taxonID	type	description	language	source
03D787D4FFB6FFA7B566FC14FEDF8DB2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. Marine Dysteria, size approximately 94 × 45 µm in vivo; body oval to elliptical in outline; with five right kineties, the outermost two of which extend dorso-apically; the innermost right kinety conspicuous shortened; macronucleus about 33 × 15 µm in vivo; two ventral contractile vacuoles.	en	Park, Mi Hyun, Min, Gi Sik (2014): A New Marine Cyrtophorid Ciliate, Dysteria nabia nov. spec. (Ciliophora: Phyllopharyngea: Cyrtophorida: Dysteriidae), from South Korea. Acta Protozoologica 53 (3): 257-268, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.14.023.1998, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/69619859-e98a-3800-a529-6730458fec40/
03D787D4FFB6FFA7B566FC14FEDF8DB2.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality. Marine waters with mussels and seaweeds, Incheon Harbor (37 ° 26 ′ N, 126 ° 35 ′ E), the Yellow Sea, South Korea. Other localities. Coastal waters, Ihoteu Beach (33 ° 30 ′ N, 126 ° 28 ′ E), Jeju-do Island, Korea strait, South Korea. Type specimens. Two hapantotype slides (one with protargol-impregnated specimens, NIBRPR 000 0104270; one with silver nitrate-impregnated specimens, NIBRPR 0000104271) and two paratype slides (NIBRPR 0000104272 – NIBRPR 0000104273) of protargol-impregnated specimens were deposited in the National Institute of Biological Resources, South Korea.	en	Park, Mi Hyun, Min, Gi Sik (2014): A New Marine Cyrtophorid Ciliate, Dysteria nabia nov. spec. (Ciliophora: Phyllopharyngea: Cyrtophorida: Dysteriidae), from South Korea. Acta Protozoologica 53 (3): 257-268, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.14.023.1998, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/69619859-e98a-3800-a529-6730458fec40/
03D787D4FFB6FFA7B566FC14FEDF8DB2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The name originates from the Korean word “ nabi ” (meaning butterfly), indicating that this or- ganism moves like the sitting form of a butterfly folding its wings.	en	Park, Mi Hyun, Min, Gi Sik (2014): A New Marine Cyrtophorid Ciliate, Dysteria nabia nov. spec. (Ciliophora: Phyllopharyngea: Cyrtophorida: Dysteriidae), from South Korea. Acta Protozoologica 53 (3): 257-268, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.14.023.1998, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/69619859-e98a-3800-a529-6730458fec40/
03D787D4FFB6FFA7B566FC14FEDF8DB2.taxon	description	Description. Cell size 74 – 113 × 42 – 49 µm in vivo, on average 94 × 45 µm, body bilaterally flattened. Body outline usually oval to elliptical, ventral and dorsal sides almost parallel. In dividing cells, body form rectangular in outline. Anterior margin blunt, posterior region blunt or round. When observed from ventral view, left plate concave and right plate convex. Right plate slightly wider than left plate (Figs 1 A, B, 2 A – C). Un- der high magnification, one equatorial transverse strip positioned approximately at equatorial region on surface of both plates (Figs 2 C, D, 3 B). Podite large and dagger-shaped, approximately 18 µm in length in vivo, subcaudally located on left ventral side (Figs 1 A – E, 2 A – C). Glandule located near the base of podite, approximately 8 µm in diameter (Fig. 2 E; Table 1). Cilia restricted to ventral and apical grooves between left and right plates, approximately 12 µm long in vivo. Five right kineties even discernible in vivo (Figs 1 C, D, 2 F, 3 A). Cytoplasm colorless to grayish and light-brown, containing several food vacuoles, approximately 3 – 11 µm in diameter, and numerous small granules spread over the body (Figs 1 A, B, 2 A – I). Cytostome in anteri- or 1 / 6 – 1 / 7 of body, located ventrally. Cytopharynx conspicuous in vivo, longitudinally oriented and extending to posterior end of cell, supported by 2 relatively strong nematodesmal rods, tipped with one complex tooth (Figs 1 C, D, 3 D). Two ventral contractile vacuoles, approximately 8 µm in diameter in vivo, one in anterior 1 / 3 – 1 / 4 of body, the other in posterior 1 / 3 – 1 / 4 of body (Figs 1 A – D, 2 H, 3 A, G). Macronucleus elongate and large, approximately 33 × 15 µm in vivo, positioned in body center, characteristically heteromerous, with the posterior part more hyaline than the anterior (Figs 1 A – D, 2 E, G, 