identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D7D409FFA6FFD4FF67FE0701B8FC74.text	03D7D409FFA6FFD4FF67FE0701B8FC74.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parnassius intermedius	<div><p>Parnassius intermedius f. fortuna Bang-Haas, 1912 [ P. phoebus fortuna Bang-Haas, 1912] = P. phoebus badmaevi Martynenko &amp; Gluschenko, 2001, syn. nova.</p><p>Considering that Darkhat Valley is populated by vaschenkoi, the conducted research allows us to firmly limit the locality of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.083332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.1/lat 50.083332)">Arasagun-gol</a> to the territory between Khuvsgul and Northern Khangai, which is logical, considering that one of the few ancient roads to the west of Mongolia from Ulaanbaatar passes through here. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.083332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.1/lat 50.083332)">Noting</a> the almost complete similarity of some females collected in the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.083332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.1/lat 50.083332)">Olkhon</a> locality with the types, and the known proximity of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.083332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.1/lat 50.083332)">Arasagun-gol</a> to <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.083332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.1/lat 50.083332)">Khuvsgul lake</a> from old publications, we believe that <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.083332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.1/lat 50.083332)">Arasagun-gol</a> is a locality located somewhere between <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.083332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.1/lat 50.083332)">Muren Somon</a> [Village] (located on the main road) and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.083332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.1/lat 50.083332)">Khatgal Village</a> at the southern end of the lake, to which a branch of the main road goes (approximately 50° 5' N and 100° 6' E) .</p><p>South of the fortuna range lies the huge Khangai ridge, on the southern macroslope of which (Tuin-gol river valley) the first author collected in 2002 a series of P. phoebus . The specimens from this locality appeared in the literature as supposedly new (Weiss 2005: 260), but unfortunately have not yet been described. We correct this oversight below. Worth to note that two more taxa were described from Tuin-Gol: P. apollo churkini Möhn, 2003 and P. nomion chingizkhan Churkin, 2003 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D7D409FFA6FFD4FF67FE0701B8FC74	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Churkin, Sergei V.;Yakovlev, Roman V.	Churkin, Sergei V., Yakovlev, Roman V. (2025): Taxonomic notes on Parnassius phoebus (Fabricius, 1793) (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) with the descriptions of two new subspecies. Ecologica Montenegrina 83: 152-165, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.83.16, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.83.16
03D7D409FFA6FFD7FF67FC41069EFA98.text	03D7D409FFA6FFD7FF67FC41069EFA98.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parnassius phoebus subsp. khangai Churkin & Yakovlev 2025	<div><p>3. Parnassius phoebus khangai ssp. nova .</p><p>Fig. 2: 1−4 (upperside); 13−14 (underside).</p><p>Holotype: male, Mongolia, Bayanhongor aimak, Khangai Mts., Tuin-gol R., Erdeneztogt somon, 2300– 2500 m, 21− 23.07.2009, Ts. Odbayar leg.</p><p>The holotype is deposited in the collection of SDM, inventory number: main collection ОФ 20925 - 005.</p><p>Paratypes: 49 males, 21 females, same data; 10 males, 4 females, Mongolia, Bayanhongor aimak, Khangai Mts., 45 km N Bayan-Knohgor, Tuin-gol R., 2200–2500 m, 21− 25.07.2002, S. Churkin &amp; V. Pletnev leg. ; 1 male, 1 female, same loc., 2000 m, 18.07.2003, S. Churkin leg.; 5 males, 2 females, Mongolia, Bayanhongor aimak, Khangai Mts., Tuin-gol R. (upper stream), 2600–3000 m, 26. 07. 