taxonID	type	description	language	source
03D75A0EA773FF8EFCF1EA0BFA2C410D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. — The following synapomorphy and combination of characters diagnose Paracheilinus from all other labrid genera. Shape of pelvic girdle: Paracheilinus possesses a distinct pelvic girdle characterized by anterior narrowing of the central processes with the external ventral wings curling medially along the mid-line. This curling forms a shallow canal that extends along the anterior half to two-thirds the length of the pelvic girdle (described and illustrated in Tea et al., 2021). We consider this character a synapomorphy diagnosing Paracheilinus. In addition to the aforementioned character, the following combination of additional characters distinguishes Paracheilinus from all other labrid genera: dorsal-fin rays IX (rarely VIII or X), 11; anal-fin rays III, 9 (rarely 8 or 10); pectoral-fin rays 14 (rarely 13 or 15); principal caudal-fin rays 13, the median 11 branched; lateral line interrupted, pored scales in the dorso-anterior series 11 – 17, pored scales in the midlateral posterior peduncular series 3 – 10; median predorsal scales 5 (rarely 4 or 6); rows of scales on cheek 2; total gill rakers 11 – 18; branchiostegal rays 5; vertebrate 9 þ 16; scleral cornea of orbit over pupil bisected into two foci; lips small, without plicate folds, barely visible when mouth closed; three pairs of recurved canines anteriorly on upper jaw, third pair largest; single pair of canines anteriorly on lower jaw; sides of jaw with single row of small, closely set conical teeth; no canines at corner of mouth; palate without teeth; ventral margin and corner of preopercle thin and membranous, posterior bony edge smooth (sometimes very weakly serrated); snout, chin, and interorbital space naked; pelvic fin short, longest ray not reaching anal-fin origin; dorsal scleral surface of orbit and orbital rim of juveniles and initial phase (IP) specimens with white “ eyebrow ” markings.	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA773FF8EFCF1EA0BFA2C410D.taxon	description	Description. — Dorsal-fin rays IX (rarely VIII or X), 11, segmented rays variably branched (see below); anal-fin rays III, 9 (rarely 8 or 10), segmented rays variably branched (see below); pectoral-fin rays 14 (rarely 13 or 15), upper two unbranched; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; principal caudal-fin rays 7 þ 6, uppermost and lowermost unbranched; upper procurrent caudal-fin rays 4 – 5; lower procurrent caudal-fin rays 4 – 6; lateral line interrupted, with dorso-anterior series of pored scales 11 – 17 and midlateral posterior peduncular series 3 – 10; first pored scale on posterior peduncular series often pitted; last pored scale on posterior peduncular series enlarged and overlapping hypural crease; scales above lateral line to origin of dorsal fin 2; scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin 6; median predorsal scales 5 (rarely 4 or 6); circumpeduncular scales 14 – 16; total gill rakers 11 – 18; branchiostegal rays 5; vertebrae 9 þ 16. Mouth small, oblique, maxilla not reaching vertical at anterior edge of orbit; dentition typical of genus (see diagnosis); lips small, without plicate folds, barely visible when mouth closed; gill rakers short, longest about a third length of longest filament on first gill arch; posterior nostril an oval opening about 2 – 3 times larger than cephalic sensory pores, about level with fleshy upper edge of orbit and slightly anterior to vertical at anterior bony rim of orbit; anterior nostril smaller, with a short fleshy rim anterior and slightly ventral to posterior nostril. Head scaled except for anterior occipital region, interorbital space, snout, and chin; a row of elongate scales on dorsal- and anal-fin bases; basal half of caudal fin with large scales; axillary scale of pelvic fin slightly shorter than pelvic spine; midventral scaly process of pelvic fins slightly longer than pelvic spine; free ventral margin of preopercle extending forward to vertical at center of orbit, vertical posterior margin to level of lower edge of pupil; exposed bony edge of preopercle smooth without serrations (sometimes very weakly serrated on ventral bony edge). Origin of dorsal fin above third lateral-line scale; dorsal-fin spines progressively longer; posterior soft-portion of dorsal fin with or without filaments, branching pattern variable (see below); origin of anal fin below base of first dorsal-fin soft ray; pelvic fins short, longest ray barely reaching anal-fin origin; caudal fin varying from truncate, rounded, emarginate (with or without lobes bearing filamentous extensions), or lanceolate (in one species). Variable branching of dorsal- and anal-fin rays. — Paracheilinus is one of several labrid genera to possess filamentous dorsal-fin rays. The term “ filament ” is loosely defined, but generally refers to any filamentous prolongation of spinous or radial elements