identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D6CB486045CC772C724BF6DA2DF79C.text	03D6CB486045CC772C724BF6DA2DF79C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conura Spinola (Delvare 1992	<div><p>Genus Conura Spinola, 1837</p><p>Conura Spinola, 1837:1–2 . Type species by monotypy Conura flavicans Spinola, 1837 .</p><p>See Delvare (1992:192, 193) for a complete list of synonymies.</p><p>Diagnosis. Head with pre- and postorbital carina absent; petiolate metasoma; mesotibia with an apical spur; claws normal, edentate; vertically placed propodeal spiracle; hypopygium and ovipositor sheath not produced apically.</p><p>Host. Coleoptera; Lepidoptera; Diptera; Hymenoptera (Vejar-Cota et al., 2005; Bulgarella et al., 2017; Noyes, 2019).</p><p>Distribution. Mostly Neotropic and Nearctic (&gt; 300 spp.); Afrotropical (~5 spp.); Oriental (3 spp.); Palaearctic (2 spp.) (Noyes, 2019; present report).</p><p>Remarks. Oriental fauna of Conura is represented by the only species C. xanthostigma (Dalman) . Two New World species C. abdominalis (Walker, 1861)) and maculata ( C. nigrifrons (Cameron, 1884) are reported for the first time from Oriental region (Kerala, India). The species were assigned to xanthostigma group and maculata group using the keys to species group of Conura Spinola (Delvare, 1992) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D6CB486045CC772C724BF6DA2DF79C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Binoy, C.;Nasser, M.;Santhosh, S.	Binoy, C., Nasser, M., Santhosh, S. (2022): Taxonomic studies of the genus Conura Spinola (Chalcididae: Chalcidinae) from Oriental region with the first report of two New World species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 8 (2): 245-256, DOI: 10.52547/jibs.8.2.245, URL: https://doi.org/10.52547/jibs.8.2.245
03D6CB486046CC742C824C94DF6BFC0E.text	03D6CB486046CC742C824C94DF6BFC0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conura xanthostigma (Dalman 1820)	<div><p>XANTHOSTIGMA SPECIES GROUP</p><p>Till date, only members of the xanthostigma group of Conura were encountered from the Old World viz., C. xanthostigma (Dalman) [Palaearctic and Oriental], C. libanotica (Schmiedeknecht) [Mediterranean basin only], C. nigrorufa (Walker), C. andersoni (Waterston), C. congolensis (Schmitz) [all from Afrotropical]. Till date only C. xanthostigma (Dalman) is reported from the Oriental region. The collected specimens were compared from literature and original descriptions of both Old and New World species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D6CB486046CC742C824C94DF6BFC0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Binoy, C.;Nasser, M.;Santhosh, S.	Binoy, C., Nasser, M., Santhosh, S. (2022): Taxonomic studies of the genus Conura Spinola (Chalcididae: Chalcidinae) from Oriental region with the first report of two New World species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 8 (2): 245-256, DOI: 10.52547/jibs.8.2.245, URL: https://doi.org/10.52547/jibs.8.2.245
03D6CB486046CC752C824DA5DF1EFBEC.text	03D6CB486046CC752C824DA5DF1EFBEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conura abdominalis (Walker 1862)	<div><p>Conura abdominalis (Walker, 1862) (Figs 1–12)</p><p>Smiera abdominalis Walker, 1862:177 . Lectotype ♂, BMNH [misspelling for Smicra (Cresson, 1872):57].</p><p>Smicra ambigua Cresson, 1872:44 . Lectotype ♂, ANSP Mexico [Synonymy by Kirby (1883):53].</p><p>Spilochalcis abdominalis (Walker, 1862) Schmiedeknecht, 1909:37 [combination by Burks (1977):384].</p><p>Conura (Spilochalcis) abdominalis (Walker, 1862) [combination by Delvare (1992):299].</p><p>Material Examined. 2♀♀, 1♂ – " India: Kerala, Kozhikode district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=75.71854&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.343611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 75.71854/lat 11.343611)">Elathur</a> (11°20'37"N 75°43'6.74"E, 23m), 08.vii.2020, Coll. C. Bijoy " .</p><p>Diagnosis. Metasoma shorter than combined lengths of head and mesosoma; antenna attached distinctly above the ventral level of eye; antennal scape not reaching the anterior ocellus; mesosoma densely punctured; mesoscutum with two yellow stripes along the outer margin of parapside; posterior margin of Gt 6 perpendicular. It can be separated from the other Indian xanthostigma group species C. xanthostigma (Dalman) in having the following set of features: head wider than mesosoma (in C. xanthostigma, head as wide as mesosoma); metasoma testaceous (in C. xanthostigma, metasoma completely black); apical margin of mesoscutellum truncated/straight (in C. xanthostigma, apical margin of mesoscutellum narrowly produced); hind femora testaceous yellow with reddish brown patch on medial disc and apically (in C. xanthostigma, hind femur black with yellow marking); hind femur without an inner basal tooth (in C. xanthostigma, hind femur with an inner basal tooth).