identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D4B94FFFCD202EFC88F9D8FA19C5EB.text	03D4B94FFFCD202EFC88F9D8FA19C5EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phaenomenella Fraussen & Hadorn 2006	<div><p>Genus Phaenomenella Fraussen &amp; Hadorn, 2006</p><p>TYPE SPECIES. — Manaria (?) inflata Shikama, 1971 (OD).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>The intrageneric shell variability of Phaenomenella is high and a few general characters can be mentioned – “broader than high protoconch with flattened tip and (…) a rather sharp angulation just above the suture. The upper teleoconch whorls are shouldered, a shape which is accentuated by the axial knobs or ribs, or have the appearance of being by the presence of obviously convex axial ribs” (Fraussen &amp; Stahlschmidt 2013: 82). Radula with a tricuspid central tooth with rectangular base and laterals with 3 or 4 cusps. Anterior foregut with well-defined valve of Leiblein and large gland of Leiblein.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D4B94FFFCD202EFC88F9D8FA19C5EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kantor, Yuri;Kosyan, Alisa;Sorokin, Pavel	Kantor, Yuri, Kosyan, Alisa, Sorokin, Pavel (2020): On the taxonomic position of Phaenomenella Fraussen & Hadorn, 2006 (Neogastropoda, Buccinoidea) with description of two new species. Zoosystema 42 (3): 33-55, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2020v42a3
03D4B94FFFC22024FEF3F95EFD49C5EB.text	03D4B94FFFC22024FEF3F95EFD49C5EB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phaenomenella samadiae Kantor & Kosyan & Sorokin 2020	<div><p>Phaenomenella samadiae n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 4; 5A, B; 6)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: E2A6F480-9882-4221-BA7D-84760D903882</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.4/lat 19.983334)">South China Sea</a> • MNHN- IM-2013-61617 (sequenced, Figs 4 A-C; 5A; 6A, B, E-G); S.W. off Dong Sha, ZHONGSHA 2015; st. CP4133; 19°59’N, 116°24’E; 999-1070 m.</p><p>OTHER SEQUENCED MATERIAL. — South China Sea • 1 lv; MNHN- IM-2013-61674 (Figs 4E, F; 5B; 6C, D); S.W. off Dong Sha, ZHONGSHA 2015; st. CP4134; 19°50’N, 116°27’E; 1128-1278 m. OTHER STUDIED MATERIAL. — South China Sea • 1 lv; MNHN- IM-2013-61670; S.W. off Dong Sha, ZHONGSHA 2015; st. CP4134; 19°50’N, 116°27’E; 1128-1278 m • 2 lv; MNHN-IM- 2013-59393 (Fig. 4D), MNHN-IM- 2013-59665 (Fig. 4G); ZHONGSHA; st. CP4157; 19°48’N, 116°29’E; 1205-1389 m.</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. — Named in honour of Sarah Samadi, professor at MNHN, for her leadership in the France-Taiwan research programme in the context of which research cruises in the South China Sea discovered the present new species.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Shell large for genus, up to 58.2 mm, broad fusiform with truncated base, short and strongly left reclined siphon canal. Spiral sculpture of distinct cords, more than 20 on last whorl. Radula</p><p>with tricuspate central teeth with short rectangular basal part and tricuspate lateral teeth with longest outermost cusp.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — Presently the species was recorded only in the South China Sea at 1205-1389 m.</p><p>DESCRIPTION (HOLOTYPE)</p><p>Shell</p><p>Shell broad fusiform with truncated base (Fig. 4 A-C), strong, white under periostracum. Spire high, siphonal canal very short, strongly reclined to left. Protoconch and upper teleoconch whorls eroded, remaining teleoconch whorls 6½ in number. Teleoconch whorls convex, last and penultimate whorls less convex than upper ones. Suture distinct, adpressed. Spiral sculpture of distinct rounded on top spiral cords, on first not eroded teleoconch whorl (3 rd remaining) 9 cords, on penultimate 11, on last whorl 24 cords, of which 4 on canal. Cords differing twice in width, the broader ones indistinctly subdivided by shallow spiral groove and with indistinct spiral striation, not visible on most narrow cords. Interspaces between cords from ¼ to more than cord’s width. On shell base and canal cords more broadly spaced. Upper teleoconch whorls with axial ribs, disappearing on last and penultimate whorls. Ribs nearly orthocline, broadly spaced, 12 on first preserved whorl, 14 on antepenultimate.