taxonID	type	description	language	source
03D587F2FFCF4C04FEC43712F67EF9CD.taxon	diagnosis	• Small- to medium-sized insectivorous bats with tail protruding above uropatagium radio-metacarpal sacs and gular sac often prominent in males. • 3 - 5 - 17 cm. • Afrotropical, Indo-Malayan, Australasian, Neotropical, and Holarctic (marginally) Regions. • Closed and open forests to savannas and semi-deserts. • 14 genera, 54 species, 94 taxa. • 1 species Critically Endangered, 2 Endangered, 3 Vulnerable; none Extinct since 1600.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCD4C06FF1437E7FC18F0F4.taxon	materials_examined	Giza, Egypt.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCD4C06FF1437E7FC18F0F4.taxon	discussion	Taphozous nudiventris is in the subgenus Liponycteris. Five subspecies recognized.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCD4C06FF1437E7FC18F0F4.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution.. n. nudiventris Cretzschmar, 1830 - N, W, C & E Africa, also in Israel, Palestine, and the Arabian Peninsula.. n. magnus Wettstein, 1913 - Turkey, Iraq, and Bahrain.. n. kachhensis Dobson, 1872 - South Asia in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh.. n. nudaster Thomas, 1915 - NWMyanmar; however, complete distribution is unknown .. n. zayidi D. L. Harrison, 1955 - Oman; however, complete distribution is unknown. Present also in Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Iran, but distributions of subspecies in SW & C Asia are only partially understood and clarification awaits future systematic resolution.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCD4C06FF1437E7FC18F0F4.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 83 — 105 mm, tail 22 - 46 mm, ear 20 — 23 mm, hindfoot 23 - 24 mm, forearm 70 - 80 mm; weight 30 - 35 g. Dorsal fur of the Naked-rumped Tomb Bat is gray-brown, dark brown, or sepia, with naked rump and lower abdomen. Venter is paler than dorsum. Males have well-developed glandular gular pouch and sternal gland on chest. Both sexes have radio-metacarpal sacs. Ears are separated and angular and have papillae along inner margins. Outer margin of ear almost reaches angle of mouth and has large antitragus. Tragus is hatchet-shaped, with large tubercle near base. Muzzle is cut-off squarely. Eyes are conspicuous. Wing and uropatagium are brown. Dental formula of all species of Taphozous is 11 / 2, C 1 / 1, P 2 / 2, M 3 / 3 (x 2) = 30. Karyotype is 2 n = 42, as is the case for the entire genus Taphozous.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCD4C06FF1437E7FC18F0F4.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Arid to semiarid habitats, tropical forests, and wet evergreen forests. In northern Africa, the Naked-rumped Tomb Bat is found in Sudanian and Sahelian savanna zones where inselbergs (isolated hills) and rock crevices provide roost shelters. It is often associated with large water bodies. Food and Feeding. The Naked-rumped Tomb Bat eats aerial beetles, crickets, grasshoppers, cockroaches, moths, and alate termites. Breeding. Naked-rumped Tomb Bats are monoestrous. Females give birth to one young. Activity patterns. The Naked-rumped Tomb Bat is nocturnal. It emerges to forage well after sunset. It roosts in cliff fissures, rock crevices, caves, tombs, temples, bams, houses, tree hollows, and tunnels. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Some populations ofNaked-rumped Tomb Bats migrate or hibernate in response to winter conditions. Fat reserves are deposited and seen under naked skin of rump. Fat deposition occurs at end of monsoon season when insects are most abundant in preparation for dry, winter conditions. Most roosts contain only a few individuals, but colony size can reach several hundred individuals, and up to 2000 were recorded in Pakistan. This species is frequently associated with and tolerant of humans and will share roost shelters with other species of bats.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCD4C06FF1437E7FC18F0F4.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on IUCN Red List. The Naked-rumped Tomb Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population, and it is tolerant of habitat modification. It is common in some places but uncommon in western parts of its distribution. Colonies in Africa and the Mediterranean region are generally restricted to a few individuals, although colonies of dozens to hundreds occur in eastern Africa. It is common across South Asia, but a declining trend in Asian populations has been observed in recent years. International legal authorities for protection through the Bonn Convention of Eurobats are in place in participating countries ofEurope and Turkey. Nevertheless, no specific conservation measures are in place in much of its distribution, except where it occurs in protected areas. Investigation on impacts of pesticides is needed.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCD4C06FF0B3AFCF27EF58F.taxon	description	French: Taphien perforé I German: Ägyptische Grabfledermaus / Spanish: Tafozo egipcio	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCD4C06FF0B3AFCF27EF58F.taxon	materials_examined	Royal Tomb, Kom Ombo, Nile Valley, Egypt.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCD4C06FF0B3AFCF27EF58F.taxon	discussion	Taphozous perforatus is in the subgenus Taphozous. Four subspecies recognized.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCD4C06FF0B3AFCF27EF58F.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution.. p. perforatus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1818 — Nile Valley in Egypt and N Sudan.. p. haedinusThomas, 1915 - Middle East (Israel, Arabian Peninsula, and S Iran) E to India, and E Africa from Djibouti to Kenya (including Lamu I) and Tanzania; it may also occur in Eritrea.. p. senegalensis Desmarest, 1820 - scattered localities in W Africa, from S Mauritania, Senegal, and Guinea-Bissau E to NW Nigeria and W Cameroon; it may occur in Guinea and Ivory Coast.. p. sudani Thomas, 1915 — C & S Sudan, South Sudan, Uganda, and S through the Congo Basin to N & E Botswana, S Zimbabwe, and NE South Africa.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCD4C06FF0B3AFCF27EF58F.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 71 — 85 mm, tail 22 — 30 mm, ear 15 — 20 mm, hindfoot 13 — 15 mm, forearm 54 - 67 mm; weight 23 — 33 mm. Dorsum of the Egyptian Tomb Bat is mousy gray, pale ash-brown (North Africa), or dark brown (Southern Africa). Throat and beard are buff, and gular pouch is present.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCD4C06FF0B3AFCF27EF58F.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primarily open woodland lowlands including Acacia (Fabaceae) and other types of thorn forest. The Egyptian Tomb Bat will forage in anthropomorphic settings including palm groves and gardens. Food and Feeding. Fecal material from Egyptian Tomb Bats in Ethiopia contained Lepidoptera (56 %), Isoptera (14 %), Coleoptera (10 %), Orthoptera (8 %), Hemiptera (3 %), Neuroptera (2 %), Diptera (1 %), Hymenoptera (1 %), and unidentified insect parts (5 %). Breeding. Egyptian Tomb Bats are polyestrous and capable of becoming pregnant twice a year. Females have been found simultaneously lactating and pregnant. Gravid females have been found in November in south-eastern Zimbabwe, each with a single fetus in the right uterine hom. Activity patterns. Egyptian Tomb Bats roost in rocky outcrops, stone buildings, wells, tunnels, and tombs. Movements, Home range and Social organization. In southern Africa, Egyptian Tomb Bats typically roost in tight clusters of 6 - 8 individuals deep in protected crevices of rocky outcrops, cracks or gaps in stone or concrete buildings, or deep cave recesses. In West Africa, colonies of hundreds of individuals form day roosts.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCD4C06FF0B3AFCF27EF58F.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on TheIUCNRed List. The Egyptian Tomb Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population. It is present in many protected areas including Mapungubwe National Park in South Africa. No direct conservation measures are currently needed; however, it has not been recorded in protected areas in Pakistan or India. Being little studied, research on its distribution, abundance, reproduction, and ecology is needed.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCD4C07F8FD3FA2F994F157.taxon	materials_examined	Island of Mauritius.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCD4C07F8FD3FA2F994F157.taxon	discussion	Taphozous mauritianus is in the subgenus Taphozous. Monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCD4C07F8FD3FA2F994F157.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Much of sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal E to W Ethiopia and S Somalia, and S to NE Namibia and E South Africa, including Bioko, Principe, São Tomé, Annobón, and Unguja (Zanzibar Archipelago) Is; also in Madagascar, Aldabra, Assumption, Comoros (Mayotte I), Mauritius, and Réunion Is.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCD4C07F8FD3FA2F994F157.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 76 - 88 mm, tail 15 - 28 mm, ear 12 - 22 mm, hindfoot 11 - 18 mm, forearm 58 - 65 mm; weight 20 - 36 g. There is no sexual dimorphism in general appearance and size, and both sexes have radio-metacarpal pouches. Dorsum of the Mauritian Tomb Bat appears to be grizzled due to tricolored hairs: whitish at tips, graybrown in middle, and pale brown at bases. Fur is sleek and close to body; it extends onto uropatagiumjust beyond point at which tail perforates the membrane. Venter is white, strongly contrasting dark appearance of dorsum. Sexually mature males have conspicuous gular pouch. Some adult females in Mozambique, Sudan, and Nigeria reportedly have gular sac and others do not, but when present, it is less developed than in males. In mature males, gular sac opens anteriorly and contains glands that produce secretions that pass through its anterior opening. Radio-metacarpal sacs are located at forward angles on each wing. These sacs are formed by fold ofskin stretched between radius and basaljoint ofmetacarpal offifth digit. Aspect ratio oflong, narrow wing is 8 - 2, which makes it difficult to maneuver in tight confines. Under experimental conditions, Mauritian Tomb Bats cannot manage a turn in a 1 - m wide corridor. Metacarpals decline in length progressively from third to fifth digits. Second digit has only metacarpals, but there are two phalanges on third, fourth, and fifth digits. At rest, long narrow tip of wing is shortened as first phalanx of third digit folds forward and on top of metacarpal, while second phalanx folds down on bottom of first. Such folding ofwingtip facilitates efficient crawling on roost substrates. Posterior margin of interfemoral membrane (uropatagium) is supported on each side by strong calcar. Tail projects through middle of this membrane and above membrane as is typical in Emballonuridae. Ear is triangular. Tragus is ovalshaped and as broad (4 - 5 mm) as it is long. Long, thin postorbital processes of skull taper and curve down around eye sockets. Rounded braincase rises above plane of face, resulting in curved profile with little to no sagittal crest. Deep saucer-like depression in frontal area is apparent on face of live individuals. Posterior edge of palate ends abruptly at last molar, with gaps on inner edge of palate due to incomplete auditory bullae.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCD4C07F8FD3FA2F994F157.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat Moist savannas, open woodlands, and grasslands with more than 500 mm of rain per year, and riparian gallery forests and swamps along large rivers, from sea level to elevations of C. 900 m. Mauritian Tomb Bats on Sao Tomé and Principe occur in cocoa plantations. Often found in anthropomorphic habitats (e. g. roosting under eaves of houses). Food and Feeding. Mauritian Tomb Bats eat moths, alate termites {Macrotermes falciger), butterflies, and other insects. Like other species of tomb bats, they fly high and fast. During wet season, radio-tracked individuals from the day roost at Babalala Picnic Area, Kruger National Park, flew up to 5 km from their day roost to nightly feeding areas. Individuals forage independently, but subadults appear to fly with mothers. Breeding. Given the large distribution of Mauritian Tomb Bats across the African continent, it is not surprising that they are polyestrous in wet tropical regions and monoestrous in more seasonal arid and temperate regions. Timing of parturition from region to region also varies depending on climate and latitude. In Zimbabwe, females were observed carrying a single young in October and were pregnant again in February; in northern Zaire, Tanzania, and Kenya, births occurred in April-May. After birth, single young cling to their mothers’ abdomens in flight, and they carry them until it can fly on their own. In tropical northern reaches of Kruger National Park, Mauritian Tomb Bats are migratory, regularly appearing in wet season at the Babalala Picnic Site to rear young but disappearing during dry season. Activity patterns. Mauritian Tomb Bats emerge after dark and actively forage for several hours thereafter. At Babalala Picnic Area, a roosting group of 3 - 8 adult bats arrive each wet season in this mopane forest / grassland region. They roost by day at tops ofwooden posts that support a thatch-covered, open-air, circular structure, singly or as a breeding pair, with an adult male and adult female on each post Mauritian Tomb Bats also roost on cliffwalls with overhanging rock shelves and trunks of large trees where deep shade is available. They rest against roost substrate in vertical head-down postures, clinging with feet and thumbs. The species produces a multi-harmonic HDC-QCF call, with low peak frequency of 25 - 9 kHz, narrow bandwidth of 2 - 8 kHz, and intermediate duration of 7 - 4 milliseconds. Second and third harmonics are often present on a spectrogram. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Mauritian Tomb Bats roost singly or in small groups of up to twelve individuals and remain alert while roosting. Some females at Babalala have a subadult clinging to their backs even though young are able to fly and seem to forage with their mothers. All bats at Babalala tolerate tourists walking past only 2 m below them. Mauritian Tomb Bats often roost in buildings inhabited by people. Young cling to breasts of their mothers, but subadults cling to dorsa of their mothers in day roosts until nearly adult size. Adults maintain minimum spacing of 10 - 15 cm in day roosts. Group members returning to a day roost emit a contact call, repeated at intervals of 2 - 3 seconds. Mauritian Tomb Bats and African Sheath-tailed Bats {Coleura afra) intermingle in twilight zones of some caves. Some raptors that hunt at dusk and owls that hunt at night in Kruger National Park actively hunt bats, and Mauritian Tomb Bats probably fall prey to these carnivorous birds. Snakes also prey on Mauritian Tomb Bats. Trematodes {Anchitrema) are common endoparasites.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCD4C07F8FD3FA2F994F157.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on 77 i? IUCN Red List. The Mauritian Tomb Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population, and it is tolerant of habitat modification. It occurs in many protected areas in Africa including Kruger and Mapungubwe national parks in South Africa and Zombitse-Vohibasia and Ankarafantsika national parks in Madagascar.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCC4C07FF443A59F319FA37.taxon	materials_examined	Mongalla, Sudan. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCC4C07FF443A59F319FA37.taxon	discussion	Taphozous hamiltoni is in the subgenus Taphozous. Monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCC4C07FF443A59F319FA37.taxon	distribution	Distribution. E Africa, few records scattered in Sudan, Somalia (Lower Sheikh), South Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania (Shanwa); also isolated records from Chad (Sarh). Its füll distribution is poorly known.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCC4C07FF443A59F319FA37.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 80 - 84 mm, tail 20 - 35 mm, ear 15 - 22 mm, hindfoot 15 - 16 mm, forearm 61 - 71 mm; weight 19 - 4 - 22 g. Hamilton’s Tomb Bat has dark sepiabrown to rusty brown dorsum, with slighdy lighter venter. Fur is unicolored and sleek. Sexes are not dimorphic in color or size. Flight membranes are dark brown. Hindlegs are naked and dark brown. Adult breeding males and females have well-developed gular pouches. Radio-metacarpal sacs are present on wings ofmales and females. Viewed from above, head is flat and subtriangular, with pointed muzzle. Lower lip is prominently grooved. Eyes are large. Ears are subtriangular and pointed backward, with papillae along lower margins. Tragus is 7 mm long and broad, having axe-head shape and prominent lobule at base of posterior margin. Skull is smoothly convex laterally until reaching weakly concave forehead. Sagittal crest is low, and occipital helmet is weakly developed.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCC4C07FF443A59F319FA37.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dry and moist savanna woodlands including Acacia (Fabaceae) and Acacia- Commiphora (Burseraceae) woodlands, grasslands, and semi-desert shrublands. Food and Feeding. Hamilton’s Tomb Bats are insectivorous. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Hamilton’s Tomb Bats roost in rock fissures and caves. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCC4C07FF443A59F319FA37.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on IUCNRed List. Extent of occurrence, status, trends, ecological requirements, and threats of Hamilton’s Tomb Bat are unknown. It could be declining due to habitat loss by spread of agriculture, but it probably occurs in protected areas. Distribution, ecological requirements, and conservation status require additional investigation.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCC4C00F834333AFC4CFC29.taxon	materials_examined	Rabai, 700 ’ [= 213 m], ” Mombasa District, Kenya.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCC4C00F834333AFC4CFC29.taxon	discussion	Taphozous hildegardeae is in the subgenus Taphozous. Some authorities question locality records attributable to central Kenya because. hildegardeae is otherwise known only from coastal distribution and habitats; however, these inland records coincide with coastal vegetation along the Tana River, possibly offering suitable habitat Monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCC4C00F834333AFC4CFC29.taxon	distribution	Distribution. E Africa along coast of SE Kenya and NE Tanzania (from Lower Tana River S to Dar es Salaam), also on Pemba and Unguja Is (Zanzibar Archipelago); recorded in C Kenya, but verification of museum vouchers and additional fieldwork could clarify distribution there.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCC4C00F834333AFC4CFC29.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 79 - 82 mm, tail 25 - 29 mm, ear 13 - 22 mm, hindfoot 11 — 18 mm, forearm 63 - 66 mm; weight 24 - 36 g (largest weights are for males with heavy fat deposits). Hairs on dorsum of Hildegarde’s Tomb Bat are tricolored, with pale brown above white bases and chocolate-brown tips; venter is white, with lightly frosted brown scattered tips. Exposed skin on limbs and other body parts is brown. Dorsal wing surfaces and uropatagium are brown, but distal part of wing membranes is white. Sparse fur on dorsal and ventral sides of flight membranes is white. Profile of head is concave. Both sexes have radio-metacarpal sacs. Although some sources state that glandular gular pouches are absent, others have observed these glands on mature males. Breeding age males have distinct black beards, covering undersides of their throats.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCC4C00F834333AFC4CFC29.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical dry forests in very restricted coastal areas from sea level to elevations of C. 214 m. Hildegarde’s Tomb Bat also might occur further inland in gallery forests along the Tana River. Food and Feeding. Hildegarde’s Tomb Bat eats species of Orthoptera and Lepidoptera. Breeding. In coastal Kenya, reproductive cycle ofHildegarde’s Tomb Bat closely corresponds to regional seasonality in rainfall. Males have pronounced bimodal cycles of fat deposition, corresponding to relative insect abundance during dual rainy seasons in Kenya. During active courtship and copulation in the first dry season of the year when moth abundance is lowest, males deplete body fat; fat accumulation in males is greatest in the long rainy season in Kenya. Females do not put on appreciable fat deposits, and even near-term pregnant females do not reach large seasonal body weights of males. A secondary peak in body weight and development of male sexual glands are associated with “ short rains ” in October-December. Second rainy season apparently does not result in reproduction but appears to allow maintenance of year-round harems that might reflect a vestigial polyestrous reproductive cycle. Activity patterns. Hildegard’s Tomb Bat is nocturnal and uses coral sea caves as roosts along the coast. It emerges from day roosts well after dark. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Hildegard’s Tomb Bat is polygynous, and males maintain roost territories to defend their female harems. In some larger harems, multiple males defend a group’s roosting site. Distance between harems is slightly greater than striking distance of the forearm. Adult males defend harems from intruders by wing flicking, vocalizations, scent marking, postural changes, and aggressive attacks. Males identify females as harem members by anal-genital sniffing. Males also mark harem females by pressing throat glands over females’ dorsum and mark themselves by rubbing their folded wings and forearms over throat glands. Bachelor males andjuveniles roost separately from harems. Colonies of hundreds to c. 1000 individuals occur in caves, suggesting that local foraging movements occur at considerable distances from roosting sites. Hildegard’s Tomb Bats often share lit parts of caves with African Sheath-tailed Bats (Coleura afra). The cimicid bug Loxaspis miranda and the bat fly Brachytarsina aUuaudi have been identified as common ectoparasites in the larger colonies of Hildegard’s Tomb Bats.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCC4C00F834333AFC4CFC29.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCNRed List. Extent of occurrence of Hildegard’s Tomb Bat is less than 20,000 km 2, its distribution is severely fragmented, and there is continuing decline in extent and quality of its forest habitat. It has been recorded from fewer than ten coastal localities. No distribution-wide population estimates are available, but surveys in Kenya and Tanzania in 1988 documented more than 130, 300, and 1000 individuals in three caves. Hildegard’s Tomb Bat likely is declining due to loss of habitat in coastal dry forests and disturbance of cave sites. Updated surveys of cave populations are needed to reassess it conservation status.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCB4C00FF1C3147FAC6EFA6.taxon	discussion	Taxonomy. Taphosous [sic] longimanus Hardwicke, 1825,	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCB4C00FF1C3147FAC6EFA6.taxon	materials_examined	“ Calcutta, ” Bengal, India.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCB4C00FF1C3147FAC6EFA6.taxon	discussion	Taphozous longimanus is in the subgenus Taphozous. Four subspecies recognized.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCB4C00FF1C3147FAC6EFA6.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution.. l. longimanus Hardwicke, 1825 - Indian subcontinent (Nepal, India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka).. l albipinnis Thomas, 1898 - Borneo and Labuan I.. l. kampenii Jentink, 1907 — Java, but distribution is not clearly delimited.. l. leucopleurus Dobson, 1878 - Flores I, Lesser Sundas, but distribution is not clearly delimited. Wide distribution from South Asia and Indochina to Greater and Lesser Sundas, but subspecies to which many of these populations belong are unknown.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCB4C00FF1C3147FAC6EFA6.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 73 - 86 mm, tail 20 - 30 mm, ear c. 20 mm, forearm 54 — 63 mm. No specific data are available for hindfoot length or body weight. Dorsum of the Long-winged Sheath-tailed Bat varies from reddish brown to black, sometimes speckled with white patches. In Thailand, females tend to be gray, and males tend to be brown. Chin is naked. Legs are covered with short fur. Upper surface of wing and uropatagium membranes are furred to about one-half the length of humerus and femur. A well-developed gular pouch and radio-metacarpal pouches are present in males; females have only rudimentary fold on throat. Wings are long, narrow, and whitish and attached at ankles. Tail tapers to narrow tip. Third finger is longer than forearm.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCB4C00FF1C3147FAC6EFA6.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Wide variety of habitats from arid areas to humid zones from sea level to elevations of C. 1200 m. Food and Feeding. Diet includes beetles and cockroaches. Breeding. Long-winged Sheath-tailed Bats are bom in midJanuary and mid-May. At Varanasi, India, spermatogenesis occurs in September, with appearance of spermatozoa. Spermatogenic arrest occurs in winter dormancy in December and is followed by a second peak of spermatogenesis inJanuary that coincides with ovulation in females. A third peak of spermatogenesis begins in late April, and tubules are found completely regressed after May. Cycle of accessory sex glands generally parallels testicular cycle, reaching maximum hypertrophy in September-January and again in late April. Thereafter, accessory sex glands are involuted. Spermatozoa are present in cauda epididymis throughout the year. Activity patterns. The Long-winged Sheath-tailed Bat roosts in caves, tunnels, abandoned human structures (e. g. forts, dungeons, and wells), and hollows and crowns of trees including palms and banyan figs {Ficus benghalensis, Moraceae) and under large rocks and eaves of houses. It emerges from roosts very early in the evening and flies fast as it forages. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Long-winged Sheath-tailed Bat roosts alone or in colonies that can number hundreds of individuals.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCB4C00FF1C3147FAC6EFA6.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Longwinged Sheath-tailed Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population, occurs in protected reserves, and is tolerant of habitat modification. Although populations generally are thought to be stable, some scattered local populations might be decreasing. In South Asia, the Long-winged Sheath-tailed Bat occurs in Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary inJharkhand and Kanha National Park in Madhya Pradesh, and it likely is present in most protected areas in peninsular India and many in South-east Asia. Additional studies are needed on taxonomy, distribution, abundance and population trends, reproduction, and ecology. Some populations might be threatened by roost disturbance, especially from guano mining in South-east Asia.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCB4C00FF1B25C9F5DEF52E.taxon	materials_examined	Bantam, Westjava, Indonesia.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCB4C00FF1B25C9F5DEF52E.taxon	discussion	Taphozous melanopogon is in the subgenus Taphozous. Subspecies philippinensis named by G. R. Waterhouse in 1845 is now considered invalid. Four subspecies recognized.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCB4C00FF1B25C9F5DEF52E.taxon	discussion	Subspecies and Distribution.. m. melanopogon Temminck, 1841 — from Java through Lesser Sundas including Lombok, Sumbawa, Moyo, Alor Is, and Timor I.. m. bicolor Temminck, 1841 — E India.. m. cavaticus Hollister, 1913 - W Sumatra.. m. fretensis Thomas, 1916 - Borneo, over scattered locations from N Sabah to Sarawak and S Martapura in S Kalimantan. Taphozous melanopogon occurs from Sri Lanka and India through S China and SE Asia into islands of Indonesia including Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Lesser Sunda Is, Sulawesi, and many smaller islands, also in the Philippines. Subspecies to which many of these populations belong are unknown.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCB4C00FF1B25C9F5DEF52E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 67 — 86 mm, ear 21 — 23 mm, hindfoot 13 — 15 mm, tail 11 - 9 — 26 mm, forearm 60 — 68 mm; weight 21 — 26 g. Dorsum of the Black-bearded Tomb Bat ranges from very dark brown in younger individuals to paler cinnamon drab in mature males. Basal part of hairs is pale pinkish buff in mature adult males and white in juveniles and young adults. Venter is paler than dorsum. Females in India often have a more reddish hue and hairs of young individuals are brown, and mature adults are tawny olive. Throat beard of adult males is dense mat of black hairs up to 25 mm long across full width of throat. Proximal one-third of forearm is furred along inner dorsal surface and same color as dorsum. Ear is lightly furred along external margin. Wing membranes are predominately sepia. Uropatagium is lightly furred but becomes dense near tail. Tail is thickened at tip. Legs and feet are hairy. There are well-developed radio-metacarpal sacs in wings. Wing membrane attaches above ankle to tibia.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCB4C00FF1B25C9F5DEF52E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Many forest habitats and urban areas from sea level to hilly areas at c. 800 m. Food and Feeding. The Black-bearded Tomb Bat feeds on aerial insects. Breeding. Some colonies of Black-bearded Tomb Bats are unisexual. Single young are bom after gestation of 120 - 125 days. Beard ofmales becomes wet with secretions during breeding season, presumably related to chemical communication related to breeding. Activity patterns. The Black-bearded Tomb Bat roosts in well-lit areas in caves including sea caves, large rock crevices, and buildings including temples, mines, and tunnels. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Roosting colonies ofBlack-bearded Tomb Bats range from a few individuals to thousands.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCB4C00FF1B25C9F5DEF52E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on 77 ie IUCN Red List. The Black-bearded Tomb Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population. Some populations occur in protected reserves. Because it will inhabit secondary forests and anthropogenic habitats, it appears to have locally stable or slightly decreasing populations. In South Asia, the Black-bearded Tomb Bat is regionally threatened by habitat loss from commercial logging and agriculture and disturbance to roost caves by humans. Local subsistence hunting of larger colonies in cave roosts occurs in Laos and the Philippines. Bibliography. Bates & Harrison (1997), Flannery (1995 b), Heaney eta /. (1998), Kitchener & Suyanto (1995), Kitchener, Schmitt (1993), Lawrence (1939), Molur eta /. (2002), Rickart eta /. (1993), Sanborn (1952), Smith & XieYan (2008), Taylor (1934), Waterhouse (1845).	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCB4C01F8C13E42FE31FBDA.taxon	type_taxon	8. Theobald’s Tomb Bat	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCB4C01F8C13E42FE31FBDA.taxon	materials_examined	Tenasserim, Burma.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCB4C01F8C13E42FE31FBDA.taxon	discussion	Taphozous theobaldi is in the subgenus Taphozous. Two subspecies recognized.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCB4C01F8C13E42FE31FBDA.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution.. t. theobaldi Dobson, 1872 - Tenasserim, Myanmar.. t. secatus Thomas, 1915 - Madhya Pradesh, India. Boundaries and complete distribution for subspecies are unknown, but T theobaldi is patchily distributed from C & SW India (Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Kerala), S China (Yunnan, imprecise locality and therefore not mapped), and SE Asia to Greater Sundas (Borneo, Java) and Sulawesi. Distribution is poorly known in India, and. theobaldi likely is more widespread than presently understood. It presumably will be found on other islands of the Indonesian Archipelago.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCB4C01F8C13E42FE31FBDA.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 88 - 95 mm, tail 25 - 30 mm, ear 22 — 28 mm, hindfoot 15 - 18 mm, forearm 70 - 76 mm; weight 40 - 50 g (estimated from forearm size). Dorsal fur of Theobald’s Tomb Bat is gray-brown to dark brown; bases of hairs are paler. Adult males have black beards. Well-developed, radio-metacarpal sacs are present in adult males. Legs, feet, and flight membranes are naked. Wing attaches above ankle to tibia. Habitat. Moist forests from sea level to elevations of c. 1200 m. Theobald’s Tomb Bats roost in large limestone caves with deep crevices.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCB4C01F8C13E42FE31FBDA.taxon	biology_ecology	Food and Feeding. Theobald’s Tomb Bat feeds on aerial insects while flying high above forest canopies. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Roost colonies of Theobald’s Tomb Bats vary from ten individuals to several thousands.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCB4C01F8C13E42FE31FBDA.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Theobald’s Tomb Bat has a large distribution and presumably large overall population, and it is not believed to be in serious population decline. It is threatened by disturbance and destruction of roosting sites and harvesting for bushmeat and medicinal purposes in parts of its distribution. Guano is mined from large roost colonies for use as fertilizer in South-east Asia. There are no direct conservation measures in place. Theobald’s Tomb Bat occurs in some protected areas in India including Silent Valley National Park in Kerala and Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary in Maharashtra. Important roosting sites throughout its distribution should be protected. Studies of distribution, abundance, breeding biology, general ecology, and population trends are needed.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCA4C01FF7431D4F8DBF2F5.taxon	discussion	Taxonomy. Taphozous achates Thomas, 1915,	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCA4C01FF7431D4F8DBF2F5.taxon	discussion	“ Savu I [slan] d., East of Timor [= Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia]. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCA4C01FF7431D4F8DBF2F5.taxon	discussion	Taphozous achates is in the subgenus Taphozous. Until recently, it was included in. melanopogon. Two subspecies recognized.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCA4C01FF7431D4F8DBF2F5.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution.. a. achates Thomas, 1915 - Lesser Sunda Is, recorded from Nusa Perfida, Savu, Semau, Roti, Timor, Wetar, Leti, and Babar Is .. a. minor Kitchener, 1995 — restricted to two island groups in E Indonesia: Tanimbar Is and Kai Is.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCA4C01FF7431D4F8DBF2F5.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 74 — 78 - 5 mm, tail 25 - 3 — 27 - 3 mm, ear 19 - 1 — 20 - 7 mm, hindfoot 5 - 4 — 6 - 5 mm, forearm 59 - 6 — 63 - 7 mm; weight 21 - 23 - 5 g. There is no appreciable sexual dimorphism in the Indonesian Tomb Bat. The two subspecies are quite similar in external appearance and differ primarily in smaller size of skull and external measurements of minor. Dorsal hairs are dark drab brown, with white basal parts; ventral hairs are drab gray, with cream or white basal parts. Mature males have light drab brown throat beards. Proximal one-third of inner dorsal surfrice of forearm is lightly furred and similar in color to dorsal pelage. Ear is lightly haired along margin. Uropatagium is lightly furred.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCA4C01FF7431D4F8DBF2F5.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Coastal and lowland areas from sea level to elevations of c. 1000 m. Food and Feeding. The Indonesian Tomb Bat feeds on aerial insects. Breeding. Two female Indonesian Tomb Bats were not lactating in midJune on Kai Island. Activity patterns. The Indonesian Tomb Bat roosts in limestone caves. Movements, Home range and Social organization. On Kai Island, Indonesian Tomb Bats roost in association with Fawn-colored Leaf-nosed Bats (Hipposideros cervinus), Small Asian Sheath-tailed Bats (Emballonura alecto), Little Long-fingered Bats (Miniopterus australis), Stalker’s Myotis (Myotis stalkeri), and New Guinea Broad-eared Horseshoe Bats (Rhinolophus euryotis).	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCA4C01FF7431D4F8DBF2F5.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCNRed List. Population status of the Indonesian Tomb Bat is unknown. The species is known only from a few localities. Potential threats include cave disturbance by human and domestic animal entry and limestone extraction. It occurs in some protected reserves. Before adequate protective measures can occur, research needs to be conducted to better understand distribution, ecology, population structure, and taxonomy of the Indonesian Tomb Bat in relation to its sister species, the Black-bearded Tomb Bat (. melanopogon).	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCA4C01FF7F38FCF42FF95A.taxon	type_taxon	Other common names: ArnhemTomb Bat, White-striped Sheath-tailed Bat	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCA4C01FF7F38FCF42FF95A.taxon	materials_examined	‘ Kapalga’, at the edge of the western flood plain of the South Alligator River, near Rookery Point, N. T. [= Northern Territory] (lat. 12 ° 32 ’ S, long. 132 ° 23 ’ E), ” Australia.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCA4C01FF7F38FCF42FF95A.taxon	discussion	Taphozous kapalgensis is in the subgenus Taphozous. Monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCA4C01FF7F38FCF42FF95A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. N Australia, in extreme E Kimberley region ofWestern Australia and in W Top End of the Northern Territory. Additional research might prove that it occurs further E across the Top End of the Northern Territory.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCA4C01FF7F38FCF42FF95A.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 75 - 85 mm, tail 20 - 23 mm, ear 16 - 5 - 17 - 6 mm, hindfoot 7 - 6 - 8 - 1 mm, forearm 57 - 6 - 63 mm; weight 26 - 29 - 5 g. The Amhem Sheath-tailed Bat has pale orange-brown pelage, with two white ventral flank-stripes. Uropatagium is naked except in sparsely haired anal region. Adult males have well-developed gular pouch, which is a rudimentary slit in females. Radio-metacarpal sacs are present.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCA4C01FF7F38FCF42FF95A.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Floodplains, swamps, mangroves, monsoon forests, and open woodlands dominated by Corymbia papuana (Myrtaceae) and Pandanus spiralis (Pandanaceae). The Amhem Sheath-tailed Bat occurs in tropical stratified woodlands with mixtures of Eucalyptus tectifica, C. papuana, and C. clavigera (all Myrtaceae). When foraging over floodplains, it typically flies 10 — 20 m aboveground. Food and Feeding. The Amhem Sheath-tailed Bat forages for insects above tree canopies, but it flies closer to the ground in open areas and flyway corridors that can include road cuts. It also will feed low over water. As it feeds, it flies rapidly with abrupt dives and twists while emitting loud, shrill echolocation calls. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Amhem Sheath-tailed Bat is nocturnal, but its roosting habitats are unclear. Because it occurs for from rocky outcrops with caves and rock fissures, it likely roosts in tree hollows. Aboriginal people report that it roosts at the base of Pandanus leaves. Echolocation call frequencies are 22 - 9 — 25 - 5 kHz, with relatively short durations of 3 — 7 milliseconds. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCA4C01FF7F38FCF42FF95A.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. Populations of the Amhem Sheath-tailed Bat are considered stable. It occurs in several protected areas including Kakadu National Park, Fogg Dam Conservation Reserve, and Point Stuart Coastal Reserve. Additional studies on distribution, abundance, roost selection, natural history, and threats are needed to better assess its status and need for conservation action. Potential threats include large-scale invasion of coastal floodplain by introduced plant species, degradation of habitats by feral Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), and saltwater intrusion on coastal plains causing loss of tree stands of Melaleuca (Myrtaceae).	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCA4C02F82F3255F947FAAB.taxon	materials_examined	“ maritime caves in the sandstone cliffs of Albany Island, Cape York [Peninsula], ” Queensland, Australia.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCA4C02F82F3255F947FAAB.taxon	discussion	Taphozous australis is in the subgenus Taphozous. Monotypic,	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCA4C02F82F3255F947FAAB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Papua New Guinea (recorded only at the lower Strickland River in Western Province and Port Moresby in National Capital District) and NE coast of Australia from Cape York Peninsula to Keppel Bay, also on Moa, Possession, and Albany Is in Torres Strait (possibly also on other islands in this area) and Magnetic I and other coastal islands of Queensland. It might have a larger distribution along S coast ofNew Guinea.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCA4C02F82F3255F947FAAB.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 78 — 90 mm, tail 20 - 29 mm, ear 22 — 26 mm, hindfoot 10 — 14 mm, forearm 63 - 67 mm; weight 20 - 30 - 5 g. Individuals from Papua New Guinea are reportedly weight 20 - 26 g, but in Australia, adults are reportedly as large as 30 - 5 g, with larger body mass associated with fat deposition in colder winters of the central northeastern coast ofQueensland. Dorsum fur of the Coastal Sheath-tailed Bat appears grayish brown or gray, with both color morphs often found in a single colony; venter is slightly paler. Bases of hairs on dorsum and venter are white. Fur on underside of forearm is white. Throat pouch, opening to the anterior, is prominent in adult males and rudimentary in females. Radio-metacarpal sacs are present on both sexes. Triangular ear has blunt apex and is heavily pleated with serrations along posterior margin. Tragus is broad, short, and slightly rounded at tip. Antitragus extends nearly to comer of mouth. Large, dark brown irises make eyes conspicuous. Flight membranes are dark brown. Bare parts of facial region, ears, tail, and forearms are brown to reddish brown. Trailing edges of uropatagium when extended are supported by stiff cartilaginous calcars. Skull rises sharply from nasal region to cranium. Weak sagittal crest is present on older individuals. Habitat. Coastal dune scrublands, coastal heathlands, open eucalypt forests, grasslands, monsoon forests, mangroves, and swamps with swamp paperbark (Melaleuca ericifolia, Myrtaceae), no more than a few kilometers inland, from sea level to elevations ofc. 300 m. Food and Feeding. The Coastal Sheath-tail Bat is insectivorous and includes beetles in its diet. Large beetles are often carried to a night feeding roost or back to the day roost at the end of the night. Discarded insect parts can be found below either type of roost. While foraging, it flies fast and high above forest canopies but also descends closer to the ground in open areas.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFCA4C02F82F3255F947FAAB.taxon	biology_ecology	Breeding. Pregnant Coastal Sheath-tail Bats can be found in September, and births of single young occur in October-November in Australia. Activity patterns. Coastal Sheath-tail Bats are nocturnal and roost in sea caves, rocky areas, crevices, boulder piles, abandoned military bunkers, and old buildings. They emerge from day roosts well after dark. Echolocation call is flat to slightly sloped, and characteristic frequencies are 23 — 27 kHz. Its echolocation calls, however, are difficult to distinguish from Troughton’s Sheath-tailed Bat (T. troughtoni) or Beccari’s Freetailed Bat (Ozimops beccarii) where they co-occur. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Most roosting groups ofCoastal Sheathtail Bats consist of less than ten individuals, but larger groups exceeding 100 individuals have been noted, particularly in older published accounts. In winter, Coastal Sheath-tailed Bats can cluster in groups of up to five individuals, but in wanner months, they maintain individual distances of up to 20 cm while roosting. Even in large caves, they roost in well-lit areas and remain alert and quickly take flight if approached too closely, moving to another roosting site or deeper into inaccessible parts of large caves. They can commute up to 15 km from roosts to nightly foraging areas. They have been observed flying between offshore island roosts to the mainland ofAustralia to forage. At the extreme southern end of its distribution near Rockhampton, Australia, they deposit fat in autumn and thereafter enter short bouts of torpor during coldest times of the year. Torpid individuals have cold body temperatures that require up to ten minutes or more ofwarming before they can fly. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCNRed List. Nevertheless, the Coastal Sheath-tailed Bat almost qualified as Vulnerable in the most recent evaluation on The IUCNRed Listixcmse it is highly probable that less than 10,000 mature individuals exist, some recent population declines have been observed, and habitat loss might cause future declines. In Australia, it is potentially threatened by loss of foraging habitat from sand mining and coastal development and disturbance at roosting sites. It is protected in Cape Hillsborough National Park and several other coastal and offshore island protected areas in Australia. Recommended conservation actions include protection of key roosting sites and foraging habitat Additional field studies also are needed to better assess its distribution, abundance, ecology, and threats in Australia and Papua New Guinea. Bibliography. Bonaccorso (1998), Churchill (2008), Duncan eta /. (1999), Richards (2008 b), Strahan (1995).	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC94C02FF0B30C6F6C7FC83.taxon	materials_examined	“ King George’s Sound, ” Western Australia, Australia.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC94C02FF0B30C6F6C7FC83.taxon	discussion	Taphozous georgianus is in the subgenus Taphozous. Monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC94C02FF0B30C6F6C7FC83.taxon	distribution	Distribution. NW & N Australia, in Western Australia (Pilbara and Kimberley bioregions), Northern Territory in the Top End, S of Gulf of Carpentaria, and Gulf Fall and Uplands bioregion, and Queensland E to N Mount Isa Inlier and W Gulf Plains bioregions; also on Hook I off coast of Queensland and several small offshore islands off coasts of Western Australia and Northern Territory.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC94C02FF0B30C6F6C7FC83.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 61 - 6 - 80 mm, tail 21 - 39 - 4 mm, ear 16 - 5 - 24 - 1 mm, hindfoot 8 - 1 - 9 - 5 mm, forearm 65 - 75 mm; weight 30 - 51 g in April (when laden with fat deposits) and 19 - 31 g in September. There is no sexual dimorphism in body size. Dorsal fur of the Common Sheath-tailed Bat is dark olive-brown above base of creamy brown and speckled with buff-brown guard hairs. Venter is lighter brownish olive, with base of deep neutral gray. There are fine grizzled gray hairs along undersurface of forearm. Sparse yellow-brown hairs cover undersurface of base of tail. Skin of flight membranes is sepia. There are no throat pouches, typical of adult males in Taphozous-, both sexes have radio-metacarpal wing pouches.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC94C02FF0B30C6F6C7FC83.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Rocky escarpments and cliffs with outcrops that forms caves among dry and wet sclerophyll forests and woodlands. Food and Feeding. Common Sheath-tailed Bats forage for aerial insects, including beetles, while flying high and fest, usually eating insects in flight. Although they live in semiarid zones throughout much ofthe distribution, they apparently do not to need to drink. Breeding. Female Common Sheath-tailed Bats are thought to be monoestrous, giving birth to one young each year, although at lower latitudes in its distribution, it is possible that they give birth twice a year. Mating occurs in August-September, and births occur in October — February. At birth, young are one-quarter their mothers’ weights, and eyes are open. Mothers carry young while foraging for 3 - 4 weeks by which time young are one-halftheir mothers’ weight. Adult size is reached at c. 3 months ofage, and sexual maturity at C. 9 months for females. Males do not breed until 21 months ofage. Testis remain abdominal for much of the year and then descend to scrotal position in summer and early autumn during which time sperm is produced and stored in tail ofepididymis over winter until mating in the following spring. Tail of epididymis is permanently located in an exposed region of the scrotum that maintains cooler temperatures than found in deeper body regions. Females have one functional ovary on the right, and fetuses only develop in the right horn of the uterus. Life expectancy is less than four years for most individuals, and only c. 10 % of females and c. 3 % of males survive longer. Activity patterns. The Common Sheath-tailed Bat is crepuscular and roosts in twilight zones of rock crevices, caves, and mine adits. While roosting, it clings to vertical walls and props itselfup to avoid contact with much of the substrate, using its wrists and feet in typical emballonurid posture. It emerges around dusk to forage. Individuals remain in roosts in deep torpor during mid-winter cold periods. Peak echolocation call used to search for prey is 25 kHz. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Common Sheath-tailed Bats exhibit strong roost fidelity even after capture and release during reproductive season, but at other times ofyear, they might move among several roosts. They frequently roost singly or in groups of 20 or less, but colonies of up to 100 individuals are recorded. Individuals maintain separated individual spacing and will defend roost space. Except during winter torpor, they remain alert in roosts, and when disturbed by humans, they scurry crabwise to secluded crevices or fly away. Substantial fat reserves are accumulated in autumn and supply energy during periods of winter torpor. Small groups cluster during torpor. In Central Queensland, body weight can drop from average peak of 41 g in autumn to an average of 26 g in spring. During non-winter periods of insect scarcity, Common Sheath-tailed Bats can enter shallow torpor to conserve energy.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC94C02FF0B30C6F6C7FC83.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Common Sheath-tailed Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population, uses a wide variety ofhabitats, occurs in protected areas, and does not face significant threats. Nevertheless, mining interests in ironstone terrains of the Pilbara coincide frequently with roosting habitat. Larger colonies in caves and unused mines should be protected from mining interests.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC94C02F8FA36ADF71EF0C4.taxon	materials_examined	“ 4 - 8 km 180 ° from Mt Bruce (29 ° 39 ’ 03 ’ S, 118 ° 08 ’ 30 ” E), Hammersly Range National Park ..., disturbed from roof of test adit [= horizontal passage leading into a mine] at Marandoo minesite, ” Western Australia, Australia.