in the fins. In most filament-bearing labrid genera, those borne on the dorsal fin occur only in the unsegmented, spinous portion of the fin. These are, however, usually fibrous extensions of the cirri or flexible extensions of membranous tissue distal to the spinous element. Paracheilinus is unusual in having dorsal-fin filaments only in the segmented rays in the posterior portion of the fin. In Paracheilinus, the filaments are always prolongations of the radial elements and not fibrous or membranous extensions. Filaments can consist of a single segmented ray, or multiple adjacent rays bounded by membranous tissue. In the former condition, it is not uncommon for several species to develop more than one filament, but the filaments are usually separated from each other by deep incisions of the interradial membrane. The filaments in some species can be very long (up to 1.8 in SL in P. nursalim) and make for exceptionally spectacular displays when fully raised. Within the genus, the following western Indian Ocean species form a monophyletic sister group to all remaining species of Paracheilinus. They are P. attenuatus, P. octotaenia, P. hemitaeniatus, and P. piscilineatus. This relationship is supported based on molecular sequence data (Allen et al., 2016). Except for P. attenuatus, which is unusual in possessing a single hair-like “ naked ” ray with no surrounding membranous tissue, the remaining species lack filaments entirely. No other cirrhilabrin genera possess segmented dorsal-fin filaments. The character therefore appears to be a derived condition unique to Paracheilinus, but not a synapomorphy diagnosing it. Given that there are several other non-filament bearing species nested within the genus, we consider the presence of segmented dorsal-fin filaments homoplasious within Paracheilinus. The only other labrids to somewhat approach this morphological condition are those in the hypsigenyin genera Bodianus, Clepticus, and Semicossyphus, where large males may develop pronounced or slightly filamentous segmented dorsal-fin rays, though never as dramatically as in Paracheilinus. The degree of segmented dorsal-fin ray branching is further unusual in Paracheilinus and is highly variable within and between species. For species that possess filaments, the filamentous rays are usually unbranched, but those situated more posteriorly (in species bearing more than one filament) may exhibit weak primary or, rarely, secondary and tertiary branching. The last segmented dorsal-fin ray is always split to base regardless. If branching occurs in the filamentous rays, it is usually near the base, with the branched portions rarely extending the full length of the filament. This condition does not appear to be ontogenetic, as juveniles and IP males can also display variable branching of segmented dorsal-fin rays. For species that lack filaments, segmented rays exhibit branching patterns typical of other labrids. In Paracheilinus, however, it is not uncommon for some of the anterior segmented rays to be completely unbranched, the number and positioning of which is variable. For example, in the holotype of the non-filament bearing P. togeansis, only the first segmented ray is unbranched, followed by branching of all proceeding rays (Kuiter and Allen, 1999). Underwater images of three separate individuals of P. togeansis published in Allen et al. (2016) demonstrate unbranching of the anteriormost three, four, and five segmented rays, respectively (Allen et al., 2016: figs. 49 – 50). An unpublished photograph (examined by the authors of this study) of P. togeansis photographed by Ned DeLoach shows yet a specimen with branching of all segmented dorsal-fin rays. More uncommonly, unbranched rays may occur in between branched rays (Allen et al., 2016: fig. 52). Rarely, filaments may develop on the anal fin, though the presence and number of anal-fin filaments are aberrant and are never diagnostic for any of the known species (Fig. 2). These conditions become increasingly prevalent in hybrids (see fig. 5 B in Allen et al., 2016). While none of these conditions in isolation are unique among teleost fishes, the degree of variation displayed in ray branching pattern within a single genus is unusual. No other labrid genus displays such variability in the positioning, number, and extent of branched dorsal- and anal-fin rays in any given species. Given the labile nature of these characters, however, we do not at this time consider this a synapomorphy diagnosing the genus, though we acknowledge its potential usefulness in separating certain species from other labrid genera.	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA773FF8EFCF1EA0BFA2C410D.taxon	etymology	Etymology. — Combination of the Greek para meaning near or proximal to, and the labrid genus Cheilinus, in reference to its superficial resemblance to the genera Cheilinus and Pseudocheilinus (Roux-Estève, 1956); to the former in having the second anal-fin spine shorter than the third, and to the latter in having recurved outward pointing canines. Paracheilinus is, however, most closely related to Cirrhilabrus. Genus is masculine. Species of Paracheilinus are commonly known as flasher wrasses after their spectacular courtship displays.	