</p><p>Aperture broad ovate, white inside, angulated posteriorly, outer lip thick, slightly reflected.Parietal wall and columella with narrow but thick glossy callus with yellowish band along edge.</p><p>Shell covered with light olive adhering periostracum, forming densely spaced low axial lamellae, obsolete on cords, but visible in interspaces.</p><p>Operculum spanning most of aperture, with distinctly turned leftwards terminal nucleus and weakly angulate in upper part.</p><p>Radula (Fig. 5A, B)</p><p>Examined in holotype and sequenced specimen MNHN- IM-2013-61674. Very similar in both specimens; central tooth with rather short rectangular basal part with weakly arcuate anterior margin and three short triangular broad cusps. Lateral teeth tricuspate with weakly curved basal side, attached to membrane. Outermost cusp recurved, medium long, inner cup weakly recurved, about 2/3 of outer cusp length. Intermediate cusp shortest, situated slightly closer to inner cusp.</p><p>Measurements</p><p>Holotype (largest studied specimen), shell length 58.2 mm, last whorl length 35.8 mm, aperture length (without canal) 23.2 mm, diameter 26.7 mm.</p><p>Anatomy</p><p>Two specimens studied — MNHN-IM-2013-61674, male, sequenced paratype; MNHN-IM-2013-61617, female, holotype. Soft body partly extracted from the shell. Head rather large, with two thick long tentacles. Eye lobes poorly defined, not pigmented in both examined specimens, eyes obviously absent. Mantle of female (Fig. 6B) approximately square in shape, with long siphon. Ctenidium comprises ¾ of mantle length and in average 1⁄5 of mantle width; bipectinate symmetric osphradium slightly narrower than ctenidium and ¾ of its length. Capsule gland medium large, covered by thick rectum and terminated by large vagina. In male’s mantle, prostate gland well-developed, situated parallel and equal in size to rectum. Penis (Fig. 6 C) flattened, terminating in seminal papilla shifted to left side and not surrounded by a circlular fold.</p><p>Digestive system. Proboscis almost completely inverted into rhynchodaeum (Fig. 6E, pr). Several bands of proboscis retractors attached at middle part of both sides of rhynchodaeum (Fig. 6E, prr). Anterior oesophagus straight, along ventral side of rhynchodaeum (Fig. 6E, aoe). Valve of Leiblein medium large, situated immediately before nerve ring (Fig. 6G, vl). Salivary glands large (about half proboscis length), fused ventrally (Fig. 6E, F, sg), with thin salivary ducts following along anterior oesophagus. Gland of Leiblein large, S-twisted, situated beneath salivary glands (Fig. 6E, gl) and following along posterior oesophagus and anterior aorta. Stomach small, occupying about 0.25 whorl (Fig. 6D). Posterior mixing area small, posterior oesophagus and intestine wide.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>The new species demonstrates some variability in shell shape with more inflated shell outline in smaller specimens.</p><p>The new species is most similar in the shell shape to P. mokenorum Fraussen, 2008 from the Andaman Sea, differing in better pronounced spiral cords. Another somewhat similar species is P. insulapratasensis (Okutani &amp; Lan, 1994), which possesses smaller, more ovoid shell with faster incrementing teleoconch whorls and a longer and more distinct canal.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D4B94FFFC22024FEF3F95EFD49C5EB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kantor, Yuri;Kosyan, Alisa;Sorokin, Pavel	Kantor, Yuri, Kosyan, Alisa, Sorokin, Pavel (2020): On the taxonomic position of Phaenomenella Fraussen & Hadorn, 2006 (Neogastropoda, Buccinoidea) with description of two new species. Zoosystema 42 (3): 33-55, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2020v42a3
