identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D587FFD2109D3D3AD4D9DEED1EFAC3.text	03D587FFD2109D3D3AD4D9DEED1EFAC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ceratium furcoides (Levander) Langhans 1925	<div><p>Ceratium furcoides (Levander) Langhans (1925: 602). Figure 2</p> <p>Basionym: Ceratium hirundinella var. furcoides Levander (1894: 53).</p> <p>Synonyms:</p> <p>Ceratium furca var. lacustre in L. Maggi (1880:128)</p> <p>Ceratium handelii Skuja in Handel-Mazzetti (1937: 48)</p> <p>Ceratium hirundinella in Cardozo et al. (2005: 85)</p> <p>Ceratium hirundinella in Martínez-Silva (2015: 16)</p> <p>Ceratium hirundinella in Pedroza-Ramos and Rozo-Suárez (2017:59)</p> <p>Dimensions: TL: 132–289 µm, Td: 27–53 µm</p> <p>Cell shape: Spindle cells on its contour and strongly flattened dorsoventrally (Fig. 2A). Triangular epitheca that narrows anteriorly extending into a long horn. Hypotheca wide and short, provided with two or three horns of different length. The antapical horn (the central) is the longest and is formed by antapical plates. Narrow Cingulum with 5 cingular plates.</p> <p>Thecal characteristics: Tabulation, Po, 4ʹ, 5ʹʹ, 5C, 6S, 5ʹʹʹ, 2ʹʹʹʹ. The epithecal plates form the apical horn. The 4ʹ plate is the shortest of the set and does not reach the apex of the horn (Figs. 2B and 2C). The short 4ʹ plate is the main diagnostic character which differentiates C. furcoides from its sister species C. hirundinella with which it is often confused (Fig. 2D).</p> <p>Ornamentation: Thecal plates are covered by a strong relief reticulum with pores in the center of the alveoli (Fig. 2D). The apical horn apex shows a crown of small spikes (Fig. 2E).</p> <p>Localities: Guatapé, La Fe, Piedras Blancas, Porce II, Porce III, Riogrande II reservoirs in North-West, Chuza, San Rafael, De La Regadera reservoirs, and La Tota lake in Central Colombia.</p> <p>Comments: The specimens studied substantially agree with the morphological descriptions of Almanza et al. (2016), Carty (2014) and Moestrup &amp; Calado (2018). Length and the trans-diameter measures show a higher variation compared to North American specimens (Carty 2014), but less than in European (Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018) and Chilean specimens (Almanza et al. 2016) (Table 3). Both, two and three hypothecal horns were found often in specimens from the same location, being the right post-cingular horn, when present, remarkably variable in the length.</p> <p>World distribution: Worldwide distribution in temperate-tropical regions. In Asia, Europe, North America and South America in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay (Almanza et al. 2016; Meichtry de Zaburlin et al. 2016; Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018; Morales 2016).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587FFD2109D3D3AD4D9DEED1EFAC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina;Boltovskoy, Andrés;Rengefors, Karin;Tavera, Rosaluz;Amat, Eduardo;Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J.	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina, Boltovskoy, Andrés, Rengefors, Karin, Tavera, Rosaluz, Amat, Eduardo, Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J. (2021): Checklist, new records, and taxonomic annotations of freshwater thecate dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae) in Colombia. Phytotaxa 509 (2): 135-167, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1
03D587FFD21D9D303AD4DB5CEF60F86A.text	03D587FFD21D9D303AD4DB5CEF60F86A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glochidinium Bustamante-Gil & Boltovskoy & Rengefors & Tavera & Amat & Ramírez-Restrepo 2021	<div><p>Glochidinium penardiforme (Lindemann) Boltovskoy (1999: 99). Figure 4</p> <p>Basionym: Peridinium penardiforme Lindemann (1918: 126).</p> <p>Synonyms:</p> <p>Peridinium penardiforme in Lindemann (1918: 126)</p> <p>Peridinium penardiforme in Lindemann (1931: 703)</p> <p>Peridinium penardiforme in Lefèvre (1932: 162)</p> <p>Glenodinium penardiforme in Schiller (1937: 113)</p> <p>Glenodinium penardiforme in Kiselev (1950: 142)</p> <p>Peridinium penardiforme in Huber-Pestalozzi (1950: 247)</p> <p>Glenodinium penardiforme in Thompson (1950: 295)</p> <p>Peridiniopsis penardiforme in Bourrelly (1968: 8)</p> <p>Peridiniopsis penardiforme in Popovský &amp; Pfiester (1990: 197)</p> <p>Peridinium penardiforme in Fukuyo et al. (1990: 132)</p> <p>Peridiniopsis penardiforme Pollingher &amp; Hickel (1991: 269)</p> <p>Dimensions: L: 23–29 µm, Td: 17–21 µm.</p> <p>Cell shape: Hearth-shaped contour in ventral view, dome-shaped epitheca and wider hypotheca, with the antapical end bi-lobulated. Oval contour in lateral view. Circular and very excavated cingulum dividing the theca in two equal parts. Compared to other small species the theca has thicker wall. (Fig. 4A).</p> <p>Thecal characteristics: Tabulation, Po, X, 3ʹ, 1a, 6ʹʹ, 5ʹʹʹ, 2ʹʹʹʹ, 3c, 4S. There is a slight contact between the 2ʹ and 4ʹ plates by the SAS suture (Fig. 4B). The inner edges of the apical 2ʹ and 4ʹ form two smooth parallel lips bordering the apical pore complex (APC, Fig. 4B). In ventral or dorsal view these appear as two small apical protrusions.</p> <p>Cingulum and sulcus: Cingulum consisting of three plates. Unlike most Peridiniales, the distal end of the cingulum is in contact not only with the Sd plate, but also with the Sa plate (Fig. 4D). Four sulcal plates. The Sa plate penetrates slightly in the epitheca and touch the 3C plate (Figs. 4C–4D). The Sd plate is in contact with 3C plate too. Both, the Sd and Ss plates, are elongated, being the last one covered by the fin of the Sd plate (Fig. 4D). The Sp plate is the smallest, triangular, displaced to the left half of the sulcus (Fig. 4D).