identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D487E64E24FF85C89CFAFBFB7EFC31.text	03D487E64E24FF85C89CFAFBFB7EFC31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metaphire yuanpoaea Chang & Chen 2005	<div><p>Metaphire yuanpoaea sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figure 2)</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype: a mature (clitellate) specimen (dissected) collected 1 August 1999 from Wulia, Taipei County, north-west of the Shei-Shan Mountain Range, in the north region of Taiwan (Figure 1) by S. P. Wu (coll. no. 14-02577). Paratype: a mature (clitellate) specimen (dissected) collected 9 June 2000 from same collection site of holotype by C. E. Li (coll. no. 14-02576), and a mature (clitellate) specimen (dissected) collected 18 March 1995 from Pinglin, Taipei County by H. T. Shih (coll. no. 14-00015).</p> <p>Other material</p> <p>A mature (clitellate) specimen collected 15 June 1999 from Wulia, Taipei County by J. H. Wu (coll. no. 14-00125); and a mature (clitellate) specimen collected 17 November 2000 from Shindian, Taipei County by S. P. Wu (coll. no. 14-02571).</p> <p>External characters</p> <p>Length (mature) 215–425 mm, clitellum width 13.9–15.6 mm, segment number 129–189. Number of annulets (secondary segmentation) per segment three in 5–9, five in 10–13, and three in body segments behind 17. Prostomium epilobous. Setae 114–122 in 7, 126– 162 in 20, 30–35 between male pores. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Clitellum 14–16, smooth, saddle-shaped, length 9.8–14.1 mm, dorsal pore absent, setae absent. Spermathecal pores four pairs in 5/6–8/9, lateral, distance between the paired pores about 0.5 body circumference ventrally apart. No genital papillae in the spermathecal region. Female pore single, situated on the medio-ventral in 14. Male pore paired, situated on setal line close to lateral border of 18. Each male pore area is C-shaped, with the opening of the C facing the ventral setal line, bordered by a thick skin wall, which has several folds on its lateral side. The male pore area is enlarged, with length about twice the length of 18, extending to the setal line of 17 and 19. The male aperture is situated on the end of the ventral setal line, with one oval pad on each side. The two oval pads are linked by a vertical bar-shaped structure extending from the male aperture. These structures are sometimes partially covered by the skin wall bordering the male pore area. Genital papillae absent in the male pore area.</p> <p>Live specimens bluish brown or dark purplish grey with metallic lustre on dorsum, reddish brown on ventral. Preserved specimens purplish brown on dorsum, light greyish brown on ventral.</p> <p>Internal characters</p> <p>Septa 5/6–7/8 thickened, 8/9 thin, 9/10 absent, 10/11–13/14 greatly thickened. Gizzard in 8–10. Intestine enlarged from 15. Intestinal caeca paired in 27, simple, extending anteriorly to 23. Lateral hearts enlarged in 10–13.</p> <p>Spermathecae four pairs in 6–9. Ampulla large, about 3.5–6.2 mm in length, with a stalk about 0.5–1.3 mm in length. The spermathecal diverticulum is short, beyond the middle of spermathecae, with a small oval seminal chamber on the tip. Nephridia tufted, attached to the post-segmental septa, surrounding the segmental chambers anterior to the 6/7 septum. Ovaries paired in 13, medio-ventral, close to the 12/13 septum.</p> <p>Testis sacs paired in 10 and 11, the anterior pair oval, smooth, medio-ventral in front of 10/11, the posterior pair is much larger than the anterior one, filling the space between septa. Sperm ducts meeting in 12. Seminal vesicles paired in 11 and 12, the anterior pair included in the posterior testis sac, both pairs moderate in size. Prostate glands paired in 18, large, lobular, extending to 17.</p> <p>Habitat and behaυiour</p> <p>This species lives in the mountains below the altitude of 2000 m, where the vegetation is evergreen broadleaf forest, deciduous broadleaf forest or mixed coniferous–broadleaf forest, according to the altitude. Because it can be found both in virgin forest and secondary forest, it might tolerate low levels of human activity. This species is an anecic species, having permanent vertical burrows. It is active around the upper layer of soil or on the ground at night. Although it is occasionally active after rain, it usually stays in the soil at day. When resting, it is usually found more than 30 cm deep below the ground, and the deepest case we found this species is in 80 cm.