03D4B94FFFC72039FC32FF15FBF0C697.text	03D4B94FFFC72039FC32FF15FBF0C697.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phaenomenella nicoi Kantor & Kosyan & Sorokin 2020	<div><p>Phaenomenella nicoi n. sp.</p><p>(Figs 5 C-F; 7; 8)</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: BC0FCA38-4FC5-40F8-9D8C-159F76CA46BD</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.36667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.116667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.36667/lat 20.116667)">South</a> China Sea • MNHN- IM-2013-61585 (sequenced, Fig. 7 A-C); S.W. off Dong Sha, ZHONGSHA 2015; st. CP4132; 20°07’N, 116°22’E; 958- 988 m.</p><p>OTHER SEQUENCED MATERIAL. — South China Sea • 3 lv; MNHN- IM-2013-61637 (Figs 7H; 8 E-G), MNHN-IM- 2013-61638, MNHN-IM- 2013-61639 (Fig. 7E); S.W. off Dong Sha, ZHONG- SHA 2015, st. CP4133; 19°59’N, 116°24’E; 999-1070 m • 1 lv.; MNHN-IM- 2013-61673 (Fig. 7I); st. CP4134; 19°50’N, 116°27’E; 1128-1278 m • 1 lv; MNHN-IM- 2013-59398 (Fig. 7D); st. CP4157; 19°48’N, 116°29’E; 1205-1389 m.</p><p>Philippines 6 1 l•; MNHN-IM-2007-34639; AURORA 2007; st. CP2685; 15°00’N, 123°06’E; 1155-1302 m (Fig. 7 F) .</p><p>OTHER STUDIED MATERIAL. — South China Sea • 2 lv; MNHN- IM-2013-61590, MNHN-IM-2013-61592 (Fig. 7K, L); S.W. off Dong Sha, ZHONGSHA 2015; st. CP4132; 20°07’N, 116°22’E; 958- 988 m • 5 lv; MNHN-IM- 2013-59661, MNHN-IM- 2013-61636 (Figs 7J, 8 A-D), MNHN-IM- 2013-63029, MNHN-IM- 2013-63025, MNHN-IM- 2013-61638; st. CP4133; 19°59’N, 116°24’E; 999- 1070 m • 2 lv, MNHN-IM- 2013-61671, MNHN-IM- 2013-61672; st. CP4134; 19°50’N, 116°27’E; 1128-1278 m • 1 lv; MNHN- IM-2013-59397; st. CP4157; 19°48’N, 116°29’E; 1205-1389 m, S off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.48333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=19.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.48333/lat 19.8)">Helen Shoal</a> • 2 lv; MNHN-IM- 2013-61815, MNHN- IM-2013-59663; st. CP4141; 18°49’N, 113°58’E; 1151-1286 m. Philippines • • l•; MNHN-IM-2007-34644 (Fig. 7); AURORA 2007; st. CP2685; 15°00’N, 123°06’E; 1155-1302 m, SL 38.7 mm .</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. — Named in honour of Nicolas Puillandre, associate professor of MNHN, our long term co-author and participant of many expeditions with whom we had a pleasure to share the lab bench for long hours.</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Shell medium sized for genus, up to 42 mm, fusiform with high spire and attenuated, medium long, and slightly inclined to left siphonal canal. Protoconch large, paucispiral, of about 2 whorls. Spiral sculpture of distinct flat on top spiral cords, about 55 on last whorl. Radula with tricuspate central teeth with rectangular basal part and tricuspate lateral teeth with longest outermost cusp.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION. — The species is found so far in the South China Sea at 999-1389 m and Philippines (in Philippine Sea) at 1155-1302 m.</p><p>DESCRIPTION (HOLOTYPE)</p><p>Shell</p><p>Shell fusiform with high spire and attenuated siphonal canal (Fig. 7 A-C), fragile, white under periostracum. Siphonal canal medium long, slightly inclined to left and crossing coiling axis. Protoconch paucispiral, of about 2 whorls, partially eroded as well as upper teleoconch whorls, teleoconch whorls 6 ½ in number. [Better preserved protoconch found in specimen MNHN-IM-2013-61592 (Fig. 7L): bulbous, of nearly 2 whorls, diameter 2.05 mm, exposed height 2.1 mm. Protoconch surface eroded, sculpture not seen. Boundary with teleoconch marked by weak (about 5) orthocline ribs.] Teleoconch whorls convex, weakly angulated at shoulder. Suture distinct, shallowly impressed. Spiral sculpture of distinct flat on top spiral cords, covering entire shell surface. Number of cords increasing from 8 on first teleoconch whorl to 19 on penultimate whorl, on last whorl 55 cords, of which about 20 on canal. Cords differing slightly in width, with most narrow on subsutural ramp, interspaces between cords about 1/3-½ of cord’s width. Strong axial ribs present on entire shell, suture to suture on uppermost teleoconch whorls, gradually becoming obsolete on subsutural ramp and absent on ramp of last and penultimate whorls. On last whorl ribs distinct only on shoulder, producing its angulated appearance. Number of ribs stable, i.e., 15-16 per whorl.