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA773FF8EFCF1EA0BFA2C410D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat and biology. — Small to medium (usually under 70 mm SL) brightly colored labrids frequently found swimming above rubble pans with Halimeda or Padina growth, in groups consisting anywhere between tens to hundreds of individuals with females greatly outnumbering males. Occurs between 5 – 70 m, but with most species inhabiting 15 – 40 m (Allen et al., 2016). Diet primarily zooplankton which they pick off the water column. Males of all species are known for flashing bright iridescent colors during acts of aggression or nuptial display. This display is often accompanied by rapid swimming and the erection of all median fins. When not displaying, the colors are muted (though still very striking) and the fins are folded against the body.	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA771FF85FCB2ED5AFF0A40C0.taxon	description	Amanda’s Flasher Wrasse Figures 3, 4, 5 A 1 – A 2, 6, 7; Tables 1 – 2	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA771FF85FCB2ED5AFF0A40C0.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype. — QM I. 39758, 47.6 mm SL, Harrier Reef, Great Barrier Reef, 15808 0 S, 145841 0 E, 20 m, T. Bennett, 27 October 2013. Paratypes. — AMS I. 50116 - 001, 44.4 mm SL, Flora Reef, Coral Sea, 16846 0 S, 147846 0 E, 42 m, hand nets, T. Bennett, 2 February 2022 (GenBank accession number OQ 605966); WAM P. 33973.001, 2, 37.3 – 43.7 mm SL, Harrier Reef, Great Barrier Reef, 15808 0 S, 145841 0 E, 35 – 36 m, hand nets, T. Bennett, 1 September 2013; ZRC 64175, 2, 32.3 – 47.6 mm SL, 40 – 50 m, hand nets, G. Gaylan, J. M. Nugas, and J. Genoso, off Hula, southern Papua New Guinea, Coral Sea, 28 March 2023.	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA771FF85FCB2ED5AFF0A40C0.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. — Dorsal-fin rays IX, 11; anal-fin rays III, 9; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 14 – 17 þ 5 – 7 ¼ 19 – 24; gill rakers 5 – 6 þ 11 – 12 ¼ 16 – 18; body depth 3.2 – 3.8 in SL; head length (HL) 3.1 – 3.3 in SL; snout length 4.0 in HL; orbit diameter 3.0 – 3.6 in HL; interorbital width 3.0 – 3.4 in HL; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.3 in HL; caudal peduncle length 1.7 – 2.3 in HL; TP males with one elongate, red filamentous dorsal-fin ray, longest dorsal-fin soft ray 2.1 – 5.5 in SL; pelvic fin length 2.0 – 2.8 in HL; caudal fin of TP males round without filamentous lobes; body with stripe pattern B; basal third of anal fin bright yellow, remaining distal two-thirds orange red, demarcation of both colors with incomplete row of blue spots (usually completely absent).	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA771FF85FCB2ED5AFF0A40C0.taxon	description	Description. — Dorsal-fin rays IX, 11; anal-fin rays III, 9; last dorsal- and anal-fin rays split to base; pectoral-fin rays 14, upper two unbranched; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; principal caudal-fin rays 7 þ 6, uppermost and lowermost unbranched (lowermost principal caudal-fin ray aberrantly branched in AMS I. 50116 - 001; Fig. 4); upper procurrent caudal-fin rays 5; lower procurrent caudal-fin rays 5 (4 – 5); lateral line interrupted, with dorsoanterior series of pored scales 17 (14 – 17) and midlateral posterior peduncular series 6 (5 – 7); first pored scale on posterior peduncular series often pitted; last pored scale on posterior peduncular series enlarged and overlapping hypural crease; scales above lateral line to origin of dorsal fin 2; scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin 6; median predorsal scales 5; median preventral scales 5 (3 – 6); transverse scale rows on cheek 2; circumpeduncular scales 16 (14 – 16); gill rakers 6 (5 – 6) þ 11 (11 – 12) ¼ 17 (16 – 18); vertebrae 9 þ 16 (Fig. 4). Body depth 3.2 (3.2 – 3.8) in SL; body width 2.1 (1.9 – 2.3) in body depth; head length 3.1 (2.8 – 3.3) in SL; snout length 4.0 (4.0 – 4.4) in HL; orbit diameter 3.6 (3.0 – 4.5) in HL; interorbital width 3.4 (3.0 – 4.5) in HL; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.3 (2.3 – 2.9) in HL; caudal-peduncle length 1.8 (1.7 – 2.3) in HL. Mouth small, oblique, maxilla not reaching vertical at front edge of orbit, upper jaw 4.0 (3.9 – 6.4) in HL; three pairs of curved canine teeth anteriorly in upper jaw, progressively more laterally projecting, third (posteriormost) pair largest; single pair of canine teeth anteriorly in lower jaw, very strongly curved laterally; side of jaws with single row of small close-set conical teeth; no canine tooth at corner of mouth; no teeth on palate; fleshy flap on side of lower lip; gill rakers