2002, S. Churkin &amp; V. Pletnev leg. ; 9 males, 1 female, Mongolia, Bayanhongor aimak, Khangai Mts., Tuin-gol R., 23 km W Erdeneztogt somon, 2500 m, 24.07.2009, Ts. Odbayar leg. ; 6 males, 3 females, Mongolia, Archangai aimak, NW Khangai Mts., 80 km WNW Tzetzerleg, Chuluut r., 2000 m, 28.06.2000 ; 11 males, 6 females, Mongolia, Zavkhan aimak, W. Khangai, Arshantyn r., 2700−3000 m, 23− 28.06.2004, S. Churkin leg.</p><p>Description</p><p>Holotype FW length – 32 mm, male paratypes 26−34 mm, female paratypes – 27−35 mm.</p><p>Antennae, palpi and body colouration seem to have no taxonomically valuable characters.</p><p>Male.</p><p>The wings are clear white above with noticeable darkened veins.</p><p>FW: translucent marginal band dense and blackish. The fringes are blackish with barely noticeable lightening between the veins. The submarginal row consists of well-dense narrow, sometimes arched, non-contrasting spots, M2−M3 spot is slightly shifted towards the base. The whitish submarginal spots between marginal band and submarginal row are narrow, the upper 3−4 spots are often isolated from each other, the costal spot is shifted towards the base. There is no obvious widening of the spots in the lower part of this row (if these spots are expressed). Black spots in the cell and at its end are contrasting and of normal size. In the postdiscal row, two costal spots are developed, the upper one sometimes reddish.</p><p>HW with dense basal-anal black suffusion and two red spots. The size of these spots is small, 1.5−2.0 mm in diameter, sometimes 2.5 mm in diameter, usually without white dots inside.</p><p>Underside: size of the spots is slightly smaller than on the upper surface. Red spots are sometimes lightened inside. A spot with a red patch is developed in the postdiscal zone Cu2−2A.</p><p>Four reddish basal spots are developed on the HW.</p><p>Variability is usual for the species: rarely a border with poorly distinguishable lightening between the veins, sometimes the submarginal band is partially reduced, sometimes thickened. The size of the red spots is slightly variable.</p><p>Some specimens with developed submarginal row of blackish spots on the HW upperside.</p><p>Female.</p><p>General pattern as in male, but all spots are enlarged, upperside discal surface often with diffuse, dark suffusion. The marginal band is wider than in males and extends to the anal angle. The submarginal dark row is also enlarged and stretched to the end of the wing – forming, together with the marginal band, a number of narrow light internal spots. Costal submarginal spots are enlarged, reddish with a somewhat diffuse rings around. An additional black spot is developed in the submarginal zone from the anal edge of the FW. The postdiscal zone is darkened, sometimes in the form of additional blackish spots.</p><p>HW: the red spots are larger, sometimes with barely noticeable white strokes inside. The submarginal dark pattern is always developed and non-contrasting. Two small anal-cubital blackish spots.</p><p>On the underside, basal red spots are fully developed, 1−2 additional postdiscal spots with red centers.</p><p>Variability. There is no form with a completely blackened postdiscal area, some specimens have a diffuse gray-black suffusion, like butterflies from the Mongolian Altai Mts. ( ssp. tsenguun).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Males are similar to sedakovii males, smaller than fortuna, red spots on the HW are smaller, the submarginal band on the FW is blurred, arcuate spots are rare and non-contrasting if developed, the upper light submarginal spot is sharply shifted towards the base, the lower submarginal spots are barely widened, if developed.</p><p>Females are different from females of all close subspecies – the main form without dense complete darkening of the entire postdiscal area on the FW and the main part of the HW. This darkening leaves a loose diffuse spot and a number of vague submarginal spots. Let us remind that pictured here female of badmaevi belongs to the light form, which, according to the original description, constitutes no more than 5% in this form (Fig 2: 10). In the type series of the new subspecies, no forms similar to the typical fortuna were found at all, and the light form in this population are smoky females resembling tsenguun or alpestris . In addition, females of the new subspecies are distinguished by a clearly smaller size of red spots, which are no larger than those of sedakovii.