</p><p>Aperture ovate, white inside, angulated posteriorly, outer lip thin, evenly convex, concave at transition to canal. Parietal wall and columella with narrow and thin glossy callus.</p><p>Shell covered with very light olive adhering periostracum, forming densely spaced low axial lamellae visible in interspaces between cords.</p><p>Operculum partially abraded, when intact (Fig. 7 D) spanning most of aperture with distinctly turned leftwards terminal nucleus and rounded upper part.</p><p>Radula (Fig. 5 C-F)</p><p>Examined in five specimens, including holotype. Rather similar in all specimens; central tooth with rectangular basal part with weakly arcuate anterior margin and three medium long triangular broad cusps, central one shorter and narrower than lateral ones. Lateral teeth normally tricuspate with weakly curved basal side, attached to membrane. Outermost cusp recurved, medium long, inner cusp weakly recurved, about 2/3 of outer cusp length. Intermediate cusp shortest, situated slightly closer to inner cusp. In one sequenced specimen (MNHN-IM-2013-61673, Fig. 5F) intermediate cusps of the left lateral teeth of the radula paired, nearly equal in size, while lateral teeth on right side have broader intermediate cusp subdivided on top.</p><p>Measurements (holotype)</p><p>Shell length 41.3 mm, last whorl length 26.9 mm, aperture length (without canal) 16.0 mm, diameter 16.5 mm. In the largest specimen studied, shell length reaching 43 mm.</p><p>Anatomy</p><p>Two specimens examined: MNHN-IM-2013-61636, male, and MNHN-IM-2013-61637, female, sequenced paratype (similar in both studied specimens). Soft body partly extracted from the shell. Head medium large, with two long tentacles and large black eyes on lobes at bases of tentacles. Mantle similar to that of Phaenomenella samadiae n. sp. Penis flattened, with seminal papilla situated on its top and surrounded by circle fold of skin (Fig. 8B).</p><p>Digestive system. Proboscis almost completely inverted into rhynchodaeum (Fig. 8D, pr). Several bands of proboscis retractors muscles attached to middle part on both sides of rhynchodaeum (Fig. 8 D-F, prr). Buccal mass slightly shorter than retracted proboscis (Fig. 8C, bm), attached to its walls by multiple odontophoral retractors (Fig. 8C, odr). Radula lying in middle of buccal mass and attached to proboscis walls by median retractor (Fig. 8C, mrr).</p><p>Anterior oesophagus straight, following along ventral side of proboscis (Fig. 8E, aoe). Valve of Leiblein (Fig. 8D, E, vl) medium large, coniform, situated immediately before nerve ring (Fig. 8D, nr). Salivary glands medium-large (about 0.3 proboscis length), fused ventrally beneath nerve ring (Fig. 8E, F, sg), with very thin strongly convoluted salivary ducts following along anterior oesophagus. Gland of Leiblein medium in size (Fig. 8D, E, gl), following along posterior oesophagus and anterior aorta. Stomach rather large, spanning about 0.4 whorl (Fig. 8G). Posterior mixing area (pma) twice larger than in Phaenomenella samadiae, posterior oesophagus and intestine medium wide.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>The new species is highly variable in shell shape. Some of the specimens are much more slender (Fig. 7D, I, G) and the axial ribs are either very weak or obsolete. The specimen with no axial ribs was collected at a maximal depth (1634-1683 m), but there is not clear correlation with depth, since syntopic specimens can have strong or weak axial ribs. Nevertheless the molecular data clearly indicates the conspecifity of “typical” angulated specimens with well-developed ribs and smooth ones. The specimens collected at greater depth have the protoconch and upper teleoconch whorls more eroded or missing. In general shape the new species has some resemblance to P. mokenorum Fraussen, 2008 from the Andaman Sea, differing in better pronounced axial ribs in later teleoconch whorls and more attenuated narrow siphonal canal. Also P. nicoi n. sp. has smaller size (maximal shell length 42 mm versus 55.6 mm in P. mokenorum).