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC94C02F8FA36ADF71EF0C4.taxon	discussion	Taphozous hilli is in the subgenus Taphozous. Monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC94C02F8FA36ADF71EF0C4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to W & C Australia, occurs in semiarid Gibson Desert, Pilbara, and Murchison regions of Western Australia, Northern Territory, extreme NW Queensland, and South Australia; one specimen is known from an outlying area in the Great Sandy Desert.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC94C02F8FA36ADF71EF0C4.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 63 - 81 • 1 mm, tail 26 - 35 mm, ear 18 - 5 - 23 - 7 mm, hindfoot Ö- 8 - 7 - 8 mm, forearm 63 - 72 mm; weight 20 - 25 g. There is no sexual dimorphism in body size. Dorsum of Hill’s Sheath-tailed Bat is rich brown, with strong yellowish-brown base, and becomes lighter brown on rump. Raw umber hairs cover area where tail passes dorsally through sheath membrane. Venter from head to chest is sepia, tipped with olivebrown, and posteriorly transitions to snuff brown, tipped dark yellow-brown. Uropatagium is raw umber and furred lightly in anal region. Propatagium is also sparsely haired and clay in color; plagiopatagium is lightly furred, with deep olive hairs along edges of upper arm and forearm. There are patches of dense buffy brown hairs at opening of radial-metacarpal pouches, and sparse buffy brown hairs cover ventral side of radial-metacarpal pouch. Skin of plagiopatagium, lips, fece, tragus, and ears are olive-brown. Skin of rhinarium is light brown. Anterior one-third of chin is bare, but posterior two-thirds is sparsely covered with olive-brown hair. Fur on forehead is not as dense as rest ofdorsum. Habitat. Commonly arid woodlands, semiarid woodlands, and scrublands in rocky, hilly country and uncommonly sandy desert.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC94C02F8FA36ADF71EF0C4.taxon	biology_ecology	Food and Feeding. Hill’s Sheath-tailed Bats forage on insects while flying at fast speeds above and around trees. Breeding. Seasonal enlargement ofthroat pouches ofbreeding male Hill’s Sheath-tailed Bats is correlated with enlargement of seminiferous tubules and accessory male glands. Females give birth to one young between early summer and mid-autumn (December- April). After parturition, female reproductive organs become quiescent until early winter. Males appear to be fertile throughout the year, but testes are scrotal in summer, inguinal in late autumn to winter, and abdominal mid-winter until late spring. Copulation appears to be restricted to briefperiods when females are in estrus beginning in August. Activity patterns. Hill’s Sheath-tailed Bat emerges well after dark, and roosts exclusively in crevices, caves, and unused mines. It clings by all four limbs to vertical walls in twilight zones of caves and mines. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Roosting groups of Hill’s Sheathtailed Bats have up to 25 individuals. Hill’s Sheath-tailed Bats and Common Sheathtailed Bats (. georgianus) frequently roost together where they co-occur.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC94C02F8FA36ADF71EF0C4.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Hill’s Sheath-tailed Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population, and it is tolerant of a wide variety of habitats. Extensive mining operations in Western Australia actually appear to have caused distributional extension by creating roosting habitat when mines and adits are abandoned.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC94C03F8F13AECFBD8F765.taxon	materials_examined	“ Rifle Creek, Mt. Isa, northwest Queensland, ” Australia.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC94C03F8F13AECFBD8F765.taxon	discussion	Taphozous troughtoni is in the subgenus Taphozous. It was considered ajunior synonym of T georgianus, but. T. Chimimba and D. J. Kitchener in 1991 raised it to a distinct species. Monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC94C03F8F13AECFBD8F765.taxon	distribution	Distribution. NE Australia endemic, in WC, C & E Queensland. Descriptive notes. Head-body 79 - 4 - 86 - 3 mm, tail 31 - 5 - 36 - 9 mm, ear 22 - 4 - 27 - 1 mm, hindfoot 9 - 8 - 10 - 3 mm, forearm 73 - 76 mm; weight. 20 - 29 g. Dorsum of Troughton’s Sheath-tailed Bat is predominately olive­ brown, with pale mouse-gray guard hairs. Venter surface hairs are olive-brown from chin to shoulders and posteriorly dark yellow-brown, with guard hairs of pale mouse-gray. Uropatagium close to abdomen is heavily furred. Throat pouches are absent, and radio-metacarpal sacs are present in both sexes. Skin of rhinarium, wings, uropatagium, lips, face, and tragus are fuscous (pale yellow). Habitat. Wide variety of habitats and bioregions of interior Queensland. Food and Feeding. Troughton’s Sheath-tailed Bats forage for insects well above tree canopies and high over open habitats. Large, high-flying grasshoppers are preferred food items and often taken back to cave roosts to eat. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Troughton’s Sheath-tailed Bat roosts in caves, mines and tunnels, rock crevices, and rocky escarpments. Echolocation call is less than 25 kHz and distinguishes it from the Common Sheath-tailed Bat (. georgianus) where they co-occur. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Large colonies of Troughton’s Sheath-tailed Bat can be found in landscapes with abundant rocky outcrops, especially in tower karst. Colony size might be limited by roosting structures, especially in more arid areas where there are few caves deep enough to support large colonies.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC94C03F8F13AECFBD8F765.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on TheIUCNRed List. Troughton’s Sheath-tailed Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population, uses a wide variety of habitats, occurs in protected areas, and does not face significant threats. It was originally recorded only from a small area in the Mount Isa Inland bioregion of Queensland, but recent studies based on isozymes and echolocation calls extend distribution further east throughout much of interior and near coastal region of central Queensland, formerly attributed to the Common Sheathtailed Bat. Recent reports of absence of Troughton’s Sheath-tailed Bat in western parts of its distribution require additional verification, possibly leading to re-evaluation of its conservation status after taxonomic issues are clarified.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC84C03FF793F73F38EF9AC.taxon	materials_examined	“ la riviere de Boutry, côte de Guiné [= Boutry River, coastal Guinea]. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC84C03FF793F73F38EF9AC.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC84C03FF793F73F38EF9AC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Equatorial forest belt of W & C Africa, from S Guinea and Liberia to DR Congo and W Uganda, with isolated records from W Kenya and E Angola.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC84C03FF793F73F38EF9AC.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 110 — 135 mm, tail 27 - 36 mm, ear 22 - 27 mm, hindfoot 21 - 27 mm, forearm 84 - 95 mm; weight 80 - 101 g (males) and 77 — 114 g (females). Pel’s Pouched Bat is sexually dimorphic; females are slightly larger than males. It is the largest species of emballonurid and yangochiropteran in Africa, with wingspan ofup to 685 mm and body mass ofup to 114 g. Dense and silky dorsal fur is dark chocolate-brown to black, with isolated white hairs; venter is slightly paler. Males can be slightly paler than females. Band of naked skin is on rump. Head is relatively flat and subtriangular when viewed from above. Muzzle tapers, and nostrils project beyondjaws. Ears are long and pointed. Eyes are strikingly large, even compared with other species of emballonurids. Males and females have well-developed, U-shaped gular pouches that open anteriorly. Radio-metacarpal sacs are absent. Tragus is broad, short, and spatulated, with pronounced constriction on posterior margin. Antitragus is large. Wing and interfemoral membranes are black. Thumb is long and thick and has weak claw. Skull is robust and somewhat flattened. Postorbital processes are thick and strongly curve downward. Sagittal crest is well developed, and occipital helmet is present Tympanic bullae are complete. Dental formula ofall species of Saccolaimusis 11 / 2, C 1 / 1, P 2 / 2, M 3 / 3 (x 2) = 30. Karyotype for all species of this genus is 2 n = 44.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC84C03FF793F73F38EF9AC.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primarily rainforest. Most records of Pel’s Pouched Bat come from lowland, coastal, or swamp forests, but it does occur in montane forests, savannas, miombo, and Isoberlinia (Fabaceae) woodlands on edges of its distribution. Food and Feeding. Pel’s Pouched Bat preys on insects, including beetles and alate termites. It extensively uses clearings including village clearings in which to forage but also forages high above forest canopies and even within forest interiors below canopies. Usually 2 - 4 individuals forage in a group, but foraging aggregations of up to 30 individuals have been observed. Foraging flights are often a hundred or more meters aboveground, but individuals feed at lower levels. Breeding. Although no year-round observations have been conducted in one locality, pregnant Pel’s Pouched Bats have been observed inJune-July and December in equatorial regions, and males have been observed with epididymis filled with spermatozoids in August (presumably preceding pregnancies in December). Females in Uganda have been observed with uteri distended with semen in March. Adult males with enlarged testes transfer a yellow secretion from their gular pouches with hindclaws and groom their body fur with the substance. Activity patterns. Pel’s Pouched Bats use tree hollows for roosting and emerge after dark to forage. They have been observed to be very active on moonlit nights in village clearings. Echolocation search calls are multiharmonic, with shallow linear EM sweeps. Low-frequency components in calls are audible to humans. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Very little is known about group size and composition of Pel’s Pouched Bats, but adults space themselves while roosting. Ectoparasites of Pel’s Pouched Bat include the bat flies Brachytarsina alluaudi and Basilia aequisetosa and the mites Carios vespertilionis, Ugandobia taphozous (Myobiidae), Olabidocarpus taphozous (Chirodiscidae), and Rodhainyssus taphozous (Gastronyssidae).	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC84C03FF793F73F38EF9AC.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Pel’s Pouched Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population, and it occurs in several protected areas. Research is needed to determine effects of habitat fragmentation. Threats include habitat fragmentation from agriculture and selective logging of old trees with cavities, thus decreasing preferred roosting sites that further limit access to foraging areas.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC84C0CF82C33C3F98CF8C6.taxon	materials_examined	Java, Indonesia.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC84C0CF82C33C3F98CF8C6.taxon	discussion	There are differing opinions regarding taxonomic status of S. saccolaimus in Australia, and clarification is required .. W. De Vis in 1905 first described Australian forms as a full species Taphozous nudicluniatus. Subsequently, it was placed in the genus Saccolaimus based on cranial, dental, and external morphology. R. E. Goodwin in 1979 and. T. Chimimba and D. J. Kitchener in 1991 synonymized it with Taphozous (= Saccolaimus) saccolaimus. Some authors have considered nudicluniatus to be subspecies of widespread S. saccolaimus, but validity of subspecific status of nudicluniatus has been questioned. Melanesian and Australian populations are referred to subspecies nudicluniatus, and it is not clear if the Northern Territory population is part of the nominate form, although mtDNA studies showed limited differences between Northern Territory and Queensland groups. Five subspecies recognized.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC84C0CF82C33C3F98CF8C6.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. sacco / awnus Temminck, 1838 — Sumatra andJava. S. s. affinis Dobson, 1875 — Borneo and offshore islands including Labuan I. S. s. crassus Blyth, 1844 — S & SE Asia from India (including Great Nicobar I) and Sri Lanka to Indochina and Peninsular Malaysia. S. s. nudicluniatus De Vis, 1905 - New Guinea (including Yapen and Trobriand Is), Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain I), Solomon Is (Bougainville and Guadalcanal), and N & NE Australia (Top End and NE Queensland); possibly also on Timor I. S. s. pluto G. S. Miller, 1910 — Philippines (Luzon, Catanduanes, Mindoro, Negros, and Mindanao Is). Present also in Sulawesi, Moluccas (Halmahera I), Talaud Is, and Ternate I, but subspecies to which these populations belong are unknown. Distribution and boundaries of different subspecies are poorly known.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC84C0CF82C33C3F98CF8C6.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 88 — 100 mm, tail 22 — 35 mm, ear 16 - 21 mm, hindfoot 15 - 17 mm, forearm 68 - 78 mm; weight 40 - 50 g. Dorsal fur of the Bare-rumped Sheathtailed Bat is reddish brown to dark brown and irregularly flecked with white patches. Venter is white or less frequently dark brown. Rump, legs, and feet are naked. Males have well-developed glandular gular pouch, which is rudimentary in females. Radialmetacarpal wing pouches are poorly developed. Short, broadly rounded ear is heavily ribbed on interior of pinna. Tragus is short, and its margin is semicircular. Wings are long and narrow. There might be white translucent parts on black-pigmented wings. Other exposed body skin including naked legs and feet is reddish, brown, or black. Strong sagittal crest on skull diverges in postorbital region. Upper incisors are minute. Habitat. Dry woodlands to rainforests from sea level to elevations of c. 1200 m. In Australia, the Bare-rumped Sheath-tailed Bat is restricted to forested habitats and frequently occurs in hollow limbs of Eucalyptus alba (Myrtaceae).	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC84C0CF82C33C3F98CF8C6.taxon	biology_ecology	Food and Feeding. The Bare-rumped Sheath-tailed Bat preys on insects high over gardens, woodlands, and rainforests. Audible low-frequency echolocation clicks are produced while foraging. Breeding. In Australia, parturition of Bare-rumped Sheath-tailed Bats occurs at beginning of wet season, and lactation occurs later in wet season (November — April in Northern Territory). Females give birth to one young. Three to four individuals are often found in tree hollows in Australia. Individual spacing is maintained in roosts. Activity patterns. The Bare-rumped Sheath-tailed Bat roosts in tree hollows, rock crevices, caves, and tombs; between large boulders; and under eaves of houses. Flight path is high and fest during foraging. Bare-rumped Sheath-tailed Bats are alert in roosts, clinging to substrates while supported by thumbs, wrists, and feet. They scurry over roost substrate if disturbed. Echolocation calls are multiharmonic. There is sharp curvilinear downward sweep in frequency at end of long duration calls. Individuals from northern Australia have characteristic frequencies of 19 - 4 - 23 - 4 kHz (mean 20 - 8 kHz); whereas, in Brunei, frequency bands are 24 - 5 - 26 - 1 kHz. Calls have long durations of 18 - 25 milliseconds. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colonies of Bare-rumped Sheathtailed Bats range from 3 - 4 individuals to hundreds of individuals. Contextual use of secretions from throat pouches of males is unknown, but they likely are used in social attraction of breeding females.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC84C0CF82C33C3F98CF8C6.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Bare-rumped Sheath-tailed Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population, uses multiple habitats, occurs in protected areas, faces no significant threats, and does not show evidence of declines affecting significant parts of the population. In Australia, it is listed as critically endangered under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act of 1999. It is listed as endangered under the Queensland Nature Conservation Act of 1992. In the Northern Territory, it is listed as data deficient under the Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act of 2000. Surveys to find roosts and echolocation surveys to better understand distribution and foraging behavior would significantly help to increase knowledge of ecology, behavior, and regional population trends.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC74C0CF8CD3412F4B8EE5F.taxon	materials_examined	“ Australia. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC74C0CF8CD3412F4B8EE5F.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC74C0CF8CD3412F4B8EE5F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Much of mainland Australia except S Western Australia and W South Australia, also including Tiwi, Groote Eylandt, Fraser, and Moreton Is; two old specimens collected in Papua New Guinea (Central Province and National Capital District), but it has not been recorded again in this century.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC74C0CF8CD3412F4B8EE5F.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 75 — 90 mm, tail 25 — 35 mm, ear 19 — 22 mm, hindfoot 14 - 17 mm, forearm 72 - 78 mm (males) and 75 - 87 mm (females); weight 30 - 42 g (males) and 37 — 60 g (females). The Yellow-bellied Sheath-tailed Bat is the largest emballonurid in Australia and New Guinea. Females tend to be larger than males in body weight and other body dimensions. Dorsum isjet black; venter is white to yellow. White fur occurs on undersides of wings around forearms. Muzzle is sparsely haired or bare and sharply tapers. Exposed skin surfaces including wings, ears, fece, feet, and tail are black. Males have a well-developed gular pouch that opens anteriorly; it is absent or rudimentary in females. Males have subcutaneous gland underlying gular pouch. Radio-metacarpal sacs are absent in both sexes. Ear is triangular, with broadly rounded apex that rises barely above head. Inner surface of pinna is ribbed. Large eyes have dark brown irises. Wings are long, and wingtips fold back over mid-region of wings at rest. Tip of tail is covered with bristles. Long calcars support much of trailing edge of uropatagium. Skull is relatively flat and has prominent sagittal crest that divides into two branches toward orbits.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC74C0CF8CD3412F4B8EE5F.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tall rainforest and eucalypt forests, mallee woodlands (low-growing bushy eucalypt), and open habitats. The Yellow-bellied Sheath-tailed Bat is relatively abundant in tall eucalypt forests of northern Australia, and its use of gallery forests with old trees in riparian areas probably help it to make nightly foraging trips into surrounding woodlands that lack large trees suitable for roosting. In New Guinea, it has been found only in coastal lowlands below elevations of 100 m; however, this might be due to limited knowledge because it occurs up to 600 m in Australia. Food and Feeding. The Yellow-bellied Sheath-tailed Bat is insectivorous and includes beeties and moths in its diet. It typically uses a fast, direct flight while foraging for aerial insects above eucalypt forests but will fly close to the ground in open areas. Echolocation search calls are audible to humans and emitted via the mouth. Breeding. In Australia, mating occurs in August; females have one young in December-March. Pregnancies are always restricted to the right uterine hom. Subadults are only found inJanuary — February. Activity patterns. The Yellow-bellied Sheath-tailed Bat is crepuscular. It roosts in tree hollows and emerges at dusk to forage; it will temporarily shelter in buildings along migration routes. In Australia, the species often uses abandoned nests of Sugar Gliders (Petaurus breviceps) as roosts. Multiharmonic echolocation calls are of long duration. Harmonic with greatest intensity starts at c. 20 kHz and slightly sweeps down to c. 18 kHz. Characteristic frequencies are 17 - 5 - 22 - 5 kHz. Search phase is usually curved but can be flat. Harmonics are often 28 - 33 kHz and less commonly 9 - 13 kHz. Occasional non-harmonic pulses within a sequence have characteristic frequency as low as 15 kHz or as high as 24 kHz. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Yellow-bellied Sheath-tailed Bats are capable of ranging up to 30 km each night as they forage. They tend to be solitary but will roost in tree hollows in groups of 2 - 10 individuals, particularly in late winter and spring. Temporary gatherings of breeding groups can exceed 100 individuals. Some individuals make migratory movements in southern parts of its distribution in autumn, although most records from south-eastern Australia are of exhausted individuals found in exposed situations, which might indicate they are vagrants. Seasonal movements might also occur in mid-coastal Western Australian.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC74C0CF8CD3412F4B8EE5F.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on TheIUCNRed List. The Yellowbellied Sheath-tailed Bat has a large distribution, uses a variety of habitats, presumably has large and stable overall population, occurs in protected areas, and feces no significant threats. In northern Australia, acoustic surveys using full-spectrum detectors that record harmonic profiles suggest that it is relatively common. The species has reported incidences of viral Australian bat Lyssavirus that can be transmitted to humans. Feral European honeybees {Apis melliferd) commonly take over tree hollows in arid Australia and displace Yellow-bellied Sheath-tailed Bats. Habitat clearing and replacement of perennial tree species in arid areas have reduced area of occupancy. Targeted surveys along southern coast of New Guinea will more clearly define extent of occurrence and habitat associations. Additional ecological research should be targeted in southern parts of its distribution to better understand its apparent migratory behavior and possible use of torpor. The Yellow-bellied Sheath-tailed Bat is rare in south-eastern Australia, where records possibly represent occasional summer-autumn visitors, vagrants, or small resident populations.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC74C0CFF1632ECFD40EE5E.taxon	materials_examined	Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC74C0CFF1632ECFD40EE5E.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC74C0CFF1632ECFD40EE5E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. S Papua New Guinea (S coastal region in Western Province and National Capital District) and N Australia (N Cape York Peninsula); possibly on Torres Strait Is.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC74C0CFF1632ECFD40EE5E.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 72 - 79 mm, tail 22 - 29 mm, ear 17 - 20 mm, hindfoot 13 — 15 mm, forearm 61 - 68 mm; weight 21 - 27 g. Dorsum of the Papuan Sheath-tailed Bat is dark gray-brown, with some whitetipped hairs; venter is white or pale buff-brown. Gular pouch is well developed in males and poorly developed in females. Radio-metacarpal sacs are present and lined with white fur in both sexes. Rump is well haired. Flight membranes, face, ears, tail, forearm, and feet are black. Eyes large. Ears are broadly rounded and barely rise above crown of head. Strong, long calcars support trailing edges of uropatagium in flight.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC74C0CFF1632ECFD40EE5E.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Open eucalypt woodlands, sclerophyll forests, and along riparian systems. The Papuan Sheath-tailed Bat is common in larger tracts of Eucalyptus tetrodonta (Myrt aceae) on Cape York. Food and Feeding. The Papuan Sheath-tailed Bat forages for insects over and underneath tree canopies. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Papuan Sheath-tailed Bat is crepuscular. It will roost in limestone caves in Papua New Guinea but more frequently shelters in tree hollows. In Australia, it often roosts in dead snags of E. tetrodonta. It emerges at dusk to forage on aerial insects above sclerophyll forest canopies or high over rivers and canyons. Low-frequency, long-duration echolocation calls of the Papuan Sheath-tailed Bat are very similar to those of the Bare-rumped Sheath-tailed Bat (S. saccolaimus), but they lack sharp downward frequency sweep near ends of calls of the latter. Multiharmonic call pulses of the Papuan Sheath-tailed Bat have characteristic frequency of 21 kHz. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Papuan Sheath-tailed Bat roosts in groups of 2 — 7 individuals.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC74C0CFF1632ECFD40EE5E.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on 77 ze IUCNRed List. Numbers ofreproductively mature Papuan Sheath-tailed Bats have declined in some regional populations. Threats include large-scale removal of tall forests for bauxite mining on Cape York, habitat modification in southern New Guinea, and frequent hot burning regimes in parts of Cape York affecting succession and longevity of large, old trees required for roost hollows. The Papuan Sheath-tailed Bat occurs in protected areas on Cape York Peninsula and Tonda Wildlife Management Area in Papua New Guinea. Research on basic biology, in particular habitat and roosting preferences, is needed. Acoustic surveys should be conducted to better define distribution especially in Papua New Guinea.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC54C0EFF163B4FF2B8F822.taxon	materials_examined	Manila, Luzon, Philippines.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC54C0EFF163B4FF2B8F822.taxon	discussion	Four subspecies are recognized.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC54C0EFF163B4FF2B8F822.