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Metaphire yuanpoaea is a common species in the mountain area of northern Taiwan. It is usually found moving across the road at night, or at early morning after rain. This species resembles the other two sympatric species, Amynthas aspergillum and A. formosae, in body size, shape and colour, but it is easily distinguished by external characters in the field. The male pore area of M. yuanpoaea is enlarged, with an obvious oval pad on each side of the male pore, while the other two species do not have these characters. The spermathecal pores of A. formosae are medio-dorsal in 5/6–8/9, and the pores are evident with the naked eye through the lighter colour of the pore borders (Michaelsen 1922). Amynthas aspergillum has many papillae on the male pore area. Furthermore, A. aspergillum was recognized as a peregrine species in Taiwan (Tsai CF et al. 2000a) and is usually found in cultivated soil, especially in the grassland of public parks (personal observation), while M. yuanpoaea and A. formosae are often found on the mountain slope, where the soil is less disturbed.</p> <p>Metaphire yuanpoaea shares most of its characters with M. paiaeanna and M. bununa, including body size, colour, number of spermathecae, and the position and morphology of prostate gland and intestinal caeca (Tsai CF et al. 2000c). However, the male pore area of M. paiaeanna and M. bununa has only one oval pad between the male aperture and the anterior end of the male pore area, and the male pore area of M. paiaeanna also has a horizontal ridge (Tsai CF et al. 2000c). Moreover, M. yuanpoaea has testis sacs paired in 10 and 11, while both M. paiaeanna and M. bununa have testis sacs paired only in 10.</p> <p>Except for number of spermathecae, M. yuanpoaea is similar to M. trutina, which has only three pairs of spermathecae (Tsai et al. 2003) and belongs to the houlleti -group in the genus Metaphire (Sims and Easton 1972). It is not yet known if the two species are distantly related due to the difference in the number of spermathecae or closely related due to the similarity of other characters. According to our field survey, M. yuanpoaea is restricted to the west edge of the Shei-Shan Mountain Range, but M. trutina is found only in the east edge of the Shei-Shan Mountain Range. Although they seem to be allopatric, the detailed distribution pattern of the two species is still unknown. A comparative study based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene sequence is now underway to unravel the phylogenetic relationship of these two species.</p> <p>The species name ‘‘ yuanpoaea ’’ is given to describe the male pore area of this species. The male pore area of this species is like the Chinese ‘‘yuanpau’’, which is a kind of currency in the past in China.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D487E64E24FF85C89CFAFBFB7EFC31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chang, Chih-Han;Chen, Jiun-Hong	Chang, Chih-Han, Chen, Jiun-Hong (2005): Three new species of octothecate pheretimoid earthworms from Taiwan, with discussion on the biogeography of related species. Journal of Natural History 39 (18): 1469-1482, DOI: 10.1080/00222930400004586, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930400004586
03D487E64E21FF8BC8E9FC30F817FA76.text	03D487E64E21FF8BC8E9FC30F817FA76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metaphire nanaoensis Chang & Chen 2005	<div><p>Metaphire nanaoensis sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figure 3)</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype: a mature (clitellate) specimen (dissected) collected 11 August 2002 from Nanao, Ilan County, north-east of the Central Mountain Range in the north region of Taiwan (Figure 1) by Y. H. Chen and C. H. Chang (coll. no. 14-04354). Paratypes: a mature (clitellate) specimen (dissected) with the same collection data as holotype (coll. no. 14- 04355), and a mature (clitellate) specimen (dissected) collected 20 November 2002 from Nanao, Ilan County by Y. H. Chen (coll. no. 14-05024).</p> <p>Other material</p> <p>Three mature (clitellate) specimens collected 20 November 2002 from Nanao, Ilan County by Y. H. Chen (coll. no. 14-05423, 14-05426, 14-05427).</p> <p>External characters</p> <p>Length (mature) 335–429 mm, clitellum width 10.1–14.9 mm, segment number 132–177. Number of annulets (secondary segmentation) per segment three in 5–9, five in 10–13, and three in body segments behind 17. Prostomium prolobous. Setae 103–114 in 7, 120– 131 in 20, 19–23 between male pores. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Clitellum 14–16, smooth, saddleshaped, length 13.8–14.4 mm, dorsal pore absent, setae absent. Spermathecal pores four pairs in 5/6–8/9, ventral, distance between the paired pores about 0.4 body circumference ventrally apart. No genital papillae in the spermathecal region. Female pore single, situated on the medio-ventral in 14. Male pore paired, situated on setal line close to lateral border of 18. Each male pore area is C-shaped, with the opening of the C facing the ventral setal line, bordered by a thick skin wall, which has several folds on its lateral side. The male pore area is enlarged, with length about twice the length of 18, extending to the setal line of 17 and 19. The male aperture is situated on the end of the ventral setal line, partially covered by the skin wall bordering the male pore area. The region covered by the skin wall is swollen, forming a smooth appearance. A very small pad presents on the posterior end of the male pore area. Genital papillae absent in the male pore area.