identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D687EFFFF21463FF44FF7CD83CB966.text	03D687EFFFF21463FF44FF7CD83CB966.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Moenkhausia lepidura (Kner 1858) Kner 1858	<div><p>Moenkhausia lepidura (Kner, 1858)</p><p>(Figs. 1–5, 7 a; Table 1, 2)</p><p>Tetragonopterus lepidurus Kner, 1858: 80 [rio Guaporé (subsequentely reported by Kner 1959: 177)]; 1859: 176, pl. 8, fig. 20 [detailed description].— Eigenmann &amp; Eigenmann, 1891: 53 [catalog, Amazon from Óbidos to Tabatinga].? Günther, 1864: 328 [literature compilation].</p><p>Moenkhausia lepidurus .? Eigenmann, 1910: 438 [in part, only Amazon basin; catalog].</p><p>Moenkhausia lepidura lepidura .? Eigenmann, 1917: 68 [key], 98 [in part, only Amazon species with predorsal region with two lateral series of scales anteriory, followed by one medial series; redescription].</p><p>Moenkhausia lepidura .? Géry, 1977: 451 [similar to Gymnotichthys hildae].? Géry 1992: 70, fig. 1 [in part, redescription], 78 [key].? Lima et al., 2003: 148 [in part, only Amazon and Orinoco basins; literature compilation].? Lima et al., 2007: 59 [literature compilation].? Marinho &amp; Langeani, 2010a: 60 [diagnosis of M. mikia; literature compilation].? Marinho &amp; Langeani, 2010b: 878 [literature compilation; comparative material].? Mirande, 2010: 506 [comments on phylogeny].? Oliveira &amp; Marinho, 2016 [diagnosis of M. abyss; literature compilation].</p><p>Gymnotichthys hildae Fernández-Yépez, 1950: 10, pl. 2: figs 1 [rio Autana].? Géry, 1977: 438 [key], 451 [similar to Moenkhausia lepidura]. Géry, 1992: 78 [key].? Lasso, et al., 1997: 41 [type catalog].? Lima et al., 2003: 128 [literature compilation].? Mirande, 2010: 546 [comments on phylogeny].</p><p>Diagnosis. Moenkhausia lepidura can be distinguished from all congeners, except M. abyss, M. celibela, M. gracilima, M. hasemani, M. hysterosticta, M. icae, M. inrai, M. lata, M. megalops, M. mikia, and M. loweae, by having a dark blotch on the upper caudal-fin lobe, and lower lobe hyaline (vs. caudal lobes hyaline or with a black blotch on both lobes). Moenkhausia lepidura is distinguished from all the aforementioned species by the arrangement of the predorsal scales, which consists of two median series from the tip of supraocciptal spine followed by one medial series reaching the dorsal-fin origin (Fig. 5) (vs. one median series from the supraocciptal spine to the dorsal-fin origin). The pigmentation of the caudal fin also helps to recognize M. lepidura among the species above, which is black, extending from middle caudal-fin rays to the upper lobe (vs. upper caudal-fin lobe pigmentation not as dark; when black, not located on middle caudal-fin rays).</p><p>Description. Morphometrics in Table 1. Largest specimen examined 84.0 mm SL. Body compressed, greatest body depth slightly ahead of vertical through dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal profile of body convex from upper lip to nares; straight from nares to tip of supraoccipital spine; convex from supraoccipital spine to dorsal-fin origin; straight to slightly convex along dorsal-fin base; straight to slightly convex from posterior terminus of dorsal-fin base to adipose-fin origin; slightly concave along caudal peduncle. Ventral profile of body convex from tip of lower jaw to pelvic-fin origin; straight from pelvic-fin origin to anal-fin origin; straight along anal-fin base and slightly concave along caudal peduncle.</p><p>Mouth terminal; upper jaw slightly ahead lower jaw. Premaxillary teeth in two rows, outer with 3 (3), 4* (85) or 5 (10) tricuspid teeth, inner with 5* (97) or 6 (1) tetra- to pentacuspid teeth (Fig. 4). Maxilla extending posteriorly to vertical through anterior margin of eye, with 1 (60) or 2* (38) tricuspid teeth. Dentary with four pentacuspid teeth and a series of 6 – 9 very small conical or tricuspid teeth.</p><p>Pectoral-fin rays i* (98), 12 (10), 13* (67), 14 (19), or 15 (2), their tips not reaching pelvic-fin origin. Pelvicfin rays i, 7* (98), their tips reaching or just anterior to anal-fin origin. Anal-fin rays iv (1) or v (6), 20 (13), 21* (29), 22 (42), 23 (11), 24 (1) or 25 (1); last unbranched and first three or four branched anal-fin rays much longer then remaining rays. Four supraneurals, all rod-shaped, with bony lamellae in upper portion. Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9* (98), first unbranched dorsal-fin ray almost half length of second unbranched ray. Dorsal-fin origin slightly posterior to vertical through pelvic-fin origin; base of last dorsal-fin ray anterior to vertical through anal-fin origin. Adipose-fin origin approximately at vertical through base of 16th to 19th branched anal-fin rays. Caudal-fin rays i* (98), 16 (1), 17* (96), or 18 (2), i* (98). Caudal fin forked; lobes of similar size. Dorsal procurrent caudal-fin rays 11 (3) or 12 (4), ventral procurrent caudal-fin rays 9 (3), 10 (2) or 11 (2).