identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D5484CD41FC35EFF43FBBCFDA0FB70.text	03D5484CD41FC35EFF43FBBCFDA0FB70.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calcarea BOWERBANK 1864	<div><p>CLASS CALCAREA BOWERBANK, 1864</p> <p>Diagnosis: Exclusively marine Porifera in which the mineral skeleton is composed entirely of calcium carbonate. Spicules are diactines, triactines and tetractines. Calcarea are always viviparous.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD41FC35EFF43FBBCFDA0FB70	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD41FC35EFEBDFB51FCF2FA33.text	03D5484CD41FC35EFEBDFB51FCF2FA33.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Calcinea BIDDER 1898	<div><p>SUBCLASS CALCINEA BIDDER, 1898</p> <p>Diagnosis: Calcarea with regular (equiangular and equiradiate) or exceptionally parasagittal or sagittal triactines and a basal system of tetractines. In terms of ontogeny, triactines are the first spicules to be secreted. Choanocytes are basinucleate with spherical nuclei. The basal body of the flagellum is not adjacent to the nucleus. Calcinea incubate coeloblastula larvae.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD41FC35EFEBDFB51FCF2FA33	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD41FC35EFC08FE37FA7AFD73.text	03D5484CD41FC35EFC08FE37FA7AFD73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina Gray 1867	<div><p>GENUS CLATHRINA GRAY, 1867</p> <p>Diagnosis: Clathrinidae in which the choanoderm is flat or rarely raised up into conuli by the apical rays of the tetractines, but never forms true folds, at least when the sponge is in the extended state. The cormus comprises anastomosed tubes. Regular, equiangular and equiradiate triactines and/or tetractines, to which diactines, tripods or tetrapods may be added.</p> <p>Type-Species: Clathrina clathrus (Schmidt, 1864).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD41FC35EFC08FE37FA7AFD73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD41FC35EFF4DF991FEF7F917.text	03D5484CD41FC35EFF4DF991FEF7F917.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrinida HARTMAN 1958	<div><p>ORDER CLATHRINIDA HARTMAN, 1958</p> <p>Diagnosis: Calcinea with skeleton composed exclusively of free spicules, without hypercalcified nonspicular reinforcements, spicule tracts, calcareous scales or plates.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD41FC35EFF4DF991FEF7F917	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD41FC35EFF57F8B7FC7BFE8E.text	03D5484CD41FC35EFF57F8B7FC7BFE8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrinidae MINCHIN 1900	<div><p>FAMILY CLATHRINIDAE MINCHIN, 1900</p> <p>Diagnosis: Clathrinida with an essentially tubular organization. A continuous choanoderm lines all the internal cavities. Growth is by longitudinal median division and anastomosis of tubes to form large units called the cormus. There is neither a common cortex nor a well-defined inhalant and exhalant aquiferous system.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD41FC35EFF57F8B7FC7BFE8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD41FC359FCF5FD59FC87FCF5.text	03D5484CD41FC359FCF5FD59FC87FCF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina adusta Worheide & Hooper 1999	<div><p>CLATHRINA ADUSTA WÖRHEIDE &amp; HOOPER, 1999</p> <p>Type locality: South side of Wistari Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Australia (18 m depth).</p> <p>Type: QMG 313665 (holotype /alcohol). South side of Wistari Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Australia, 23∞29.4¢S, 151∞52.8¢E, 18 m depth. Collected by: G. Wörheide, 7 July 1998.</p> <p>Colour: The colour of the holotype has changed from white to dark brown while preserved in alcohol (Wörheide &amp; Hooper, 1999).</p> <p>Description: The cormus comprises thin, regular and tightly anastomosed tubes which seem bright because of the spicules (Fig. 1A). At the apical region, the tubes become larger and have terminal oscula. They are typical water-collecting tubes. In some parts of the cormus, a structure resembling a cortex appears to be present and small cavities can sometimes be found below it. The brownish colour results from the presence of cells with brown granules (Fig. 1B).</p> <p>The skeleton has no special organization, comprising equiangular and equiradiate triactines and tetractines (Fig. 1C), the former slightly more abundant. Actines are conical with sharp tips and slightly undulated. The apical actine of the tetractines (Fig. 1D) is shorter and thinner than the facial ones, cylindrical, sharp, smooth and straight.