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. E. a. alecto Eydoux & P. Gervais, 1836 - Philippines (except Palawan), Talaud Is, Sulawesi, Togian Is, Banggai Is (Peleng), Raja Ampat Is (Gag), and the Moluccas (Sula, Seram, Ambon, Gorong, Tanimbar, and Kai Is). E. a. anambensis G. S. Miller, 1900 - restricted to Natuna Besar I. E. a. palawanensisE. H. Taylor, 1934 — Palawan and Balabac, Philippines. E. a. rivalis Thomas, 1915 - Borneo (including Anambas, Pelapis, and Karimata Is).	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC54C0EFF163B4FF2B8F822.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 46 - 3 — 48 - 5 mm, tail 11 - 6 - 17 - 4 mm, ear 12 — 13 mm, forearm 43 - 1 - 48 - 3 mm; weight 4 - 5 — 7 g. Dorsum of the Small Asian Sheath-tailed Bat is uniformly dark brown to reddish brown. It has relatively large eyes. There is a small gap (diastema) between P 1 and P 2. Emballonura shares the same dental formula with Paremballonura and Mosier. 12 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 2 / 2, M 3 / 3 (x 2) = 34. This dental formula is found in no other genera of emballonurids.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC54C0EFF163B4FF2B8F822.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland tropical humid forests. Food and Feeding. Small Asian Sheath-tailed Bats are insectivorous. Breeding. Pregnant Small Asian Sheath-tailed Bats have been reported in April and June in the Philippines, but the complete breeding cycle is unknown. Activity patterns. Small Asian Sheath-tailed Bats are crepuscular and roost in cave entrances, including shallow caves and rock crevices, and under earth banks and buttresses offallen tree trunks. They emerge to forage in deep forest shade well before sunset. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Small Asian Sheath-tailed Bats can occur in bachelor colonies and mixed sex groups of up to 20 individuals. They can roost in caves with multiple other bat species including Lesser Sheath-tailed Bats (£. monticola'), Fawn-colored Leaf-nosed Bats {Hipposideros cervinus), and Small Melanesian Long-fingered Bats {Miniopterus macrocneme).	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC54C0EFF163B4FF2B8F822.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on TÄ « IUCNRed List The Small Asian Sheath-tailed Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population, although some local populations might be declining due to deforestation.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC54C0EFF113673FBA5F223.taxon	materials_examined	Mount Munara, Java, Indonesia.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC54C0EFF113673FBA5F223.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC54C0EFF113673FBA5F223.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thai-Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and Sulawesi and several offshore islands (Mergui Archipelago, Adang / Rawi Is, Langkawi I, Redang I, Tioman and Aur Is, Karimata I); also on Simeulue and Babi Is, Nias I, Batu Is (TanahbalaI), Mentawai Is (Siberut and Sipora Is), Enggano, Anambas Is, Natuna I, Riau Archipelago, Bangka, and Belitung Is; it might also occur on Buton I.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC54C0EFF113673FBA5F223.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 40 - 47 mm, tail 11 - 14 mm, ear 12 - 13 mm, forearm 38 - 45 mm; weight 4 - 5 - 7 g. No data available for hindfoot length. Dorsal fur of the Lesser Sheath-tailed Bat is uniformly dark brown, sometimes with reddish tinge. Rostrum and palate anterior to molars are relatively short. Karyotype for all species of Emballonura is 2 n = 24.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC54C0EFF113673FBA5F223.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical rainforests including secondary forests and up into hill forests from sea level to elevations of c. 1800 m. Food and Feeding. The Lesser Sheath-tailed Bat preys on insects. Anecdotal reports suggest that it feeds on fruit, but they are unsubstantiated. It forages among tree gaps and over streams and rivers. Breeding. Lesser Sheath-tailed bats produce two litters / year in February — March and October-November. A single young is bom in each season. At birth, the mother will hold her young in her wings to prevent it from falling to the roost floor. Females carry young on a breast as they forage until young are too heavy to carry. Reproductive maturity of males and females occurs at about one year old. Activity patterns. The Lesser Sheath-tailed Bat is crepuscular. Foraging activity can begin in late afternoon in dense shade under forest canopies. It roosts in caves and rock crevasses, hanging rocks, earthen embankments, tree holes, fallen trees, and tree buttresses. It roosts on vertical walls clinging with feet and wrists. It remains exposed to dim light in twilight zones ofcaves and lit areas of other types of roost shelters. Echolocation call to search for prey is distinctive, beginning with upward sweep in frequency, then becomes steady at 48 — 51 kHz, and ends with downward sweep of this frequency range — all occurring for 6 - 8 milliseconds. In Singapore, echolocation call reportedly has a minimum frequency of 46 kHz and a maximum of 49 - 3 kHz. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Roost colonies of Lesser Sheathtailed Bats usually have 2 — 20 individuals, but up to 150 individuals can shelter in large caves. Males defend harems in a system of polyestry. Lesser Sheath-tailed Bats often co-occur in caves with Small Asian Sheath-tailed Bats {Emballonura alecto). This species emits an audible alarm when there is disturbance at the roost.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC54C0EFF113673FBA5F223.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Lesser Sheath-tailed Bath has a large distribution and occurs in protected areas throughout its distribution. Nevertheless, overall population is believed to be slowly declining due to limestone extraction from caves and deforestation for smallholdings of agriculture, palm oil plantations, logging, and use of fire to clear land.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC54C0FF8C23D4CFB2EFC7F.taxon	materials_examined	“ Gilolo Island. ” Corrected by O. Thomas in 1914 as “ Mefor Island, [= Numfor Island] Geelvink Bay, Western New Guinea [= West Papua, Indonesia]. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC54C0FF8C23D4CFB2EFC7F.taxon	discussion	D. J. Colgan and S. Soheili in 2008 suggested that the New Ireland population might represent an undescribed subspecies. Three subspecies recognized.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC54C0FF8C23D4CFB2EFC7F.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. E. r. raffrayana Dobson, 1878 — Moluccas (Halmahera, Gebe, Ambon) and New Guinea, including Schouten Is (Biak, Supiori, and Numfor Is), and Yapen I. E. r. cor Thomas, 1915 — Bismarck Archipelago (New Ireland and Tabar and Lihir Is groups) and Solomon Is (Buka, Bougainville, Choiseul, Santa Isabel, New Georgia, Malaita, and Guadalcanal Is). E. r. stresemanniThomas, 1914 - Moluccas (Seram I).	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC54C0FF8C23D4CFB2EFC7F.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 37 - 5 - 58 mm, tail 10 - 5 - 14 mm, ear 11 - 17 mm, hindfoot 5 9 mm, forearm 37 - 5 - 47 - 2 mm; weight 4 - 2 - 10 - 2 g. Raffray’s Sheath-tailed Bat is sexually dimorphic in body size; females tend to be larger than males. There is also variation among subspecies, with corfrom Bismark Archipelago consistently larger on average in body measurements than raffrayana from New Guinea. Long, silky dorsal fur consists of bicolored hairs: red-brown to dark brown hairs over white bases. Venter is pale gray-brown, with scattered white hairs and some white frosting on hair tips. Exposed skin including flight membranes is blackish brown. Claws on hindfeet are bicolored: brown at bases, with white tips. Narrow ear rises slightly above crown and terminates in rounded margin. Median channel separates nostrils. Muzzle is nearly hairless. Eyes are conspicuous and larger than most other species of Em & zöonura.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC54C0FF8C23D4CFB2EFC7F.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Raffray’s Sheath-tailed Bat occupies limestone caves and mining tunnels. Food and Feeding. Raffray’s Sheath-tailed Bat is insectivorous and is believed to use aerial feeding and foliage-gleaning. Breeding. Breeding groups Raffray’s Sheath-tailed Bats consist of males, females, and dependent young individually spaced a few centimeters apart. In Papua New Guinea, females with nursing young are known from May in Sandaun (West Sepik) Province andJune in New Ireland Province. Activity patterns. Raffray’s Sheath-tailed Bat is presumably crepuscular. It roosts on vertical walls with all four appendages in contact with substrate. Movements, Home range and Social organization. All male groups of Raffray’s Sheathtailed Bats are reported from Sandaun Province. Roosting groups typically consisting of 10 - 30 individuals, but occasionally solitary individuals are found. They often cohabit cave twilight zones with other species of emballonurids including Small Asian Sheathtailed Bats (E. alecto), Large-eared Sheath-tailed Bats (E. dianae), and Seri’s Sheathtailed Bat (E. serii).	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC54C0FF8C23D4CFB2EFC7F.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Raffray’s Sheath-tailed Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population, and it does not face major threats. Beneficial conservation actions would include protection of roosting caves and use of acoustic surveys to improve understanding the distribution.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC44C0FFF613881F746F950.taxon	materials_examined	“ Ansus, (Ins. Jobi [= Yapen Island]), ” Tienderawashih, West Papua, Indonesia.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC44C0FFF613881F746F950.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC44C0FFF613881F746F950.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. E. b. beccarti. Peters & Doria, 1881 - NW New Guinea (including Biak and Yapen Is), Bismarck Archipelago (New Ireland I) and N Solomon Is (Bougainville I). E. b. clavium Thomas, 1915 - Kai Is. E. b. meeki Thomas, 1896 - SE New Guinea, Trobriand Is (Kiriwina), and Louisiade Archipelago (Woodlark and Alcester).	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC44C0FFF613881F746F950.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 34 - 50 mm, tail 10 - 22 mm, ear 12 - 18 mm, hindfoot 6 - 8 mm, forearm 37 - 5 - 44 - 6 mm; weight 3 - 5 - 5 - 3 g. Beccari’s Sheath-tailed Bat is not sexually dimorphic in appearance or body size. It is the second smallest emballonurid, following the Dark Sheath-tailed Bat (Mosia nigrescens) in the Papuan region. Dorsal fur of Beccari’s Sheath-tailed Bat is dusky red-brown or medium brown, with unicolored hairs that are silky and moderately long. Ventral fur is pale gray-brown. Flight membranes are brown. Muzzle is pug-like. When pressed forward, hair from crown of head reaches tip of muzzle. Eyes are relatively small compared with other emballonurids. Toe claws are brown at bases becoming whitish at tips. Tragus is rectangular, being longer than broad.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC44C0FFF613881F746F950.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Wet forests from lowland rainforests to lower montane forests from sea level to elevations of c. 1500 m. Beccari’s Sheath-tailed Bat is more common above 500 m on New Guinea, but it prefers lower elevations on smaller islands. Food and Feeding. Beccari’s Sheath-tailed Bat forages for insects along forest streams and in clearings and dense rainforest. Beetles are included in the diet. Breeding. In the New Guinea highlands, pregnant Beccari’s Sheath-tailed Bats have been found in August, and lactation occurs in October. Activity patterns. Beccari’s Sheath-tailed Bat is crepuscular and becomes active in forest understories before sunset. It is cave dwelling and clings to vertical walls with its head down; it occurs only in twilight zones of caves. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Individual spacing of a few centimeters between individuals is maintained at roosts. All-male colonies of up to 18 individuals have been found on Alcester Island.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC44C0FFF613881F746F950.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Beccari’s Sheath-tailed Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population. Beneficial conservation actions include protection of known roosting caves, providing community awareness programs about the importance of bats, and identification of additional important roosting sites.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC44C0FFF663170F8F0F261.taxon	materials_examined	Whitewater Camp, Kapare River, south of Charles Louis Range, West Papua Province, Indonesia.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC44C0FFF663170F8F0F261.taxon	discussion	A record from Passam, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, was tentatively reassessed as E. serii. Monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC44C0FFF663170F8F0F261.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Papua New Guinea (Western, Southern Highlands, Chimbu, and Gulf provinces), and Biak and Yapen Is in Indonesia.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC44C0FFF663170F8F0F261.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 54 — 61 mm, tail 10 - 19 mm, ear 16 - 9 — 19 - 4 mm, hindfoot 6 9 - 5 mm, forearm 48 - 53 mm; weight 9 - 5 - 14 g. Long (11 - 13 mm) dorsal hair of the New Guinea Sheath-tailed Bat is bicolored and blackish brown or dark red-brown for most of its length over white base. Hairs on venter are tricolored, with white bases, medium red-brown centers, and indistinct white tips. Flight membranes and all bare skin are blackish brown, except pale lips. Claws are white. Ear is long and narrow and tapers acutely. Skull is dome-shaped, with inflated rostrum.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC44C0FFF663170F8F0F261.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lowland rainforests, hill forests, and lower montane forests from sea level to elevations of c. 1500 m. Acoustic surveys and wing morphology of the New Guinea Sheath-tailed Bat suggest that it forages in open areas, probably over and among canopies. Food and Feeding. New Guinea Sheath-tailed Bats are insectivorous. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The New Guinea Sheath-tailed Bats is crepuscular and roosts in limestone caves and tunnels. It emerges before sunset and forages in open areas and forest understories until darkness, and then it can move above forest canopies. Movements, Home range and Social organization. New Guinea Sheath-tailed Bats roost in groups of several to a few dozen individuals clinging to vertical walls in twilight zones of caves and tunnels. They often cohabit roosts with Large-eared Sheath-tailed Bats (E. dianae) and Raffray’s Sheath-tailed Bats (E. raffrayana). Acoustic survey data suggest that they can be locally common.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC44C0FFF663170F8F0F261.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The New Guinea Sheath-tailed Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population. Although there are no population estimates, new site locations are being found with acoustic surveys, particularly in Western and Gulf provinces of Papua New Guinea. Additional surveys in West Papua might increase known distribution of the New Guinea Sheath-tailed Bat. Deforestation for timber harvest and establishment of plantations is a threat. Destruction and disturbance of roost sites are potential threats. Fortunately, a significant part of the distribution is rugged karst terrain that is unlikely to experience large-scale clearing or disturbance.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC44C08F8D0325EFDF3FDD8.taxon	materials_examined	Te-Abagua Cave, near Tigoa, Rennell Island, Solomon Islands.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC44C08F8D0325EFDF3FDD8.taxon	discussion	Three subspecies are recognized.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC44C08F8D0325EFDF3FDD8.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. E. d. dianae Hill, 1956 - Solomon Is (Malaita, Guadalcanal, and Rennell). E. d. fruhstorferi Flannery, 1994 — Papua New Guinea (Western, Southern Highlands, and Gulf provinces). E. d. rickwooodi Flannery, 1994 - Bismarck Archipelago (Mussau, New Britain, and New Ireland Is), and N & W Solomon Is (Bougainville and Santa Isabel Is).	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC44C08F8D0325EFDF3FDD8.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 48 - 64 mm, tail 11 - 16 mm, ear 14 - 5 - 17 - 9 mm, hindfoot 7 9 - 9 - 1 mm, forearm 42 - 48 mm; weight 5 - 10 - 5 g. As reflected by its common name, the Large-eared Sheath-tailed Bat has broad, funnel-like ears. Tragus is notched at its base and has small pointed projection at front upper margin. Lips are thick, and upper lip overhangs lower. Dorsal fur is bicolored, with red-brown to medium brown tips over whitish bases. Subspecies rickwoodi has tricolored ventral hair that is whitish at bases and tips and reddish brown in between; however, specimens from New Ireland have white throat and posterior margin of body. Subspecies fruhstorferi shows little difference between brown dorsal and ventral fur.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC44C08F8D0325EFDF3FDD8.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Rainforests and mossy (cloud) forests from sea level to elevations of at least 1400 m. On Mussau Island, Large-eared Sheath-tailed Bats were observed foraging along beaches and in forest clearings and groves of coconut palms. Food and Feeding. The Large-eared Sheath-tailed Bat is insectivorous. Five individuals were captured in a short time in mist nets on New Britain Island when they were attracted to lights that primarily attracted moths, suggesting group foraging might occur. Breeding. Female Large-eared Sheath-tailed Bats carrying one embryo each have been collected in September, a lactating female was reported from June, and volant juveniles were reported in December. These scant data suggest the possibility that polyestry occurs with two birth peaks each year. Activity patterns. The Large-eared Sheath-tailed Bat is crepuscular and roosts in dimly lit limestone cave entrances. Echolocation search call is a multiharmonic QFM call, with greatest energy of c. 35 kHz in second harmonic. Call begins with upsweep tick and terminates in very slight downward tick. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Large-eared Sheath-tailed Bats will cohabit twilight zones of caves with multiple other species of bats including the New Guinea Sheath-tailed Bat {Emballonura furax), Raffray’s Sheath-tailed Bat {E. raffrayand), and Beccari’s Sheath-tailed Bat {E. beccarii). Small groups individually space themselves a few centimeters apart on vertical rock walls in day roosts.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC44C08F8D0325EFDF3FDD8.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Largeeared Sheath-tailed Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population. Its widely scattered known localities where presence is confirmed are almost certainly due to lack of research rather than highly fragmented populations. Suitable conservation actions would be protection of known roosting caves and identification of additional important roosting caves. The Large-eared Sheath-tailed Bat is not known to occur in protected areas, but it might occur in some in Papua New Guinea. Timber harvest in many parts of its distribution is a growing threat that should be examined because it has been a decade since its previous review on The IUCNRed List.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC34C08FF0D3952F27FF407.taxon	materials_examined	Samoa.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC34C08FF0D3952F27FF407.taxon	discussion	S. J. Oyler-McCance and colleagues in 2013 reviewed taxonomy of E. semicaudata and found genetic distances in the cytochrome-b gene among subspecies to be larger than typically reported for mammalian subspecies. They also found that rotensis was more closely related to palauensis than semicaudata. No genetic information is available for sulcata. According to K. M. Helgen and T. F. Flannery in 2002, records from Vanuatu are believed to be in error. Four subspecies recognized.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC34C08FF0D3952F27FF407.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. E. s. semicaudata Peale, 1848 - Samoa (Savai’i and Upolu Is), American Samoa (Ta’u Is), Fiji (Rotuma, Kuata in Yusawa Group, Taveuni, Ovalau, and Lakeba Is), and Tonga (Niuafo’ou and ‘ Eua Is, and likely occurs on other islands in the group). Not recorded in Tutuila (American Samoa) since 1976 despite dedicated searches for cave roosts and use of echolocation detectors and also likely extinct on Vitu Levu (Fiji) where the last specimens were collected in 1979. E. s. palauensis Yamashima, 1932 - Palau Is (including Babeldaob, Koror, Peleliu, and Angaur). E. s. rotensis Yamashima, 1943 - Northern Mariana Is and Guam I, last surviving population is currently restricted to tiny Aguigan I; it appears to be extirpated on Anatahan, Tonowas, Rota, Saipan, and Tinian Is, and on Guam I. E. s. sulcataG. S. Miller, 1911 — Caroline Is (Chuuk and Pohnpei Is).	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC34C08FF0D3952F27FF407.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 41 - 49 mm, ear 10 - 13 - 6 mm, forearm 44 - 48 mm; weight 5 - 5 — 8 g. No data available for tail length. The Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat is sexually dimorphic, with females being larger than males. It is medium-sized and brown. Dorsal fur is dark brown; venter is paler brown or yellow-brown. Flight membranes, ears, and bare regions on face are black. Eyes are large, with dark brown irises.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC34C08FF0D3952F27FF407.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Understories of moist, closed-canopy forests on Aguigan and Pohnpei and also towns, over roads and lawns with scattered coconut palms, in Palau, Chuuk, and Pohnpei, from sea level to elevations of c. 300 m. Food and Feeding. Pacific Sheath-tailed Bats feed by aerial-hawking of small insects and hunt above or below canopies of native forests. Hymenopterans, coleopterans, and lepidopterans are the most important prey items on Aguigan. Among Hymenoptera, parasitic wasps (Ichneumonoidea) and alate (winged) ants (Formicidae and Ponerinae) were important in diets. Body lengths of prey items are 1 - 7 - 6 - 4 mm. Breeding. Reproduction of Pacific Sheath-tailed Bats on Aguigan is timed so that late gestation, lactation, and maturation ofyoung coincides with lateJune-early November rainy season. A single period of parturition resulting in one young occurs from late June to earlyjuly. It is suspected that mating on Aguigan occurs early in the year in dry season because no males have been observed with descended testes or spermatozoa in epididymis in June-July. Activity patterns. Pacific Sheath-tailed Bats are crepuscular and roost in limestone caves, including sea caves, and under rock overhangs. They prefer to roost in larger caves and display significant fidelity to roosting caves. On Aguigan, they began to emerge in twilight conditions around sunset and had fully emerged 15 minutes after sunset. Emerging bats immediately moved to shaded understories in evergreen forests where they forage early in the evening, and they often moved above forest canopies after dark. Flight is slow and fluttery. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Roosting distances are maintained between Pacific Sheath-tailed Bats, and they cling to vertical cave walls. Roosting populations on Aguigan in 2008 ranged from one to 332 individuals, based on emergence counts. One cave consistentiy held the largest colony of c. 300 - 332 individuals, and six other roost caves had one to 64 individuals.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC34C08FF0D3952F27FF407.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Extent of occurrence of the Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat is less than 5000 km 2, its distribution is severely fragmented on small islands, and there are continuing declines in quality and extent of its habitat, number of locations where it is occurs, and number of mature individuals in various populations. Population on Aguigan was estimated at 400 - 600 individuals during surveys in 2008 and 2011. Feral goats {Capra hircus) on Aguigan are a threat to native forest regeneration that the Pacific Sheath-tailed Bats heavily rely on as foraging habitat, placing them in peril. Eradication of these goats combined with reforestation could increase and enhance foraging habitat. The Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat might have been extirpated in American Samoa, Guam, Vitu Levu in Fiji, and all of its former distribution in the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas, except tiny Aguigan Island that is only 7 km 2. World War II negatively impacted caves and probably had severe impact on the decline of the Pacific Sheath-tailed Bat in the Marianas. Use of pesticides and disturbance of roost caves also are attributing to declines.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC34C08FF0337D6FEFCF45F.taxon	materials_examined	“ Matapara Cave near Medina, New Ireland [= Latangai], ” Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC34C08FF0337D6FEFCF45F.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC34C08FF0337D6FEFCF45F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Yapen I in Cenderawasih Bay off NW New Guinea and Bismarck Archipelago (Manus, Los Negros, Mussau, and New Ireland Is); possibly on Passant, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. It may be present on more islands N of New Guinea.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC34C08FF0337D6FEFCF45F.