</p><p>Lateral line completely pored, slightly curved ventrally, with 33 (4), 34 (15), 35* (29), 36 (32), or 37 (5) perforated scales. Scales of anterior portion of predorsal area arranged in pairs, followed by a single median row of scales extending to dorsal-fin origin (Fig. 5). Longitudinal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 5* (95); longitudinal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin origin 3(2) or 4* (60). Single row of 5–9 scales overlying base of anteriormost anal-fin rays. Scale rows around caudal peduncle 14* (90). Small scales along first and second third of upper and lower caudal-fin lobes. Vertebrae 33 (5) or 34 (2). Four branchiostegal rays. Gill rakers on first gill arch 8 (4) or 9 (3) on epibranchial, 1 on intermediate cartilage, 9 (3) or 10(4) on ceratobranchial, none (5) or 1 (2) on intermediate cartilage, and 2 (4) or 3 (3) on hypobranchial. Lateral base of gill rackers expanded, forming a small plate with small denticles extending to the posterior portion of the branchial arch (Fig. 7).</p><p>Color in alcohol. Overall coloration yellow to brownish (Figs. 1, 2). Snout, jaws, and top of head with small dark chromatophores; infraorbitals and opercular areas with larger dark chromatophores. Dorsal portion of body dark. First three dorsal horizontal scale rows on body with slightly reticulated pattern, formed by scales bordered by dark pigment. Humeral spot small, vertically over two scale rows above lateral line, sometimes also over lateral line, and horizontally over second and third lateral-line scales. Dark line at horizontal septum, extending from humeral spot to middle caudal peduncle. Broad longitudinal dark band extending approximately from vertical to dorsal-fin origin to caudal-fin base, sometimes becoming a rounded faint blotch at caudal peduncle. Frequently, superficial pigmentation spread over longitudinal band, more concentrated at vertical through fifth to sixth lateralline scales, gradually becoming fainter towards caudal peduncle, extending vertically over two scale rows. Upper caudal-fin lobe and middle caudal-fin rays with continuous black mark, contrasting with whitish rounded area dorsally on anterior third of caudal-fin lobe; frequently, darker pigmentation limiting whitish area (Fig. 2 a). Some specimens with caudal-fin black mark restricted to ventral portion of upper lobe and middle rays (Fig. 2 b). Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, anal, adipose fin and lower caudal-fin lobe with scattered dark chromatophores.</p><p>Color in life. Based on photographs of freshly collected specimens (Fig. 3). Overall coloration silvery. Eye, dorsal and adipose fin orange. Pectoral, pelvic, anal fins, and lower caudal-fin lobe hyaline. Middle caudal-fin rays and distal portion of upper caudal-fin lobe black, proximal portion of upper lobe varying from yellow to red.</p><p>Sexual dimorphism. Tiny bony spines distributed on distal portion of first seven pelvic-, and five longest anal-fin rays of mature males.</p><p>Distribution. Moenkhausia lepidura is distributed in Amazonas lowlands, including rios Tocantins-Araguaia, Madeira, Negro and lower portions of the Tapajós and Trombetas. It is also distributed in the rio Orinoco basin.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D687EFFFF21463FF44FF7CD83CB966	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marinho, Manoela M. F.;Langeani, Francisco	Marinho, Manoela M. F., Langeani, Francisco (2016): Reconciling more than 150 years of taxonomic confusion: the true identity of Moenkhausia lepidura, with a key to the species of the M. lepidura group (Characiformes: Characidae). Zootaxa 4107 (3): 338-352, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.3.3
03D687EFFFF9146CFF44F94DD8DBBB9B.text	03D687EFFFF9146CFF44F94DD8DBBB9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Moenkhausia	<div><p>Identification key to species of Moenkhausia bearing a dark blotch on the upper caudal-fin lobe and hyaline lower lobe</p><p>1 Scales of the anterior portion of predorsal area arranged in a pair, followed by a single median row of scales extending onto dorsal-fin origin........................................................................................ M. lepidura (rio Orinoco basin and Amazonas lowlands, rio Tocantins, Madeira, and Negro basins, lower Tapajós and Trombetas drainages)</p><p>1’ Predorsal scales arranged in a single median row from the tip of supraoccipital spine to dorsal fin...................... 2 2 Humeral spot absent, caudal fin pigmentation consisting of roughly triangular dark spot at the middle caudal-fin rays, distinctly separate from the spot on the upper caudal-fin lobe...................................................................... M. celibela (rio Amazonas lowlands downstream of rio Maraú, rio Tapajós, lower rio Xingú and rio Jari). 