</p> <p>Remarks: This agrees with the original description of C. adusta, if one considers the presence of one size class of triactines. However, this population is very variable and, perhaps, there are in fact two populations of triactines, differing in their sizes. In relation to the shape of the actines, it is considered as conical and not ‘more-or-less cylindrical’. In the original description (Wörheide &amp; Hooper, 1999), the micrometry of the triactines was:</p> <p>The organization of the cormus, together with the cells with granules, is the best character to recognize this species</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD41FC359FCF5FD59FC87FCF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD418C358FCEEFCC8FB09FCA7.text	03D5484CD418C358FCEEFCC8FB09FCA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina ascandroides Borojevic 1971	<div><p>CLATHRINA ASCANDROIDES BOROJEVIC, 1971</p> <p>Type locality: Cabo de São Tomé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p> <p>Type: MNRJ 2096 (holotype /alcohol); MNHN-LBIM- C-1971–1 (paratype /alcohol). Cabo de São Tomé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; attached to Laminaria brasiliensis. Collected by H. de Souza Lima.</p> <p>Citations: Borojevic &amp; Peixinho (1976); Borojevic &amp; Boury-Esnault (1987); Klautau &amp; Borojevic (2001).</p> <p>Colour: The specimen deposited in MNHN was not found; the MNRJ specimen was examined. It is small and fragmented and was collected attached to Laminaria brasiliensis. It is preserved in alcohol. The colour is still white, although other specimens collected in Brazil became brown when preserved in alcohol or when frozen.</p> <p>Description: The cormus is formed of large tubes, irregular and loosely anastomosed. In the apical region there is no anastomosis. Oscula are distributed through all the tubes. No water-collecting tubes are present. As the type is very fragmented, the organization of the cormus could not be recognized; several other specimens were analysed.</p> <p>The skeleton comprises tetractines of two different size classes, and triactines of only one size class (Fig. 2A). Triactines are the most abundant spicules. Spicules are equiradiate and equiangular.</p> <p>The triactines and the smaller tetractines are the same size. Their actines are slightly conical and very sharp. Both triactines and tetractines are located outside the tubes, giving them a smooth surface. The apical actine of the smaller tetractines is conical, sharp, smooth, shorter and curved. It is thinner than the facial ones and projected into the tubes.</p> <p>The large tetractines surround the interior of the tubes, and also project their apical actines into them. Actines are conical and sharp. The apical actine is curved, conical, sharp, smooth, shorter and a little thinner than the facial ones.</p> <p>Remarks: Clathrina ascandroides was first described by Borojevic (1971), who collected specimens from the Cape of São Tomé in Rio de Janeiro. It is very similar to C. atlantica (Thacker, 1908) from the Cape Verde Islands, although it differs from the latter by the absence of diactines.</p> <p>The original description refers to only one kind of triactine and tetractine, measuring, respectively, 60– 110 Mm/8–12 Mm and 300 Mm/40 Mm. Borojevic considered the cormus of this species to be very characteristic, with tubes anastomosing near the base, and not anastomosed in the distal part, as in Ascandra falcata. Another species similar to C. ascandroides, according to Borojevic, is Ascaltis gegenbauri Haeckel, 1872. Topsent (1936) considered A. gegenbauri to be a synonym of A. falcata, the former being a variety with rare or absent diactines. Borojevic confirmed this after analysing a specimen of A. gegenbauri deposited in MNHN (Borojevic, 1966). He found some of the rare diactines and the characteristic internal folds of the choanoderm. He suggested that the specimens from the Azores, identified by Topsent (1892) as A. gegenbauri might, in fact, be C. ascandroides. He also suggested that C. ascandroides could be related to A. falcata, but was clearly distinct from it and from A. falcata f. gegenbauri, which has well-developed internal folds.</p> <p>Borojevic &amp; Peixinho (1976) and Borojevic &amp; Boury- Esnault (1987) identified specimens from, respectively, north-east Brazil (75 m) and the Bay of Biscay (Azores, 340–560 m) as C. ascandroides, which suggested that the distribution of this species was probably amphiatlantic. When describing the specimens from Brazil, they noted the presence of one kind of triactine and two kinds of tetractines.</p> <p>The size of the spicules of both populations is very similar; the species awaits genetic studies to confirm or refute the hypothesized distribution.