</p><p>The subspecies of the sedakovii group are poorly differentiated, but none of them can be completely reduced to the neighboring one without losing part of the biological meaning contained in each of the taxa.</p><p>Etymology. Toponimic name.</p><p>Bionomics. Mountain slopes, usually with rock outcrops, of varying steepness. At low altitudes in the valley of the river Tuin-gol flies together with P. nomion Fischer von Waldheim, 1823, the food plant for both species – Orostachys sp. ( Crassulaceae). Hybridization has been noted, and it is this, in our opinion, that leads to the appearance of males with an additional submarginal row of blackish spots on the HW in a variety of Khangai populations, but especially in Tuin-Gol (Churkin 2004). The populations from the flattened ridge of the mountain range (altitudes up to 3000 m) are statistically smaller and darker, but no significant differences are observed.</p><p>We have at our disposal several not fresh males from the northern macroslope (40 km south of Tsetserleg), similar to fortuna.</p><p>1 – Parnassius phoebus phoebus, male, Russia, Altai, Seminsky Mts., Shebalino vic., 16.06.1992, S. Dialektov leg.</p><p>2 – P. p. phoebus, male, same loc., 1000 m, 12.06.1979, V. Kipnis leg.</p><p>3 – P. p. phoebus, female, same data as 1.</p><p>4 – P. p. phoebus, female, same data as 2.</p><p>5 – P. p. vaschenkoi, male, paratype, Russia, Tuva, East Tanuoa Mts. (southern sl.), Samagaltai vic., 1− 3.06.2001, S. Vaschenko leg.</p><p>6 – P. p. vaschenkoi, female, paratype, same data as 5.</p><p>7 – P. p. vaschenkoi, female (rare form), paratype, same data as 5.</p><p>8 – P. p. vaschenkoi, female, Mongolia, Darkhat valley (western from Khuvsgul), Dood-Nur L., 9.07.1966, V. Soljanikov leg.</p><p>9 – Parnassius phoebus sedakovii, male, Russia, Buryatia, East Sayan, Mondy vic., Khulugaisha Mt., 2100 m, 15− 23.06.2002, S. Obukhov leg.</p><p>10 – P. p. sedakovii, male, same loc., 2400 m, 24− 25.06.2002, S. Obukhov leg.</p><p>11 – P. p. sedakovii, female, same data as 1.</p><p>12 – P. p. sedakovii, female, same data as 2.</p><p>13 – P. p. fortuna, male, Mongolia, S from Khuvsgul L., Olkhon loc., 50°06ʹN;100°03ʹE, 1700 m, 2−4.07, 2006, Ts. Odbayar leg.</p><p>14 – P. p. fortuna, male, same data as 5.</p><p>15 – P. p. fortuna, female, same data as 5.</p><p>16 – P. p. fortuna, female, same data as 5.</p><p>Distribution. Khangai Range. From the north and east the distribution area borders on the area of fortuna. The characters of females show that until recently, there has been possible the exchange of genes with populations of tsenguun inhabiting the southeastern ridges of the Mongolian Altai system. The latter fact is reliably confirmed by the presence on the southern macroslope of many taxa from the south of Mongolia, while the fauna of the northern macroslope is as close as possible to the fauna of East Sayan and Dauria.</p><p>We have at our disposal a small series collected by V. Soljanikov in the southwest of the Khangai ridge (6 males, 3 females, W. Khangai Mts., Khukhu Nuur L., 20− 22.07.1966). The females are much lighter in color; there are specimens very reminiscent of vaschenkoi with bright spots and almost no dusting (Fig. 2: 11). The status of this population need further study .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D7D409FFA6FFD7FF67FC41069EFA98	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Churkin, Sergei V.;Yakovlev, Roman V.	Churkin, Sergei V., Yakovlev, Roman V. (2025): Taxonomic notes on Parnassius phoebus (Fabricius, 1793) (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae) with the descriptions of two new subspecies. Ecologica Montenegrina 83: 152-165, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.83.16, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.83.16