2’ Humeral spot present, middle caudal-fin rays hyaline or when dark, continuous with the upper caudal-fin spot............ 3 3 Humeral spot displaced posteriorly, over the fifth to ninth lateral-line scale; upper caudal-fin lobe with scattered dark chromatophores from base to tip, frequently with a round dark spot at its middle portion................................................................................... M. hysterosticta (middle rio Tocantins basin and rio Trombetas). 3’ Humeral spot located over the third to fifth lateral-line scale; base of upper caudal caudal-fin lobe with a clear area, free of dark chromatophores....................................................................................... 4 4 Six longitudinal scale rows above the lateral line.......................... M. inrai (rio Maroni and Approuague basins) 4’ Five longitudinal scale rows above the lateral line........................................................... 5 5 Humeral spot inconspicuous, composed of few chromatophores...................................................................................... M. gracilima (rio Amazonas lowlands, Madeira, Tapajós, and Trombetas basins) 5’ Humeral spot conspicuous.............................................................................. 6 6 Humeral spot round; middle caudal-fin rays hyaline; first half of lateral line frequently easily visible through naked eye, due to conspicuous dark chromatophores concentrated around the lateral-line pores; mature males with two large, dorsally curved bony hooks on the anal fin, and tiny bony spines on distal portions of all fins............................................................ M. mikia (rio Orinoco and widely distributed in the Amazon basin except Tocantins-Araguaia basin) 6’ Humeral spot vertically elongate; middle caudal-fin rays dark; no evident dark chromatophores concentrated around the lateral-line pores; sexual dimorphism absent.................................................................. 7 7 Lateral line with 36–38 perforated scales....... M. loweae (rio Xingu and upper and middle rio Tocantins-Araguaia basin) 7’ Lateral line with 34–35 perforated scales................................................................... 8 8 Humeral spot wide, over three and a half scales or more horizontally, upper and lower edges turned anteriorly........... 9 8’ Humeral spot narrow, over one to two and a half scales horizontally, with upper and lower edges aligned in a straight line ... 10 9 Second humeral spot present, proximal half of anal-fin ray deeply pigmented, branched anal-fin rays 26–29....................................................................... M. megalops (rio Branco, rio Jari and rio Tapajós basin) 9’ Second humeral spot absent, anal-fin equally pigmented, branched anal-fin rays 21–26................................... M. lata (rio Orinoco basin, rio Negro, rio Amazonas between mouth of rio Negro and mouth of rio Tapajós, and lower rio Tapajós basin)</p><p>10 Unbranched dorsal-fin rays dark, branched anal-fin rays 25–29.... M. abyss (widely distributed in Amazon basin lowlands). 10’ Unbranched dorsal-fin rays hyaline, branched anal-fin rays 19–23.............................................. 12 12 Longitudinal thin line extending from the vertical through the middle portion of dorsal-fin origin, falling short of caudal-fin base; upper caudal-fin and middle caudal-fin rays weakly pigmented.......... M. icae (rio Solimões, rio Içá and rio Japurá) 12’ Longitudinal dark line extending from the humeral spot (or slightly posterior to it), becoming wider at vertical through the posterior third of dorsal fin to the caudal peduncle, frequently covered by guanine. Caudal-fin lobe mark variable, frequently presenting a semicircular darker spot on its middle portions, and faintly on middle caudal-fin rays...................................................... M. hasemani (widely distributed in the Amazon basin and drainages of the Guiana Shield).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D687EFFFF9146CFF44F94DD8DBBB9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Marinho, Manoela M. F.;Langeani, Francisco	Marinho, Manoela M. F., Langeani, Francisco (2016): Reconciling more than 150 years of taxonomic confusion: the true identity of Moenkhausia lepidura, with a key to the species of the M. lepidura group (Characiformes: Characidae). Zootaxa 4107 (3): 338-352, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4107.3.3