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 44 - 5 — 67 mm, tail 10 - 19 mm, ear 14 — 19 mm, hindfoot 6 - 9 mm, forearm 44 49 mm (males) and 44 — 53 mm (females); weight 3 - 9 — 4 - 8 g (males) and 4 - 5 — 7 g (females). Seri’s Sheath-tail Bat is one of the largest species of Emballonura. Dorsal hairs are 8 — 11 mm long and dark black-brown or brown; ventral hairs are tri-colored, having an indistinct off-white band at bases, prominent brown midsections, and white tips. Flight membranes and bare skin of forearm, face, ears, hindfoot, and tail are blackish brown. Claws are white. Mouth has thick, fleshy lips, and muzzle is lightly haired. Ears do not quite reach tip of snout when pressed forward. Long calcar arises from each heel and supports much of posterior edge of uropatagium in flight. Tragus is triangular, having small notch at base, and posterior upper margin curls forward.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC34C08FF0337D6FEFCF45F.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lowland moist forests and clearings from sea level to elevations of c. 300 m. Food and Feeding. Sen’s Sheath-tailed Bat forages for insects in forests, including along human foot trails and in small clearings. It uses multiharmonic FM prey search calls. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Seri’s Sheath-tailed Bat is crepuscular and roosts on vertical walls in twilight zones of limestone caves. It emerges to forage shortly before sunset in open forest habitats. Greatest energy of echolocation call is 45 kHz in second harmonic; call initially rises very slighdy and has downward sweep at its termination. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Seri’s Sheath-tailed Bat roosts in small groups in caves that can also shelter Large-eared Sheath-tailed Bats (E. dianae), Raffray’s Sheath-tailed Bat (E. raffrayand), and New Guinea Pipistrelles {PipistreUus angulatus).	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC34C08FF0337D6FEFCF45F.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Seri’s Sheath-tailed Bat has a large distribution, but its population is likely decreasing due to loss of forest habitat, forest fragmentation, and cave disturbance on the several islands in its distribution where human populations are rapidly increasing.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC34C09F8F73828FD72F82A.taxon	materials_examined	“ Madagascar: Province d’Antsiranana, Réserve Spéciale d’Ankarana, 2.6 km E of Andrafiabe, in forest near Andrafiabe Cave, 12 ° 55.9 ’ S, 49 ° 03.4 ’ E, ± 50 m. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC34C09F8F73828FD72F82A.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC34C09F8F73828FD72F82A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. W Madagascar, from Daraina region to Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park, including Nosy Be and Nosy Romba, with an isolated record from Toliara at exfreme S of its distribution.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC34C09F8F73828FD72F82A.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 40 - 46 mm, tail 15 - 18, ear 11 - 14 mm, hindfoot 5 - 6 mm, forearm 35 - 41 mm; weight 2 - 7 - 3 - 8 g. Dorsal fur of the Western Sheathtailed Bat is long, shaggy, and silky. It is uniformly pale to medium grayish brown. Basal one-quarter of hairs are lighter, approaching medium gray. Venter is paler buff-brown, with grayish brown cast, and basal one-third of hairs are distinctiy lighter and medium gray. Ear is long (11 - 15 mm), terminating with slightly pointed tip. Inner part of tragus is convex, with hatchet-shaped sharp anterior projection. Calcar is shorter than tibia. Cranium has distinct rostral expansion across nasal and maxilla bones. Postorbital processes are greatly reduced in size. Postorbital crest is not confluent with sagittal crest. Nasal bones are hourglass-shaped, with welldefined, deep, and broad nasal sulcus that terminates well before anterior margin of nasal. There is a narrow diastema between P 1 and P 2. Dental formula of species of ParembaUonura is I 2 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 2 / 2, M 3 / 3 (x 2) = 34.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC34C09F8F73828FD72F82A.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lowland karst dry forests from sea level to elevations of c. 350 m. Food and Feeding. The Western Sheath-tailed Bat forages for insects, including moths, using a slow and delicate flight in forest understories and above small streams lined with vegetation. Breeding. Gestation ofWestern Sheath-tailed Bats occurs from December to February, and young are bom in February. All females examined had one embryo. Activity patterns. The Western Sheath-tailed Bat is crepuscular and begins to forage in twilight conditions in shaded forest understories. It roosts in cave entrances and rock overhangs in dim sunlight. It will use night roosts in buildings between bouts of foraging but does not use anthropomorphic structures for day roosts. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Roosting colonies of Western Sheath-tailed Bats are usually less than 20 individuals.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC34C09F8F73828FD72F82A.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Western Sheath-tailed Bat currently has a large distribution, but it has experienced some population decline due to loss of foraging habitat. It is not abundant anywhere in its distribution, and close population monitoring and periodic reassessment are needed. It is threatened by habitat loss from slash-and-burn agriculture, logging, and charcoal collecting. Other potential threats include cave disturbance from tourism activities, fire, and mining. It is protected in Parc National Tsingy de Bemaraha, Réserve Spéciale d’Ankarana and Réserve Spéciale d’Analamerana.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC24C09F82D3745F463F1C5.taxon	materials_examined	Tete, Mozambique.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC24C09F82D3745F463F1C5.taxon	discussion	A. Monard in 1939 applied the name kummeri to the West African population, but it is now considered a synonym of C. afra. K F. Koopman in 1965 and 1975 recognized three “ poorly defined ” subspecies: a / ra, gallarum, and nilosa (latter two named by O. Thomas in 1915). These are not recognized by most chiropteran taxonomists. Monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC24C09F82D3745F463F1C5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. W, C & E Africa, in Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, and from Ghana to W Nigeria, also from Central African Republic, N DR Congo, Uganda, and W Tanzania E to coastal Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, and Kenya, with outliers in coastal Angola (Benguela), N Mozambique, and coastal Yemen. It very likely has been overlooked in coastal Angola and Mozambique. Descriptive notes. Head-body 55 - 65 mm, tail 10 - 11 mm, ear 13 - 1 - 15 - 3 mm, hindfoot 8 5 - 10 ’ 5 mm, forearm 45 - 55 mm; weight 10 - 12 g. The African Sheath-tailed Bat is sexually dimorphic, with females larger than males (average forearm is 49 mm for females and 46 mm for males). Dorsal pelage is brown, with pale base; venter is slightly paler. Wing membranes are translucent pale brown; wingspan is c. 220 mm. Ears are relatively large, with bases well below eyes and nearly reaching comers of mouth. Muzzle is pointed, and nostrils project beyond lower lip. Rostral part ofskull comprises about three-quarters of length of skull. Sagittal crest is weak. Upper incisors are tiny, and lower incisors are tricuspids. Canines are large, with well-developed cingula. P 1 is tiny relative to P 2. Dental formula is 11 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 2 / 2, M 3 / 3 (x 2) = 32.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC24C09F82D3745F463F1C5.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dry woodlands, dry forests, and rocky habitats close to lakes or coastal areas. Food and Feeding. The African Sheath-tailed Bat forages for insects by fest hawking in open spaces. Moths and beetles comprise 40 - 70 % of the diet through the year. Breeding. Gestation of the African Sheath-tailed Bat lasts 114 - 122 days. Mothers carry the single young for an extended period when foraging. Parturition is highly synchronized and occurs twice a year in Kenya during long (March-June) and short (November-December) rainy seasons. Males and females become sexually mature in their first year of life. Activity patterns. The African Sheath-tailed Bat is crepuscular and emerges from roosting at dusk to forage. It roosts in lit areas of caves and rocky outcrops but also in dark abandoned buildings. To hunt for insects, African Sheath-tailed Bats produce LDCQCF echolocation calls, with peak frequency at 33 kHz, short bandwidth (c. 2 - 4 kHz), and long duration (7 - 7 milliseconds). Fundamental and second harmonics often show in a spectrogram. Echolocation call is well designed for targeting aerial prey at relatively long distances. Movements, Home range and Social organization. African Sheath-tailed Bats are highly gregarious and can be found in roosting colonies of hundreds and up to 50,000 individuals in one instance in Kenya. Clusters of individuals can represent harems attended by a single breeding male that defends his breeding site. Within a cluster, individual spacing is maintained. Adult males reportedly defend individual feeding territories.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC24C09F82D3745F463F1C5.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The African Sheath-tailed Bat has a large distribution and large overall population. Nevertheless, population trends are unknown, and its distribution is not fully defined in some regions such as Angola, Mozambique, and Yemen. Large breeding roosts are vulnerable to disturbance and should receive protection.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC24C09FF773D45F787FE30.taxon	type_taxon	28. Peters’s Sheath-tailed Bat	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC24C09FF773D45F787FE30.taxon	materials_examined	“ aus dem Innern von Madagascar [= interior of Madagascar]. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC24C09FF773D45F787FE30.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC24C09FF773D45F787FE30.taxon	distribution	Distribution. E Madagascar, from Maroantsetra S to Tolagnaro (= Fort Dauphin), including Nosy Mangabé and Sainte Marie I. Descriptive notes. Head-body 45 - 49 mm, tail 18 - 20 mm, ear 15 - 19 mm, hindfoot C. 6 mm, forearm 37 — 41 mm; weight 5 — 7 - 1 g. Dorsal fur of Peters’s Sheathtailed Bat is uniformly dark slate-gray to black; venter is slightly paler than dorsum. Snout is quite pointed and extends well beyond lower lip. Ears are prominent, broad, and rounded, with distinct indentation near tips. Inner surface of pinna is heavily ribbed. Tragus is longer than broad, with rounded smooth margin. Eyes are large, with dark brown irises. Flight membranes are dark black-brown.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC24C09FF773D45F787FE30.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. In or near to humid rainforest forests from sea level to elevations of C. 900 m. Food and Feeding. Peters’s Sheath-tailed Bat forages for insects within 8 m of the ground along forest edges and low over rivers. Breeding. Gestation of Peters’s Sheath-tailed Bats occurs in November, and females have one embryo. An observation of copulation in a limestone cave was reported from March. Activity patterns. Peters’s Sheath-tailed Bats roost in caves and small rock crevices and below exposed tree roots. In eastern central highlands, it also roosts in village houses. The species exclusively uses twilight zones near cave entrances. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colony size rarely exceeds 30 individuals and more typically is 3 - 10 individuals; however, groups of 80 — 120 can occur. Peters’s Sheath-tailed Bat occurs in caves with Rufous Trident Bats (Triaenops menamend), Major’s Long-fingered Bats (Miniopterus majori), Lesser Long-fingered Bats (M. fraterculus), and Glen’s Long-fingered Bats (M gleni) — all of which inhabit deeper dark areas of caves. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Peters’s Sheath-tailed Bat is relatively widespread in eastern Madagascar. Its population is decreasing, and its status should be periodically reviewed given that it is collected for bushmeat in eastern Madagascar and forest clearing for expanding agriculture threatens foraging and roosting sites. Peters’s Sheath-tailed Bat is protected in Parc National de Mantadia, Parc National de Midongy du Sud, and a network of protected sites around Baie de Antogil. It likely does not require specific conservation action as long as intact humid forests are protected, but local populations should be monitored at roosting sites.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC24C0AF8DB3BECFAC2F083.taxon	materials_examined	Mahé, Seychelles.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC24C0AF8DB3BECFAC2F083.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC24C0AF8DB3BECFAC2F083.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution.. s. seychellensis Peters, 1868 - NW Mahé I. Extinct on Praslin I. C. s. silhouettae Thomas, 1915 — Silhouette I. Extinct on La Digue I.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC24C0AF8DB3BECFAC2F083.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 55 - 65 mm, ear 14 - 15 ’ 9 mm, hindfoot 8 - 5 - 10 ’ 3 mm, forearm 51 - 9 — 56 ’ 4 mm; weight 10 - 2 — 11.1 g. No data available for tail length. The Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat is sexually dimorphic in size, with females larger than males. Dorsal and chest fur are reddish brown, and fur on venter is slightly paler. Eyes are large and conspicuous. Flight membranes are reddish brown.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC24C0AF8DB3BECFAC2F083.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Coastal boulder fields, native palm woodlands dominated by Nephrosperma van-houtteanum (Arecaceae), and marsh habitats. Food and Feeding. The Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat feeds on insects. On Silhouette Island, the population at Grande Barbe roosts near marshes and feeds heavily on marsh associated Diptera (Ceratopogonidae), with lesser proportions of Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera. A second population roosting in boulder caves near palm woodlands at La Passe feeds primarily in forest gaps. Lepidopterans dominate diet at La Passe, with significant proportions of Hymenoptera and Coleoptera eaten in June-September. In December-March, true weevils in the family Curculionidae (Coleoptera) are the largest part of the diet, with reduced proportions of Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera. Rock overhangs are used as night roosts during pauses in foraging activity. Breeding. Female Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bats give birth and care for one young in the rainy season (November-December). Activity patterns. Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bats hang down from ceilings of day roost caves but with all appendages clinging to rock substrates. They appear to roost exclusively in boulder caves, with horizontal ceilings having stable cool temperatures of 25 - 9 - 28 - 7 ° C. Overgrowth of vines of invasive kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides, Fabaceae) that block ingress / egress from formerly preferred caves appears to cause roost abandonment. Abandoned roosts have been recorded from all four islands in the historical distribution. Foraging activity has been observed throughout the hours of darkness and at dawn concluding at c. 06: 00 h. Echolocation search calls consist of pulse sequences, with first harmonic peaking at frequencies of 39 - 2 - 41 • 1 kHz. These calls have narrow bandwidth and short durations (1 - 4 - 3 milliseconds). Search calls allow targeting of aerial prey from relatively long distances. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colony size of Seychelles Sheathtailed Bats in modem times appears to vary between two and 40 individuals. A single breeding male will form a harem that includes adult females and dependent young. On Silhouette Island, foraging movements, verified by two independent studies for the population occupying native palm woodland, never exceeded 320 m from the day roost. Insects in woodlands with intact understories were abundant so that this small population did not have to range farther from their roost cave.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC24C0AF8DB3BECFAC2F083.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Critically Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bat has a very small known population of fewer than 100 individuals, which is declining, and all subpopulations are small. Major threats include introduced predators; loss of habitat, especially from drainage of marshes; and invasive plants that overgrow cave entrances. Historically, it was described as “ very common in the neighborhood of the town of Port Victoria ” in 1868 and appeared to be abundant up until the 1970 s. Subsequently, in large part due to collection of guano deposits in roost caves, population decline might have been as high as 90 %. The only known remaining roosts that are occupied are caves at La Passe and Grande Barbe on Silhouette Island and two cave sites on Mahé Island: Cap Temay containing 20 - 30 individuals and Anse Major with only 1 — 2 individuals. More recently, the roost cave at La Passe declined from 32 individuals in 2003 to 27 individuals by 2008. It was probably extirpated on Praslin and La Digue islands in the 1980 s. The Nature Protection Trust of the Seychelles has monitored the known population ofSeychelles Sheath-tailed Bats since 1997, and this protection has resulted in a population growing from 18 individuals to 40 individuals in 2012. Catastrophic decline probably took place primarily in the late 1800 s and early 1900 s as lowland forests were cleared and converted to intensively managed coconut plantations, lacking a shrub layer that formerly supported insects. Invasive plants including the kudzu vine overgrowing cave roosts and abandoned coconut plantations farther deteriorated suitable foraging and sheltering sites. Seychelles Sheath-tailed Bats are sensitive to disturbance of roost caves. Predation from introduced common bam-owls (Tyto alba) in 1949 and feral cats also have contributed to declines. Conservation actions should include annual census of known roosts; seasonal and annual echolocation surveys at permanent monitoring stations; additional exploration of suitable habitat to attempt to locate additional roost colonies; frequent re-evaluation of status and distribution; legal protection of all known roosting sites and immediate surroundings; control of introduced bam-owls and feral cats; habitat protection of known feeding areas; public awareness campaigns; additional research into distribution, ecology, and threats; removal of invasive vegetation from existing and abandoned roost sites; and restoration of lowland forests via replanting native vegetation where plantations have been abandoned.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC14C0AFF113AAFF5B6F633.taxon	materials_examined	“ Madagascar: Province d’Antsiranana, Parc National d’Ankarana, 2.2 km ESE d’Amboandriky, Grotte d’Ambatoharanana (Crocodile Cave), 12.9883 ° S, 49.0217 ° E, 20 m asl. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC14C0AFF113AAFF5B6F633.taxon	discussion	This representative of Coleura was first found on Madagascar in 2004 and originally identified as C. afra by S. M. Goodman and colleagues in 2008. On the basis of new specimens and morphological and molecular data, the Madagascar population was shown to be distinct from C. afra and described as a new endemic species. Monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC14C0AFF113AAFF5B6F633.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to NW Madagascar, known only from Ankarana Special Reserve and Tsingy de Namoroka National Park.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC14C0AFF113AAFF5B6F633.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body c. 63 — 64 mm, tail 11 - 18 mm, ear 12 - 18 mm, hindfoot 6 - 9 mm, forearm 48 - 52 mm; weight 8 - 4 — 12 - 5 g. Long, shaggy dorsal fur of the Madagascar Sheath-tailed Bat is blackish brown. Venter is grayish cream to pure white, often with underfur having gray bases. Wing membranes are light to medium brown, often with relatively large translucent patches. As with other species of Coleura, Madagascar Sheath-tailed Bats completely lack radio-metacarpal and gular throat pouches.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC14C0AFF113AAFF5B6F633.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Dry deciduous forests on lowland limestone karst at known elevations of 15 — 115 m. Food and Feeding. The Madagascar Sheath-tailed Bat forages for insects in open areas or close to forest edges. Breeding. Female Madagascar Sheath-tailed Bats produce one young perhaps twice a year, as suggested by synchronous lactation in females at Ankarana in early July and late-term pregnancy in November. Adult males in this population had enlarged testes with convoluted epididymides at start of the rainy season in early November. Activity patterns. The Madagascar Sheath-tailed Bat is crepuscular. Limestone caves including those with running water are shelters for roosting by day. It produces LDC echolocation calls, with prominent QCF componentwhere most energy is concentrated in narrow frequency band of second harmonic and small FM portion. Echolocation search calls consist of sound pulse sequences, with first harmonic peak frequencies of 30 - 6 - 35 - 9 kHz, narrow bandwidth, and short durations of 2 - 5 - 5 - 3 milliseconds. Thus, search calls are designed for detection of flying insects at relatively long distances. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Madagascar Sheath-tailed Bats are gregarious, with colonies up to 500 individuals in Grotte d’Ambatoharanana in Ankarana National Park.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC14C0AFF113AAFF5B6F633.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Current known distribution of the Madagascar Sheath-tailed Bat is within two national parks: Ankarana and Tsingy de Namoroka. Threats and population trends are unknown, and strict protection of known roosts is essential. Although extensive bat surveys have been conducted in the region without finding additional roosts outside the two parks, vast areas of limestone karst remain largely unstudied in western Madagascar where additional local populations might be found in the future.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC14C0BF8FA3E26F90BF78A.taxon	materials_examined	“ South America? ” Corrected by G. E. Dobson in 1878 to “ Amboina [= Ambon Island, Maluku Islands, Indonesia]. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC14C0BF8FA3E26F90BF78A.taxon	discussion	Assignments of subspecies is based on morphological analysis of G. H. H. Tate and R. Archbold in 1939 and molecular analysis of D. J. Colgan and S. Soheili in 2008, but some affiliations are surmised based on geographical proximity. Additional molecular studies are needed to fully clarify subspecific taxonomy. Three subspecies recognized.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC14C0BF8FA3E26F90BF78A.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. M. n. nigrescensJ. E. Gray, 1843 - G Moluccas, including Bum, Seram, Ambon, and possibly other islands in that island group. M. n. papuana Thomas, 1914 - Sulawesi, N Moluccas (Morotai, Halmahera, Ternate, Bacan), Sula Is (Senana), Raja Ampat Is (Waigeo, Batanta, Salawati), New Guinea (including Supiori and Biak on Schouten Is and Umboi I) and Woodlark Is (Woodlark, Alcester), and Kai Is. Recent molecular work seems to indicate that papuana might include populations from Admiralty Is (Manus and Los Negros). M. n. solomonisThomas, 1904 - Bismarck Archipelago (New Ireland, Duke ofYork, and New Britain Is), and in N Solomons (Buka, Nissan, Bougainville, Fauro, Shortland, Vella Lavella, New Georgia, Russell, Savo, Florida, Guadalcanal, Malaita, Makira, and Uki Ni Masi Is). Also present on Emirau I (Bismarck Archipelago), but subspecies not known.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC14C0BF8FA3E26F90BF78A.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 30 - 45 mm, tail 7 - 17 - 5 mm, ear 9 - 15 mm, hindfoot 4 - 7 mm, forearm 30 - 1 - 37 - 9 mm; weight 2 - 5 - 5 - 7 g. The Dark Sheath-tailed Bat is one of the smallest bats in the world. It is sexually dimorphic in body size, with females larger than males. Subspecies solomonis tends to be slightly larger on average than papuana in New Guinea. Silky dorsum is uniformly pale to medium gray-brown (raw umber); venter is somewhat paler gray-brown or bufiy brown. Ear is narrow and blundy rounded at apex. Inner surface of pinna is ribbed and sparsely haired along medial margin. Tragus is longer than broad, with blunt tip. Muzzle is short and blunt, having widely separated nostrils at anterior end. Breeding males have long phallus, nearly equal in length to tibia. Dental formula is I 2 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 2 / 2, M 3 / 3 (x 2) = 34.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC14C0BF8FA3E26F90BF78A.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Wide variety of lowland and montane primary and secondary habitats, including humid tropical broadleaf forests, mangroves, coconut groves, rural gardens, clearings, and villages from sea level to elevations of c. 1600 m. Food and Feeding. Dark Sheath-tailed Bats forage for very small insects aerially and gleaning off foliage from near ground level into canopies. Wingless ants were a major dietary component in one study of 44 stomach contents. Breeding. Female Dark Sheath-tailed Bats likely give birth to single young twice a year. In Papua New Guinea, pregnant females are reported in February, May, June, andJuly. Activity patterns. The Dark Sheath-tailed Bat is crepuscular and roosts under large leaves and fronds of palms, bananas, and ginger; in limestone cave entrances; and under rock overhangs and house roofs. Leaf roosts can be as low as 1 - 5 m aboveground. Dark Sheath-tailed Bats emerge in late afternoon twilight to forage in well-shaded forest understories. Movements, Home range and Social organization. When roosting in foliage, as is common, group size is regularly 2 - 6 individuals, with only one individual clinging to the leaf surface by its feet and thumbs and the others adpressed dorsum to venter in a stacked column. These small groups are composed of mixed sex adults and young. Four individuals roosted in such a manner under a fishtail palm (Caryota, Arecaceae) in Kau Wildlife Area, Madang, Papua New Guinea, and this behavior was thought to conserve heat and avoid going into torpor where forest shade temperatures are typically 10 - 12 ° C lower than body temperatures. Dark Sheath-tailed Bats are alert all day and instandy fly off if approached too closely.