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD418C358FCEEFCC8FB09FCA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD419C35BFCDEF99FFEC6F992.text	03D5484CD419C35BFCDEF99FFEC6F992.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina aspina Klautau, Sole-Cava & Borojevic 1994	<div><p>CLATHRINA ASPINA KLAUTAU, SOLÉ- CAVA &amp;</p> <p>BOROJEVIC, 1994</p> <p>Type locality: Arraial do Cabo (Gruta Azul), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p> <p>Type: BMNH 1999.9.16.3 (holotype /alcohol). Arraial do Cabo (Gruta Azul), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Collected by G. Muricy (13 June 1987), MNRJ 4053 (paratype /alcohol). Arraial do Cabo (Gruta Azul), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Collected by N. Boury-Esnault (13 June 1987).</p> <p>Citations: Klautau &amp; Borojevic (2001).</p> <p>Colour: White in life and when preserved.</p> <p>Description: Massive cormus formed of thin, regular and tightly anastomosed tubes (Fig. 3A) similar to those of C. brasiliensis and C. cerebrum. Oscula are simple apertures surrounded by a thin membrane. They are located on the top of conical projections distributed throughout the cormus and receive the excurrent water from water-collecting tubes. In preserved specimens, it is difficult to recognize the oscula.</p> <p>The skeleton has no special organization, and it comprises triactines, tetractines and tripods (Fig. 3B). Triactines and tetractines are equiangular and equiradiate; their actines are slightly conical, with blunt tips. Triactines are the most abundant spicules; the apical actine (Fig. 3C) is shorter and thinner than the facial ones. It is also straight, conical, sharp and, unlike that of C. brasiliensis and C. cerebrum, smooth. Occasionally, it is possible to find apical actines with vestigial spines. Tripods are typical, with a raised centre and conical actines but sometimes are only similar to large conical triactines. They are distributed in a monolayer on the external tubes, delimiting the cormus. C. aspina has a sciaphile habitat.</p> <p>Remarks: Although there are morphological similarities to C. brasiliensis and C. cerebrum, C. aspina is easily distinguished from those species by the absence of spines on the apical actine of the tetractines. Allozyme variation studies of the populations of C. aspina and C. brasiliensis from Arraial do Cabo have been undertaken (Klautau et al., 1994) and results show that, although living in sympatry, there is no gene flow between them.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD419C35BFCDEF99FFEC6F992	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD41AC355FF37F92BFD23FD90.text	03D5484CD41AC355FF37F92BFD23FD90.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina atlantica (Thacker 1908) Klautau & Valentine 2003	<div><p>CLATHRINA ATLANTICA (THACKER, 1908) COMB. NOV.</p> <p>Original name: Leucosolenia atlantica Thacker, 1908</p> <p>Type locality: Boa Vista Island, Cape Verde Islands.</p> <p>Type: CUMZ-R.N.5 (holotype /alcohol) and CUMZ- R.N.4 (paratype /alcohol); slides BMNH 1924.7.2.6 (from the holotype) and BMNH 1924.7.2.5 (from the paratype). Cape Verde Islands, 37 m depth, North Point, Boa Vista Island.</p> <p>Citations: Dendy &amp; Row (1913); Tanita (1942, 1943); Burton (1963); Borojevic &amp; Peixinho (1976).</p> <p>Colour: White when preserved.</p> <p>Description: Cormus formed of a few isolated white tubes (Fig. 4A), the largest measuring 0.6 ¥ 0.2 ¥ 0.1 cm, with a diameter of 0.1 cm. Consequently, there is no true anastomosis, although there is fusion at some points. Oscula are present at the end of the tubes, and there are no water-collecting tubes. The surface of the tubes is a little hispid because of the presence of diactines, which are particularly more abundant near the base.</p> <p>The skeleton comprises triactines, tetractines of two different sizes (Fig. 4B), diactines (Fig. 4C) and trichoxeas. The triactines and tetractines are equiradiate and equiangular, and triactines are the most abundant spicules. The actines are straight, cylindrical or conical, with a sharp tip. Both triactines and tetractines are approximately the same size. The apical actine of the tetractines protrudes into the interior of the tubes, and it is smooth, conical, sharp and thinner and shorter than the facial ones.</p> <p>Large tetractines are only found on the surface of the tubes. Their actines are conical and stout, with a sharp tip. Their apical actine projects inside the tubes. It is conical, smooth, straight and sharp, and always shorter than the facial ones.