3 A). Micronucleus not detected. Locomotion by slowly and wobbly crawling. Infraciliature as shown in Figs 1 C, D, 2 F, 3 A, C – I. Five right kineties, with the innermost row conspicuously shortened. Two outermost right kineties approximately equal in length, extending anteriorly to dorsal margin; the outermost kinety consisting of approximately 188 basal bodies (mookineties), comprising of 2 – 6 (average 4) basal body pairs (monokinety pairs). A single innermost right kinety, with 18 – 28 basal bodies, located in posterior 1 / 3 – 1 / 4 of body (Figs 1 C, D, 2 F). The remaining two right kineties gradually shortened from right to left (Figs 1 C, D, 2 F, 3 A). Five to seven left kineties, densely arranged close to right kineties, and positioned around equator (Figs 1 C, D, 3 A, D). Terminal fragment antero-dorsally located, and forming hook-like shape comprising 6 – 10 basal bodies. Equatorial fragment composed of 10 – 33 basal bodies (Table 1). Two to three basal body pairs antero-dorsally located under two outermost right kineties (Figs 1 C, D, 3 C). Four to six kinetosome-like granules positioned near base of podite (Figs 1 C – E, 3 A, G). Arrangement of kineties in oral field typical of the genus: 2 parallel circumoral kineties slightly curved to left; preoral kinety obliquely positioned in anterior region; usually 3 left frontal kineties, located on right of circumoral kineties. Cirumoral kineties and preoral kinety consisting of dikinetids, and parallel left kineties composed of monokinetids (Figs 1 C – E, 3 E, F, H – I). After protargol impregnation, several straight stripes were detected on surface of plates (Fig. 3 B). Comparison. To date, 19 nominal Dysteria species have been investigated using silver impregnation methods. Among these, 12 species were referred to by Gong and Song (2004). The new species can be distinguished from other Dysteria species by its oval to elliptical body shape, body size, five right kineties with a single shortened innermost row, and macronucleus size. Dysteria nabia closely resembles D. ovalis (Gourret and Roeser, 1886) Kahl, 1931, D. pectinata (Nowlin, 1913) Kahl, 1931, D. procera Kahl, 1931, and D. proraefrons Clark, 1865 in terms of cell size, body shape, cytopharynx length, shortened innermost row of right kineties, and marine habitat. However, D. nabia differs from D. pectinata in several features, namely, its slightly larger body size (74 – 113 × 42 – 49 µm vs. 60 – 100 × 30 – 55 µm) and oval to elliptical body shape, with ventral and dorsal sides almost parallel (vs. body semi-oval in outline, with ventral side straight and dorsal convex). In addition, D. nabia has a groove on the posterior left lateral side from life (vs. no groove), fewer right kineties (5 vs. 7), and a larger number of basal bodies in the equatorial fragment (10 – 33 vs. 3 – 27) (Table 2; Figs 4 B, E – F; Gong et al. 2007). Dysteria procera is similar in body size to D. nabia (80 – 110 × 25 – 40 µm vs. 74 – 113 × 42 – 49 µm), but has fewer right kineties (3 vs. 5) and fewer basal bodies in the equatorial fragment (3 – 15 vs. 10 – 33), and a smaller macronucleus (24 – 36 × 8 – 12 µm vs. 35 – 47 × 16 – 25 µm) (Table 2; Figs 4 G, H; Gong and Song 2003). Dysteria proraefrons can also be distinguished from D. nabia by its slightly smaller body size (60 – 90 × 30 – 50 µm vs. 74 – 113 × 42 – 49 µm), a larger number of right kineties (6 vs. 5), smaller number of basal bodies in the equatorial fragment (2 – 11 vs. 10 – 33), and smaller macronucleus (20 – 45 × 6 – 15 µm vs. 35 – 47 × 16 – 25 µm) (Table 2; Figs 4 I, J; Pan et al. 2011). Dysteria ovalis has 4 right kineties (vs. 5 in D. nabia) and a different pattern of oral kineties (Table 2; Figs 4 B, C; Fauré-Fremiet 1965). Dysteria monostyla (Ehrenberg 1838) Kahl, 1931, D. brasiliensis Faria et al., 1922, D. calkinsi Kahl, 1931, and D. antarctica Gong et al., 2002 have the same number of right kineties as D. nabia. However, unlike D. nabia, these four species do not have a shortened innermost right kinety (Table 2; Figs 1 C, D; Petz et al. 1995; Song and Packroff 1997; Gong et al. 2002, 2007; Song and Willbert 2002). Dysteria armata Huxley, 1957, D. crassipes Claparède and Lachmann, 1859, and D. lanceolata Claparède and Lachmann, 1859 have similar body size with D. nabia. However, D. armata has 6 right kineties (vs. 5) with 4 dorso-apically extended right kineties (vs. 2) (Table 2; Figs 1 C, D; Fauré-Fremiet 1965). D. crassipes has fewer number of right kineties (4 vs. 5), smaller macronucleus (16 – 25 × 8 – 14 µm vs. 35 – 47 × 16 – 25 µm), and numerous ectosymbiotic bacteria on surface of plate (vs. absent) (Table 2; Figs 1 C, D; Gong et al. 2007). D. lanceolata has different body shape (nearly oval or approximately rectangular vs. oval or ellipsoid), larger number of right kineties (6 – 7 vs. 5), and 2 or 3 of dorso-apically extended right kineties (vs. always 2) (Table 2; Figs 1 A – D, 2 A – C; Chen et al. 2011). Dysteria nabia must also be compared with some of 17 earlier described species that have not been described by using modern methods. In the present study, we compared D. nabia with two closely related species that resemble the new species in terms of body size, number of contractile vacuoles, and absence of a dorsal spine. Dysteria meridionalis Dragesco, 1965 and D. astyla (Maskell, 1877) are very similar to D. nabia. Dysteria meridionalis closely resembles D. nabia in terms of length in vivo (96 μm vs. 74 – 113 µm) and the presence of two contractile vacuoles; however, it has 12 (vs. 5) right kineties (Table 3; Figs 4 B, L; Dragesco 1966). Dysteria astyla is similar to D. nabia in terms of shape (oval vs. oval to elliptical) and the presence of two ventral contractile vacuoles; however, it has a smaller body (70 × 17.5 µm vs. 74 – 113 × 42 – 49 µm) and occurs in a different habitat (freshwater vs. marine). Dysteria astyla has no podite, whereas D. nabia has a conspicuous podite, approximately 18 μm long in vivo (Table 3; Figs 4 A, B, M; Kahl 1931). We further compared D. nabia with three other earlier described species, namely, Dysteria angustata (Claparède and Lachmann, 1858), D. reesi Kahl, 1931, and D. sulcata (Claparede and Lachmann, 1858). The body size and infraciliature for D. angustata are not available, however, this species can be distinguished from D. nabia by its narrow, neck-like anterior margin whereas the ventral and dorsal sides of the anterior margin in D. nabia are parallel (Table 3; Figs 4 A, B, K; Kahl 1931). Dysteria sulcata differs from D. nabia in its larger body size (150 µm vs. 74 – 113 × 42 – 49 µm) and presence of 4 ribs on the right plate (vs. no ribs) (Table 3; Fig. 4 O; Kahl 1931). Dysteria reesi differs from D. nabia in its smaller body size (59 – 68 µm vs. 74 – 113 × 42 – 49 µm), conspicuous pigment spot in the left anterior end (vs. no spot), and location of the podite (posterior 1 / 4 of body vs. subcaudally) (Table 3; Figs 2 A – C, 4 A, B, N; Kahl 1931). Molecular investigation and analysis. The SSU rDNA sequences of two populations of D. nabia are identical, with a length of 1,700 bp. The sequence was deposited in GenBank under accession numbers KF 725634 and KF 725635. The sequence similarity between D. nabia and other Dysteria species ranged from 91.5 % (D. crassipes) to 98.4 % (D. pectinata). Despite the low inter-specific similarity, with 91.5 %, it is slightly higher than other inter-specific similarity among four Vorticella spp., periphytic ciliates in the Peritrichs, ranging from 90.2 to 98.8 %, identified by Gong et al. (2013). In the phylogenetic analysis, the family Dysteriidae was divided into two groups; however, the monophyly of this family was well supported, with high support values in the BI and ML analyses. Dysteria nabia formed a group with D. procera (96.4 % in similarity) and D. pectinata (98.4 %), while the remaining Dysteria species clustered as a second group (Fig. 5). Results of our molecular analysis based on sequence divergence and the phylogenetic tree supports the designation of D. nabia nov. spec. as a distinct and novel ciliate belonging to the genus Dysteria. Acknowledgments. This work was supported by the grants of Inha University and the program on Management of Marine Organisms causing Ecological Disturbance and Harmful Effects funded by KIMST / MOF.	en	Park, Mi Hyun, Min, Gi Sik (2014): A New Marine Cyrtophorid Ciliate, Dysteria nabia nov. spec. (Ciliophora: Phyllopharyngea: Cyrtophorida: Dysteriidae), from South Korea. Acta Protozoologica 53 (3): 257-268, DOI: 10.4467/16890027AP.14.023.1998, URL: https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/69619859-e98a-3800-a529-6730458fec40/