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D4B94FFFC72039FC32FF15FBF0C697	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kantor, Yuri;Kosyan, Alisa;Sorokin, Pavel	Kantor, Yuri, Kosyan, Alisa, Sorokin, Pavel (2020): On the taxonomic position of Phaenomenella Fraussen & Hadorn, 2006 (Neogastropoda, Buccinoidea) with description of two new species. Zoosystema 42 (3): 33-55, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2020v42a3
03D4B94FFFDA2039FC5AFB1BFAB7C749.text	03D4B94FFFDA2039FC5AFB1BFAB7C749.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Siphonalia A. Adams 1863	<div><p>Genus Siphonalia A. Adams, 1863</p><p>TYPE SPECIES. — Buccinum cassidariaeforme REE•E, 1846 (Subsequent designation by Cossmann 1889).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D4B94FFFDA2039FC5AFB1BFAB7C749	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kantor, Yuri;Kosyan, Alisa;Sorokin, Pavel	Kantor, Yuri, Kosyan, Alisa, Sorokin, Pavel (2020): On the taxonomic position of Phaenomenella Fraussen & Hadorn, 2006 (Neogastropoda, Buccinoidea) with description of two new species. Zoosystema 42 (3): 33-55, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2020v42a3
03D4B94FFFDA203DFC6BFA59FE4EC355.text	03D4B94FFFDA203DFC6BFA59FE4EC355.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Siphonalia cassidariaeformis (Reeve 1846)	<div><p>Siphonalia cassidariaeformis (Reeve, 1846)</p><p>(Figs 9 A-C; 10; 11A)</p><p>Buccinum cassidariaeformis REE•E, 1846: Pl. 2, sp. 11..</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Japan • 2 lots, 3 specimens; Off Hashima, Miyazaki Prefecture, Kyushu; 10.V.1996 (no. 1, Fig. 9A); Off Atsumi Peninsula, Aichi Prefecture; 30 m; 13.V.2001 (nos. 2, 3, Figs 9B, C) .</p><p>COMPLEMENT TO DESCRIPTION</p><p>Radula</p><p>Radula studied in three specimens. Rather similar in all specimens (Fig. 11A, B); central tooth with rectangular basal part and weakly arcuate anterior margin and three medium long triangular broad cusps, central one equal in length but slightly narrower than lateral ones. Lateral teeth tricuspate with weakly curved, nearly straight basal side, attached to membrane. Outermost cusp recurved, medium long, inner cusp weakly recurved, about 2/3 of outer cusp length. Intermediate cusp shortest, situated closer to inner cusp.</p><p>D, S. pfefferi no. 2. Scale bars: 200 µm.</p><p>Anatomy</p><p>Soft body (no. 1, female, Fig. 10A, B, E, F, no. 2, female, Fig. 10C) with approximately 3 whorls. Head short and broad, with short contracted tentacles. Eyes small, situated at small lobes in the middle of tentacles (Fig. 10B, C, eyes). Foot contracted, with very narrow propodium and large operculum with terminal nucleus. Penis of spm. no. 3 (Fig. 10D) medium long, flattened, contracted, with small (contracted) rounded seminal papilla at the top, surrounded by circular fold of skin. Mantle with very long siphon in dissected specimens (longer than half mantle width).</p><p>Digestive system. Proboscis half everted out of rhynchodaeum, thick, contracted (Fig. 10E, F, pr). Proboscis retractors (prr) attached to rhynchodaeum along both sides of anterior oesophagus (mostly on its right side), connecting rhynchodaeum to lateral walls of body haemocoel. Anterior oesophagus short and wide, dorso-ventrally flattened, along ventral side of proboscis (Fig. 10E, F, aoe) into relatively small rounded valve of Leiblein (Fig. 10F, vl), situated immediately anterior to nerve ring (Fig. 10F, nr). Salivary glands medium small (about 0.25 proboscis length) (Fig. 10E, F, sg), with very thin strongly convoluted salivary ducts (Fig. 10F, sd) following along anterior oesophagus. Gland of Leiblein large (Fig. 