identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D67546CB71C87DFC1EBB38FE63F9C5.text	03D67546CB71C87DFC1EBB38FE63F9C5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euretidae Zittel 1877	<div><p>EURETIDAE ZITTEL, 1877</p> <p>Revised diagnosis (emended from Reiswig &amp; Wheeler, 2002, for inclusion of Sarostegia; addition highlighted in bold): Body form either of branching and/or anastomosing tubes, or cup-funnel formed of a ring of tubes, or of a single tube, or of a single-wall funnel with or without lateral oscula extended on marginal tubes, or blade form; dictyonal meshes mainly rectangular or triangular or irregular; meshes usually equal-sided but elongate prismatic mesh series with transverse lamellae developed in some species; dictyonal strands, if developed, orientated longitudinally; with or without dictyonal cortices composed of primary or secondary dictyonalia; dermalia and atrialia are commonly pentactins or pinular hexactins with rays of approximately equal length, or both forms lacking; scopules, which might also be represented by sarules, and uncinates are usually present but are lacking in two genera; microscleres occur as oxyhexasters and/or discohexasters.</p> <p>Remarks: Euretidae, being the most species-rich family of Hexactinosida (Reiswig &amp; Wheeler, 2002; Leys et al., 2007), is morphologically highly diverse and taxonomically poorly defined (see above); in lack of potential autapomorphies, its validity remains to be tested with molecular data.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D67546CB71C87DFC1EBB38FE63F9C5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dohrmann, Martin;Göcke, Christian;Janussen, Dorte;Reitner, Joachim;Lüter, Carsten;Wörheide, Gert	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Janussen, Dorte, Reitner, Joachim, Lüter, Carsten, Wörheide, Gert (2011): Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (4): 1003-1025, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x
03D67546CB71C87EFEDBBB05FD0BFDB6.text	03D67546CB71C87EFEDBBB05FD0BFDB6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hexactinellida SCHMIDT 1870	<div><p>HEXACTINELLIDA SCHMIDT, 1870</p> <p>HEXASTEROPHORA SCHULZE, 1886</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D67546CB71C87EFEDBBB05FD0BFDB6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dohrmann, Martin;Göcke, Christian;Janussen, Dorte;Reitner, Joachim;Lüter, Carsten;Wörheide, Gert	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Janussen, Dorte, Reitner, Joachim, Lüter, Carsten, Wörheide, Gert (2011): Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (4): 1003-1025, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x
03D67546CB71C87EFEE7BB89FA86FD08.text	03D67546CB71C87EFEE7BB89FA86FD08.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sceptrulophora Mehl 1992	<div><p>SCEPTRULOPHORA MEHL, 1992</p> <p>Diagnosis: Dictyonal Hexactinellida with sceptrules; if sceptrules lacking (which is rare), dictyonal skeleton usually euretoid or farreoid. Uncinates and oxy- and/or discohexasters usually present.</p> <p>Remarks: Mehl (1992) did not give a formal diagnosis for Sceptrulophora, and this taxon is not recognized in Systema Porifera (Hooper &amp; van Soest, 2002). However, monophyly of the group is strongly supported by morphology (Mehl, 1992; Dohrmann et al., 2008) and by molecular data (Dohrmann et al., 2008, 2009; this study). Sceptrulophora is here formally introduced for the sake of a more natural (i.e. phylogeny-based) classification; for the time being it is best given subordinal rank within Hexactinosida, although the latter taxon is likely to be a paraphyletic assemblage in need of revision (Mehl, 1992; Dohrmann et al., 2008, 2009). Although this might require erection of a second suborder for the remaining hexactinosidans – essentially Dactylocalycidae, which might itself be an artificial group – we refrain from such a move here. Instead, we follow Ebach &amp; Williams (2010) and designate Hexactinosida and Dactylocalycidae as ‘aphyletic’ taxa.