</p> <p>Diactines are not evenly distributed. They are found mainly in the basal tubes, where they are located perpendicular to the wall. They are slightly curved at one tip or, sometimes, at both tips. In the latter case, they are curved in opposite directions (sigmoid). Very occasionally they are straight. Both tips are sharp, and the proximal tip is a little thicker, while the distal tip is curved.</p> <p>Trichoxeas are also present. Thacker had observed these, but considered them to be a character with no taxonomic value. We believe by contrast that they are important in the description of C. atlantica and should be considered as a distinctive taxonomic character to distinguish it from other species.</p> <p>Remarks: Clathrina atlantica was first described by Thacker (1908) as Leucosolenia atlantica, when he analysed two specimens from the Cape Verde Islands (Crossland Coll.). Many years would pass before another specimen was identified as atlantica. Tanita (1943) described this species from Japan. Borojevic &amp; Peixinho (1976) described it from Brazil, calling it Clathrina for the first time.</p> <p>Although the specimens collected in these three localities have the same kind of spicules - triactines, tetractines of two different sizes and diactines - they are not identical. There are important differences involving the organization of the cormus and the size and shape of the spicules.</p> <p>The specimens from Japan and from Brazil have a clathrate cormus while those from the Cape Verde Islands have nonanastomosed tubes, which are sometimes fused, as in C. ascandroides. The shape of the diactines is different. The types have cylindrical diactines, with sharp tips, while in the specimens from Japan and from Brazil, the diactines are more fusiform and, in the Brazilian specimens, one of the tips resembles an arrow. The size of the spicules in the specimens from these three localities is also different (see below).</p> <p>Considering these morphological differences, we believe that specimens from these three localities are in fact distinct species and that the distribution of C. atlantica is restricted at the moment to the Cape Verde Islands. The specimens from Japan and Brazil should be considered as distinct species, new to science. However, as they were unavailable to us, they could not be studied, and were not included in this revision.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD41AC355FF37F92BFD23FD90	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD414C354FF19FA12FE94FD1F.text	03D5484CD414C354FF19FA12FE94FD1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina aurea Sole-Cava, Klautau, Boury-Esnault, Borojevic & Thorpe 1991	<div><p>CLATHRINA AUREA SOLÉ- CAVA, KLAUTAU, BOURY-</p> <p>ESNAULT, BOROJEVIC &amp; THORPE, 1991</p> <p>Type locality: Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Description: Cormus formed of large, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes, with several oscula. No water-collecting tubes are present (Fig. 5A).</p> <p>The skeleton has no special organization, comprising equiangular and equiradiate triactines only (Fig. 5B). Actines are cylindrical and characteristically undulated at the distal part. Their tips are always rounded.</p> <p>This species has a sciaphilous habitat and lives in areas protected from the action of waves. It is frequently found on the roofs of small caves or inside crevices.</p> <p>Remarks: Clathrina aurea is very similar to its sibling C. clathrus from the Mediterranean. Both species are yellow and have only triactines with undulated actines and rounded tips. Studying the allozyme variation of both populations (Solé-Cava et al., 1991), Type: MNHN-LBIM.C. 1989.1 (holotype /alcohol). Arraial do Cabo (Anjos Beach), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Collected by E. Hajdu (15 November 1987), BMNH 1999.9.19.6 (paratype /alcohol). Arraial do Cabo (Forno Beach), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Collected by G. Muricy (19 April 1987), 5-m depth.</p> <p>Citations: Borojevic &amp; Klautau (2000); Klautau &amp; Borojevic (2001).</p> <p>Colour: Living specimens have a clathrate gold yellow cormus, which becomes beige when preserved.</p> <p>very low levels of genetic identity were found between them, indicating the absence of gene flow. Consequently, both populations are considered distinct species. Although morphologically similar, some differences could be recognized between specimens of each population after the genetic study. The spicules of C. aurea are always shorter than those of C. clathrus (92 Mm (± 7 Mm)/6 Mm (± 1 Mm)). Moreover, the organization of the cormus in both species is different. While C. aurea has several oscula spread through the tubes, C. clathrus has water-collecting tubes. They also differ in another less evident characteristic: in C. clathrus the tip of the actines is more rounded than it is in C. aurea. However, in order to use this character to distinguish between the two species, it is necessary to simultaneously compare examples of both.