</p><p>Redescription. ♀ (Figs 1–8). Length 3.38 mm; fore wing length 3.35 mm.</p><p>Colour. Testaceous with following parts different: head in frontal view brown with clypeus paler; scape pale yellow, pedicel brown, rest of antennomeres brown dorsally, markedly pale yellow ventrally, clava entirely yellow; vertex beyond anterior ocellus brown; pronotum with antero-medial declivity darker; mesoscutum except for parapsidal furrow and sides of parapsides black; axillae black; mesoscutellum with antero-medial inverted triangular area darker; dorsellum laterally brown; propodeum deep brown; mesopleuron and metapleuron dark brown with yellow patches below tegula; inner side of hind coxa reddish-brown; hind femur with medial patch on outer disc and apical patch reddish-brown; hind tibia with basal brown patch.</p><p>Pubescence. Moderately long yellowish-brown setae on head and mesosoma, metasomal terga Gt 1 –Gt 5 bare, rest with short yellowish-brown setae; pubescence on propodeum moderately dense.</p><p>Head. Head in frontal view 1.5× as long as wide; vertex faintly convex in frontal view; frons alutaceous with numerous setigerous pits (Fig. 2), impunctate area below interantennal projection; interantennal projection prominent, forming short carina along scrobal basin; scrobe finely alutaceous; vertex with shallower punctures, interstice alutaceous; POL 1.6× OOL; occipital carina indicated, emarginated (Fig. 3).</p><p>Mesosoma. Pronotal collar angulate antero-laterally, forming sharp angle on lateral corner with anteromedian declivity, faintly punctate, interstices imbricate, posterior margin distinctly emarginate; mesoscutum with imbricate impunctate strip at anterior margin, rest clearly, coarsely punctate with alutaceous interstices; mesoscutellum and axillae with similar sculpturing; apical margin of mesoscutellum truncate, emarginate; dorsellum indicated, foveolate (Fig. 4); mesopleuron shiny, with an anterior longitudinal carina and several small radiating transverse rugae; metapleura distinctly punctate (Fig. 5); propodeum shiny with regular rugate areola (Fig. 6).</p><p>Legs. Hind coxa dorsally smooth, shiny, ventrally setose, 2.1× as wide as long; hind femur 1.7× as long as maximum width, without inner ventro-basal tooth, 16 teeth on ventral margin; tarsal claws normal, edentate (Fig. 8).</p><p>Wings. Fore wing subhyaline; SMV 2.23× MV; PMV 1.4× MV; STV 0.3× MV (Fig. 7).</p><p>Metasoma. Petiole 1.4× as long as wide, with lateral bordering carina (Fig. 9); Gt 1 –Gt 5 smooth, dorsally bare, smooth, Gt 6 perpendicular, smooth, setose; ovipositor sheath not exerted.</p><p>Male. (Figs 9–12). Body size 3.67 mm; fore wing 3.27 mm. Similar to female except, POL 2.8× OOL (Fig. 10); antenna stout with three rows of white multi-porous plate sensilla on surface; hind femur with medial red patch confluent with apical patch (Fig. 12); petiole 2.1× as long as maximum width (Fig. 11).</p><p>Distribution. Oriental: India (Kerala) (new report). Elsewhere: Neotropical (Brazil; Costa Rica; Ecuador; Mexico) (Walker, 1862; Cresson, 1872; De Santis, 1979; Delvare, 1992).</p><p>Host. Unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D6CB486046CC752C824DA5DF1EFBEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Binoy, C.;Nasser, M.;Santhosh, S.	Binoy, C., Nasser, M., Santhosh, S. (2022): Taxonomic studies of the genus Conura Spinola (Chalcididae: Chalcidinae) from Oriental region with the first report of two New World species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 8 (2): 245-256, DOI: 10.52547/jibs.8.2.245, URL: https://doi.org/10.52547/jibs.8.2.245