</p> <p>Localities: El Pozuelo, Pijiño, and Zapatosa swamps in North Colombia.</p> <p>Comments: The specimens found are smaller than the description by Lindemann (1918) and Cavalcante et al. (2017) and agree with the tabulation and general shape of that described by (Boltovskoy 1999b). However, in the specimens of Colombia, the crescent moon-shaped fin of the Sd plate is smaller than those described in Cavalcante et al. (2017), but larger than that described by Boltovskoy (1999b), covering almost completely the Ss plate and nearly in contact with the 1ʹʹʹʹ plate (Fig. 4D). This is the first record of both the genus and the species in Colombia.</p> <p>World distribution: Europe, Israel, Japan, USA. In South America in Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay (Boltovskoy 1999b; Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018). In Mexico, a specimen of this genus was reported as Peridinium sp. (Esqueda-Lara et al. 2016).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587FFD21D9D303AD4DB5CEF60F86A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina;Boltovskoy, Andrés;Rengefors, Karin;Tavera, Rosaluz;Amat, Eduardo;Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J.	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina, Boltovskoy, Andrés, Rengefors, Karin, Tavera, Rosaluz, Amat, Eduardo, Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J. (2021): Checklist, new records, and taxonomic annotations of freshwater thecate dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae) in Colombia. Phytotaxa 509 (2): 135-167, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1
03D587FFD21F9D323AD4D9A5EAFDF836.text	03D587FFD21F9D323AD4D9A5EAFDF836.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Naiadinium polonicum (Woloszynska) S. Carty 2014	<div><p>Naiadinium polonicum (Woloszynska) S. Carty (2014: 123, 223). Figure 5</p> <p>Basionym: Peridinium polonicum Woloszynska (1916: 271)</p> <p>Synonyms:</p> <p>Glenodinium gymnodinium in Penard (1891: 54)</p> <p>Peridinium polonicum var. trilineatum in Er. Lindemann (1919: 223)</p> <p>Glenodinium gymnodinium var. biscutelliforme in R. H. Thompson (1951: 293)</p> <p>Peridiniopsis polonicum in Bourrelly (1968: 9)</p> <p>Peridinium polonicum in Adachi (1965: 314)</p> <p>Glenodinium gymnodinium in Sant´Anna et al. (1986: 100)</p> <p>Peridinium polonicum in Fukuyo et al. (1990: 136)</p> <p>Peridiniopsis polonicum in Hashimoto et al. (1996: 528)</p> <p>Peridiniopsis polonicum in Roset et al. (2002: 141)</p> <p>Naiadinium biscutelliforme in Carty (2014: 120)</p> <p>Dimensions: LT: 49–56 µm, Td: 37–46 µm.</p> <p>Cell shape: Oval, longer than wider, dorsoventrally compressed (Figure 5A). Epitheca bell-shaped, showing a little spine on the hypotheca (Figure 5).</p> <p>Thecal characteristics: Tabulation, Po, 4ʹ, 2a, 7ʹʹ, 5c, 6s, 5ʹʹʹ, 2ʹʹʹʹ. The plate 1ʹ is narrow on the base, widening fanshaped anteriorly (Figs. 5B and 5D). The 1a plate square and the 2a rectangular with the superior and inferior edges convex, almost twice as big as the 1a (Fig. 5E).</p> <p>Cingulum and sulcus: Excavated and descending cingulum, formed by 5 plates. The sulcus, extending to the antapex, is formed by 6 plates, 4 external main plates and 2 internal platelets. The Sp plate is longitudinally elongated and concave, being the largest of the set. Its superior right side is staggered, joining Sd, Spa, Sm and Ss plates. (Fig. 5G). The plate Spa is very small and is not easily detectable by light microscopy (Fig. 5B). The sulcal ornamentation is very faint and shows a few pores on the Sp only (Fig. 5G).</p> <p>Ecdysial opening: Dorsal epithecal, given by the detachment of the plates 3ʹ, 1a, 2a, 3ʹʹ,4ʹʹ and 5ʹʹ (Figs. 5C and 5F).</p> <p>Ornamentation: The main plates are covered by a relief reticulum with rounded projections at the nodes of the mesh. The reticulum defines polygonal depressed alveoli, which are perforated by pores (Fig. 5H). The relief is smoother on the surface of the cingular and sulcal plates.</p> <p>Locality: Guatapé reservoir North-west Colombia.</p> <p>Comments: The shape of the cell and main thecal tabulation and cingular tabulation agrees with the original description and with modern studies (Adachi 1965; Ascencio et al. 2018; Carty 2014; Craveiro et al. 2015; Woloszynska 1916). However, there is no uniformity regarding the number of plates in the sulcus and their nomenclature. Adachi (1965) erroneously divided the unusually long Sp plate in two, considering its anterior part as the Ss plate. Consequently, he named as transitional plate (T) the one that is in its immediately anterior position. Although Imamura &amp; Fukuyo (1990), Craveiro et al. (2015) and Ascencio et al. (2018) do not subdivide the Sp plate in two, they maintain the Adachi’s T plate. Subsequently these authors consider the anterior of the two internal sulcal platelets as the left sulcal plate (Ss, our Sm).</p> <p>Since in the Class Dinophyceae Sp plate never has been found in touch with the T plate nor Ss plate has been found as an internal plate, and considering plate homologies, we consider as Ss plate the one that other authors call T. If Naiadinium is compared with other representatives of the order Peridiniales where the sulcal structure is well known (e. g. Balech 1974; Boltovskoy 1999a), it can be noted that Naiadinium has the particularity that the Sa plate does not come into contact with the first cingular plate (1c), possibly due to the anterior migration of the Ss. This characteristic and the very long Sp is shared only with the genus Theleodinium, as illustrated in Moestrup &amp; Calado (2018).