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD414C354FF19FA12FE94FD1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD415C357FEB8FCAAFDBEFD1F.text	03D5484CD415C357FEB8FCAAFDBEFD1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina biscayae Borojevic & Boury-Esnault 1987	<div><p>CLATHRINA BISCAYAE BOROJEVIC &amp;</p> <p>BOURY- ESNAULT, 1987</p> <p>Type locality: Bay of Biscay.</p> <p>Type: MNHN-LBIM.C. 1985.3 (holotype /alcohol). Bay of Biscay (Station U 842: 44∞11¢ 3N, 8∞41¢ 2W at 500– 520 m depth). Collected by the N.O. Thalassa.</p> <p>Clathrina biscayae was first described by Borojevic &amp; Boury-Esnault in 1987. Several specimens of this species were collected in the Bay of Biscay at depths of 322–645 m, according to the authors. The holotype is deposited at MNHN under the registration number LBIM.C. 1985.3.</p> <p>Colour: White when preserved.</p> <p>Description: Holotype is very small (0.5 ¥ 0.4 ¥ 0.2 cm). Cormus formed of large and irregular tubes (Fig. 6A). In the basal area the tubes are free, while in the apical area they are anastomosed and, sometimes, virtually fused. The skeleton comprises triactines and tetractines (Fig. 6B).</p> <p>On the surface of the tubes, there are more triactines than tetractines. Some of the triactines are equiradiate and equiangular, but they are mainly pseudosagittal spicules. Actines of these external spicules are strongly conical, with sharp tips.</p> <p>Inside the tubes, the tetractines are the most abundant spicules. Again, it is possible to find equiangular and equiradiate spicules, but they are very rare and the pseudosagittal spicules are the most abundant.</p> <p>Two size classes of internal tetractines can be recognized according to the shape of the actines, which are slightly conical and sharp in one and more conical and sharp in the other.</p> <p>The size of the unpaired actines is variable. Therefore, measurements were taken of the paired actines.</p> <p>The apical actine of the tetractines is always shorter and thinner than the facial ones. Nevertheless, its size is very variable. The apical actine is very thin and sharp. It is smooth and straight or bent, normally in the direction of the paired actines.</p> <p>Remarks: In the original description, the skeleton was described as comprising triactines and that ‘tetractines are occasionally added’, but that ‘in some specimens they can be present in relatively large numbers’. This is the case for the holotype of this species. Tetractines are the most abundant spicules, triactines being more abundant only in the external part of the tubes.</p> <p>Borojevic and Boury-Esnault described three kinds of spicules: regular triactines, pseudosagittal triactines, and tetractines. We consider that there is a further spicule type, a second population of internal tetractines, characterized by a different size.</p> <p>We also found thin trichoxeas on the surface of the tubes. These spicules were not mentioned in the original description; while they are not very abundant, we believe that they should be mentioned.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD415C357FEB8FCAAFDBEFD1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD416C356FF10FCB5FEB3FECD.text	03D5484CD416C356FF10FCB5FEB3FECD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina brasiliensis Sole-Cava, Klautau, Boury-Esnault, Borojevic & Thorpe 1991	<div><p>CLATHRINA BRASILIENSIS SOLÉ- CAVA, KLAUTAU,</p> <p>BOURY- ESNAULT, BOROJEVIC &amp; THORPE, 1991</p> <p>Type locality: Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p> <p>Type: MNHN-LBIM.C. 1989.2 (holotype /alcohol). Arraial do Cabo (Enseada), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Collected by G. Muricy (16 December 1986).</p> <p>Citations: Klautau et al. (1994); Klautau &amp; Borojevic (2001).</p> <p>Colour: White in life and when preserved.</p> <p>Description: Cormus massive, formed of thin, regular and tightly anastomosed tubes. Oscula are simple openings, surrounded by a thin membrane, and located on the top of short conical projections. They receive water from large water-collecting tubes.