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC14C0BF8FA3E26F90BF78A.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Dark Sheath-tailed Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population, and it is tolerant of habitat modification. It occurs in protected areas including Kau Wildlife Area, Madang, Papua New Guinea.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC04C0BFF6B3F32F633F5A8.taxon	materials_examined	“ Marabitanas. ” Corrected by A. von Pelzeln in 1883 to “ Baraneiva ” and clarified by D .. Carter and P. G. Dolan in 1978 as “ Bananeira (approximately 10 ° 39 ’ S, 65 ° 23 ’ W), on the Rio Mamore (there forming the boundary between Brazil and Bolivia), in the state of Mato Grosso. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC04C0BFF6B3F32F633F5A8.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC04C0BFF6B3F32F633F5A8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Widely distributed in Central and South America, from E Nicaragua to Panama, W of the Andes to NW Ecuador, and E of Andes from Venezuela and the Guianas to Amazonian Peru, C Brazil and N Bolivia.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC04C0BFF6B3F32F633F5A8.taxon	discussion	Descriptive notes. Head — body 46 - 58 mm, tail 10 — 16 mm, ear 13 - 16 mm, hindfoot 5 - 8 mm, forearm 41 - 50 mm; weight 7 - 11 g. Dorsal fur of the Chestnut Sac-winged Bat is thick, shiny, and chestnut-brown, with underparts slightly paler. Fur almost reaches tip of nose, but lower face is naked. Subadults andjuveniles have black fur. Facial skin, ears, and flight membranes are black. Ear is oval-shaped, and inner surface of pinna is heavily ribbed. Tragus is broad and square-topped. Wings attach to base of toes. Both sexes have wing sacs, which are vestigial in females; in breeding age males, they are large with opening extending to edge ofwing and outward from body. Calcar is about twice as long as foot. Tail is short, with free end extending at most 3 mm above tail membrane; tail membrane extends well beyond toes when extended. Skull has welldeveloped sagittal crest that is more robust in males. Upper incisors are minute. Lower incisors are slightly larger and form continuous row between canines. Dental formula is 11 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 2 / 2, M 3 / 3 (x 2) = 32. Karyotype is 2 n = 22.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC04C0BFF6B3F32F633F5A8.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Along streams and forest edges in moist lowland multi-strata tropical evergreen forests from sea level to elevations of c. 1000 m. The Chestnut Sac-winged Bat forages in small open spaces including forest edges and tree fall gaps, flying in long, slow, beats between ground level and forest canopies. Food and Feeding. The Chestnut Sac-winged Bat is an aerial insectivore that capably forages in cluttered space. When foraging in areas with Greater Sac-winged Bats (Saccopteryx bilineata) or Lesser Sac-winged Bats (S. lepturd), Chestnut Sac-winged Bats partition space by foraging higher aboveground (5 - 10 m) or farther from vegetation in gaps and forest edges. It flies faster and in wider circles (20 - 30 m across) than the Saccopteryx species. Breeding. In Panama, female Chestnut Sac-winged Bats are pregnant in April-May but not in June — September. In French Guiana, females are pregnant in August- September. Litter size is not reported. Activity patterns. Chestnut Sac-winged Bats are crepuscular. Foraging activity begins at dusk and continues for 10 - 15 minutes, after which observers found individuals to fly above the canopy and disappear, perhaps moving to different foraging areas. Foraging in the middle of the night is rare, but a secondary foraging period occurs shortly before dawn. The Chestnut Sac-winged Bat roosts in tree hollows of living, rotting, and fallen trees and under concrete bridges. One group clung to underside of a large leaf of South American traveler’s palm {Phenakospermum guyannense, Strelitziaceae). The Chestnut Sac-winged Bat emits search-phase echolocation calls in triplet pulses, with each subsequent sound pulse 2 - 3 kHz higher than the preceding pulse. First pulse has mean frequency of 25 - 4 kHz that rises to 28 - 7 kHz and 32 - 1 kHz on second and third pulses, respectively. Mean durations of these pulses are 5 — 10 milliseconds, and mean pulse intervals are 84 - 102 milliseconds. Chestnut Sac-winged Bats use search calls with components that are dominated by narrowband and small FM parts. These characteristics are well suited for detection of flying insects from relatively long-range detection distances, and similarly used by other members of the tribe Diclidurini. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Chestnut Sac-winged Bats roost in small groups. In French Guiana, roosting groups consisted of 2 - 5 individuals clustered in compact masses, with individuals touching each other back to belly in a stacked formation. Roosting groups in French Guinea sometimes consisted of more than one adult male but never more than one adult female. Females are able to locate young by contact calls emitted by young, which have been experimentally documented by a mother coming to a captive offspring held in a cloth bag.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC04C0BFF6B3F32F633F5A8.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on 77 / r IUCNRed List. The Chestnut Sac-winged Bat has a large distribution, and there is no evidence of rapid population decline. In general, deforestation is a threat; however, taken in context of its large area of endemism, that threat is not presently a serious concern, especially because it occurs in protected reserves throughout its distribution. Chestnut Sac-winged Bats are locally common in the Amazon Basin and uncommon in Central America lowland moist and wet forests, but it is not well studied because of limitations of early field investigations. As acoustic detection methodology is now becoming more common in Central America and South American, and such surveys likely will provide valuable insight on distribution and ecology of the Chestnut Sac-winged Bat Its distribution follows areas of moist lowland forests, but due to loss of these forests, it might no longer occur in southernmost parts of its distribution.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC04C14F8DA3ECEF976FAED.taxon	materials_examined	Puntarenas, Costa Rica.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC04C14F8DA3ECEF976FAED.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC04C14F8DA3ECEF976FAED.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. B. p. plicata Peters, 1867 - from C Sinaloa in Mexico to Nicaragua and NW Costa Rica. B. p. pallida Burt, 1948 - confined to S Sonora, N Sinaloa, and the S tip of Baja California Sur states in Mexico.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC04C14F8DA3ECEF976FAED.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 47 — 53 mm, tail 13 — 23 mm, ear 13 - 15 mm, hindfoot 7 - 10 mm, forearm 37 - 5 - 45 - 9 mm; weight 5 - 6 g. Based on forearm length, females (43 - 1 mm mean) are slightly larger than males (42 - 1 mm mean). Dorsal fur of the Gray Sac-winged Bat is smoky brown but often yellowish at base of tail membrane; venter is paler, with hairs faintly tipped bufiy brown along belly and flanks. Wings are brown-bordered, with white particularly between foot and fifth finger. Legs and forearms are pinkish. Wing sacs open toward body and do not extend to edges ofwings. Dental formula of the three species of Balantiopteryx is 11 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 2 / 2, M 3 / 3 (x 2) = 32.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC04C14F8DA3ECEF976FAED.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Deciduous forests, dry thorn scrub, and less commonly evergreen moist forests from sea level to elevations of c. 1500 m. Food and Feeding. The Gray Sac-winged Bat preys on aerial insects. Breeding. Gray Sac-winged Bats are bom in May-July in Mexico and lateJune in Costa Rica, well after the start of rainy season. Females give birth to one young, apparently once a year. Activity patterns. Gray Sac-winged Bats are crepuscular and roost in dim light near entrances of caves, mines, and tunnels; under overhanging large boulders; and in tree hollows and buildings including outdoor, shaded stairwells in close proximity to human foot traffic. Flight emergence begins a little before sunset, and individuals fly above canopies and forage with long, straight sallies and rapid dives to chase aerial insects. Early flight above relatively low, open canopies of deciduous forests can easily be observed. Calls with principle energy in second harmonic, start with 42 - kHz narrowband component that drops slightly by 1 - 1 - 5 kHz at 39 - kHz broadband. Mean call duration is 12 milliseconds. Terminal drop in frequency over a broadband facilitates targeting approaches to flying insects, and relatively long call duration is indicative of foraging in open areas rather than close to vegetation. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Groups of Gray Sac-winged Bats often gather in night roosts central to foraging areas, including under bridges. Group size is usually greater than 50 individuals, and male — female sex ratio is c. 3: 1. When approached, Gray Sac-winged Bats lay their ears back, like a dog, and back away deeper into the roost.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFC04C14F8DA3ECEF976FAED.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Gray Sac-winged Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and relatively stable population, and it occurs in protected areas. Threats include habitat loss and vandalism and fire caused by humans in roost caves.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDF4C14F8FE36E0F767F2F8.taxon	materials_examined	“ [Rio] Cachavi, [Departamento de Esmeraldas], N [orthern]. Ecuador. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDF4C14F8FE36E0F767F2F8.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDF4C14F8FE36E0F767F2F8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to a small area of the Chocó Region on Pacific slope of o ­ lombia and Ecuador, recorded from only four localities in SW Colombia (Rio Chanco, Valle del Cauca Department) and NW Ecuador (Esmeraldas and Imbabura provinces), and presumably in appropriate habitat between these localities.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDF4C14F8FE36E0F767F2F8.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 37 - 42 mm, tail 12 — 18 mm, ear 10 — 14 mm, hindfoot 7 - 12 mm, forearm 37 - 9 - 42 - 4 mm; weight 4 — 5 g. The Ecuadorian Sac-winged Bat shows sexual dimorphism in body size, with females slightly larger as measured by forearm length (males average 38 - 7 mm and females 40 mm). Dorsal fur is tricolored, with blackish brown distal tips, brown hair shafts, and pale grayish brown bases. Venter is paler, with bicolored hairs having brown tips and grayish brown bases. White, wiry hairs are scattered dorsally and ventrally on many specimens. Flight membranes are black. Upper one-third of dorsal surface of uropatagium is sparsely haired, especially along short tail. Lower face is naked. Ears are oval-shaped and extend slightly above crown; interior of pinna is heavily ribbed.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDF4C14F8FE36E0F767F2F8.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lowland and pre-montane rainforests at elevations of 150 — 1200 m. Food and Feeding. Ecuadorian Sac-winged Bats feed on small insects caught in the air. Breeding. Adult female Ecuadorian Sac-winged Bats examined in late December in Ecuador included four lactating, two post-lactating, and five reproductively inactive individuals. Activity patterns. The Ecuadorian Sac-winged Bat roosts in twilight zones of caves and abandoned railroad tunnels. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Ecuadorian Sac-winged Bats roost in association with other bat species including Greater Sac-winged Bats (Saccopteryx bilineatd). Roosting groups of up to 40 individuals have been observed. Nine individuals of mixed sex and age were captured in mist nets at each oftwo abandoned railroad tunnels.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDF4C14F8FE36E0F767F2F8.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Ecuadorian Sac-winged Bat has a small distribution, and populations are believed to be declining. Extent of occurrence is c. 18,551 km 2 encompassing three known locations in Ecuador and one in Colombia. Habitat has been reduced by deforestation from expanding agriculture and continues to decline in extent and quality. In Ecuador, habitat is highly fragmented and faces a high risk of destruction in the near future because of uncontrolled illegal logging.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDF4C14FF0F3003F806FCC1.taxon	materials_examined	“ R [ioJ. Dolores, near Coban [Alta Verapaz], Guatemala. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDF4C14FF0F3003F806FCC1.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDF4C14FF0F3003F806FCC1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Atlantic slope of Mexico and Central America from S Veracruz and Oaxaca to E Guatemala and Belize.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDF4C14FF0F3003F806FCC1.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 38 - 44 mm, tail 8 — 18 mm, ear 10 — 13 mm, hindfoot 7 - 8 mm, forearm 36 - 41 - 4 mm; weight 3 - 4 g. Dorsal fur of Thomas’s Sac-winged Bat is dark brown to black; venter is paler gray-brown. Flight membranes are black. Wings attach to ankles.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDF4C14FF0F3003F806FCC1.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Semideciduous or evergreen forests from sea level to elevations of c. 500 m. In the Maya Mountains of Belize, Thomas’s Sac-winged Bat occurs in semideciduous forest. Food and Feeding. Thomas’s Sac-winged Bats forage on small, aerial insects. Although direct visual observations are difficult due to their late emergence from roost, echolocation call characteristics suggest that they hunt in clutter close to vegetation of forest habitats or over water. Breeding. Pregnant Thomas’s Sac-winged Bats have been recorded in March, May, and July, suggesting polyestry. Activity patterns. Thomas’s Sac-winged Bats are nocturnal. They roost widely and evenly spaced, often occupying dark recesses of large, limestone caves on ceilings of high chambers. Activity starts well after sunset, later than related species. Echolocation calls include long narrowband component and maximum amplitude on second harmonic. Thomas’s Sac-winged Bats show slightly downward narrowband component that initially starts at 50 - 2 kHz and drops to 45 - 9 kHz, on average, and does not turn upward as in other genera of forest emballonurids. Average call duration is 7 - 8 milliseconds. During approach and terminal phases, call changes to obtain accurate target information after potential prey has been detected. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Groups of Thomas’s Sac-winged Bats commonly number 50 or more individuals and occasionally 1000 — 2000 individuals in large caves.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDF4C14FF0F3003F806FCC1.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Thomas’s Sacwinged Bat because depends on highly fragile forested habitat, and it is estimated to have declined by more than 30 % due to habitat loss and degradation in the last ten years, with remaining subpopulations fragmented. Adventure tourism leading to vandalism in caves has been and is a significant threat, particularly in Belize, Yucatan, and Guatemala. Needed conservation actions include management and protection of roost caves and additional protection of rapidly disappearing Atlantic forests.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDD4C16FF3B3753FCBEF35B.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mucajatuba, near Para, ” Brazil.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDD4C16FF3B3753FCBEF35B.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDD4C16FF3B3753FCBEF35B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Central America, locally in Caribbean lowlands from Nicaragua to Panama, and South America in Venezuela (Bolivar State), Guyana, French Guiana, and N Brazil (Para State), also in scattered localities in Amazon Basin (extreme S o ­ lombia, E Peru, W Brazil, and N Bolivia). It might have a much larger distribution in the Amazon drainage of all these countries.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDD4C16FF3B3753FCBEF35B.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 47 - 55 mm, tail 20 - 25 mm, ear 11 - 13 mm, hindfoot 10 — 12 mm, forearm 45 - 47 mm; weight 6 - 7 g. Dorsal fur of the Short-eared Bat is long, fluffy, and entirely dark gray; venter is slighdy paler. Ears are broad and rounded, barely rising about crown. Chin is well haired and appears bearded. Flight membranes are black. Hindfeet are small. Thumbs are tiny. Wing sacs are absent. Nostrils are tubelike and slightly divergent. Dental formula is 11 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 2 / 2, M 3 / 3 (x 2) = 32.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDD4C16FF3B3753FCBEF35B.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Humid lowland forests and along riparian gallery forests from sea level to elevations of 500 m. In Brazil, the Short-eared Bat can occur along gallery forests lining small rivers in the savanna-like Cerrado ecoregion. It tolerates second growth disturbed by humans and forages near buildings and in oil palm plantations and gardens. Food and Feeding. The Short-eared Bat preys on aerial insects. Breeding. A pregnant Short-eared Bat was reported in dry season in Tocantins State, Brazil. In Costa Rica, females with nursing young and subadults are reported in June- August. Activity patterns. Short-eared Bats are nocturnal and roost beneath fronds in palm trees including coconut and oil palms, usually in relatively open areas such as groves or gardens. Roost emergence starts c. 45 minutes after sunset. Foraging usually is restricted to immediately around day roosts for 15 — 30 minutes, after which individuals disperse further from roosts while flying at least 3 - 4 m aboveground. Echolocation call is unusual among emballonurids: FM call remains above 100 kHz and is short in duration. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Short-eared Bats roost in groups of 1 — 10 individuals. They hang freely by their feet when roosting, near midribs of fronds. Roosting groups can contain adult males and females, subadults, and dependent young. There is evidence that roosting group composition is not stable even over short periods of time, with different individuals moving into a group.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDD4C16FF3B3753FCBEF35B.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Shorteared Bat has a large distribution and presumably relatively stable overall population. Its rarity in museum collections, known from fewer than 30 global specimens and c. 20 localities, is likely due to inefficiency of capture in mist nets. Additional studies are needed on its distribution, habitat, ecology, and threats. Acoustic surveys should produce valuable information to better understand biology and conservation status of Short-eared Bats.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDD4C16FF073B5EF4A2F586.taxon	materials_examined	“ am Ausflusse des Rio Pardo. ” Identified by M. P. zu Wied-Neuwied in 1826 as “ Canavieiras, ” Rio Pardo, Bahia, Brazil.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDD4C16FF073B5EF4A2F586.taxon	discussion	Diclidurus albus is in the subgenus Diclidurus .. Populations in Central America might be a distinct species referable as D. virgo, but additional studies are needed. Two subspecies recognized.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDD4C16FF073B5EF4A2F586.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. D. a. albus Wied-Neuwied, 1820 - the Guianas, most of Brazil, and E Peru. D. a. virgo Thomas, 1903 — from SW & S Mexico S through Central America to Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad I, and W Ecuador.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDD4C16FF073B5EF4A2F586.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 68 — 82 mm, tail 18 - 22 mm, ear 16 - 17 mm, hindfoot 10 - 12 mm, forearm 63 - 69 mm; weight 17 - 24 g. The Northern Ghost Bat has white fur on dorsum and venter, but basal one- third of hairs are neutral gray. Some individuals appear more grayish than white. Flight membranes are unpigmented but appear pinkish from rich vascularization. Ears are yellow. Arms, legs, and face are pink. Eyes are large. Lower regions of the face are naked. Although wing sacs are absent, glandular sac occurs around tip of tail that is more developed in males than females. Thumbs are vestigial. Dental formula of all species of Diclidurus is 11 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 2 / 2, M 3 / 3 (x 2) = 32.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDD4C16FF073B5EF4A2F586.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Riparian and tropical rainforests and human-disturbed areas such as plantations, clearings, and villages from sea level to elevations of c. 1700 m. In Brazil, the Northern Ghost Bat occurs in Amazonian wet forests and Atlantic Dry Forest, the latter biome being highly fragmented. Food and Feeding. Northern Ghost Bats are insectivorous, and moths are favored in their diets. They forage for aerial insects high above forest canopies and large clearings and over water. Visual observations suggest foraging can occur up to 135 m aboveground. Breeding. In Mexico, copulations occur in January-February, and pregnancy and lactation take place through June. Females produce one young that remains with them at least through August. Non-pregnant adult females have been observed in December-February, suggesting they are monoestrous. Activity patterns. Northern Ghost Bats are crepuscular. Palms are used as day roosts including coconut palms (Cocos nucifera). On the Pacific slope of Mexico, Northern Ghost Bats roost in native palm Orbignya cohune, and in eastern Mexico Astrocaryum mexicana (all Arecaceae). They roost near rachis ofa palm frond 2 - 25 m aboveground, with their white coloration making them very cryptic when viewed from below against sunlight. They emit low-frequency echolocation calls, with very long pulse durations. Movements, Home range and Social organization. For most of the year, Northern Ghost Bats are solitary except for females with dependent young. Small, temporary groups of a male and up to three adult females occur during breeding season. Individuals in a breeding group roost 5 — 10 cm from each other. In Jalisco, Mexico, Northern Ghost Bats are present only from late October to May, suggesting some populations are migratory.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDD4C16FF073B5EF4A2F586.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Northern Ghost Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population. Additional studies are needed on its distribution, habitat, ecology, and conservation threats.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDD4C17F8F53FA8F921FCBA.taxon	materials_examined	“ Puerto Legufzamo, Intendencia del Caqueta [= Putumayo], ” Colombia.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDD4C17F8F53FA8F921FCBA.taxon	discussion	Diclidurus ingens is in the subgenus Diclidurus. Monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDD4C17F8F53FA8F921FCBA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Scattered localities from Colombia (Chocó and Putumayo departments) and adjacent Venezuela to Guyana, extending S to N & C Brazil (Para and Mato Grosso). Future research likely will extend distributional limits and establish occurrence in Peru and Ecuador.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDD4C17F8F53FA8F921FCBA.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 83 mm, tail 22 mm, ear 14 mm, hindfoot 12 mm, forearm 67 - 9 - 71 - 9 mm; weight 20 - 26 g (most measurements are from a single specimen). Dorsal and ventral fur of the Greater Ghost Bat is composed of bicolored hairs that are cream to pale gray at bases and gray to blackish distally. Flight membranes are unpigmented and appear pinkish from heavy vascularization. Bare skin of face and ears also appears pinkish. Eyes are large and conspicuous, with dark brown irises. An inter-femoral sac is present along tail. P 1 and P 2 are not in contact, which is diagnostic. Presence of four lobes on the I 2 of this species is diagnostic and unique among emballonurids.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDD4C17F8F53FA8F921FCBA.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Vertically stratified primary and secondary evergreen forests and banana plantations from sea level to elevations of c. 200 m. Food and Feeding. Greater Ghost Bats prey on insects high in open spaces above rivers, streams, and lagoons and above forest canopies. They are attracted to concentrations of insects around streetlights in towns. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The only roosting record of the Greater Ghost Bat is of a solitary female hanging from the ceiling of a house in a suburban area in Colombia.