</p> <p>This is the first record of both the genus and the species N. polonicum in Colombia. The two internal sulcal plates, median sulcal plate (Sm), accessory posterior sulcal plate (Spa) and ecdysial opening are shown here for the first time with full definition (Figs. 5F and 5G).</p> <p>World distribution: Naidinium polonicum is widely distributed in Europe, also found in USA, China, and Japan (Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018) and the Caribbean (the Bahamas) (Björnerås et al. 2020). In South America only in Chile (Ascencio et al. 2018) and in Brazil as Glenodinium gymnodinium (Sant’Anna et al. 1988).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587FFD21F9D323AD4D9A5EAFDF836	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina;Boltovskoy, Andrés;Rengefors, Karin;Tavera, Rosaluz;Amat, Eduardo;Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J.	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina, Boltovskoy, Andrés, Rengefors, Karin, Tavera, Rosaluz, Amat, Eduardo, Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J. (2021): Checklist, new records, and taxonomic annotations of freshwater thecate dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae) in Colombia. Phytotaxa 509 (2): 135-167, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1
03D587FFD21E9D343AD4DF45EDE7FDDA.text	03D587FFD21E9D343AD4DF45EDE7FDDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parvodinium inconspicuum (Lemmermann) S. Carty 2008	<div><p>Parvodinium cf. inconspicuum (Lemmermann) S. Carty (2008:106). Figure 6</p> <p>Basyonim: Peridinium inconspicuum Lemmermann (1899:350)</p> <p>Synonyms:</p> <p>Peridinium tabulatum var. inconspicuum in Playfair (1913:545)</p> <p>Peridinium inconspicuum f. marchicum in Lindemann (1920:142)</p> <p>Peridinium inconspicuum var. excavatum in M. Lefèvre (1932:130)</p> <p>Dimensions: L: 20–28 µm–Td: 15–21 µm Thickness: 15 µm.</p> <p>Cell shape: Pentagonal to oval. Angular epitheca, flat or concave antapex (Fig. 6A).</p> <p>Thecal characteristics: Tabulation, Po, X, 4ʹ, 2a, 7ʹʹ, 6C, 5S, 5ʹʹʹ, 2ʹʹʹʹ. Epitheca longer than the hypotheca (Fig. 6C), with apical pore and apical groove platelets (Po+X) (Fig. 6D). The antapical plates may have little spines.</p> <p>Cingulum and sulcus: Broad cingulum, without equatorial displacement. The sulcus penetrates in the epitheca and expands broadly to the antapex (Fig. 6B).</p> <p>Ornamentation: Imperceptible with LM.</p> <p>Locaties: Guatapé and Piedras blancas reservoirs in North-west Colombia.</p> <p>Comments: Specimen recognition was based on the general shape of the cell, the presence of apical pore complex (APC, Fig. 6D), and the general characteristics of cingulum and sulcus. These characters follow the descriptions by Carty (2014) and Moestrup &amp; Calado (2018). The size of the specimens (Table 6) agrees with the measures given by Moestrup &amp; Calado (2018) and are larger than those in Carty (2014). P. incospicuum was not observed under SEM due to the thin theca. Identification performed here must be taken with caution, since detailed morphological characters of cingulum and sulcus were omitted.</p> <p>World distribution: wide distribution (Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587FFD21E9D343AD4DF45EDE7FDDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina;Boltovskoy, Andrés;Rengefors, Karin;Tavera, Rosaluz;Amat, Eduardo;Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J.	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina, Boltovskoy, Andrés, Rengefors, Karin, Tavera, Rosaluz, Amat, Eduardo, Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J. (2021): Checklist, new records, and taxonomic annotations of freshwater thecate dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae) in Colombia. Phytotaxa 509 (2): 135-167, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1
03D587FFD2189D373AD4D9A6EA64FEFA.text	03D587FFD2189D373AD4D9A6EA64FEFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parvodinium umbonatum (F. Stein) Carty 2008	<div><p>Parvodinium umbonatum (F. Stein) Carty (2008: 106). Figures 7–8</p> <p>Basionym: Peridinium umbonatum F. Stein (1883: 12)</p> <p>Synonyms:</p> <p>Peridinium minimum in A. J. Schilling (1891: 293)</p> <p>Peridinium umbonatum var. inaequale in Lemmermann (1910: 669)</p> <p>Properidinium inaequale in Meunier (1919: 62)</p> <p>Peridinium caudatum var. guildfordense in Playfair (1920: 800</p> <p>Glenodinium guildfordense in Er. Lindemann (1931: 700)</p> <p>Peridinium caudatum var. planktonicum in Playfair (1920: 801)</p> <p>Peridinium geminum in Playfair (1920: 803)</p> <p>Glenodinium kamptneri in J. Schiller (1955: 51)</p> <p>Dimensions: L: 36–47 µm, Td: 28–35 µm.</p> <p>Cell shape: Sub-oval, epitheca shaped like a slightly polygonal dome (Fig. 7B) and slightly taller than the hypotheca and on the latter four spines are observed with LM (Fig. 7A), which in reality represent multiple spines located on the edges of the antapical and post-cingular plates (Fig. 8D). Descending cingulum. The sulcus extends to the antapex, widening strongly backwards (Fig. 7D).</p> <p>Thecal characteristics:Tabulation, Po, X, 4ʹ, 2a, 7ʹʹ, 5C, 5S, 5ʹʹʹ, 2ʹʹʹʹ. Configuration of the 3ʹ and 4ʹ plates, conjuctum type (Figs. 7C and 8B). The edges of the 2ʹʹ, 3ʹʹ and 4ʹʹ plates that surround the apical pore channel resembling an apical semi-neck (Fig. 8C).