10E, F, gl), following along thick, round in section posterior oesophagus (Fig. 10E, F, poe). Stomach spanning about 0.3 whorl (Fig. 10G). Posterior mixing area not large in spm. no. 1, large in spm. no. 2 (Fig. 10G, I, pma). Posterior oesophagus and intestine medium wide in both specimens. Opening of posterior duct of digestive gland (found in spm. no. 2) located near oesophageal opening (Fig. 10I, pdg), opening of anterior duct (found in spms. nos. 1 and 2) located near beginning of intestine. Inner stomach wall between two openings with longitudinal fold (Fig. 10H, lfl), lined with low oblique folds, remaining part of inner and outer stomach walls lined with moderately high transverse folds.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D4B94FFFDA203DFC6BFA59FE4EC355	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kantor, Yuri;Kosyan, Alisa;Sorokin, Pavel	Kantor, Yuri, Kosyan, Alisa, Sorokin, Pavel (2020): On the taxonomic position of Phaenomenella Fraussen & Hadorn, 2006 (Neogastropoda, Buccinoidea) with description of two new species. Zoosystema 42 (3): 33-55, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2020v42a3
03D4B94FFFDE203FFF35FE55FDADC375.text	03D4B94FFFDE203FFF35FE55FDADC375.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Siphonalia pfefferi G. B. Sowerby III 1900	<div><p>Siphonalia pfefferi G. B. Sowerby III, 1900</p><p>(Figs 9D, E; 11C, D; 12)</p><p>Siphonalia pfefferi G. B. Sowerby III, 1900: 440, pl. 11, fig. 3.</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Japan • 1 lot, 2 specimens; Off Hashima, Miyazaki Prefecture, Kyushu; 10.V.1996 (nos. 1, 2, figs 8D, E).</p><p>COMPLEMENT TO DESCRIPTION</p><p>Radula</p><p>Radula rather similar in both specimens (Fig. 11C, D); central tooth with rectangular basal part and weakly arcuate anterior margin and three medium long triangular broad cusps, central one equal in length but slightly narrower than lateral ones. Lateral teeth tricuspate with weakly curved basal side, attached to membrane. Outermost cusp recurved, medium long, inner cusp weakly recurved, about 2/3 of outer cusp length; inner cusp in right longitudinal row of specimen spm. no. 2 partially subdivided (Fig. 11D). Intermediate cusp shortest, situated closer to inner cusp; inner cusp of spm. no. 2 partially subdivided in left longitudinal row.</p><p>Anatomy (spm. no. 1, male, Fig. 12)</p><p>Head very short and broad, tentacles short, contracted, with small eyes at lobes. Foot contracted, propodium moderately wide, operculum oval with terminal nucleus. Penis rather large (Fig. 12C), flattened, with long narrow seminal papilla in deepening at the top. Mantle with medium long siphon.</p><p>Digestive system. Proboscis partly everted out of rhynchodaeum, with contracted walls. Multiple proboscis retractors attaching mostly along right side of anterior oesophagus (Fig. 12D, E, prr), connecting rhynchodaeum and lateral walls of body haemocoel. Buccal mass slightly shorter than retracted proboscis (Fig. 12F, bm), attaching to its walls by multiple odontophoral retractors (odr). Radula lying in middle of buccal mass and attached to proboscis walls by median retractor (Fig. 12F, mrr). Salivary glands (Fig. 12D, E, sg) medium large (0.4 proboscis length), oval, with salivary ducts following on both sides of anterior oesophagus. Anterior oesophagus wide, dorso-ventrally flattened (Fig. 12E, aoe), valve of Leiblein rounded, medium large. Posterior oesophagus (poe) relatively narrow. Gland of Leiblein large, folded beneath nerve ring (Fig. 12E, gl). Stomach spanning about 0.3 whorl (Fig. 12G). Posterior mixing area not large (Fig. 12G, H, pma). Intestine medium wide. Opening of posterior duct of digestive gland located near oesophageal opening (Fig. 12I, pdg), opening of anterior duct located closer to beginning of intestine. Inner stomach wall between two openings contains longitudinal fold (Fig. 12H, lfl), lined with low oblique folds, rest part of inner and outer stomach wall lined with moderately high transverse folds.