short, longest about one-third length of longest gill filaments on first gill arch; posterior nostril an oval opening about 2 – 3 times larger than cephalic sensory pores, about level with fleshy upper edge of orbit and slightly anterior to vertical at anterior bony rim of orbit; anterior nostril smaller, with a short fleshy rim anterior and slightly ventral to posterior nostril; internarial space about 1.0 in orbit diameter. Head scaled except for interorbital space, snout, and chin; a row of pointed scales on base of dorsal and anal fins; basal half of caudal fin with large scales; axillary scale of pelvic fin slightly longer than pelvic spine; midventral scaly process of pelvic fins slightly shorter than pelvic spine. Free ventral margin of preopercle extending to vertical at center of orbit, vertical posterior margin to level of lower edge of orbit; exposed bony edge of preopercle smooth without serrations. Origin of dorsal fin above third lateral-line scale, predorsal length 3.2 (2.8 – 3.2) in SL; dorsal-fin spines progressively longer, first 9.6 (9.2 – 14.6) in HL, and ninth 2.1 (2.0 – 2.7) in HL; one to three elongate filamentous segmented rays on posterior dorsal fin in males, bound together by membrane, first longest, 2.1 (1.8 – 5.7) in SL; origin of anal fin below base of last dorsal-fin spine, preanal length 1.9 (1.7 – 1.9) in SL; first anal-fin spine 5.1 (4.5 – 9.6) in HL; second anal-fin spine 3.8 (3.6 – 5.0) in HL; third anal-fin spine 3.0 (3.0 – 4.3) in HL; longest anal-fin soft ray 4.2 (3.7 – 8.1) in SL; caudal fin rounded, 3.6 (3.6 – 4.6) in SL; pectoral-fin length 1.6 (1.5 – 1.7) in HL; pelvic-fin length 2.0 (2.0 – 2.8) in HL. Coloration of males in life. — Based on color photographs of specimens when freshly dead, and live individuals photographed in aquaria (Figs. 3, 5 A 1 – A 2, 7): head and body orange to orange brown with body stripes following pattern B; stripes purplish blue to bright neon blue in life; iris bright orange with bright yellow ring around pupil; spinous portion of dorsal fin yellow; posterior soft dorsal fin hyaline overlain with bright metallic blue, sometimes breaking into indistinct spot-bands medially and on distal edge; first two to three interradial membrane spaces (including the filament) bright red; basal third of anal fin bright yellow, remainder distal portion of fin bright orange red, interphase of both colors usually without blue spots, or if present, usually incomplete and towards posterior portion of fin; distalmost edge of anal fin bright blue; caudal fin hyaline with a pair of concentric blue bands following contour of fin, first on basal third, second on outermost edge; pelvic fins reddish hyaline, bright blue on distalmost edge; pectoral fins hyaline. Coloration of females in life. — Females typical of species in this species complex. Head and body orange to orange brown with body stripes following pattern B; stripes purplish blue to neon blue in life. Median fins yellow hyaline with indistinct blue markings. Color in preservation. — Uniformly pale tan, except body stripe pattern now dark tan. All fins translucent hyaline. Segmented fin rays on median fins in the largest specimen (47.6 mm SL holotype) purple. Habitat and distribution. — Paracheilinus amanda is known from Harrier Reef in the northern Great Barrier Reefs, as well as Flora, Holmes, and Osprey Reefs in the Coral Sea. It is also known from specimens collected off Taurama and Hula in southern Papua New Guinea, along the north-western margin of the Coral Sea. The identity and collection locality of the specimen of P. rubricaudalis used in the molecular phylogeny of Allen et al. (2016) is erroneous. The specimen is P. amanda, collected from Harrier Reef, not Ribbon Reef, alongside the WAM paratypes (WAM P. 33973.001). The species frequents habitat typical of the genus, consisting of low-lying rubble pans between 20 to 50 m. It is replaced by the closely related P. carpenteri in Japan, Philippines, Brunei, eastern Sulawesi, and Palau, P. flavianalis in Indonesia (Bali eastwards in the Lesser Sunda Islands and the Moluccas), Timor Leste, West Papua, and north-western Australia, P. mccoskeri in the Indian Ocean, and P. rubricaudalis in wider Melanesia (northern Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Fiji, and Vanuatu).	