03D6CB486047CC732C714ABBDCB6F9DC.text	03D6CB486047CC732C714ABBDCB6F9DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conura xanthostigma (Dalman 1820)	<div><p>Conura xanthostigma (Dalman, 1820)</p><p>Chalcis xanthostigma Dalman, 1820:141, Sweden.</p><p>Smiera xanthostigma (Dalman) [combination by Walker (1834):25].</p><p>Spilochalcis xanthostigma (Dalman) [combination by Thomson (1876):16].</p><p>Spilochalcis simlaensis Cameron, 1902:438 . Lectotype ♀, NHMUK, India: Uttar Pradesh.</p><p>Spilochalcis indica Mani, 1935:252 . Holotype ♀, ZSIC, [synonymy by Narendran (1989):204].</p><p>Spilochalcis fletcheri Mani, 1936:340 . [synonymy by Narendran (1989): 204].</p><p>Conura (Spilochalcis) xanthostigma (Dalman) [combination by Delvare (1992):296].</p><p>Conura xanthostigma (Dalman) [earliest use of name by Vidal (2001):53].</p><p>Type material. Lectotype ♀ —“ India: Uttarakhand, Date?, Coll. C.S. Nurse ” [BMNH]. (not examined)</p><p>Diagnosis. Female. Black specimen with lemon yellow marking along inner eye margin, a band on frons, on interantennal projection and clypeus, anterior margins of pronotal collar, mesoscutum with parapsidal furrow and sides of parapsides, mesoscutellum with two lateral no-confluent patches, hind femur with variable yellow and black markings; head as wide as mesosoma, indistinctly pitted; scrobe microsculptured; POL 0.6× OOL; stout interantennal projection; antennae thick, scape not reaching anterior ocellus, shorter than lengths of fu 4 –fu 6 combined; mesosoma (except propodeum) dorsally densely pitted, interstices carinate, no microsculpture; pronotal collar without anterior carina, laterally formed teeth present; mesoscutellum with median longitudinal depression; MV 0.3–0.4× SMV, PMV little longer than MV, STV 0.3× MV; hind coxa with dense setigerous punctures dorsally; hind femur with dense minute setigerous punctures, inner basal tooth present, ventrally with 24–28 minute teeth; metasoma as long as or little shorter than mesosoma, strongly convex; Gt 1 more than 0.5× length of gaster; epipygium not carinate at middle; ovipositor sheath slightly projecting beyond epipygium.</p><p>Male. Similar to female, hind coxa wholly black; hind femur with shorter yellow patch near apex on ventral side; antennae with fairly wider scape.</p><p>Note. No specimens of both sexes were obtained during the present study. So above mentioned diagnosis is based on the description of species (Burks, 1940; Habu, 1960; Delvare, 1992).</p><p>Distribution. India: Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Uttar Pradesh. Elsewhere: Canada; China; Czech Republic; England, Finland; France; Germany; Italy; Netherlands; Russia; Slovakia; Sweden (Noyes, 2019).</p><p>Host. Hymenoptera; Lepidoptera (Noyes, 2019) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D6CB486047CC732C714ABBDCB6F9DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Binoy, C.;Nasser, M.;Santhosh, S.	Binoy, C., Nasser, M., Santhosh, S. (2022): Taxonomic studies of the genus Conura Spinola (Chalcididae: Chalcidinae) from Oriental region with the first report of two New World species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 8 (2): 245-256, DOI: 10.52547/jibs.8.2.245, URL: https://doi.org/10.52547/jibs.8.2.245
03D6CB486041CC732C71489ADCCAF78C.text	03D6CB486041CC732C71489ADCCAF78C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conura maculata (Fabricius 1787)	<div><p>MACULATA SPECIES GROUP</p><p>The maculata species group of Conura can be easily identified by the following set of characters: interantennal projections only slightly convex; malar sulcus visible near the eye; antennal scape exceeding vertex, in male apex enlarged; head and mesosoma with distinct, erect pilosity. The species group is one of the largest in the genus comprising over 100 species (described and undescribed ones, Delvare (1992)) distributed mostly from Chile and Argentina all the way up to USA. The group till date is said to be confined to the New World, and the present report of two male specimens extend its distribution to the Old World. Males of some species of the maculata group (species from India superficially resembling C. maculata and C. nigrifrons) are very nearly identical in morphology and it is virtually impossible to differentiate them. Thus, the species though not specifically named is described here for making easeful future recognition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D6CB486041CC732C71489ADCCAF78C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Binoy, C.;Nasser, M.;Santhosh, S.	Binoy, C., Nasser, M., Santhosh, S. (2022): Taxonomic studies of the genus Conura Spinola (Chalcididae: Chalcidinae) from Oriental region with the first report of two New World species. Journal of Insect Biodiversity and Systematics 8 (2): 245-256, DOI: 10.52547/jibs.8.2.245, URL: https://doi.org/10.52547/jibs.8.2.245