</p> <p>Cingulum and sulcus: Narrow equatorial cingulum, formed by 5 plates. The cingular lists slightly prominent with crenulated margins, distal ribs not always present. Sulcus formed by 5 plates, the large, broad plate Sa penetrating deeply in the epitheca (Fig. 8A and 8D). The Sd plate has a crescent moon-shaped fin partially covering the Ss and Spa plates, is not in contact with the 2ʹʹʹʹ plate. The Sp plate, very wide at its distal end, extends to the antapex (Fig. 8D).</p> <p>Ornamentation: The plates present a smooth network of rows of tiny nodules and pores between these lines surrounded by similar nodules. The edges of the post-cingular plates are fimbriated and has spines at the corners of the antapical plates (Fig. 8).</p> <p>Locality: La Ayantuna lake in Pacific island.</p> <p>Comments: This species varies widely in terms of its shape (Borics et al. 2005; Carty 2008; Lefèvre 1932; Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018). Among the morphological variations described by Lefèvre (1932), Moestrup &amp; Calado (2018) recognize several varieties. Our specimens found in La Ayantuna has multiple spines in the epithecal sutures, around the cingulum and along the sulcal edges, like Parv. umbonatum var. spiniferum (M. Lefèvre) Moestrup comb. nov (Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018).</p> <p>World distribution: Wide distribution in USA (Carty 2014). It is also reported for Europe, China, and New Zealand (Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018), for South America in Brazil (Ramos et al. 2016; Cardoso et al. 2010) and Colombia (Canosa &amp; Pinilla 2007; Cardozo et al. 2005; Montoya 2011; Pinilla et al. 2007).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587FFD2189D373AD4D9A6EA64FEFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina;Boltovskoy, Andrés;Rengefors, Karin;Tavera, Rosaluz;Amat, Eduardo;Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J.	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina, Boltovskoy, Andrés, Rengefors, Karin, Tavera, Rosaluz, Amat, Eduardo, Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J. (2021): Checklist, new records, and taxonomic annotations of freshwater thecate dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae) in Colombia. Phytotaxa 509 (2): 135-167, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1
03D587FFD21A9D293AD4D816EC2BFC0F.text	03D587FFD21A9D293AD4D816EC2BFC0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Parvodinium elpatiewskyi (Ostenfeld) Kretschmann, Zerdoner & Gottschling 2020	<div><p>Parvodinium elpatiewskyi (Ostenfeld) Kretschmann,Zerdoner &amp; Gottschling (2020). Figures 9–10</p> <p>Basionym: Peridinium umbonatum var. elpatiewskyi Ostenfeld (1907: 391)</p> <p>Synonyms:</p> <p>Peridinium elpatiewskyi in Lemmermann (1910: 670)</p> <p>Peridinium pygmaeum in Lindemann (1919: 232)</p> <p>Glenodinium elpatiewskyi in J. Schiller (1935: 115)</p> <p>Dimensions: L: 26–46 µm, Td: 23–33 µm</p> <p>Cell shape: Ovoid or pentagonal with protruding apex (Fig. 9A). The plates have marginal ridges of different size. The hypothecal plates are bordered by spines. The cingular lists slightly prominent, presents crenulated margins, and are reinforced by distal ribs (Fig. 10E).</p> <p>Thecal characteristics: Tabulation, Po, X, 4ʹ, 7ʹʹ, 6C, 5S, 5ʹʹʹ, 2ʹʹʹʹ. The epitheca is taller than the hypotheca. The plates 2ʹ, 3ʹ, 4ʹ are in contact with the apical pore (Po), the plate 1ʹ is in contact with the apical groove platelet (X). Without intercalary plates (Figs. 9C and 10C). The apical pore plate (Po) is ornamented with nodules (Fig. 10F) and has a circular circular plug that closes the apical pore (10A and 10D). The apical pore complex is surrounded by a continuous strip (Fig. 10D), formed by the marginal ridges of the plates 2ʹ, 3ʹ and 4ʹ (Fig. 9D). The hypotheca consists of 7 plates, five post-cingular and two antapical. It has several spines placed on the edges of plates 1ʹʹʹ, 4ʹʹʹ, 5ʹʹʹ and 1ʹʹʹʹ, but the most remarkable in length and thickness are those located in the zones where the plate 1ʹʹʹʹ is in contact with the plate Sp (Figs. 10B and 10E).</p> <p>Cingulum and sulcus: Cingulum is circular or slightly descendent (Fig. 9B) and consists of 6 plates. The sulcus is formed by 5 plates, penetrates slightly into the epitheca, and reaches the antapex. The right sulcal plate (Sd) is elongated longitudinally and on the left border has a less ornamented fin that almost totally covers the left and medial sulcal plates (Fig. 10E). The Sd plate is in contact with the 2ʹʹʹʹ plate through its posterior edge (Figs. 10A and 10B).</p> <p>Ornamentation: The surface of the plates is covered with small nodules arranged in rows that form a reticulum; in addition, there are nodules not associated with the rows (Fig. 10D). The reticulum is more noticeable on the main plates and in older specimens. Some specimens present wide intercalary bands (Fig. 10E). The plates are perforated by pores with slightly raised edges, located on the intersections of the network. The pores are distributed irregularly on the plates surface, but near the cingular edges of the adcingular plates they are arranged in rows.</p> <p>Locality: Piedras Blancas reservoir in North-west Colombia.</p> <p>Comments: Our material agreed with those described in previous studies (Ascencio et al. 2015; Carty 2014; Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018; Ostenfeld 1907). However, in the specimens studied here, the fin of the Sd plate almost totally covers the Sm and Ss plates (Fig. 10E). This is the first record of the species in Colombia.</p> <p>World distribution: Wide distribution in Europe, Asia, USA (Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018), and Mexico (Figueroa Torres &amp; Moreno-Ruiz 2003). In South America it has been reported in (Cavalcante et al. 2017) and Chile (Ascencio et al. 2015) as Peridiniopsis elpatiewskyi.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587FFD21A9D293AD4D816EC2BFC0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina;Boltovskoy, Andrés;Rengefors, Karin;Tavera, Rosaluz;Amat, Eduardo;Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J.	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina, Boltovskoy, Andrés, Rengefors, Karin, Tavera, Rosaluz, Amat, Eduardo, Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J. (2021): Checklist, new records, and taxonomic annotations of freshwater thecate dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae) in Colombia. Phytotaxa 509 (2): 135-167, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1