03D7D409FFA5FFDDFF67FAFD0452F840.text	03D7D409FFA5FFDDFF67FAFD0452F840.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parnassius phoebus subsp. kolesnichenkoi Churkin & Yakovlev 2025	<div><p>4. Parnassius phoebus kolesnichenkoi ssp. nova .</p><p>Fig. 2: 6−8, 12 (upperside); 15−16 (underside).</p><p>Holotype: male, Russia, Irkutsk reg., 475 км NW Irkutsk, Nizhneudinsk distr., Uda R., Bolshoi Uk loc., 9− 16.06.2011.</p><p>The holotype is deposited in the collection of SDM with the number: main collection ОФ 20925- 004.</p><p>Paratypes: 5 males, 9 females, same data; 5 males, 1 females, same loc., Mara st., 7− 14.06.2006, S. Vaschenko leg. ; 2 males, 4 females, same data, 10− 26.06.2006, S. Vaschenko leg.; 3 males, same loc., Kurjaty st., 6.06.2006, S. Vaschenko leg. ; 3 males, 8 females, same loc., 8− 12.06.2011, A. Kryukov leg.</p><p>Description</p><p>Holotype FW length – 33 mm, male and female paratypes 30−35 mm (32−34 mm, as usually). Antennae, palpi and body colouration seem to have no taxonomically valuable characters.</p><p>Male.</p><p>The upperside is milky white, the veins are often not outlined at all.</p><p>FW: The translucent dark marginal band is narrow, loose, usually barely reaching Cu1, if it is darker and thicker, lightening between the veins are noticeable. The fringes are white with sharp bleaching between the veins. The submarginal row of spots is usually either absent or very short; in a third of specimens it reaches Cu 1 in the form of diffuse blackish spots. Black spots in the cell and at its end are contrasting and of normal size. In the postdiscal row, two costal spots are developed, usually small, reduced (the lower one – up to complete disappearance); the upper spot may have a red patch.</p><p>HW with a diffuse basal-anal black suffusion and two small red spots; white dots are usually absent or barely visible.</p><p>The underside has the same pattern, the size of the spots is slightly smaller than on the upper surface. Red spots are sometimes lightened inside. The postdiscal Cu2−2A small triangular spot with a red patch is developed. The basal spots at the base of the wing are partially reduced – the lower two spots are often barely noticeable or completely absent (Fig 2: 15−16).</p><p>Variability moderately weak. Sometimes the submarginal row is more developed, sometimes some of the spots in it have an arcuate shape, without acquiring a dense black color. HW red spots may have white pupils inside.</p><p>Occasionally, the lower basal spots on the underside are more developed.</p><p>Female.</p><p>All spots are enlarged, the marginal border is wider than in males and extends to the anal angle. All black spots are somewhat blurred, with diffuse boundaries. The submarginal dark band is widened and stretched to the anal end of the wing; inside there is a number of small, often disappearing light spots. Costal submarginal spots are expanded with red patches, as a rule, the third additional spot between them is undeveloped or very small. Almost the entire cell and the space up to the costal spots are light and whitish, as is the small zone around the postdiscal anal spot. The rest of the space is darkened – from a diffuse gray suffusion to a very dense black, in the latter case the butterfly looks very contrasting.</p><p>On the HW, the red spots are larger than in males, sometimes with barely noticeable white patches inside. The submarginal dark pattern on the HW is always developed and non-contrasting. In the postdiscal zone there are 1−2 additional spots. In light forms, almost the entire wing is whitish; in contrasting forms, only the zone from the base and cell to the red spots is whitened.</p><p>The underside have well-developed basal spots; the red patch are always developed in the postdiscal spots on both wings.</p><p>Variability clearly higher than among the males, but at the same time the females of this taxon are very recognizable. FW postdiscal spots sometimes with red patches; some of the whitish submarginal spots on the FW may be completely absent. In a third of females, a dark streak is visible between the HW red spots, sometimes it looks very contrasting (f. conjucta).</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>A deeply isolated subspecies, both geographically and in characteristics. In terms of the degree of reduction of the black pattern, it resembles the subspecies from Yakutia and Magadan. It differs from the group of subspecies phoebus-vaschenkoi in the absence of developed white pupils in red spots in males (and, with minor exceptions, in females) – light-colored representatives of both latter subspecies always have large white pupils and a sharp reduction in the submarginal band. From subspecies of the fortuna group it differs also by the contrasting fringes (white with black inserts), diffuse and reduced submarginal pattern, lightened or contrasting females.