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA771FF85FCB2ED5AFF0A40C0.taxon	etymology	Etymology. — The species is named in honor of Amanda Hay, ichthyology collections manager at the Australian Museum, Sydney. With over 25 years of experience in ichthyological collections and research, she has not only contributed significantly towards the study of Australasian fishes, but also supported and assisted the research endeavors of many ichthyologists of all career stages working at the Australian Museum. The name amanda is treated as a noun in apposition. Comparisons and phylogenetic interpretation. — Paracheilinus amanda most closely resembles P. carpenteri, P. flavianalis, P. mccoskeri, and P. rubricaudalis (Fig. 5). The five species form a complex of largely allopatric species united in sharing stripe pattern B, hereafter referred to as the P. mccoskeri complex. Except for P. carpenteri and P. flavianalis, members of the P. mccoskeri complex typically possess a single dorsal-fin filament through prolongation of the anteriormost 1 – 3 segmented rays. Since all five species possess overlapping morphometric and meristic characters, separation of species is most reliable through comparison of live coloration of TP males, which typically involves a combination of coloration details of the dorsal filament (s), posterior dorsal fin, and anal fin. As with many species of Paracheilinus, intraspecific variation is typically very high, although some trends are evident within each species. This variation is further exacerbated by the proclivity for hybridization displayed in several species. As such, it is possible to encounter individuals that depart from the following character summaries. In P. amanda (Figs. 3, 5 A 1 – A 2, 7), the anal fin is sharply bicolored, with the basal third yellow and the distal region bright orange red. The interphase of both colors on the anal fin is incompletely lined with bright blue spots (spots usually absent entirely). The dorsal fin is always with a single red filament, and the posterior portion of the dorsal fin is extensively decorated in metallic blue. The segmented rays of the median fins are deep purplish red in life, turning purple in alcohol. In P. carpenteri (Fig. 5 B), the anal fin is usually sharply bicolored (as with P. amanda) and usually, but not always, with a complete series of blue spots along the colored interphase. The dorsal fin is ornamented with 2 – 6 (usually 3 – 4) filaments that vary in color from yellow to red. The bases of the caudal fin and posterior dorsal fin are often blackened (the latter with an elongate black blotch). In addition to displaying the typical assortment of stripes in pattern B, there is always an additional short stripe behind the pectoral fin. Large males can sometimes have the body stripes broken and somewhat reticulate. In the highly variable P. flavianalis (Figs. 5 C, 7, 8, 9), the anal fin is never sharply bicolored, and is almost always uniformly yellow or orangey yellow (very rarely it may be washed with red near the distal edge, but this demarcation is always suffused; Fig. 8 B). There is usually, but not always, a complete series of blue spots (cf individuals in Figs. 5 C, 7, 8 B, D) on the anal fin. The dorsal fin is ornamented with 1 – 4 (usually one) red filament (s). The segmented rays of the median fins turn purple in alcohol. In P. mccoskeri (Fig. 5 D), the anal fin is usually, but not always, sharply bicolored (as with P. amanda and P. carpenteri), with the basal third yellow and the distal region bright orange red. Occasionally, individuals may have entirely yellow or red anal fins (the latter phenotype is more common in the western Indian Ocean). The interphase of both colors on the anal fin is usually, but not always, completely lined with bright blue spots. The dorsal fin is always with a single yellow filament, and the posterior dorsal fin is richly decorated in metallic blue on the distal edge. In P. rubricaudalis (Figs. 5 E, 7), the interradial membranes of the anal fin are a rich orange yellow that contrast strongly with the bright purplish red segmented rays, giving the appearance of deep serrations on the fin. The anal fin is almost always without blue spots. The dorsal fin is always with a single yellow or red filament, and the posterior dorsal fin is bright red without metallic blue markings. The caudal fin is bright red and with the usual concentric bands attenuated or completely absent. Among members of the P. mccoskeri complex, P. rubricaudalis, P. amanda, and P. flavianalis share the unusual property of having the segmented rays on their median fins turning purple in alcohol (Fig. 7). In contrast, the rays of P. mccoskeri and P. carpenteri are either translucent, or in large individuals, weakly blue green, in preservation. The unusual quality of purple fin rays and other osseous elements was briefly reviewed by Tea et al. (2022 a) for species of Cirrhilabrus, but the condition has not been extensively reviewed for Paracheilinus and other labrid taxa. Several other species of Paracheilinus develop purpling of radial elements in alcohol (see Allen et al., 2016), including P. filamentosus (see below). Character summaries for all species of the P. mccoskeri complex are presented in Table 2. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial COI recover the P. mccoskeri complex as monophyletic, suggesting that pattern B is synapomorphic for this complex and apomorphic within Paracheilinus (Fig. 6 A). Paracheilinus amanda, P. flavianalis, and P. rubricaudalis form a monophyletic lineage within the P. mccoskeri complex, with the three sharing successive sister relationships to P. carpenteri and P. mccoskeri (Fig. 6 A). This relationship is supported by a single morphological character (i. e., purpling of radial elements) and is mostly congruent to those described in Allen et al. (2016), except that in their study, P. rubricaudalis was not included in the analyses; the P. rubricaudalis in Allen et al. (2016) is P. amanda (GenBank accession number KT 253628). While the haplotype diversity for each species corresponds well with species-specific coloration pattern and geographical distribution (Fig. 6 B), phylogenetic resolution based on mitochondrial COI was unsatisfactory for the lineage comprising P. amanda, P. rubricaudalis, and P. flavianalis. Paracheilinus amanda and P. rubricaudalis were recovered as monophyletic sister lineages, but the relationship of P. flavianalis could not be resolved due to low sequence variability in mitochondrial COI. This scenario is not uncommon for groups of coral reef fishes where sexual selection favors female mate choice and male coloration, leading to incongruent signals in morphological and molecular data, or those that have speciated only very recently (Victor and Randall, 2014; Hench et al., 2019). Pairwise comparison of mitochondrial COI reveals a genetic distance of 1 – 1.2 % (uncorrected p - distance) between P. amanda and P. rubricaudalis, and between P. amanda and P. flavianalis. Genetic distances between P. rubricaudalis and P. flavianalis were less than 1 %, suggesting that separation of both species occurred only very recently. All three species are allopatric (Fig. 6 C). Notwithstanding the lack of phylogenetic resolution, P. amanda is at the very least distinct from all congeneric species on the basis of morphology and molecular sequence data.	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA771FF85FCB2ED5AFF0A40C0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. — The paratypes of the new species consist mostly of non-TP males, which may account for the larger variation in dorsal-fin filament lengths when compared with other members of its species complex (17.6 – 54.4 % SL vs. 27.8 – 50.3 % SL in our examined specimens of P. flavianalis; and 45.8 – 64.1 % SL in our examined specimens of P. rubricaudalis). Live photographs of TP males and morphometric data from the two TP males in the type series (Figs. 3, 5 A 1, 5 A 2, 7), however, show proportionately longer dorsal-fin filaments in P. amanda compared to lengths typically displayed by related species. The width of the dorsal-fin filament appears to be broadest in P. amanda, consisting of three segmented rays (vs. one to two) at the base of the filament in all specimens examined in the type series. More comparative material is needed to determine if this character is restricted to this species. The AMS paratype of P. amanda (AMS I. 50116 - 001) has the lowermost principal caudal-fin ray deeply bifurcate and branched close to the base (Fig. 4). An X-ray of the specimen suggests that this branching is aberrant and likely a result of improper healing of an injury. The ray immediately above appears to have been injured in the same position.	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA77AFF87FCDDE9E9FD7441D6.taxon	vernacular_names	Filamentous Flasher Wrasse	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA77AFF87FCDDE9E9FD7441D6.taxon	description	Figures 10, 11 A – E	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA77AFF87FCDDE9E9FD7441D6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. — Dorsal-fin rays IX, 11 (holotype VIII, 11); anal-fin rays III, 9; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 14 – 17 þ 5 – 10 ¼ 19 – 27; gill rakers 5 – 6 þ 7 – 10 ¼ 12 – 16; body depth 3.0 – 3.5 in SL; head length 2.9 – 3.5 in SL; snout length 3.7 – 4.8 in HL; orbit diameter 3.1 – 4.9 in HL; interorbital width 3.4 – 4.6 in HL; least depth of caudal peduncle 1.9 – 2.5 in HL; caudal peduncle length 1.6 – 2.8 in HL; TP males with 4 – 7 elongate filamentous dorsal-fin rays, longest dorsal-fin soft ray 1.7 – 2.0 in SL; pelvic fin length 1.9 – 2.1 in HL; caudal fin of TP males with pronounced filamentous lobes; caudal-fin length 3.7 – 5.0 in SL; caudal concavity 2.3 – 6.4 in SL; body with stripe pattern A; dorsal fin reddish orange at rest, richly yellow when in display; ground color of body red to maroon in life; central portion of caudal fin with triangular hyaline region, upper and lower lobes red with metallic blue margins dorsally and ventrally (in life); spines and rays of median fins purple in preservation.	