third maxillipeds, with second pair strongly reduced in size, 1 pair on first pereiopod; 1 pair of podobranchs on second maxilliped reduced strongly to a laminate form. Epipod present on first two pereiopods. Incisor process of mandible (Fig. 62 A) ending in a row of 4 - 6 small teeth, molar process truncated. Lower lacinia of maxillula (Fig. 62 B) broadly rounded, upper lacinia elongate, with numerous distinct teeth and setae on inner margin, palp slender. Upper endites of maxilla (Fig. 62 C) subdivided, palp short, scaphognathite tapering posteriorly with numerous long, curved setae at posterior end. Distal end of palp of first maxilliped (Fig. 62 F) triangular, not ending with a finger-like projection; flagellum of the exopod short, endopod high, reaching near to end of flagellum of exopod. Second maxilliped (Fig. 62 E) typical. Third maxilliped (Fig. 62 D) with ultimate segment as long as penultimate segment. Chela and carpus of first pereiopod distinctly stouter and broader than chela and carpus of second pereiopod (Fig. 61 M-O); chela of first pereiopod 1.9 - 3.2 times as long as wide (n = 10), 1.1 - 1.4 times length of carpus (n = 10); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks; dactylus 1.0 - 1.4 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 2.1 - 3.2 times as long as wide (n = 10), 1.1 - 1.2 times length of merus (n = 5). Chela of second pereiopod 2.5 - 4.4 times as long as wide (n = 10), 0.7 - 0.9 times length of carpus (n = 10); tips of fingers rounded, without hooks, dactylus 1.2 - 1.4 times as long as palm (n = 5); carpus 4.5 - 6.5 times as long as wide (n = 10), 1.3 - 1.4 times as long as merus (n = 5). Dactylus of third pereiopod (Fig. 61 F, I) 3.3 - 4.3 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 6 - 8 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 9.8 - 14.2 times as long as wide, 3.4 - 4.8 times as long as dactylus; carpus 5.0 - 6.0 times as long as wide, 0.5 - 0.7 times as long as propodus, 0.5 times as long as merus; merus 8.5 - 10.5 times as long as wide, bearing 3 - 4 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Dactylus of fifth pereiopod (Fig. 61 G, J) 3.7 - 4.8 times as long as wide (terminal spine included, without spines of flexor margin; n = 5), terminating in one large claw with 57 - 64 accessory spines on flexor margin; propodus 11.5 - 17.0 times as long as wide, 2.8 - 4.5 times as long as dactylus; carpus 4.5 - 7.0 times as long as wide, 0.5 times as long as propodus, 0.6 - 0.7 times as long as merus; merus 7.2 - 9.3 times as long as wide, bearing 2 - 3 strong, movable spines on posterior margin of outer surface. Endopod of male first pleopod (Fig. 61 K) elongated triangular, 2.0 - 2.4 times as long as proximally wide (n = 5), without appendix interna. Appendix interna of male second pleopod (Fig. 56 L) 0.7 - 0.8 times length of appendix masculina (n = 5). Ovigerous females with 26 - 37 eggs (n = 2 females); egg size 1.0 - 1.1 x 0.6 - 0.7 mm (n = 30, eggs with and without eyes). Distribution. – C. schenkeli is endemic to the Poso catchment, but does not occur in the lake itself (Fig. 60). So far, this species has not been found in rivers east and south of Lake Poso.	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
03D687A48A50FFABFC20FF348A1201A6.taxon	biology_ecology	Biology and ecology. – C. schenkeli is an exclusively riverine species collected from various kinds of substrate (rocks, riverine vegetation, roots, dead wood). It was not found in sympatry with the other riverine species endemic to the Poso system (C. acutirostris). Colour pattern. – Without any species specific pattern. Body colouration transparently yellowish or brownish, typical for many other riverine species from all over Sulawesi. Large (often ovigerous) females usually appear darker than smaller specimens. Taxonomic remarks. – With regard to rostrum shape and body size, C. schenkeli resembles C. acutirostris (carapace length in mm 3.6 - 5.1, median 4.2 and 3.1 - 5.8, median 4.1 in C. acutirostris), but differs by the ratio of rostrum to carapace length (0.9 - 1.1, median 0.9 vs. 0.3 - 0.7, median 0.5 in C. acutirostris), a generally longer rostrum (reaching near or beyond end of scaphocerite vs. shorter in C. acutirostris), and a higher number of ventral rostral teeth (9 - 13, median 11 vs. 4 - 9, median 4 in C. acutirostris). C. schenkeli is morphologically more variable than all other Poso species. In the molecular phylogeny (Figs. 63,65), C. schenkeli does not appear monophyletic, but based on its distinctive morphology it is here regarded as a single valid species that might sometimes hybridize with other species (compare von Rintelen et al., 2007 a).	en	Rintelen, Kristina von, Cai, Yixiong (2009): Radiation Of Endemic Species Flocks In Ancient Lakes: Systematic Revision Of The Freshwater Shrimp Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Atyidae) From The Ancient Lakes Of Sulawesi, Indonesia, With The Description Of Eight New Species. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 57 (2): 343-452, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5342070