</p><p>Some males closely resemble ssp. interpositus Herz, 1903 from Yakutia, the closest of the northern subspecies (however, the straight line distance to the nearest Yakutian populations is at least 2200 km, the new subspecies is easily distinguished by the absence of white pupils in red spots, interpositus females are almost entirely whitish on the upperside.</p><p>In general, the males of kolesnichenkoi relates with interpositus, while new females relates with sedakovii group.</p><p>Ecologica Montenegrina, 83, 2025, 152-165</p><p>1 – Parnassius phoebus khangai ssp. nova, holotype, male, Mongolia, Bayanhongor aimak, Khangai Mts., Tuin-gol R., Erdeneztogt somon, 2300−2500 m, 21− 23.07.2009, Ts. Odbayar leg.</p><p>2 – P. p. khangai ssp. nova, paratype, male, Mongolia, Bayanhongor aimak, Khangai Mts., 45 km N BayanKnohgor, Tuin-gol R., 2200−2500 m, 21−25. 07. 2002, S. Churkin leg.</p><p>3 – P. p. khangai ssp. nova, paratype, female, same data as 1.</p><p>4 – P. p. khangai ssp. nova, paratype, female, same data as 2.</p><p>5 – Parnassius phoebus kolesnichenkoi ssp. nova, holotype, male, Russia, Irkutsk reg., 475 km NW Irkutsk, Nizhneudinsk distr., Uda R., Bolshoi Uk loc., 9− 16.06.2011 .</p><p>6 – P. p. kolesnichenkoi ssp. nova, paratype, male, same loc., 10− 26.06.2006, S. Vaschenko leg.</p><p>7 – P. p. kolesnichenkoi ssp. nova, paratype, female, same data as 7.</p><p>8 – P. p. kolesnichenkoi ssp. nova, paratype, female, same data as 6.</p><p>9 – P. p. fortuna (paratype of badmaevi), male, Russia, Khamar-Daban Mts. (southern sl.), Tsakirka r., 1600−2200 m, 20− 29.06.2000, Yu. Glushchenko leg.</p><p>10 – P. p. fortuna (paratype of badmaevi), female, same data as 9.</p><p>11 – P. p. khangai?, female, Mongolia, W. Khangai Mts., Khukhu Nuur L., 20− 22.07.1966 , V. Soljanikov leg. 12 – P. p. kolesnichenkoi ssp. nova, paratype, female, Russia, Irkutsk reg., 475 км NW Irkutsk, Nizhneudinsk distr., Uda R., Bolshoi Uk loc., 9− 16.06.2011 .</p><p>13 – P. p. khangai ssp. nova, holotype, male, same data as 1 (underside of 1).</p><p>14 – P. p. khangai ssp. nova, paratype, male, same data as 2 (underside of 2).</p><p>15 – P. p. kolesnichenkoi ssp. nova, holotype, male, same data as 5 (underside of 5).</p><p>16 – P. p. kolesnichenkoi ssp. nova, paratype, male, same data as 6 (underside of 6).</p><p>Etymology. The new taxon is named after Kirill Anatolievich Kolesnichenko (Moscow State University), the professional entomologist and best specialist of palaearctic Melitaea Fabricius, 1907 .</p><p>Bionomics. Cliffs, rocky outcrops. Food plant – Orostachys sp. (probably, O. spinosa (L.) C.A. Meyer, Crassulaceae). Lives together with P. apollo and P. nomion . It is possible that there is one female in the series – a hybrid with apollo .</p><p>Distribution. Known only from the type locality.</p><p>Discussion</p><p>As noted, P. phoebus in Southern Siberia and Mongolia is represented by several subspecies complexes (Fig. 3).</p><p>Despite the similarity of the sedakovii complex taxa, we consider the idea of combining all three subspecies to be incorrect. Most specimens of each subspecies are easily identified, and – most importantly – by removing subspecies, we will lose the ability to describe both the processes occurring within the species and to conduct further research into the zoogeography and history of Siberia (due to the lack of an accepted system of names and associated complexes of traits/genes).</p><p>Let us note a very important fact from Khangai, where phoebus lives from 2000 m to 3000 m, without forming any special forms, the same phenomenon is known for Mondy village (Southern Buryatia), where butterflies become statistically slightly smaller and darker with increasing altitude. Even more serious work using mathematical methods was done by A. Martynenko and Yu. Glushchenko, who collected butterflies on the Dzhida River over several dozen kilometers with a large difference in altitude, and also did not discover any special high-mountain forms (Gluschenko &amp; Martynenko 2000; Martynenko &amp; Glushchenko 2001). The butterflies become somewhat smaller and generally darker, but there is no change in subspecies characteristics.</p><p>This information brings us back to the taxa alpestris and phoebus, flying in Altai and representing two fundamentally different subspecies, the ranges of which currently intersect near Aktash village (Russia, Altai Republic, Ulagan Distr.).