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA77AFF87FCDDE9E9FD7441D6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. — Allen (1979) described P. filamentosus on the basis of 23 specimens collected from Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. He noted the holotype as having VIII, 11 dorsal-fin rays (versus the usual IX, 11) for the genus. An additional seven specimens from Saparua, Moluccas, Indonesia, were designated as paratypes (USNM 209923) in an addendum published at the end of the original description. Subsequent work published by other authors expanded the known distribution of P. filamentosus to include Brunei, various localities across Indonesia, Palau, and the Philippines. In the most recent revision of the genus, Allen et al. (2016) restricted P. filamentosus to Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands and recognized those from central Indonesia (from Java east to Komodo and Sulawesi) as P. paineorum, and those from southeastern South China Sea (the Anambas Islands and Brunei) as P. xanthocirritus. The distinction of P. filamentosus from P. paineorum and P. xanthocirritus is supported by differences in TP male coloration pattern and mitochondrial COI sequence data (Allen et al., 2016). Based on the collection locality of the USNM 209923 paratypes, the identity of the specimens should be P. paineorum, and not P. filamentosus. In addition to Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands, Allen et al. (2016) reported on the occurrence of P. filamentosus in the far northern Great Barrier Reef of Australia. The record appears to be spurious, as no photographs or examined material from Australia were included in their study. The Australian distribution record was also omitted from the distribution map (fig. 18 in Allen et al., 2016). An extensive search of Australian museum fish collections conducted by the first author of the present study yielded only a single, previously unexamined specimen of P. filamentosus from Australia. The specimen was collected from Lizard Island, in the northern Great Barrier Reef. The Lizard Island specimen (Fig. 10; AMS I. 40666 - 022) agrees well with P. filamentosus in meristic data, morphometrics, dorsal- and caudal-fin morphology, and aspects of live and preserved coloration details (Fig. 11). The Lizard Island specimen was compared with 12 paratypes and four non-type specimens housed at the Australian Museum (see list of examined material below). Unfortunately, the holotype (AMS I. 16994 - 001) and four paratypes (AMS I. 16995 - 001) of P. filamentosus could not be located. An ongoing effort to locate the missing types is currently being conducted by the authors. One record of P. filamentosus from the Gulf of Carpentaria is listed on the Atlas of Living Australia, based on observations taken on the 2005 FRV Southern Surveyor expedition. The specimen that the observation was based off could not be located, and was likely unretained (J. Pogonoski, pers. comm.). Unpublished data indicated that the specimen weighed 19.5 g, which appears unlikely for a Paracheilinus. We do not consider this record as verifiable. At this time, P. filamentosus is known from Australia based solely on the Lizard Island specimen. Given the specific habitat of Paracheilinus, it is likely that this species occurs more widely across the northern Great Barrier Reef and the Coral Sea but has evaded detection due to observation and sampling bias. Indeed, the Lizard Island specimen was collected in Halimeda fields growing in coral rubble on outer reef slopes, a habitat not frequented by divers and fish collectors.	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA77AFF87FCDDE9E9FD7441D6.taxon	etymology	Etymology. — Named after the long filamentous segmented dorsal-fin rays. Although this character is not diagnostic of the species, it was at the time of its description. The only other species of Paracheilinus known at the time was P. octotaenia, a species lacking filaments completely.	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA778FF87FF08EC73FB3342B9.taxon	description	Figures 5 C, 8 A – D, 9	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA778FF87FF08EC73FB3342B9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. — Dorsal-fin rays IX, 11; anal-fin rays III, 9; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 14 – 17 þ 5 – 10 ¼ 19 – 27; gill rakers 4 – 6 þ 7 – 10 ¼ 11 – 16; body depth 3.1 – 3.5 in SL; head length 2.7 – 3.2 in SL; snout length 3.8 – 5.1 in HL; orbit diameter 3.0 – 4.6 in HL; interorbital width 3.7 – 4.9 in HL; least depth of caudal peduncle 1.9 – 3.0 in HL; caudal peduncle length 1.6 – 2.5 in HL; TP males with 1 – 4 (usually one) elongate, red filamentous dorsal-fin rays, longest dorsal-fin soft ray 1.8 – 3.6 in SL; pelvic fin length 1.9 – 2.9 in HL; caudal fin of TP males round without filamentous lobes; caudal-fin length 3.8 – 4.4 in SL; body with stripe pattern B; anal fin uniformly yellow or orangey yellow, basal third usually lined with a horizontal row of blue spots (sometimes incomplete or completely absent).	