</p> <p>Scope: The following families are included in Sceptrulophora: Aphrocallistidae Gray, 1867, Auloplacidae Schrammen, 1912 (=Auloplax Schulze, 1904), Craticulariidae Rauff, 1893 (= Laocoetis Pomel, 1872), Cribrospongiidae Roemer, 1864 (= Stereochlamis Schrammen, 1912), Euretidae Zittel, 1877, Farreidae Gray, 1872, Fieldingiidae Tabachnick &amp; Janussen, 2004 (= Fieldingia Kent, 1870), and Tretodictyidae Schulze 1886. The order Fieldingida, which was solely erected for Fieldingia (Tabachnick &amp; Janussen, 2004) is consequently abolished. Inclusion of Stereochlamis is somewhat provisional because loose spiculation has not been reported yet for this poorly known taxon (Reiswig, 2002c); however, it has a euretoid skeletal organization and therefore fits the diagnosis given above. Tretopleura Ijima, 1927 will also have to be moved to Sceptrulophora because it includes one species with scopules [Tretopleura styloformis (Tabachnick, 1988); loose spicules from the second (type) species are unknown]. Although currently classified in Aulocalycoida: Uncinateridae (Reiswig, 2002d), an affinity of Tretopleura to Euretidae has been suggested previously (see Tabachnick &amp; Reiswig, 2000); this problematic genus (cf. Reiswig, 2002d) is currently under revision (K. R. Tabachnick, pers. comm.).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D67546CB71C87EFEE7BB89FA86FD08	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dohrmann, Martin;Göcke, Christian;Janussen, Dorte;Reitner, Joachim;Lüter, Carsten;Wörheide, Gert	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Janussen, Dorte, Reitner, Joachim, Lüter, Carsten, Wörheide, Gert (2011): Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (4): 1003-1025, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x
03D67546CB72C873FF2ABE15FA1AF9A5.text	03D67546CB72C873FF2ABE15FA1AF9A5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sarostegia oculata TOPSENT 1904	<div><p>SAROSTEGIA OCULATA TOPSENT, 1904</p> <p>Material examined: One specimen (HBOI 25 -V-06- 2-001, SMF 11034) collected 25.v.2006 by Johnson- Sea-Link II east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.4/lat 25.633333)">Miami Terrace</a>, south-west of Bimini, 25°38′N, 79°24′W, on a 10–20° slope, depth 745 m.</p> <p>Additional material examined: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-24.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=14.816667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -24.75/lat 14.816667)">One</a> specimen (ZMA Por.3868) collected 8.vi.1982 at Sao Tiago, Cap Verde, 14°49′N, 24°45′W, depth 600–675 m. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.116665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.116667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.116665/lat 13.116667)">One</a> specimen of Claviscopulia facunda (MCZ 6711n) collected 21.ii.1879 during the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-61.116665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.116667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -61.116665/lat 13.116667)">Agassiz</a> expedition 1878–79, Blake Caribbean Island Exploration (C.I.E.), St. Vincent, st. 232, 13°07′N, 61°07′W, 159 m depth.</p> <p>Description: Body shape tubular, arborescent, more or less branching, attached by a basal plate, branches cylindrical to subcylindrical (Fig. 3). Specimen examined is 53 mm high and diameter of the tubes 3–7 mm, gradually increasing from base to top. Atrial cavity narrow, 2–3 mm diameter, extending throughout most of the body. Surface of the specimen occupied by (?symbiotic) zoanthids as previously reported for this species (see Reiswig, 2002b). One of the tubes contained a large polychaete, which filled out the entire inner cavity (Fig. S1). Parietal oscula 0.6– 2 mm distributed at the sides of branches at intervals of 6–8 mm. Colour in ethanol preserved white to pale brown.</p> <p>Skeleton (Figs 4–5, Table 3): Irregular dictyonal framework of hexactins with triangular and quadrangular meshes. Beams are microtuberculated, mesh sides 119–333 Mm, beam thickness 14–48 Mm. Dermalia are microspined hexactins with short distal ray, tangential rays 250–320 Mm and proximal ray 230– 340 Mm length, probably choanosomal oxyhexactins spiny with unpaired rays measuring 78–150 Mm and tangential rays 58–100 Mm. Microhexactins of similar dimensions are commonly found attached by one ray to the dictyonal framework. Sceptrules are sarules, 308–400 mm long, with 15–30 secondary rays, some of which are fused almost all the way to the top. The axial cross of the sarules lies in the basal part of the head. Uncinates are present in two size ranges: All measurements in Mm.