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDD4C17F8F53FA8F921FCBA.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. The Greater Ghost Bat is known from very few specimens and few locations. Information on distribution, status, and conservation threats is lacking.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDC4C17FF4539ADF270FAC7.taxon	materials_examined	“ Manacapuru, Rio Solimoes, ” Amazonas, Brazil.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDC4C17FF4539ADF270FAC7.taxon	discussion	Diclidurus isabella is in the subgenus Depanycteris. In the original combination, the specific epithet isabella has to be regarded as a noun in apposition. It is not a Latin or Latinized word, but it qualifies as the transliterated English word Isabella, and “ is to be treated as indeclinable ” under article 31.2.3 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. As a result, the current combination must read D. isabella. Monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDC4C17FF4539ADF270FAC7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From S Venezuela (Amazonas State) and Guyana to NW Brazil (Amazonas State). Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 68 mm, tail 15 - 24 mm, ear 15 - 17 mm, hindfoot 12 - 14 mm, forearm c. 54 mm; weight c. 13 - 15 g. Anterior ofdorsum of Isabelline Ghost Bat is white, lighdy frosted with pale brown, and posterior is pale brown, with white base. Venter is white and frosted with gray-brown. Flight membranes are semi-transparent pale brown. Ear rises barely above crown and is rounded. Uropatagium of males has prominent glandular interfemoral sacs near tips of tails.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDC4C17FF4539ADF270FAC7.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Multi-strata evergreen forests, wedands habitats, and towns from sea level to elevations of c. 200 m. Food and Feeding. Isabelline Ghost Bats prey on insects and are attracted to concentrations of insects around white lights including those in towns. Breeding. Thirteen female Isabelline Ghost Bats collected in April in Brazil were not reproductively active. Activity patterns. Isabelline Ghost Bats are crepuscular and fly high in open spaces above rivers, streams, lagoons, and forest canopies. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDC4C17FF4539ADF270FAC7.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Isabelline Ghost Bats have a large distribution and presumably stable overall population. Deforestation is a localized threat in some parts of its distribution. Understanding of distribution and ecology of the Isabelline Ghost Bat is deficient compared with most other species of emballonurids. Conservation actions should include scientific studies of distribution, roosting behavior, reproduction, diet, and foraging behavior. Acoustic monitoring has become a useful tool to understand echolocating bats that otherwise show cryptic behaviors and should also be useful in advancing understanding of the Isabelline Ghost Bat.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDC4C17FF7D36B4FDB6F385.taxon	materials_examined	“ Südamerica. ” Restricted by A. M. Husson in 1962 to “ Para [= Belém], Para, Brazil.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDC4C17FF7D36B4FDB6F385.taxon	discussion	Diclidurus scutatus is in the subgenus Depanycteris. Monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDC4C17FF7D36B4FDB6F385.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Amazonian Basin in NE Ecuador (Orellana Province), NE Peru (Loreto Department), E Colombia (Vaupés Department), S & W Venezuela, the Guianas, and N Brazil (Amazonas, Amapa, and Para states), with one additional record from Atlantic Dry Forest of SE Brazil (Sâo Paulo State).	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDC4C17FF7D36B4FDB6F385.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 57 - 68 mm, tail 17 — 19 mm, ear 10 — 15 mm, hindfoot 7 - 11 mm, forearm 51 - 58 - 9 mm; weight c. 13 g. Dorsal fur of the Lesser Ghost Bat is long, soft, and either pure white or pale brown at bases of hairs; venter is uniformly white. Claws are black. Flight membranes are unpigmented. Naked skin of wings and legs are pink. Eyes are relatively large, with dark brown irises. Adult males have two glandular pouches on their uropatagia that are particularly prominent during breeding season. Ear is yellowish, rounded at apex, and c. 15 mm long; tragus is. 6 mm. Greatest length of skull is c. 15 mm. Diagnostic skull characteristics include large palatine foramina, with posterior palatal emargination, and no space between premolars.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDC4C17FF7D36B4FDB6F385.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Multi-strata evergreen forests (rainforest), Atlantic Dry Forest (one record), and towns and villages from sea level to elevations of c. 1000 m. Food and Feeding. The Lesser Ghost Bat preys on insects. One specimen was collected with a large moth in its mouth, and another was captured in a canopy mist net. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Lesser Ghost Bats are crepuscular and fly high in open spaces above rivers, streams, lagoons, towns, and forest canopies. They are attracted to insects around lights. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDC4C17FF7D36B4FDB6F385.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Lesser Ghost Bat has a large distribution in areas with intact evergreen forests. Nevertheless, little is known about its taxonomy, distribution, and ecology. Conservation actions should include scientific studies of distribution, roosting behavior, reproduction, diet, and foraging behavior.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDC4C10F82F33D0F9B1FD81.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mato Grosso. ” Restricted by D..	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDC4C10F82F33D0F9B1FD81.taxon	discussion	Carter and P. G. Dolan in 1978 to “ Cuyabâ (Cuiabâ), Mato Grosso, Brazil. ” Subspecies trinitatis and phaea formerly included in P. macrotis are now subspecies within P. trinitatis. Monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDC4C10F82F33D0F9B1FD81.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Widely distributed from S Mexico (Michoacan and S Veracruz) throughout Central and South America to NE & E Peru, N & E Bolivia, N Paraguay, and S Brazil.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDC4C10F82F33D0F9B1FD81.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 42 - 53 mm, tail 11 - 15 mm, ear 14 — 16 mm, hindfoot 7 — 10 mm, forearm 38 - 3 — 48 - 2 mm; weight 4 — 7 g. The Lesser Dog-like Bat is sexually dimorphic, with females larger than males. Dorsal hairs are 6 — 9 mm and brown, gray, or reddish; underparts of similar colors are slightly lighter. Wings terminate at attachment point on each ankle. Tail is about one-third length of body. Outward-opening, glandular wing-sac occurs on upper edge of antebrachial membrane. Skull has sharp angle between inflated rostrum and braincase. Cranium has long, slender postorbital process, with undivided basisphenoid pit. Upper and lower incisors are small and simple, and lower incisors are trifid. Dental formula of all species of Peropteryx is I 1 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 2 / 2, M 3 / 3 (x 2) = 32.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDC4C10F82F33D0F9B1FD81.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical deciduous forests, but less commonly semiarid thorn scrub and evergreen forests, and also towns, croplands, and grasslands from sea level to elevations of c. 1000 m. Food and Feeding. Diet of the Lesser Dog-like Bat contains small beetles and flies. In areas of human setdement, it forages for insects above roads and near streetlights. Breeding. Female Lesser Dog-like Bats are seasonal polyestrous, giving birth usually to one young twice a year. Gestation lasts 4 — 4 - 5 months. Females are reproductively active in dry (January-June) and wet seasons (July — December) in Central America and in both seasons in South America. Pregnant females are reported in January, September, and October in the Caatinga ecoregion of Brazil; February and March in Guatemala; April on Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico; July in Colombia; and August in Peru. Lactating females have been collected in January in Brazil and August on the Yucatan Peninsula. Individuals with juvenile pelage are found in late July in the Yucatan. Activity patterns. Lesser Dog-like Bats are crepuscular. Roosting shelters include limestone, coral, and granite cave entrances; natural bridges; rock piles or culverts; hollow trees; bell towers; churches; and pre-Columbian ruins. They emerge and begin to forage at dusk. They remain alert in day roosts. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colonies of Lesser Dog-like Bats usually include 10 — 15 individuals consisting of a single adult male, several breeding age females, and their offspring. Scent emitted from wing sacs of males might be used in courtship displays. Predators include owls and carnivorous Woolly False Vampire Bats (Chrotopterus auritus). The Lesser Dog-like Bat has endoparasites and ectoparasites. Nematodes were found in specimens in Trinidad, and human bedbugs (Cimex hemipterus), engorged with blood, were collected along posterior surface of the tail base of a Lesser Dog-like Bat in Colombia.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDC4C10F82F33D0F9B1FD81.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Lesser Dog-like Bat presumably has large and stable overall population throughout its large distribution and occurs in many protected reserves. In Mexico, it is given special protection.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C10FF0637AEFC20F450.taxon	discussion	Taxonomy. Peropteryx kappleri Peters, 1867,	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C10FF0637AEFC20F450.taxon	materials_examined	“ Surinam [= Suriname]. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C10FF0637AEFC20F450.taxon	discussion	Peropteryx kappleri is in the subgenus Peropteryx. Two subspecies recognized.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C10FF0637AEFC20F450.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. k. kappleri Peters, 1867 — from S Mexico (S Veracruz State) throughout Central America to Colombia and W Ecuador and E to the Adantic Forest of E Brazil. P. k. intermedia Sanborn, 1951 - Peru and N Bolivia.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C10FF0637AEFC20F450.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 63 - 75 mm, tail 11 - 20 mm, ear 13 - 20 mm, hindfoot 9 - 13 mm, forearm 45 - 53 - 6 mm; weight 7 - 13 g. Female Greater Dog-like Bats are slighdy larger than males. Long dorsal fur (8 - 10 mm hair length) ranges from dark brown to reddish brown; venter is slighdy paler. Muzzle is largely hairless. Exposed skin on face, ears, arms, and wings is dark brown to black. Ears are long (13 - 16 mm) and triangular and rise above crown. Tragus is lanceolated. Eyes are large and conspicuous, with brown irises. Wing sacs are present near anterior edge of propatagium.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C10FF0637AEFC20F450.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Deciduous and evergreen forests, woodland savanna, and open fields from sea level to elevations of c. 850 m. Food and Feeding. The Greater Dog-like Bat feeds on aerial insects but also gleans insects from leaf substrates. It forages high in open spaces above and within closed forest canopies and subcanopies, within woodland savannas, and over open fields. Foraging activity is often associated with streams and rivers. Breeding. Female Greater Dog-like Bats have one young each year. Parturition occurs in June-July. Activity patterns. The Greater Dog-like Bat is crepuscular and roosts in cave entrances and boulder crevices of shaded rocky areas and karst cliffs, under palm fronds and bridges, within living and dead tree hollows, undersides of fallen and elevated logs, between plank buttresses, and occasionally in buildings. Echolocation search pulses have maximum energies of 20 - 40 kHz. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Roosting colonies have 1 - 7 individuals. Mating system is based on monogamous pairs, and a male defends his female against intruding males. Greater Dog-like Bats often roost in contact, stacked dorsum to ventrum, with up to four individuals that probably represent a family group.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C10FF0637AEFC20F450.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on TheIUCNRedList. Conservation of caves and karst regions and retention of forests should be priorities for the Greater Dog-like Bat. In Mexico, it is a listed species with special legal protection.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C10F8F6302BF4C7F1DC.taxon	materials_examined	“ Surinam [= Suriname]. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C10F8F6302BF4C7F1DC.taxon	discussion	Peropteryx leucoptera is in the subgenus Peronymus. It was moved by G. S. Miller, Jr. in 1907 to the genus Peronymus, but later synonymized with Peropteryx by A. Cabrera in 1958. It has been moving back and forth until molecular biology and morphology clearly placed it in the Peropteryx clade.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C10F8F6302BF4C7F1DC.taxon	distribution	Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. P. l. leucoptera Peters, 1867 - from SE Colombia through Venezuela and the Guianas to NE Brazil. P. l. cyclops Thomas, 1924 - Amazon Basin in E Peru and N Bolivia.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C10F8F6302BF4C7F1DC.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 47 - 55 mm, tail 11 - 20 mm, ear 13 - 20 mm, hindfoot 7 - 10 mm, forearm 41 - 52 mm; weight 5 - 5 - 6 - 4 g. Dorsal fur of the White-winged Doglike Bat is chocolate-brown; venter is noticeably paler. It has distinctive white wing membranes. Membrane across forehead connects two rounded ears. Pinna is heavily ribbed on inner surface. Tragus is rounded at apex. Facial region is naked and dark brown. Eyes are large, with brown irises.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C10F8F6302BF4C7F1DC.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary lowland rainforest and Atlantic Dry Forest restricted to low elevations. Food and Feeding. White-winged Dog-like Bats forage for insects in cluttered and open spaces in tree fall gaps. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. White-winged Dog-like Bats are crepuscular. They roost in dimly lit cave entrances, in hollows of standing trees and rotten horizontal logs, between buttresses on undersides of fallen large logs, and beneath overhanging banks. They can be seen emerging at dusk and forage in small clearings and tree gaps, flying 1 - 2 m aboveground. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Roosting groups of White-winged Dog-like Bats have 2 - 8 individuals, usually with one adult male, 1 - 2 adult females, and subadults and dependent young. Individuals in a roost group are individually spaced rather than clustered.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C10F8F6302BF4C7F1DC.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Whitewinged Dog-like Bat has a large distribution. Deforestation and loss of cave and karst habitats are the main threats, but overall population is presumably relatively stable Natural history, ecology, and reproductive biology are very poorly known.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C10FF04395FF587FB05.taxon	materials_examined	“ Port of Spain, Trinidad. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C10FF04395FF587FB05.taxon	discussion	Peropteryx trinitatis is in the subgenus Peropteryx. It was considered a subspecies of P. macrotis by several authors; however, A. Brosset and P. Charles-Dominique in 1991, based on finding sympatric specimens of P. macrotis and P. trinitatis in French Guiana, accorded full species status to the latter as did N. B. Simmons and R. S. Voss in 1998. Two subspecies recognized.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C10FF04395FF587FB05.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. P. t. trinitatis G. S. Miller, 1899 - recorded in most of Venezuela, the Guianas, and N, NE & Brazil, also on several Caribbean Is (Aruba, Margarita, Trinidad, and Tobago). P. t. phaea G. M. Allen, 1911 — restricted to Grenada I.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C10FF04395FF587FB05.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 45 - 46 mm, tail 11 - 18 mm, ear 10.6 - 12.9 mm, hindfoot 5.3 - 7.6 mm, forearm 36 - 43.5 mm; weight 3.7 - 8 g. The Trinidad Dog-like Bat is sexually dimorphic in body size and cranial measurements, with females slightly larger than males. Dorsal fur is uniformly dark brown to reddish brown; venter is lighter brown, with red tones. Muzzle is conical. Ears are 10.6 - 12.9 mm long, and they are wide at bases becoming narrow at tips. P 1 is peg-like and lacks well-defined cusps.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C10FF04395FF587FB05.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, xeric shrublands, pasture, gardens, swamps, and deserts from sea level to elevations of c. 400 m. Food and Feeding. The Trinidad Dog-like Bat forages for aerial insects within vegetation clutter. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Trinidad Dog-like Bats roost in hollow trees, hollow rotten logs, cave entrances, and houses and under rocks and overhanging banks. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Roosting groups of Trinidad Doglike Bats can contain more than 100 individuals.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C10FF04395FF587FB05.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. Little is known about natural history and population dynamics of the Trinidad Dog-like Bat. Field surveys searching for roosts and echolocation calls are needed to better understand its distribution. Some museum specimens previously attributed to the Lesser Dog-like Bat (P. macrotis) might be Trinidad Dog-like Bats. It occurs in protected areas including the 492 - ha Mario Viana Municipal Park in Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C11F8EE3BD3FE17F84D.taxon	materials_examined	“ 66 km S of Pompeya Sur (00 ° 48 ’ S, 76 ° 24 ’ W), Orellana Province, Ecuador. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C11F8EE3BD3FE17F84D.taxon	discussion	Peropteryx pallidoptera is in the subgenus Peropteryx. Monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C11F8EE3BD3FE17F84D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Colombia (including the Llanos), E Ecuador, N Peru, and N Brazil.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C11F8EE3BD3FE17F84D.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 46 - 53 mm, tail 11 - 14 mm, ear 14 - 4 - 17 mm, hindfoot 7 - 10 mm, forearm 39 - 43 mm; weight 4 - 1 - 6 g. The Pale-winged Dog-like Bat is medium-sized. Dorsal fur is c. 8 mm long and uniformly medium brown, with slightly paler hair bases; venter is slightly lighter. Ears are brown and close together on forehead, not connected by band of skin. Uropatagium is brown. Wing membrane is brown from body to elbow, but its distal part is translucent and tinged with brown. Arms and digits of wings are medium brown. Poorly developed wing sac is present on leading edge of propatagium, with outward lateral opening. There appears to be no sexual dimorphism in skull size, but few data are available for males that overlap with larger number of measurements available for females. Rostrum and postorbital processes are relatively narrow, but rostrum is not dorsally inflated. Shallow, undivided basisphenoid pit has two small anterolateral pterygoid pits, and mesopterygoid extension protrudes posteriorly into basisphenoid region. P 1 is tiny and peg-like.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDB4C11F8EE3BD3FE17F84D.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lowland rainforests including seasonally inundated varzea (white water flooded forests), upland forests, and grasslands of the Llanos at known elevations of 150 - 400 m. Elevational range of Pale-winged Dog-like Bat will likely increase with additional research. Food and Feeding. Pale-winged Dog-like Bats are insectivorous. They are attracted to mineral seeps (salt licks) perhaps to drink mineral rich waters. Breeding. One pregnant Pale-winged Dog-like Bat was reported in September in Peru, and others were lactating in October. Activity patterns. Pale-winged Dog-like Bats are crepuscular and emerge at dusk to begin foraging activity. They roost in dim light of cave entrances, under fallen logs, in holes in the ground including one instance of roosting in an armadillo burrow, in undercut stream banks, and under large leaves including banana. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Limited observations of group size of Pale-winged Dog-like Bats suggests that they sometimes roost alone or in small groups of 2 - 5 individuals, often in proximity to other species of bats including Whitewinged Dog-like Bats (P. leucopterd) and Greater Sac-winged Bats {Saccopteryx bilineatd). Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on IUCN Red List. The Palewinged Dog-like Bat is known from only a few locations, and information on natural history and population dynamics is scant.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDA4C11FF723C6DF706FBF5.taxon	materials_examined	“ Bogava, Chiriqui, Panama. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDA4C11FF723C6DF706FBF5.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDA4C11FF723C6DF706FBF5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Along Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean versants of S Mexico through Central America to SE Peru and NW Bolivia, in S Costa Rica and Panama it ranges on Pacific and Caribbean slopes. Descriptive notes. Head-body 42 - 59 mm, tail 18 - 40 mm, ear 17 - 20 mm, hindfoot 7 - 9 mm, forearm 42 - 9 - 49 mm; weight 4 - 6 g. Fur of Thomas’s Shaggy Bat is long and shaggy; dorsum is dull yellow-brown, orange-brown, or gray-brown becoming orange-brown on rump; and venter is graybrown and paler than dorsum. Ear rises above crown (11 - 20 mm), and inner surface of pinna is ribbed. Facial skin and flight membranes are black. Uropatagium is long and well haired at base; when fully extended, it is longer than legs. Calcar is long and supports trailing edge of extended uropatagium. Wings attach to feet at metacarpalphalangeal joint of toes. Dental formula of the two species of Centronycteris is I 1 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 2 / 2, M 3 / 3 (x 2) = 32.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDA4C11FF723C6DF706FBF5.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Mature rainforests, semideciduous forests, and secondary forests. In Panama, Thomas’s Shaggy Bat occurs in ridge top cloud forest up to elevations of 1450 m. Food and Feeding. Thomas’s Shaggy Bat is insectivorous. It forages while flying back and forth along a route, with slow, deliberate, fluttering flight, and often along natural and man-made pathways. It preys on aerial insects in moderately cluttered to open forest habitats within understories and over flowing creeks. Based on direct observations, it forages 2 - 5 - 5 m aboveground. Most identifiable stomach remains in a female from a swamp forest in lowland Costa Rica contained planthoppers (Fulgoroidea, Homop tera) but also at least two different beetles (Coleoptera), one of which was probably a leaf-beetle (Chrysomelidae), and parts tentatively identified as orthopteran. No scales or other evidence of lepidopterans were present. Based on generalized behavior of these prey, Thomas’s Shaggy Bat might feed by gleaning insects from surfaces ofleaves and branches, taking slow-flying insects on the wing, or using a combination of these two strategies. Breeding. North of the equator, female Thomas’s Shaggy Bats are pregnant in late April to mid-May in Costa Rica and Nicaragua. A non-pregnant female from Costa Rica was reported in February. South of the equator in south-eastern Peru, a pregnant female was reported in late September, and a lactating female in November. In Ecuador, a female with a small, 9 - mm embryo was reported in February. Although information is scant, parturition in South America might occur twice a year. Activity patterns. Thomas’s Shaggy Bat is crepuscular and roosts in hollow trees and on tree trunks in forest understories. It emerges to forage in late afternoon and continues foraging into early night. Several individuals were observed foraging within sight of each other along a cleared telegraph right-of-way in Nicaragua. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Several observations of Thomas’s Shaggy Bats using specific foraging areas over multiple nights suggested that they established core foraging areas in their home ranges.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDA4C11FF723C6DF706FBF5.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Thomas’s Shaggy Bat has a large distribution but is represented by very few specimens. Very little is known about its life history and ecology. Although it occurs in some protected areas and likely occurs in others, it does not have targeted management plans or specific protection except in Mexico.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDA4C11F82931FBF22FF06B.taxon	materials_examined	“ In ora orientali Brasiliae [= on the eastern edge of Brazil]. ” Restricted by M. P. zu Wied-Neuwied in 1826 to Fazenda Coroaba, Rio Jucu, near Rio do Espirito Santo, Brazil.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDA4C11F82931FBF22FF06B.taxon	discussion	This species was originally named Proboscidea calcarata and its type locality described as “ Ostküste von Brasilien ” (= east coast of Brazil) by H. R. Schinz in 1821, but the specific epithet was preoccupied by Vespertilio calcaratus named by. S. Rafinesque in 1818. Wied-Neuwied in 1826 restricted Schinz’s original type locality beforeJ. B. Fischer in 1829 provided the replacement name maxmzZiam and presumably paraphrased Schinz’s type locality. Monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDA4C11F82931FBF22FF06B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. SE Colombia, S Venezuela, the Guianas, NW & N Brazil, and NE Peru, also in E & SE Brazil as far S as Vitória, Espirito Santo State.