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA778FF87FF08EC73FB3342B9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. — Paracheilinus flavianalis is most similar to P. amanda, P. carpenteri, P. mccoskeri, and P. rubricaudalis (see comparisons in description of P. amanda above). The members of this species complex are mostly allopatric, with P. flavianalis overlapping only very narrowly with P. mccoskeri in Bali and P. carpenteri in Sulawesi (Fig. 6 C). It usually possesses a single red dorsal-fin filament, but individuals may possess anywhere between one to four filaments (Fig. 8). Paracheilinus flavianalis is known from southern and eastern Indonesia, from Bali eastwards across the Lesser Sunda Islands, southern Sulawesi, the Moluccas, and West Papua. It also occurs in Timor Leste. In Australia, it occurs in Evans and Flinders Shoals, Timor Sea, off northeast Darwin, Northern Territory, and Ashmore, Scott, Seringapatam, and Hibernia Reefs in the north-western shelf of Western Australia (Fig. 9).	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA778FF87FF08EC73FB3342B9.taxon	etymology	Etymology. — The species is named flavianalis in reference to the characteristic yellow anal fin.	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA778FF99FCDDEEE6FE4544EF.taxon	description	Figures 12 A – F	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA778FF99FCDDEEE6FE4544EF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. — Dorsal-fin rays IX, 11; anal-fin rays III, 9; pectoral-fin rays 14; pelvic-fin rays I, 5; pored lateral-line scales 11 – 16 þ 3 – 10 ¼ 14 – 26; gill rakers 4 – 6 þ 8 – 9 ¼ 12 – 15; body depth 2.9 – 3.6 in SL; head length 2.8 – 3.3 in SL; snout length 3.8 – 4.9 in HL; orbit diameter 3.0 – 4.2 in HL; interorbital width 3.9 – 5.3 in HL; least depth of caudal peduncle 2.0 – 2.5 in HL; caudal peduncle length 1.5 – 2.3 in HL; TP males with 3 – 6 (rarely 3) elongate, yellow filamentous dorsal-fin rays (bright white when in display), longest dorsal-fin soft ray 1.8 – 2.3 in SL; pelvic fin length 1.6 – 2.0 in HL; caudal fin of TP males with very pronounced filamentous lobes, with filaments sometimes greater than SL; caudal-fin length 1.6 – 2.4 in SL; caudal concavity 0.8 – 1.5 in SL; body with stripe pattern A’; body with two black rectangular epaulettes, one below spinous portion of dorsal fin, one along lower caudal peduncle (dusky in preservation); ground color of body yellow orange in life; central portion of caudal fin with intricate blue markings.	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA778FF99FCDDEEE6FE4544EF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. — This beautiful species was previously known only from the western Bird’s Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, from Raja Ampat and Triton Bay (Fig. 12 D – F). It has also been photographed in Ambon, approximately 500 km west of the Bird’s Head Peninsula (Allen et al., 2016). The Ambon record was based only on a single photograph, and so it wasn’t clear if a viable population existed outside of the Bird’s Head Peninsula. The discovery of P. nursalim in the Timor Sea in northeastern Australia extends the known distribution of this species approximately 1,000 km south of Ambon, and approximately 1,200 km south of the Bird’s Head Peninsula. It is likely that the species occurs throughout this region but has escaped detection until recently. Australian records of P. nursalim are based on specimens from Flinders Shoal, Timor Sea (Fig. 12 A – C). Comparison of live photographs and a single retained specimen (Fig. 12 C; NTM S. 18257 - 001) agrees well with topotypical examples of P. nursalim on the basis of meristic data, morphometrics, dorsal- and caudal-fin morphology, and aspects of live and preserved coloration details. Comparisons were made with two paratypes of P. nursalim (Fig. 12 F; AMS I. 44190 - 001). Some of the Australian specimens appear to have the dorso-anterior black epaulette below the spinous portion of the dorsal fin reduced or absent completely, which is otherwise typical of this species (Fig. 12 A – B). However, this pattern appears to vary even in specimens from Triton Bay (Fig. 12 E). In all other aspects, they are inseparable from topotypical examples of P. nursalim. We attribute these differences in coloration to intraspecific variation, which is not uncommon for Paracheilinus.	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
03D75A0EA778FF99FCDDEEE6FE4544EF.taxon	etymology	Etymology. — Named nursalim at the request of Cherie Nursalim and Michelle Liem, who successfully bid to support the conservation of this species at the Blue Auction in Monaco on 20 September 2007, and who have given generously to support Conservation International’s Bird’s Head Seascape marine conservation initiative. The name honors their parents Sjamsul and Itjih Nursalim. The name nursalim is treated as a noun in apposition.	en	Tea, Yi-Kai, Walsh, Fenton (2023): Review of Australian Species of Paracheilinus Fourmanoir (Teleostei: Labridae), with Description of a New Species from the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. Ichthyology & Herpetology 111 (3): 397-415, DOI: 10.1643/i2023019, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1643/i2023019