</p> <p>D, diameter; L, length.</p> <p>large ones, length 720–1030 Mm, and smaller ones, length 400–650 Mm. Microscleres are oxyhexasters, 60–90 Mm diameter, primary rays 30–43 Mm long, usually occurring as holoxyhexasters (Fig. 4F), but also occasionally as hemioxyhexasters (Fig. 5E), and discohexasters with hooked spines, variable in size and number of secondary rays, diameter 35–60 Mm, length of primary rays 16–30 Mm, number of secondary rays five to seven.</p> <p>Remarks: The placement of Sarostegia in Farreidae (Reiswig, 2002b) was based on the hypothesis that its sarules are homologous to those of Claviscopulia. However, this interpretation is debatable, as the sarules of the two genera show clear differences. In Sarostegia the sarules tend to have short, scale-like secondary rays often fused almost to the top, leading to a pine-cone like appearance of the sceptrule head (Figs 1, 4, 5). The sarules of Claviscopulia facunda (Schmidt, 1870) tend to have fewer secondary rays (ten to 15), which are clearly differentiated from the sceptrule head giving it a brush-like shape (Fig. 1; see also Mehl, 1992: pl. 6, figs 1, 2). Considering the euretoid nature of the dictyonal framework in Sarostegia, the absence of clavules, and the strong molecular evidence against its placement in Farreidae (see above), we transfer Sarostegia back to Euretidae, in line with Topsent (1928) and Reid (1958; see also Reid, 1963).</p> <p>Sarostegia oculata was previously only known from the Indian Ocean, Cap Verde Is., and south-east Brazil (Reiswig, 2002b; Tabachnick et al., 2009); this is the first report from the north-west Atlantic. The collection depth of the new specimen (745 m) is well within the known range for this species (256–1829 m; Reiswig, 2002b).</p> <p>EVOLUTION OF SCEPTRULOPHORAN SPONGES 1011</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D67546CB72C873FF2ABE15FA1AF9A5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dohrmann, Martin;Göcke, Christian;Janussen, Dorte;Reitner, Joachim;Lüter, Carsten;Wörheide, Gert	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Janussen, Dorte, Reitner, Joachim, Lüter, Carsten, Wörheide, Gert (2011): Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (4): 1003-1025, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x
03D67546CB7CC873FECBBBADFCFCFD7B.text	03D67546CB7CC873FECBBBADFCFCFD7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aspidoscopulia Reiswig 2002	<div><p>ASPIDOSCOPULIA REISWIG, 2002</p> <p>Revised diagnosis (emended from definition in Reiswig, 2002b, for inclusion of the new species described below): Tubular Farreidae with sceptrules as distinctive scopules (aspidoscopules) and/or anchorate clavules. Aspidoscopules have a shield-like or discoid, flattened head; scopule tines emanate from the head in a single marginal whorl. Anchorate clavules are very spiny with a flattened head and few large marginal spines and a prominent whorl of rounded hooks just below the head. Pileate clavules and uncinates may be present.</p> <p>Remarks: The genus Aspidoscopulia was previously only known from the type material of Aspidoscopulia furcillata (Lévi, 1990) collected west of Celebes, Indonesia (Reiswig, 2002b). The collection depths of the new specimens are somewhat shallower (656 and 747 m for QM G332077 and QM G332104, respectively) than that of the type species (798 m; Reiswig, 2002b). Anchorate clavules with a whorl of hooks below the head also occur in several Farrea species (see Lopes, Hajdu &amp; Reiswig, 2011).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D67546CB7CC873FECBBBADFCFCFD7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dohrmann, Martin;Göcke, Christian;Janussen, Dorte;Reitner, Joachim;Lüter, Carsten;Wörheide, Gert	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Janussen, Dorte, Reitner, Joachim, Lüter, Carsten, Wörheide, Gert (2011): Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (4): 1003-1025, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x