03D587FFD2049D2A3AD4DD1AEA33FE6A.text	03D587FFD2049D2A3AD4DD1AEA33FE6A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Peridiniopsis quadridens (F. Stein) Bourrelly 1968	<div><p>Peridiniopsis quadridens (F.Stein) Bourrelly (1968: 9). Figure 11</p> <p>Basionym: Peridinium quadridens Stein (1883: 11)</p> <p>Synonym:</p> <p>Glenodinium quadridens in J. Schiller (1935: 117)</p> <p>Cell shape: Pentagonal, slightly compressed dorsoventrally, with bilateral symmetry in apical view.</p> <p>Thecal characteristics: Tabulation, Po, 5ʹ, 1a, 7ʹʹ, 6C, 5S, 5ʹʹʹ, 2ʹʹʹʹ. Conical epitheca, longer than the hypotheca. The only anterior intercalary plate symmetrically located in the dorsal side (Fig. 11B). Rounded hypotheca, with spines.</p> <p>Cingulum and sulcus: Cingulum slightly displaced, descendent. The sulcus penetrates slightly in the epitheca (Fig. 11A).</p> <p>Locality: Guatapé reservoir North-west Colombia.</p> <p>Comments: This is the first record of the species in Colombia. Measurements and detailed diagnostic characters were not possible to perform, due to the low number of specimens found. Identification was based on the presence of five apical plates and a single anterior intercalary plate in one empty theca.</p> <p>World distribution: Europe, USA, and New Zealand (Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587FFD2049D2A3AD4DD1AEA33FE6A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina;Boltovskoy, Andrés;Rengefors, Karin;Tavera, Rosaluz;Amat, Eduardo;Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J.	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina, Boltovskoy, Andrés, Rengefors, Karin, Tavera, Rosaluz, Amat, Eduardo, Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J. (2021): Checklist, new records, and taxonomic annotations of freshwater thecate dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae) in Colombia. Phytotaxa 509 (2): 135-167, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1
03D587FFD2079D2C3AD4D886EAEAFE06.text	03D587FFD2079D2C3AD4D886EAEAFE06.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Peridinium gatunense Nygaard	<div><p>Peridinium gatunense Nygaard in Ostenfeld &amp; Nygaard (1925: 206). Figures 12–13</p> <p>Synonyms:</p> <p>Peridinium cinctum var. gatunense in Nygaard (1932: 128)</p> <p>Peridinium cinctum var. gibbosum in M. Lefèvre (1927: 121)</p> <p>Dimensions: L: 51–68 µm, Td: 49–65 µm.</p> <p>Cell shape: Basically spherical, contour of the epitheca, anteriorly dome-like shaped, widening to the cingulum with a slight concavity on the sides (Fig. 12A and 12B). Epitheca slightly taller than hypotheca. From apical or antapical view circular contour with a ventral sagging that corresponds to the sulcal area.</p> <p>Thecal characteristics: Tabulation, 4ʹ, 3a, 7ʹʹ, 5c, 5s, 5ʹʹʹ, 2ʹʹʹʹ, there is no apical pore complex. The cases of anomalous tabulation are frequent (Figs. 13C and 13D). Cingular edges of the adcingular plates extend in lists sustained by radial ribs connected with the plates surface ornamentation network. Epitheca formed by 14 plates arranged in two concentrically rings around the 3ʹ plate, which is located in the most apical position. The first of them is formed by five plates: 2ʹ, 1a, 2a (penta), 3a and 4ʹ. The arrangement does not maintain a bilateral symmetry due to that plate 1a is half the size of the 3a, and the 2ʹ is smaller than 4ʹ (Figs. 12D and 13A.). The second ring is formed by the remaining 8 plates where: the 1ʹ is the smallest of the epitheca. The 7ʹʹ is twice taller than the 1ʹʹ, which compensates the cingulum slope in the epitheca (Fig. 12A). The intercalary or growing bands are striated transversally (Fig. 13B).</p> <p>Cingulum and sulcus: Cingulum, deeply excavated, bordered by the fins formed from the pre- and post-cingular plates (Fig. 13C). Descending helical path (Fig. 12B). Sulcus is surrounded by slightly prominent fins that originate from the surrounding plates and continue with the cingular lists, which barely penetrate the epitheca. The Sa plate is trapezoidal-shaped, and its minor base has an extension (Fig. 12C).</p> <p>Ecdysial opening: Epithecal. The epitheca separates from the hypotheca along the pre-cingular suture, the cingular plates remaining attached to the hypotheca (as shown in squashed specimen in Fig. 12E).</p> <p>Ornamentation: The surface of the main plates is covered by a relief reticulum formed by solid cords and nodules, with one pore in each alveolus. Some tabular margins are bordered by well-marked marginal ridges and most specimens develop intercalary bands. (Fig. 13).</p> <p>Localities: Guatapé, La Fe, Porce II, and Porce III reservoirs in North-west Colombia.