</p><p>For a long time, the range of alpestris was considered too small, and it was therefore considered a "form" – a term that raises questions when used in taxonomy (Kaabak et al. 1997). It was later shown that the main range of alpestris and its related subspecies is the entire eastern macroslope of the huge Mongolian Altai, in comparison with which the range of phoebus seems small (Churkin 2003). The limitation of systematic constructions within the framework of state borders was the basis of the mistake made.</p><p>It is obvious that these two subspecies were formed during the glaciation in two different places: the foothills northern from Altai ( phoebus) and the foothills of Mongolian Altai (eastern macroslope of the latter, alpestris). Then, after the disappearance of the isolation barriers, the colonization of the open high-mountain territories began, which alpestris succeeded in doing – the reason for this must be its formation in harsher conditions, adapted for survival at altitude.</p><p>For the same reason, the fauna that formed in the harsh conditions of the Alai Valley populated the Eastern Pamir, spread into the Tien Shan and to the Darvaz Montains – in contrast to the northern Alai fauna, which survived the ice ages in more comfortable conditions along the edge of the Fergana Valley, whose ability to settle as the glaciers retreated was clearly weaker (Churkin 2009).</p><p>The glaciers retreated and advanced again, which formed a very complex biogeographic structure of the Mongolian Altai (Kamelin 2005; Yakovlev 2012). As a result, alpestris populated the highest mountain areas of the Altai system – and apparently, at some point, got to the Saur ridge in Eastern Kazakhstan and Northwestern China (where its own subspecies was formed: P. phoebus sauricus Lukhtanov, 1999) (Lukhtanov 1999; Rubin &amp; Yakovlev 2013, Huang 2023), the last assumption requires confirmation.</p><p>In addition, we suppose that ssp. phoebus (relates with Sedum – or Orostachys) and ssp. alpestris (relates with Rhodiola) quickly accumulated the differences during the glaciations because their host plants adopted for very different altitudes/conditions.</p><p>It is very likely that one more element needs to be added to the specified scheme for the formation of the subspecies structure – ssp. vaschenkoi, formed somewhere along the southern edge of the Tannu-Ola Ranges and the western part of the Khangai Mts. This could explain why the Khuhu Nuur material is so similar to vaschenkoi and so different from ssp. khangai . If this hypothesis is correct, then grouping phoebus and vaschenkoi together is incorrect.</p><p>Thus, we are now observing the hybridization and interpenetration of populations that differed very sharply in the past and were formed under different conditions within isolated areas.</p><p>The position of ssp. kolesnichenkoi in this system it appears to unite the northern representatives of the species with the group sedakovii. However, the situation may be significantly more complex due to the taxon's unusual biology and its current complete isolation.</p><p>The unusual reduction of some of the red spots on the underside of HW in males is also observed in many populations of male apollo in Siberia, but it has not been found in other populations of phoebus . The only working hypothesis to explain this unusual fact is horizontal gene transfer between apollo and phoebus, which in this case live together on the same food plant.</p><p>Despite its relative completeness, the subspecific structure of the species in Southern Siberia cannot be considered complete.</p><p>Acknowledgments</p><p>We are grateful to Kirill Kolesnichenko (Moscow) and Tserenpil Odbayar (Ulan-Bator) for their assistance with the materials and information during our work. The study of Roman Yakovlev was funded by the state assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (project FZMW-2023-0006 “Endemic, local and invasive arthropods (Arthropoda) of the mountains of South Siberia and Central Asia: a unique gene pool of a biodiversity hotspot”.</p><p>References</p><p>Bang-Haas, A. (1912) Neue oder wenig bekannte paläarktische Macrolepidopteren. IV. 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Ecologica Montenegrina 83: 152-165, DOI: 10.37828/em.2025.83.16, URL: https://doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.83.16