03D67546CB7CC873FEF9BCB9FD60FD98.text	03D67546CB7CC873FEF9BCB9FD60FD98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Farreidae Gray 1872	<div><p>FARREIDAE GRAY, 1872</p> <p>Revised diagnosis (emended from Duplessis &amp; Reiswig, 2004, for exclusion of Sarostegia): Sceptrulophora with a farreoid framework construction, typically with sceptrules in the form of clavules. Aspidoscopules, lonchioles, or sarules may also be present.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D67546CB7CC873FEF9BCB9FD60FD98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dohrmann, Martin;Göcke, Christian;Janussen, Dorte;Reitner, Joachim;Lüter, Carsten;Wörheide, Gert	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Janussen, Dorte, Reitner, Joachim, Lüter, Carsten, Wörheide, Gert (2011): Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (4): 1003-1025, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x
03D67546CB7CC872FCA6BBCCFAADFC70.text	03D67546CB7CC872FCA6BBCCFAADFC70.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aspidoscopulia australia DOHRMANN, GOCKE & JANUSSEN 2011	<div><p>ASPIDOSCOPULIA AUSTRALIA DOHRMANN, GÖCKE &amp; JANUSSEN SP. NOV.</p> <p>Material examined: One specimen, the holotype (QM G332077, SMF 11031), collected 10.xii.2009 during the DDU expedition at Osprey Reef, ROV Dive #4, 13°50.74S, 146°32.88E, on a coral reef wall, depth 656 m.</p> <p>Description: Body branching with an anastomosing system of tubes, attached to a basal plate, holotype about 0.50 m tall (Fig. 6, supporting movie M1, available at Open Data LMU http://dx.doi.org/10. 5282/ubm/data.36). The live sponge was covered by numerous orange zoanthids and by several actinians. Walls thin, outer edges of tubes c. 1 mm; diameter of the oscular tubes about 15 to 25 mm, increasing distally, skeletal channels absent. Colour white, both the living sponge and in ethanol preservation.</p> <p>Skeleton (Figs 7, 8, Table 4): Dictyonal framework of smooth hexactins forming rectangular, occasionally triangular meshes, mesh width 281–787 Mm, beam thickness 34–113 Mm, the thinnest outer framework parts consist of only one layer of hexactins. Distal rays of dermal outer layer are thickened and more or less tuberculate, no microhexactins were found attached to the dictyonal framework. Loose spicules include dermal and atrial pentactins, microspined with proximal ray length of 88–263 Mm and tangential ray lengths 113–300 Mm. Sceptrules are anchorate clavules, 313–433 Mm in length, microspiny, with a flattened head showing only little expansion and with six to 11 (mean eight) large, separated marginal spines, length 25–35 Mm. The shaft shows a conspicuous whorl of large rounded hooks, 10–25 Mm long, just below the head, which contains a swelling of the central canal, representing the axial cross. Other sceptrules are pileate clavules, 263–313 Mm in length, with an umbrella-like head, 22–30 Mm diameter, framed by c. 25 fused marginal spines, and aspidoscopules, 213–225 Mm length, with a flattened, platelike head and six to seven tines, 25–35 Mm in length. Shaft of aspidoscopules with or without long projecting spines below the head. Rare uncinates observed, 100–125 Mm in length. Microscleres are oxyhexasters, 50–82 Mm diameter, with primary rays, 30–40 Mm length, four to six secondary rays, and discohexasters, microspined, 57–77 Mm diameter, with long primary rays, 25–37 Mm length, and four to six secondary rays.</p> <p>Remarks: Aspidoscopulia australia sp. nov. differs from the type species of the genus, Asp. furcillata, mainly by the presence of anchorate clavules. Additionally, a small cross at the end of the aspidoscopule shaft, occasionally occurring downward-bending aspidoscopule tines, and microhexactins fused by one ray to the dictyonal framework, as described from Asp. furcillata (Lévi, 1990; Reiswig, 2002b), were not observed in Asp. australia. Furthermore, the hexasters of the latter are more variable in size than those of the type species.</p> <p>Etymology: The species name refers to the first record of the genus Aspidoscopulia from Australia.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D67546CB7CC872FCA6BBCCFAADFC70	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dohrmann, Martin;Göcke, Christian;Janussen, Dorte;Reitner, Joachim;Lüter, Carsten;Wörheide, Gert	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Janussen, Dorte, Reitner, Joachim, Lüter, Carsten, Wörheide, Gert (2011): Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (4): 1003-1025, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x