</p> <p>Comments: Our specimens have a wider size range than the original description by Ostenfeld &amp; Nygaard (1925), within the range of measures reported by Moestrup &amp; Calado (2018), and exceeding in size those described by Cavalcante et al. (2017) and Hansen &amp; Flaim (2007) (Table 7). Teratological specimens with an atypical number, position, and shape of plates were frequent in our samples, just like what Boltovskoy (1973b) showed for populations of P. gatunense from Argentina. Two specimens from Porce and La Fe reservoirs displayed atypical tabulation as follows: one with the suture 1a/2a moved to the right, thus the 2a plate took a square shape (Fig. 13C); another specimen has the 1ʹʹʹʹ plate split in two (Fig. 13D).</p> <p>World distribution: The species is widely distributed in temperate, subtropical, and tropical regions (Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018), Colombia (Aguirre Ramírez et al. 2007; Björk &amp; Gelin 1980; Montoya 2011).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587FFD2079D2C3AD4D886EAEAFE06	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina;Boltovskoy, Andrés;Rengefors, Karin;Tavera, Rosaluz;Amat, Eduardo;Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J.	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina, Boltovskoy, Andrés, Rengefors, Karin, Tavera, Rosaluz, Amat, Eduardo, Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J. (2021): Checklist, new records, and taxonomic annotations of freshwater thecate dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae) in Colombia. Phytotaxa 509 (2): 135-167, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1
03D587FFD2019D2E3AD4DD01EC39F7E1.text	03D587FFD2019D2E3AD4DD01EC39F7E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Peridinium volzii Lemmermann 1905	<div><p>Peridinium volzii Lemmermann (1905: 166). Figures 14–15</p> <p>Synonyms:</p> <p>Peridinium volzii var. australe in G. S. West (1909: 80)</p> <p>Peridinium volzii var. maximum in C. Bernard (1909: 82)</p> <p>Peridinium tabulatum in Playfair (1912: 542)</p> <p>Peridinium guestrowiense in Lindemann (1916: 490)</p> <p>Peridinium guestrowiense f. sinuatum in Lindemann (1919: 248)</p> <p>Peridinium willei var. botanicum in Playfair (1919: 813)</p> <p>Peridinium volzii f. sinuatum in M. Lefèvre (1932: 78)</p> <p>Peridinium guestrowiense var. beta-collineatum in Lindemann (1920: 179)</p> <p>Peridinium guestrowiense var. cyclicum in Lindemann (1920: 156)</p> <p>Peridinium volzii f. cyclicum in M. Lefèvre (1932: 78)</p> <p>Peridinium guestrowiense subvar. originale in Lindemann (1920: 158)</p> <p>Dimensions: L: 47–69 µm, Td: 43–63 µm.</p> <p>Cell shape: The theca is slightly polyhedral in young specimens and more rounded in those with wide sutural bands (Figs. 14A–14C). Epitheca and hypotheca of equivalent height. Descending cingulum (1-2).</p> <p>Thecal characteristics: Tabulation, 4ʹ, 3a, 7ʹʹ, 5C, 6S, 5ʹʹʹ, 2ʹʹʹʹ (Figs. 15F, 14G and 14H). Bilateral symmetry in the arrangement of the plates, but not in their size. Cell lacking apical pore (Figs. 14 and 15). The left anterior edge of the plate 1’ is usually shorter than the right edge. The apical 2ʹ is half the size of 4ʹ; exceptionally they are of equivalent size (Figs. 14D, 14E and 14A). The 2ʹ and 4ʹ plates are larger than those of the row 1a-3ʹ-3a (Figs. 14D–14F). The second intercalary plate (2a) is two times wider than longer (Figs. 14E and 14F). The 4ʹʹ plate touch anteriorly only the 2a plate (Fig. 14F). Antapical plates of similar size (Fig. 14G).</p> <p>Cingulum and sulcus: The five cingular plates have intercingular sutures collinear with the sutures between the postcingular plates (Fig. 14G). The sulcus penetrates in the epitheca, slightly widening at the posterior end. The Sa plate has the typical shape for Peridinium with a main body and a left lobule. Ss plate is longer than the Sd plate. the left side of the Sp plate is higher than the right side (Fig. 14H).</p> <p>Ornamentation: The surface reticulum of the sulcal plates is less conspicuous than that of the main thecal plates. The adcingular plates form cingular lists with radial ribs, less developed than in P. gatunense. Left margin of the sulcus bordered by a list originated in 1ʹʹʹ.</p> <p>Localities: Chuza, San Rafael, Sisga, Neusa reservoirs, and La Tota lake in Central Colombia.</p> <p>Comments: Specimens studied here were larger than the original description by Lemmermann (1905) and those reported previously in taxonomical studies (Boltovskoy 1999a; Carty 2014; Cavalcante et al. 2017; Ling et al. 1989; Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018) (Table 8). The specimens from La Fe reservoir (Fig. 15) differ from the nominal variety by the 1ʹ plate is taller and shortest anterior right edge, and some sulcal characteristics as follows: the anterior end of Sa plate penetrate deep into the epitheca, its Ss plate is notably longer and the two branches of the Sp plate do not differ in their length (Fig. 15B). Boltovskoy (1999a) discusses these differences between specimens and the possibility that they are different species. Teratological specimens with the two antapical plates fused together were found (Fig. 15D).</p> <p>World distribution: Widely distribution in Europe, Asia, Oceania, and USA (Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018). In Central and South America, in Argentina (Boltovskoy 1999a), Brazil (Borics et al. 2005), Colombia (Cardozo et al. 2005) and Costa Rica (Hargraves &amp; Víquez 1981).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587FFD2019D2E3AD4DD01EC39F7E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina;Boltovskoy, Andrés;Rengefors, Karin;Tavera, Rosaluz;Amat, Eduardo;Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J.	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina, Boltovskoy, Andrés, Rengefors, Karin, Tavera, Rosaluz, Amat, Eduardo, Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J. (2021): Checklist, new records, and taxonomic annotations of freshwater thecate dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae) in Colombia. Phytotaxa 509 (2): 135-167, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1