</p> <p>Live specimens bluish brown or dark purplish grey with metallic lustre on dorsum, reddish brown on ventral. Preserved specimens purplish brown on dorsum, light greyish brown on ventral.</p> <p>Internal characters</p> <p>Septa 5/6–7/8 thickened, 8/9 thin, 9/10 absent, 10/11–13/14 greatly thickened. Gizzard in 8–10. Intestine enlarged from 15. Intestinal caeca paired in 27, simple, extending anteriorly to 23. Lateral hearts enlarged in 10–13.</p> <p>Spermathecae four pairs in 6–9. Ampulla large, about 3.5–5.5 mm in length, with a stalk about 0.5–1.4 mm in length. The spermathecal diverticulum is short, beyond the middle of spermathecae, with a small oval seminal chamber on the tip. Nephridia tufted, attached to the post-segmental septa, surrounding the segmental chambers anterior to the 6/7 septum. Ovaries paired in 13, medio-ventral, close to the 12/13 septum.</p> <p>Testis sacs paired in 10, oval, smooth, medio-ventral in front of 10/11. Seminal vesicles paired in 11, filling the space between septa. Some specimens have a pair of very small vestiges of seminal vesicles in 12. Prostate glands paired in 18, large, lobular, extending to 17.</p> <p>Habitat and behaυiour</p> <p>This species lives in the mountains below the altitude of 1500 m, where the vegetation is evergreen broadleaf forest or deciduous broadleaf forest. Because it can be found both in virgin forest and secondary forest, it might tolerate low levels of human activity. This species is an anecic species, having permanent vertical burrows. It is active around the upper layer of soil or on the ground at night. Although it is occasionally active after rain, it usually stays in the soil during the day. When resting, it is usually found more than 30 cm deep below the ground.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>The male pore area of M. nanaoensis is C-shaped, and with respect to body size, colour, number of spermathecae, and position and shape of prostate gland and intestinal ceaca, M. nanaoensis resembles M. yuanpoaea, M. paiaeanna and M. bununa. However, the male pore area of M. yuanpoaea has an oval pad on each side of the male aperture, and the width between the paired spermathecal pores of M. yuanpoaea, which is about 0.5 body circumference apart, is wider than that of M. nanaoensis. The major difference between the two species is that M. yuanpoaea is holandric, while M. nanaoensis is protandric. Metaphire paiaeanna and M. bununa are also protandric species, but the male pore areas of these two species are different from that of M. nanaoensis. The male pore area of M. paiaeanna and M. bununa has an oval pad between the male aperture and the anterior end of the male pore area, and the male pore area of M. paiaeanna also has a horizontal ridge (Tsai CF et al. 2000c). These differences are easily seen under a dissection microscope, or even with the naked eye.</p> <p>The species name ‘‘ nanaoensis ’’ is given referring to Nanao in Ilan County in Taiwan, where the species was first collected.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D487E64E21FF8BC8E9FC30F817FA76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chang, Chih-Han;Chen, Jiun-Hong	Chang, Chih-Han, Chen, Jiun-Hong (2005): Three new species of octothecate pheretimoid earthworms from Taiwan, with discussion on the biogeography of related species. Journal of Natural History 39 (18): 1469-1482, DOI: 10.1080/00222930400004586, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930400004586
03D487E64E2FFF88C8E9FA78F843FE1E.text	03D487E64E2FFF88C8E9FA78F843FE1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Metaphire tahanmonta Chang & Chen 2005	<div><p>Metaphire tahanmonta sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figure 4)</p> <p>Type material</p> <p>Holotype: a mature (clitellate) specimen (dissected) collected 3 June 2002 from Mt Tahan, Pingtung County, south-west of the Central Mountain Range, in the south region of Taiwan (Figure 1) by S. P. Wu (coll. no. 14-03993). Paratypes: a mature (clitellate) specimen (undissected) collected 5 May 2003 from Paoshan, Kaohsiung County by C. H. Chang (coll. no. 14-05898), and a mature (clitellate) specimen (dissected) collected 5 May 2003 from Ernchituan, Kaohsiung County by C. H. Chang (coll. no. 14-05899).