03D67546CB7DC870FC46BADBFEAEFF0E.text	03D67546CB7DC870FC46BADBFEAEFF0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aspidoscopulia ospreya DOHRMANN, GOCKE & JANUSSEN 2011	<div><p>ASPIDOSCOPULIA OSPREYA DOHRMANN, GÖCKE &amp; JANUSSEN SP. NOV.</p> <p>Material examined: One specimen, the holotype (QM G332104, SMF 11032), collected 14.xii.2009 during the DDU expedition at Osprey Reef, ROV Dive #8, 13°49′S, 146°32′W, depth 747 m.</p> <p>Description: Body branching with an anastomosing system of tubes attached to a basal plate, holotype about 0.70 m tall, walls thin, outer edges of tubes c. 1 mm; diameter of the oscular tubes about 20 to 30 mm, increasing distally, skeletal channels absent (Fig. 9, supporting movie M2, available at Open Data LMU http://dx.doi.org/10.5282/ubm/data.36). Colour white, both the living sponge and in ethanol preservation.</p> <p>Skeleton (Figs 10–11, Table 5): Dictyonal framework of smooth hexactins forming rectangular, occasionally triangular meshes, mesh width 217–652 Mm, beam thickness 54–109 Mm (mean values), the thinnest outer framework parts probably (not observed) consist of only one layer of hexactins. Distal rays of dermal outer layer are thickened and more or less tuberculate, no microhexactins were observed attached to the dictyonal skeleton. Dermalia and atrialia are microspined pentactins with proximal ray length 230–340 Mm, paratangential ray lengths 250– 340 Mm. Only sceptrules observed are microspined anchorate clavules similar to those in Asp. australia, length 275–338 Mm, with four to eight (mean six) large, separated marginal spines, length 15–27 Mm. The shaft shows a whorl of large rounded hooks, 7–20 Mm long, just below the head. Head contains the axial cross represented by a swelling of the axial canal. Rare uncinates observed, 250–950 Mm in length. Microscleres are oxyhexasters, 95–145 Mm in diameter, with primary rays 43–70 Mm length, two to three secondary rays, and discohexasters, microspined, 66–105 Mm in diameter with primary rays, 30–50 Mm length, three to four secondary rays.</p> <p>Remarks: Aspidoscopulia ospreya differs from the type species, Asp. furcillata, by the presence of anchorate clavules and the absence of aspidoscopules. Furthermore, microhexactins fused by one ray to the dictyonal framework, if present at all, are not as abundant as in the type species. A close relationship of Asp. ospreya to Asp. australia is clearly indicated by the very similar appearance of the anchorate clavules in these two species. However, Asp. ospreya differs from Asp. australia by the absence of other sceptrules – pileate clavules or aspidoscopules were not observed in this species, whereas they are common in Asp. australia. The anchorate clavules are generally smaller and show a lower number of marginal spines in Asp. ospreya (mean six) compared to Asp. australia (mean eight); also, both oxy- and discohexasters are generally larger, but with fewer secondary rays, in Asp. ospreya than in Asp. australia.</p> <p>Assignment of QM G332104 and QM G332077 to two distinct species is further justified by significant differences at the molecular level, with uncorrected p-distances of 0.0009, 0.0034, 0.0498, and 0.0687 for 18S, 28S, 16S, and COI sequences, respectively.</p> <p>Etymology: Species name refers to the type locality, Osprey Reef.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D67546CB7DC870FC46BADBFEAEFF0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dohrmann, Martin;Göcke, Christian;Janussen, Dorte;Reitner, Joachim;Lüter, Carsten;Wörheide, Gert	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Janussen, Dorte, Reitner, Joachim, Lüter, Carsten, Wörheide, Gert (2011): Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (4): 1003-1025, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x