03D587FFD2029D213AD4DB64EA3EFD4F.text	03D587FFD2029D213AD4DB64EA3EFD4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Peridinium willei Huitfeldt-Kaas 1900	<div><p>Peridinium willei Huitfeldt-Kaas (1900:5). Figure 16</p> <p>Synonyms:</p> <p>Peridinium alatum in Garbini (1902: 122)</p> <p>Peridinium willei var. carinthiacum in Beck-Mannagetta (1931: 229)</p> <p>Dimensions: L: 49–74 µm, Td: 32–67 µm.</p> <p>Cell shape: Highly variable, from sub-spherical to deflated ball shape, that is, with a strong sinking in the ventral part of the epitheca as in P. willeli f. lineatum (Fig. 16).</p> <p>Thecal characteristics: Tabulation, 4ʹ, 3a, 7ʹʹ, 5C, 6S, 5ʹʹʹ, 2ʹʹʹʹ. Without apical pore. In the spherical specimens, the plates are more uniform in the term of development of their axis. Plate 1ʹ very variable, from an almost rhombic shape (Fig. 16B) to fan-shaped (Fig. 16C). Plate 2a is of hexa symmetrical type (Figs. 16D and 16E). The adcingular plates form cingular lists typical for the genus.</p> <p>Cingulum and sulcus: Descendent cingulum. The sulcus penetrates slightly into the epitheca and reaches the antapex, being narrower in the anterior part and wider posteriorly.</p> <p>Ecdysial opening: As in most of the species of the genus (Boltovskoy 1973b) the opening is a result of the detachment of the seven dorsal plates of the epitheca.</p> <p>Ornamentation: The main thecal plates have a relief reticulum formed by solid cords and nodules, with pores inside the alveolus. Tabular margins bordered by slightly prominent marginal ridges. A remarkable difference with the other species of the genus, except with P. limbatum, is the development of three hyaline lists arisen from the marginal ridges of the anterior edges of the plates 2ʹ+4ʹ, 1a+3ʹ+3a and 2a. (Fig. 16 C-F). These lists are continuous strips situated perpendicularly to the sagittal plane. At the antapex there are also lists, located on eiher side of the posterior end of the sulcus (Fig. 16G).</p> <p>Localities: Riogrande II reservoir in North-west, De La Regadera reservoir, Chisacá, La Cristalina, Media, and El Pozo lakes in central Colombia.</p> <p>Commentaries: Two forms of this species were found in the analyzed samples, the willei form with 1ʹ plate expands laterally in an extraordinary way (Fig. 16C) and the lateral epithecal plates and especially those of the apical region are tapered, forming two strips that run the epitheca from side to side (Figs. 16E and 16F). In this case, 1ʹʹ plate is three times shorter than 7ʹʹ plate (Fig. 16C) and cingular lists are more prominent. These specimens were found in Chisacá and El Pozo (lakes) and were larger than those of Boltovskoy (1999a). The lineatum form (Fig. 16A) with 1ʹ plate rhombic shape (Fig. 16B), these were found in Riogrande II and De La Regadera (reservoirs), La Cristalina and Media (lakes), was in the range of the measures cited by the same author (Table 9) and larger than those reported in previous taxonomic studies (Hansen &amp; Flaim 2007; Huitfeld-Kaas 1900; Ling et al. 1989; Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018).</p> <p>World distribution: This species has a wide distribution in Europe, Asia and USA (Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018). In Central and South America in Argentina (Boltovskoy 2003), Bolivia (Iltis &amp; Couté 1984), Brazil (Fonseca &amp; Bicudo 2008; Cardoso et al. 2010), Colombia (Cardozo et al. 2005; Donato-R 2001), and México (Löffler 1972).</p> <p>Locality L (µm) Td (µm)</p> <p>De La Regadera 55–74 43–62</p> <p>Riogrande II 53–63 47–52</p> <p>La Cristalina 60–70 51–67</p> <p>Media 53–59 39–48</p> <p>El Pozo 49–61 32–53</p> <p>Total Variation 49–74 32–67</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587FFD2029D213AD4DB64EA3EFD4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina;Boltovskoy, Andrés;Rengefors, Karin;Tavera, Rosaluz;Amat, Eduardo;Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J.	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina, Boltovskoy, Andrés, Rengefors, Karin, Tavera, Rosaluz, Amat, Eduardo, Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J. (2021): Checklist, new records, and taxonomic annotations of freshwater thecate dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae) in Colombia. Phytotaxa 509 (2): 135-167, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1
03D587FFD20C9D213AD4DBCFEFCDF84F.text	03D587FFD20C9D213AD4DBCFEFCDF84F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Peridinium limbatum (Hedger et al. 2004) Lemmermann 1900	<div><p>Peridinium limbatum ((Hedger et al. 2004)) Lemmermann (1900: 120). Figure 17</p> <p>Basionym: Protoperidinium limbatum A. Stokes (1887: 246)</p> <p>Synonyms:</p> <p>Peridinium limbatum subsp. minnesotense Eisenack in Eisenack &amp; Fries (1965: 141)</p> <p>Dimensions: L: 88–96 µm, Td: 57–68 µm.</p> <p>Cell shape: Pentagonal cells, dorsoventrally compressed (Fig. 17A).Triangular epitheca, longer than the hypotheca, with left bended apex (Fig. 17B). The hypotheca has short antapical horns separated by an antapical concavity. The cingulum descending, being its ends displaced no longer than one cingular height (Figs. 17F).