</p><p>Results of the phylogenetic analysis suggest close affinities of Siphonalia and Phaenomenella that remained unnoticed previously. Fraussen &amp; Hadorn (2006), while describing Phaenomenella, compared it to Manaria and Eosipho, but not to Siphonalia . The shell outline of some Phaenomenella (e.g. Phaenomenella insulapratasensis) is rather similar to Siphonalia: the shell is stout, with strongly convex whorls and a recurved siphonal canal. Species of Phaenomenella though have a much larger (about twice) protoconch in comparison with Siphonalia . The intrageneric variability of shell shape in Phaenomenella in its current definition is very high (Fraussen &amp; Stahlschmidt 2013) and in its extremes there is no resemblance between the two genera. It should also be born in mind that some of the most diverging species of Phaenomenella were not yet sequenced and may fall into other lineages.</p><p>Representatives of both genera are also anatomically similar, particularly in the digestive system characters. Both Phaenomenella and Siphonalia have a broad, medium long in the contracted state proboscis, medium large salivary glands and a large gland of Leiblein. It should be mentioned that despite these general similarities, there are no unique morphological characters uniting both genera. The radular morphology is very similar in both genera ( radula of one more species, S. marybethi Parth, 1996 was illustrated in Zhang &amp; Zhang 2018), however, as in the case with the body anatomy, it is of rather generalized buccinid appearance; similar radular morphology can be found in many unrelated genera – eg. Latisipho Dall, 1916 (Kosyan 2006), Plicifusus Dall, 1902 (Kosyan &amp; Kantor 2012), Aulacofusus Dall, 1918 (Kosyan &amp; Kantor 2013).</p><p>Our molecular analysis did not recover Phaenomenella as monophyletic. In both COI and combined COI+28S analyses the internal relationships within Phaenomenella – Siphonalia clade are not resolved. Siphonalia spadicea cluster without significant support with P. samadiae n. sp. We have only a single species of Siphonalia in our analyses so it is too preliminary to change the classification on the basis of the incomplete dataset. Therefore we presently retain the validity of Phaenomenella, although it is possible that Phaenomenella and Siphonalia can belong to a single genus. One of the distinctions between the genera is the depth range of known species. Generally, species of Siphonalia dwell at shallower depths – from 10 to 300 m (Okutani 2000), while Phaenomenella is recorded at 190-1389 m (Fraussen &amp; Stahlschmidt 2013; herein). The new species are attributed to Phaenomenella based on stronger conchological similarity to other species of the genus rather than to species of Siphonalia . Unfortunately the protoconch of P. samadiae n. sp. was decollated in all available specimens, but the protoconch of P. nicoi n. sp. is large globose, similar to other species of Phaenomenella .</p><p>The analysis of a broader dataset of Buccinoidea rejected the monophyly of Siphonaliinae in its original scope. None of the Recent genera, originally included by Finlay (1928) in the subfamily, that are Penion, Aeneator and Glaphyrina, are closely related neither to each other, nor to Siphonalia . The system of Buccinidae and Buccinoidea in general is still far from being resolved, with many problematic buccinoidean lineages (see e.g. Couto et al. 2016; Harasewych 2018). Therefore the rank of the inferred clade Siphonalia + Phaenomenella can be resolved only after obtaining the robust phylogeny of the entire superfamily Buccinoidea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D4B94FFFDE203FFF35FE55FDADC375	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kantor, Yuri;Kosyan, Alisa;Sorokin, Pavel	Kantor, Yuri, Kosyan, Alisa, Sorokin, Pavel (2020): On the taxonomic position of Phaenomenella Fraussen & Hadorn, 2006 (Neogastropoda, Buccinoidea) with description of two new species. Zoosystema 42 (3): 33-55, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2020v42a3