03D67546CB7FC870FE88B9C1FEA7FFDC.text	03D67546CB7FC870FE88B9C1FEA7FFDC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psilocalyx IJIMA 1927	<div><p>PSILOCALYX IJIMA, 1927</p> <p>Diagnosis: As given in Reiswig (2002e: 1347 under ‘Definition’).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D67546CB7FC870FE88B9C1FEA7FFDC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dohrmann, Martin;Göcke, Christian;Janussen, Dorte;Reitner, Joachim;Lüter, Carsten;Wörheide, Gert	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Janussen, Dorte, Reitner, Joachim, Lüter, Carsten, Wörheide, Gert (2011): Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (4): 1003-1025, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x
03D67546CB7FC877FED4B85CFB9EFF63.text	03D67546CB7FC877FED4B85CFB9EFF63.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psilocalyx wilsoni Ijima 1927	<div><p>PSILOCALYX WILSONI IJIMA, 1927</p> <p>Material examined: One specimen (QM G331821, SMF 11033) collected 12.xii.2009 during DDU from Osprey Reef, ROV Dive #6, 13°48′S, 146°32′E, depth 508 m.</p> <p>Additional material examined: Psilocalyx wilsoni Ijima 1927, syntype, Zoological Museum of Amsterdam (ZMA Por. 3402).</p> <p>Description: Small thick-walled cup or short tube attached by broad base to hard substrate, superior round osculum (Fig. 12, supporting movie M3, available at Open Data LMU http://dx.doi.org/10.5282/ ubm/data.36). Specimens observed by video were colonized by small actinians. Colour of the living sponge and in ethanol fixation is white. Specimen examined measures about 100 mm high and 50 mm in diameter, wall 10–14 mm thick and permeated by 5–10 mm wide ovoid to irregular apertures, which open into a labyrinthic schizorhysial channel system.</p> <p>Skeleton (Figs 13–14, Table 6): Dictyonal skeleton with regular rectangular and triangular meshes, mesh width of the inner skeleton 170–343 Mm, dictyonal beams are spiny and 21–86 Mm in diameter. The external dictyonal surface layer is thickened into a hard crust, hypersilicified surface is tuberculate with beam length 166–500 Mm and ray thickness 111– 200 Mm. Loose dermal spicules are strongyloscopules, 560–860 Mm total length, with four to six rough tines, 80–120 Mm long, and uncinates, 450–670 Mm length, with very small barbs. Dermal and atrial hexactins or pentactins are absent. Microscleres are lophodiscohexasters, 50–66 Mm total diameter, with primary rays, 10–15 Mm long, and five to ten microspined secondary rays, 15–18 Mm long.</p> <p>All measurements in Mm.</p> <p>D, diameter; L, length.</p> <p>Remarks: Together with a few specimens recently collected off New Zealand (Reiswig &amp; Kelly, 2011), this is one of the first findings of this species since the description of the type material (Ijima, 1927), collected from Arafura and Banda Seas, Indonesia, during the Dutch Siboga expedition (1899–1900). The collection depth (508 m) is well within the range of 424–1045 m reported by Reiswig &amp; Kelly (2011) for their specimens of this species. The heredescribed material confirms the true absence of dermalia and atriala in Psilocalyx (see Reiswig, 2002e). The Australian specimen differs from the holotype by having generally smaller scopules and hexasters as described by Reiswig (2002e). Furthermore, the hexasters of the holotype show longer primary rays relative to the secondary rays and they have generally more secondary rays than the hexasters of our specimen. However, according to spicule composition, skeletal architecture, and body shape, we consider the attribution to P. wilsoni as justified.</p> <p>The thickening of the dermal dictyonal layers of Psilocalyx into a hard surface crust is very similar to the extreme hypersilicification of the dictyonal outer layers found in many Mesozoic hexactinosidan and lychniscosidan genera (e.g. Schrammen, 1912).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D67546CB7FC877FED4B85CFB9EFF63	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dohrmann, Martin;Göcke, Christian;Janussen, Dorte;Reitner, Joachim;Lüter, Carsten;Wörheide, Gert	Dohrmann, Martin, Göcke, Christian, Janussen, Dorte, Reitner, Joachim, Lüter, Carsten, Wörheide, Gert (2011): Systematics and spicule evolution in dictyonal sponges (Hexactinellida: Sceptrulophora) with description of two new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (4): 1003-1025, DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00753.x