</p> <p>Thecal characteristics: Tabulation, Po,4ʹ, 3a, 7ʹʹ, 5c, 5s, 5ʹʹʹ, 2ʹʹʹʹ. The Po is surrounded by raised rim formed by the edges of the apical plates. Plate 1ʹ is big and extends in the short apical horn curved to the left (Fig. 17F). The 2ʹ and 4ʹ plates are elongated. The plate 2a is hexagonal, big, and located just above of the 4ʹʹ (Fig. 17G). Plate 7ʹʹ is wider than the 1ʹʹ. Hypotheca has two small appendices formed by the 1ʹʹʹ and 1ʹʹʹʹ, 5ʹʹʹ and 2ʹʹʹʹ plates (fig. 17G and 14F) with a small pair of spines at their edges.</p> <p>Cingulum and sulcus: Narrow, descendant cingulum formed by 5 plates. Narrow sulcus, formed by 6 plates, penetrates slightly into the epitheca, and widens toward the antapex. The plate Sa is typical of the genus with a long body that slightly penetrates the epitheca and a lobe on its left side (Figs. 17C and 17D). The plate Sp is shaped like an isosceles triangle, laterally extended with its posterior margin concave and the left margin with a strong U-notch, corresponding to the insertion of the Spa (Fig. 17E).</p> <p>Ornamentation: The surface ornamentation of the main plates is a relief reticulum formed by solid cords and nodules with 1-3 pores in each alveolus and presence of intercalary bands. Tabular margins bordered by well-marked marginal ridges. Lists, with radial ribs, rise from the margins of the cingulum and from the lateral sutures along the apical horn. (Fig. 17).</p> <p>Locality: Chuza reservoir in Central Colombia, deposited in Dr. Boltovskoy´s Collection.</p> <p>Comments: this is a big and easily identified species due to its particular shape and it agree with the description by (Stokes 1887). Our measures are similar to those given by Moestrup &amp; Calado (2018) and bigger than those in Carty (2014). In our specimens, the plate 2a looks triangular, because three of its sides are very short, especially the one that borders 3ʹ plate (Fig. 17G). On the first sulcal description by Evitt &amp; Wall (1968) they show six sulcal plates, however, in our samples the Sm plate was not observed, due to its small size it can often be lost.</p> <p>World distribution: England, Ireland, Canada, and USA (Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018). In Colombia it was reported in Chuza reservoir (Cárdenas-Torres &amp; Florido-Mosquera 1998; Donato et al. 1996; León-López et al. 2012), Chingaza lake (Donato-R 1991; Donato et al. 1996), Fuquene lake (Canosa &amp; Pinilla 2007), and La Tota lake (Cardozo et al. 2005) in Central Colombia.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587FFD20C9D213AD4DBCFEFCDF84F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina;Boltovskoy, Andrés;Rengefors, Karin;Tavera, Rosaluz;Amat, Eduardo;Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J.	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina, Boltovskoy, Andrés, Rengefors, Karin, Tavera, Rosaluz, Amat, Eduardo, Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J. (2021): Checklist, new records, and taxonomic annotations of freshwater thecate dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae) in Colombia. Phytotaxa 509 (2): 135-167, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1
03D587FFD20E9D233AD4D9A5EDB8FC56.text	03D587FFD20E9D233AD4D9A5EDB8FC56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphaerodinium fimbriatum R. H. Thompson 1950	<div><p>Sphaerodinium fimbriatum R.H.Thompson (1950: 296). Figure 18</p> <p>Dimensions: L: 43–45 µm, Td: 34–39 µm.</p> <p>Cell shape: Rounded, oval, dorsoventrally slightly compressed. Plate margins very prominent as fimbriate lists, present in both the epithecal and the hypothecal plates (Fig. 18C). Prominent plate margins, both in the epitheca and the hypotheca, in the form of fimbriate lists.</p> <p>Thecal characteristics: Tabulation, 4ʹ, 4a, 7ʹʹ, 7c, 6s, 6ʹʹʹ, 2ʹʹʹʹ (Figs. 18C and 18D), without apical pore. The plate 1ʹ narrow, elongated, flanked by 2ʹ and 4ʹ plates, and not contacting 1ʹʹ and 7ʹʹ plates (Fig 18C). This character does not appear in the order Peridiniales. The 3ʹ is hexagonal and the four anterior intercalary plates are almost isodiametrical.</p> <p>Cingulum and sulcus: Equatorial cingulum. Narrow sulcus, the Sa plate enters into the epitheca and is in contact with the first and the last pre-cingular plates (Fig. 18C).</p> <p>Ornamentation: The margins of the plates, very prominent, easily visible with light microscopy (Fig. 18B). The margin border present outstanding nodules, such as fimbriae (Fig. 18C). The epithecal plates have a rough texture, without any ornamentation, while each hypothecal plate has a central prominent strip, similar in appearance to the projections of the plate margins (Figs. 18C, E).</p> <p>Localities: Ayapel and Zapatosa in North Colombia.</p> <p>Commentaries: This is the first record of both the genus and the species Sphaerodinium fimbriatum in Colombia. The species is an easily recognizable, due to the shape of the theca and the curved edges when observed with LM. The specimens observed match the original description (Thompson 1951) and are in the size range (Table 10) mentioned in the literature (Carty 2014; Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018).</p> <p>World distribution: Ivory Coast and USA (Moestrup &amp; Calado 2018).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D587FFD20E9D233AD4D9A5EDB8FC56	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina;Boltovskoy, Andrés;Rengefors, Karin;Tavera, Rosaluz;Amat, Eduardo;Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J.	Bustamante-Gil, Carolina, Boltovskoy, Andrés, Rengefors, Karin, Tavera, Rosaluz, Amat, Eduardo, Ramírez-Restrepo, Jhon J. (2021): Checklist, new records, and taxonomic annotations of freshwater thecate dinoflagellate (Dinophyceae) in Colombia. Phytotaxa 509 (2): 135-167, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.509.2.1