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDA4C11F82931FBF22FF06B.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 43 — 61 mm, tail 20 — 26 mm, ear 14 - 17 mm, hindfoot 6 7 mm, forearm 41 - 5 - 44 - 7 mm; weight: 4 - 5 — 9 g. Long, shaggy dorsal fur of the Common Shaggy Bat is orange-brown; venter is slightly paler. Eyes are large, with dark brown irises. Ears are long, rise well above crown, and are pointed at apex. Inner surface of pinna is heavily ribbed for most ofits length. Tragus is equally broad as long. Tip of muzzle and nostrils extend slightly forward of lower lip. Facial region is heavily furred, with little exposed skin visible. Edge of wing membrane attaches to side of foot at metacarpal-phalangeal joint. Small P 1, large basisphenoid pits not extending beyond hamular processes of pterygoids, and rostrum with dorso-lateral swelling at base of postorbital process differentiate the Common Shaggy Bat from congeneric Thomas’s Shaggy Bat (C. centralis').	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDA4C11F82931FBF22FF06B.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary and secondary rainforests from sea level to elevations of at least 200 m, including white sand forest in Peru; poorly drained lowland forests dominated by Morai, Pentaclethra (both Fabaceae), and Licania (Chrysobalanaceae); and welldrained forests dominated by Chlorocardium (Lauraceae), Eperua (Fabaceae), and Eschweilera (Lecythidaceae). Food and Feeding. The Common Shaggy Bat pursues aerial insects with slow, fluttering flight. Breeding. One lactating Common Shaggy Bat was recorded in mid-February in central Brazil. Activity patterns. Common Shaggy Bats are crepuscular and have been observed flying in late afternoon as early as 17: 00 h. They roost in hollow trees and on undersides of large leaves and tree trunks. Roosts are 3 - 10 m aboveground. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Roost reports are uncommon but include a solitary adult male near Iquitos, Peru. Observations of Common Shaggy Bats regularly using the same spatial areas for foraging suggest that individuals use core areas in established home ranges over a long period of time.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDA4C11F82931FBF22FF06B.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Common Shaggy Bat has a large distribution and recently appeared in some echolocation surveys as being locally common.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDA4C12F829258DFA62F493.taxon	materials_examined	“ Mucuri. ” Restricted by F. D. de Avila- Pires in 1965 to “ Vcinity of Morro d’Arara, Rio Mucuri, State of Bahia, Brazil. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDA4C12F829258DFA62F493.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDA4C12F829258DFA62F493.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From S Mexico (Veracruz and Oaxaca) S throughout CentraAmerica to Colombia, E to C & E Brazil, and S to E Ecuador, E Peru, and N & NE Bolivia and also on Trinidad I.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDA4C12F829258DFA62F493.taxon	discussion	Descriptive notes. Head-body 36 - 48 mm, tail 11 - 17 mm, ear 11 - 14 mm, hindfoot 6 - 8 mm, forearm 36 - 40 mm; weight 3 - 6 g. Long, fluffy dorsal fur of the Proboscis Bat is grizzled gray-brown, with yellow tones and two faint, wavy, cream-colored stripes extend from shoulders to rump. Venter is pale yellow or grayish. Nose is long and projects well beyond lower lip. Flight membranes and facial skin are black. Tufts of whitish fur on forearms are diagnostic. Wing sacs are absent. Calcar is about three times as long as feet, and uropatagium is longer than legs. Dental formula is 11 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 2 / 2, M 3 / 3 (x 2) = 32.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDA4C12F829258DFA62F493.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Almost always associated with water and wedands (streams, rivers, mangroves, and lakes) near multi-strata evergreen forests, semideciduous forests, dry forests, secondary forests, croplands, or pastures from sea level to elevations of c. 1500 m (generally most common below 500 m). Food and Feeding. Proboscis Bats are aerial insectivores and usually forage within 3 m of surface of slow moving, shallow water. Diet includes small dipterans including mosquitoes. Breeding. Proboscis Bats are monoestrous; single young are bom once a year in early wet season. Activity patterns. Proboscis Bats are crepuscular, and their foraging flights usually begin well before sunset and continue into darkness. They roost on tree trunks, exposed logs, boulders, and steep banks; under bridges; and in tree cavities, always near or direcdy above water. Roosting individuals usually form a single vertical line. Color pattern of the Proboscis Bat makes it extremely cryptic when it roosts on tree bark. Echolocation call contains a F component at c. 100 kHz. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Proboscis Bats usually roost in small, single-species colonies of c. 10 - 24 individuals, but groups of up to 100 individuals have been noted. When roosting, they are often aligned in vertical rows with individual spacing of c. 20 - 40 mm. Several males occur in a roosting group, and there appears to be no harem formation or defense. If disturbed, a group flies together to an alternate roost. At times, all group members rock back and forth like leaves blowing in the wind. Spiders frequently prey on Proboscis Bats. The orb-web spider Argiope submaronica has been observed to feed on adult Proboscis Bats. In Costa Rica, a Proboscis Bat near a roost under eaves of a building was entangled in the center of a web; it was wrapped in silk and fed upon by the spider. The orb-weaver Nephila clavipes also was observed capturing and feeding on Proboscis Bats in Peru.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFDA4C12F829258DFA62F493.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on 77 zr IUCN Red List. The Proboscis Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population, and it is common in areas with suitable wetland habitats. It can be locally common and found in many protected areas in Mexico, Central America, and South America. In Mexico, it is provided special protection.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD94C13FF153987FE0DFD29.taxon	materials_examined	“ Surinam [= Suriname]. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD94C13FF153987FE0DFD29.taxon	discussion	Saccopteryx bilineata was originally described in the genus Urocryptus but later recognized as monophyletic in the existing genus Saccopteryx. Bats from Mexico and Central America previously were referred to centralis and those from Trinidad to perspicillifer, but they were considered to be synonymous with S. bilineata byJ. K. Jones, Jr. and. S. Hood in 1993. Monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD94C13FF153987FE0DFD29.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From C Mexico (Jalisco and Veracruz) S throughout both Pacific and Atlantic slopes of Central America to Colombia, E to E & SE Brazil (S to Rio de Janeiro State), and S to Ecuador, E Peru, W Brazil, and N & NE Bolivia; also on Trinidad and Tobago Is.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD94C13FF153987FE0DFD29.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 47 - 56 mm, tail 16 - 23 mm, ear 13 - 17 mm, hindfoot 10 - 12 mm, forearm 44 - 48 mm; weight 6 - 9 - 3 g. Female Greater Sac-winged Bats are larger than males. Dorsal fur is black, with two prominent, wavy bully stripes extending from neck to rump; venter is dark gray. Dorsal fur is black when pelage is “ fresh, ” but it grades to deep brown when it becomes worn. Although it is not known if multiple molts occur annually, five of nine individuals observed in Trinidad were molting in August. Ears extend slightly above crown of head. Eyes are large and conspicuous, with brown irises. Radio-metacarpal sacs open along forward edge of propatagium and are especially prominent in males. Flight membranes are black. Uropatagium is slightly hairy at its base and around tail. When fully extended, uropatagium is support by stiff ", long calcars and reaches almost to full extremity of claws on hindfeet. Dental formula of all species of Saccopteryx is 11 / 3, C 1 / 1, P 2 / 2, M 3 / 3 (x 2) = 32.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD94C13FF153987FE0DFD29.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lowland evergreen, semideciduous, dry forests, forest edges, villages, and urban areas generally below elevations of 500 m, with a few records up to 1000 m. Greater Sac-winged Bats often forage near streams and in moist areas. They prefer multi-strata evergreen forests and forages in natural and man-made forest clearings, edges, and corridors. In Mexico, it has also been reported in secondary forests, croplands, and grasslands. Food and Feeding. The Greater Sac-winged Bat is an aerial insectivore that forages in cluttered spaces. Its diet includes flies, beetles, moths, and even butterflies that are active in late afternoon. Foraging habitats shift seasonally when Greater Sac-winged Bats cue on variation in insect phenology and abundance. They forage alone; individuals usually move from one feeding area to another after c. 25 - 30 minutes. Breeding. Gestation of Greater Sac-winged Bats across Mexico and Central America begins near end of dry season, and one young is bom annually at onset of rainy season. Timing of parturition varies with climate across the distribution. Females carry young or leave them at hidden night roosts when they forage. Young are able to fly at two weeks old but continue to suckle for 10 - 12 weeks. Yearling females disperse to other roosting groups, but young males remain with parental roost groups, waiting their chance to succeed older males. Activity patterns. Greater Sac-winged Bats are crepuscular and can be seen in foraging areas in late afternoon, well before sunset, within shaded forest understories. This primary foraging activity occurs for c. 3 hours into the night. A secondary foraging period occurs in early morning, and individuals return to day roosts soon after dawn. Mean flight speed is 5 - 8 m / s. Roost shelters include dimly lit cave entrances, trees hollows, boles and between plank buttresses, buildings, window screens of inhabited buildings, and undersides of bridges. The Greater Sac-winged Bat capably maintains appreciable temperature differentials with its environment. It usually remains normothermic and is alert and active in daytime roosts. It maintains a resting rate of metabolism that is high compared with small insectivorous bats in other families. It is likely that its diet of small, abundant insects provides enough energy year-round to permit a roosting strategy of alertness and vigilance in dimly lit shelters potentially vulnerable to predators. By maintaining individual distances from roost mates, groups of Greater Sac-winged Bats are able to simultaneously fly as an escape response, which would not be possible for bats that cluster tighdy because individuals on outer edges of a cluster must fly off first and those in the center of a cluster must wait for critical seconds before taking flight. Search-phase echolocation pulses of Greater Sac-winged Bats are relatively long (5 - 6 milliseconds) and paired. They are characterized by slight rise in frequency at onset of pulse, followed by a long F part, and terminated with slight decrease in frequency. Maximum energy in prey searching echolocation calls varies with geography at 42 - 50 kHz from populations in Belize, Costa Rica, and Panama. During approach or pursuit phase, calls become shorter, with more pronounced rise in frequency than in search phase. Terminal stage emissions, or feeding buzzes, are even shorter (c. 1 - 1.7 milliseconds), with less pronounced rise in frequency. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Roosting colonies of Greater Sacwinged Bats average 12 individuals but can range from five to 50 individuals. Larger roosting groups are composed of several male-dominated harems with 1 - 9 breeding females. Mating system is polygynous; males typically defend harems of 3 - 5 breeding females and 1 - 3 m 2 of vertical roosting space. Most adult males roost alone or on peripheries of breeding colonies. Males obtain harems by splitting an existing harem or replacing a harem male that has been lost. Males have well-developed wing sacs in their ante-brachial membranes and emit scent while flapping their wings in ritualized mating displays called “ salting ” that are accompanied by singing. Males spend considerable time during the day cleaning their wing sacs with saliva and urine, which is followed by applying genital secretion to wing sacs with their chins. Natural selection favors smaller male Greater Sac-winged Bats due to energetic demands associated with aerial courtship and defense of harem females, and small breeding males sire more offspring than large males. Greater Sac-winged Bats use a variety of multisyllabic social calls in various contexts including sex-specific signatures and individual signatures in their calls. Isolation calls are used by young to call mothers and by young males to signify subordination to dominant males. Mothers respond to isolation calls of young with directive calls, especially to heel young bats when they begin to fly about the roost. Young vocalize in long bouts of “ babbling ” to practice social calls. Males produce territorial and courtship songs including whistling components, and males that sing often have greater reproductive success. Screeches are used in aggressive encounters by both sexes. Distress calls are produced during encounters with predators. Fur and skin of Greater Sac-winged Bats are often infested by ectoparasites that might influence condition and health, which include the mites Eutrombicula gpldii, Trombiculida vesperuginis, and. saccopteryx. The endoparasitic tapeworm, Hymenolepis mazanensis, has also been found in Greater Sac-winged Bats. Roosts of Greater Sac-winged Bats can be shared with a great many other species of bats including other species of sympatric emballonurids.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD94C13FF153987FE0DFD29.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Greater Sac-winged Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population, and it occupies a large variety of habitats. It occurs in many protected areas throughout its distribution.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C13F82C3D5AF55FEEEE.taxon	materials_examined	“ Colombia, Antioquia, municipio de Sonsón, vereda La Soledad, distante ca. 15 km, este del municipio de Sonsón; 1200 msnm [= meters above sea level], cordillera Central ... coordinates 5 ° 40 ’ N; 75 ° 05 ’ W. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C13F82C3D5AF55FEEEE.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C13F82C3D5AF55FEEEE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Endemic to SE Antioquia Department, Colombia, along E slope of C Andes Range.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C13F82C3D5AF55FEEEE.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 40 - 44 mm, tail 10 - 12 mm, ear 11 - 13 mm, hindfoot 7 — 8 mm, forearm 36 - 2 — 38 mm; weight 5 g (single individual). Dorsal fur of the Antioquian Sac-winged Bat is uniformly dark brown, without wavy white lines found in some other species of Saccopteryx. Venter is slightly paler than dorsum and bicolored, with basal one-third of hairs brown and distal part of hairs yellow-brown. Flight membranes are black. Radio-metacarpal sacs are present in propatagia and prominently developed in males.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C13F82C3D5AF55FEEEE.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Humid mid-elevation primary and riparian forests growing on karst formations and towns at elevations 650 - 1200 m. Food and Feeding. The Antioquian Sac-winged Bat is a small aerial insectivore that forages in open forests and over rivers. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Holotype was collected while roosting on a church wall. It also roosts in limestone caves. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C13F82C3D5AF55FEEEE.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCNRed List. The Antioquian Sac-winged Bat is known from only two localities and surveys in recent years failed to record it. Presumed extent of occurrence represents more than 5000 km 2. There is very littie information on its status, threats, and ecological requirements. It seems to have specific karst habitat and roost requirements, and forests nearby these areas are subject to changes in land use. It also might be threatened at roost sites. Karst caves in its distribution are threatened from recreational use and uncontrolled access of visitors. Lowland forests nearby in its small distribution are being rapidly converted to agriculture. The Antioquian Sac-winged Bat is not protected in any existing reserves. Conservation actions effectively might include echolocation surveys around its known distribution and protection of some of karst forests and cave roosts in its distribution.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C13FF7F3AA7F45AF854.taxon	type_taxon	52. Frosted Sac-winged Bat	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C13FF7F3AA7F45AF854.taxon	materials_examined	“ Obidos, ” Para, Brazil.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C13FF7F3AA7F45AF854.taxon	discussion	Two subspecies are recognized.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C13FF7F3AA7F45AF854.taxon	distribution	Subspecies and Distribution. S. c. canescens Thomas, 1901 - E Colombia, most of Venezuela, the Guianas, E Peru, and W & N Brazil. S. c. pumila Thomas, 1914 - lower Orinoco in Venezuela, distribution outside this area is not understood.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C13FF7F3AA7F45AF854.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head — body 38 - 44 mm, tail 16 - 18 mm, ear 11 - 14 mm, hindfoot 6 - 5 — 8 mm, forearm 35 - 39 mm; weight 3 - 5 g. Dorsal fur of the Frosted Sac- winged Bat is tawny to gray-brown, frosted with gray or yellow hair tips especially on head. Venter is paler and also composed of bicolored hairs. There usually are two, wavy, white lines on back, but they can be indistinct. Fur extends onto wings for about one-third the length of distance to elbow and onto uropatagium completely to distal tip of tail. Glandular sac is well developed in males and lies on propatagia close to elbows. Flight membranes are brown. Eyes are large, with brown irises. Ear is narrow. Tragus margin is smooth and rounded. Habitat. Lowland, multi-strata, evergreen forests, often near streams and wetlands, and clearings from sea level to elevations of c. 500 m.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C13FF7F3AA7F45AF854.taxon	biology_ecology	Food and Feeding. The Frosted Sac-winged Bat feeds on tiny aerial insects while foraging over streams and rivers, wetiands, clearings, tree gaps, towns, and pastures. It will forage in vegetative clutter. Breeding. Lactation of the Frosted Sac-winged Bat occurs in July in Venezuela. Activity patterns. The Frosted Sac-winged Bat roosts under boulders and in rock piles and buildings. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Roosting groups of Frosted Sacwinged Bats are alert and fly in tight formations as a group to escape disturbance. Groups consist of 5 — 15 individuals. One group of five individuals included one adult male, two adult females, a subadult female, and a subadult male, suggesting a harem structured breeding system.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C13FF7F3AA7F45AF854.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Frosted Sac-winged Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C13FF713658FAFBF088.taxon	materials_examined	“ Surinam [= Suriname]. ”	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C13FF713658FAFBF088.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C13FF713658FAFBF088.taxon	distribution	Distribution. From S Mexico (Chiapas State) S throughout Central America to N & E Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru, N Bolivia, and E to E & SE Brazil (S to Sâo Paulo State), and S throughout W Colombia to Ecuador; also on Margarita I (Venezuela) and Trinidad and Tobago Is.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C13FF713658FAFBF088.taxon	discussion	Descriptive notes. Head-body 38 - 51 mm, tail 9 — 19 mm, ear 12 - 15 mm, hindfoot 6 - 10 mm, forearm 37 - 43 mm; weight 3 - 6 g. Female Lesser Sac-winged Bats are slightly larger than males. Dorsal fur is uniformly dark brown, with two buff-colored longitudinal wavy stripes on either side of median of back that extend from shoulders onto rump. Venter is significantly paler brown. Wing sacs containing odiferous glands occur next to forearm, close to elbow, and open on dorsal surface of antebrachial membrane. Wing sacs are more developed in males. Skull has well-developed postorbital processes. Premaxillae are usually free and always incomplete with distinct suture boundaries.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C13FF713658FAFBF088.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Lowland deciduous and evergreen forests from sea level to 914 m but most commonly below 100 m. In Mexico, the Lesser Sac-winged Bat also occurs in secondary forests, croplands, and grasslands. Food and Feeding. Lesser Sac-winged Bats feed on aerial insects including moths. They occasionally forage over streams, but closed canopy appears to be preferred foraging habitat. Roosting groups defend foraging territories of 0 - 1 — 1 - 8 ha. Breeding. At least in parts of the distribution, Lesser Sac-winged Bats are polyestrous. In Costa Rica, first birth peak of the year occurs in May near onset of rainy season, and a second birth peak occurs in October-November. In Trinidad, there is one birth peak per year in May. Females carry their young for 10 - 15 days, after which young can fly, but they continue to nurse until c. 2 - 5 months of age. Females can reproduce at 12 - 18 months of age. Activity patterns. Lesser Sac-winged Bats are crepuscular. Roost sites are often found on exposed trunks of a large variety of tree species in riparian habitats. Other roosts include undersides of large-leafed plants (e. g. banana and coconut) and in abandoned buildings. Groups of Lesser Sac-winged Bats emerge in late afternoon daylight and forage together in forest canopies until after complete darkness when a group might ascend to forage in forest canopies. Individuals fly repeated back and forth loops within defined feeding areas. During the day, individuals remain alert in roosts and maintain high resting metabolic rates. Echolocation prey search calls have frequencies of C. 45 — 95 kHz, with maximum energy of c. 55 — 60 kHz. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Roosting groups of Lesser Sacwinged Bats have 1 — 9 individuals, usually representing a pair of adults and their offspring. Social groups are somewhat fluid, with individuals entering and leaving a given group. Densities range from 2 - 5 ind / ha in Costa Rica to 17 - 6 ind / ha in Trinidad; biomass estimates are 14 — 97 g / ha in these two countries. Males defend individual females during breeding when they occur as monogamous pairs. A variety of audible chirps are used for communication at roosts.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C13FF713658FAFBF088.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Lesser Sac-winged Bat has a large distribution and presumably large and stable overall population, and it occupies a wide range of habitats. It occurs in many protected areas. In Mexico, it receives special protection. Forest loss from conversion to pasture and agriculture is the primary threat, particularly in the Brazil.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C1CF82D2400F549FB92.taxon	discussion	This species is monotypic.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C1CF82D2400F549FB92.taxon	distribution	Distribution. The Guianas and N Amazonian Brazil (Para State) as far S as Santarém and E to Belém.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C1CF82D2400F549FB92.taxon	description	Descriptive notes. Head-body 39 - 40 mm, tail 13 - 14 mm, ear 9 - 13 mm, hindfoot 4 — 6 mm, forearm 33 - 5 - 35 - 3 mm; weight 3 - 4 g. Amazonian Sac-winged Bat is the smallest species of Saccopteryx. Dorsal fur is dark chocolate-brown, usually lacking stripes, but some specimens have very faint wavy stripes. Venter is uniformly brown and slightly paler than dorsum. Ears are triangular and wide at bases. Flight membranes are brown. Posterior edge of wing membrane originates from metatarsals.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C1CF82D2400F549FB92.taxon	biology_ecology	Habitat. Primary and secondary rainforests from sea level to elevations of 120 m. Food and Feeding. The Amazonian Sac-winged Bat is an aerial insectivore that forages close to the ground. Based on wing morphology and direct observations, it is probably specialized to forage in open forest understories or forest gaps. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Amazonian Sac-winged Bats emerge around sunset and forage through darkness of the early night. They likely have a secondary foraging bout near dawn. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
03D587F2FFD84C1CF82D2400F549FB92.taxon	conservation	Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on The IUCN Red List. There is limited information on distribution and ecology of the Amazonian Sac-winged Bat. There has been severe deforestation and fragmentation in southern parts of the known distribution. It is protected in Iwokrama Forest in Guyana.	en	Bonaccorso, Frank (2019): Emballonuridae. In: Wilson, Don E., Mittermeier, Russel A. (Eds): Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions: 350-373, ISBN: 978-84-16728-19-0, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3740269