</p> <p>External characters</p> <p>Length (mature) 291–408 mm, clitellum width 12.9–14.7 mm, segment number 122–191. Number of annulets (secondary segmentation) per segment three in 5–9, five in 10–13, and three in body segments behind 17. Prostomium prolobous. Setae 122–144 in 7, 134– 156 in 20, 24–30 between male pores. First dorsal pore in 12/13. Clitellum 14–16, smooth, saddle-shaped, length 12.8–15.5 mm, dorsal pore absent, setae absent. Spermathecal pores four pairs in 5/6–8/9, lateral, situated above the lateral-midline, distance between the paired pores about 0.55 body circumference ventrally apart. No genital papillae in the spermathecal region. Female pore single, situated on the medio-ventral in 14. Male pore paired, situated on setal line close to lateral border of 18. Each male pore area is slightly Cshaped, with the opening of the C facing the ventral setal line, bordered by a thick skin wall. The appearance of the anterior part of the skin wall is tubercular. The male pore area is enlarged, with length about twice the length of 18, extending to the setal line of 17 and 19, surrounded by circular folds. The male aperture is situated on the extended line of the ventral setal line, slightly posterior to the middle of the male pore area. A horizontal ridge extends from the setal line, backward to the male aperture. An oval pad is situated behind the setal line of 17, close to the anterior end of the male pore area. The oval pad is linked to the male aperture through a seminal groove. Genital papillae absent in the male pore area.</p> <p>Live specimens dark purplish grey with metallic lustre on dorsum, reddish brown on ventral. Preserved specimens purplish brown on dorsum, light greyish brown on ventral.</p> <p>Internal characters</p> <p>Septa 5/6–7/8 thickened, 8/9 and 9/10 absent, 10/11–13/14 greatly thickened. Gizzard in 8– 10. Intestine enlarged from 15. Intestinal caeca paired in 27, simple, extending anteriorly to 23. Lateral hearts enlarged in 10–13.</p> <p>Spermathecae four pairs in 6–9. Ampulla large, about 3.6–5.6 mm in length, with a stalk about 1.2–1.9 mm in length. The spermathecal diverticulum is short, usually shorter than one-third of spermathecae length, with a small oval seminal chamber on the tip. Nephridia tufted, attached to the post-segmental septa, surrounding the segmental chambers anterior to the 6/7 septum. Ovaries paired in 13, medio-ventral, close to the 12/13 septum.</p> <p>Testis sacs paired in 10 and 11, the anterior pair oval, smooth, medio-ventral in front of 10/11, the posterior pair is much larger than the anterior one, filling the space between septa. Sperm ducts meeting in 12. Seminal vesicles paired in 11 and 12, the anterior pair included in the posterior testis sac, both pairs moderate in size. Prostate glands paired in 18, large, lobular, extending to 17.</p> <p>Habitat and behaυiour</p> <p>This species lives in the mountains between the altitudes of 500 and 2000 m, where the vegetation is evergreen broadleaf forest or deciduous broadleaf forest, according to the altitude and latitude. Because it can be found both in virgin forest and secondary forest, it might tolerate low levels of human activity. This species is an anecic species, having permanent vertical burrows. It is active around the upper layer of soil or on the ground at night. Although it is occasionally active after rain, it usually stays in the soil during the day. When resting, it is usually found more than 30 cm deep below the ground.</p> <p>Remarks</p> <p>Metaphire tahanmonta has a length greater than 300 mm, width over 10 mm, four pairs of spermathecae, and C-shaped male pores with an oval pad and a horizontal ridge. These characters are shared with M. paiaeanna. However, M. paiaeanna is protandric (Tsai CF et al. 2000c), while M. tahanmonta is holandric. In pheretimoid earthworms, most species have a holandric condition, while rare species have a protandric condition (Sims and Easton 1972; Easton 1979; Tsai CF et al. 2000c). Accordingly, it is reasonable to regard the holandric specimens as a different species.</p> <p>Regarding body size, position of seminal vesicles, number of spermathecae, and holandry, M. tahanmonta shares the same characters with M. yuanpoaea. However, the male pores of the two species are very different. The male pore of M. tahanmonta has a horizontal ridge and only one oval pad, while that of M. yuanpoaea has no horizontal ridge and two oval pads on each side of the male aperture. Therefore, they are easily distinguished by their external characters.</p> <p>The species name ‘‘ tahanmonta ’’ is given referring to Mt Tahan in Pingtung County, Taiwan, where this species was collected.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D487E64E2FFF88C8E9FA78F843FE1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Chang, Chih-Han;Chen, Jiun-Hong	Chang, Chih-Han, Chen, Jiun-Hong (2005): Three new species of octothecate pheretimoid earthworms from Taiwan, with discussion on the biogeography of related species. Journal of Natural History 39 (18): 1469-1482, DOI: 10.1080/00222930400004586, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930400004586