</p> <p>The skeleton comprises three kinds of spicule: triactines, tetractines (Fig. 7A) and tripods (Fig. 7B). The triactines and tetractines are equiradiate and equiangular, with conical actines and blunt tips. The apical actine (Fig. 7B) of the tetractines is shorter and thinner than the facial ones, and it is conical, sharp and covered with short spines. This actine is always projected towards the inside of the tubes. Tripods are more irregular than the triactines and tetractines, and frequently they are sagittal. They normally have their centre raised but sometimes look like large conical triactines. However, it is possible to distinguish them from large triactines because of the strong conical shape of their actines and because of their location. They are distributed on the surface of the external tubes in a monolayer, delimiting the cormus. Habitat is sciaphile.</p> <p>Remarks: Specimens are morphologically very similar to those of C. cerebrum from the Mediterranean Sea. However, they were recognized as a distinct species after genetic studies (Solé-Cava et al., 1991) showed that there was no gene flow between the two populations, resulting in a very low level of genetic identity. The only morphological differences found here were in the size of the spicules, which are a little longer and thinner in the Mediterranean population (triactines: 85 Mm (±7 Mm)/7 Mm (±1 Mm); tetractines: 83 Mm (±9 Mm)/7 Mm (±1 Mm); tripods: 89 Mm (±15 Mm)/11 Mm (±2 Mm)), and in the spines of the apical actine, which are also longer in C. cerebrum and very short in C. brasiliensis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD416C356FF10FCB5FEB3FECD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD417C350FF25FEFDFEB0FD1E.text	03D5484CD417C350FF25FEFDFEB0FD1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina canariensis (Miklucho-Maclay 1868)	<div><p>CLATHRINA CANARIENSIS (MIKLUCHO- MACLAY, 1868)</p> <p>Original name: Nardoa canariensis Miklucho- Maclay, 1868</p> <p>Type locality: Lanzarote Beach, Canary Islands.</p> <p>Type: PMJ-Inv. Nr. Porif. 103 (syntype /alcohol). Lanzarote Beach, Canary Islands, Haeckel u. Miklucho- Maclay.</p> <p>Citations: Haeckel (1872); Lackschewitsch (1886); Thacker (1908); Dendy &amp; Row (1913); Hôzawa (1918, 1933, 1940); Breitfuss (1932); Tanita (1941, 1942, 1943).</p> <p>A syntype of C. canariensis, which is deposited in PMJ under the registration number Porif.103 Calcarea was examined. Our description for this species is closer to Haeckel’s than Miklucho-Maclay’s. There are three fragments, all well preserved in alcohol, the largest measuring approximately 2.2 ¥ 1.5 ¥ 0.8 cm.</p> <p>Colour: Varies from white to light yellow.</p> <p>Description: Cormus formed of thin, irregular and tightly anastomosed tubes, which are variable in diameter. Large water-collecting tubes converge, forming oscula that are projected above the surface.</p> <p>The skeleton of the tubes is thin (its wall has 4-5 layers of spicules), and it comprises an irregular meshwork containing triactines and tetractines (Fig. 8A). The apical actine of the tetractines is always found inside the tubes. The length of the apical actine is never longer than the diameter of the tubes.</p> <p>Regular triactines are the most abundant spicules. The size of the triactines and tetractines is very uniform. Actines are almost cylindrical and straight, with a blunt tip. The distal part of the actines is frequently slightly undulated. The apical actine of the tetractines (Fig. 8B) is straight, smooth and sharp at the tip, and it has the same diameter as the facial actines. Frequently, it is shorter, but its length is variable. The shape of the triactines resembles that of C. clathrus.</p> <p>Remarks: Clathrina canariensis was described by Miklucho-Maclay (1868) under the name Nardoa canariensis. As in other clathrinas, some confusion is associated with C. canariensis, and several species have been subsumed to become its synonyms. The following species, at some point in time, have been considered synonyms of C. canariensis:</p> <p>Nardoa rubra Miklucho-Maclay, 1868</p> <p>Nardoa sulphurea Miklucho-Maclay, 1868</p> <p>Ascaltis compacta Schuffner, 1877</p> <p>Leucosolenia nanseni Breitfuss, 1896</p> <p>Leucosolenia tenuipilosa Dendy, 1905</p> <p>Clathrina canariensis var. compacta Row, 1909</p> <p>Nardoa rubra and N. sulphurea were described by Miklucho-Maclay (1868) in the same article in which he described N. canariensis and he gave them the status of distinct species. He said that the distinction between them was based only on their different colours (N. canariensis was white, N. rubra was red and N. sulphurea, yellow). He gave no further information.</p> <p>Haeckel (1872) again described C. canariensis as Ascaltis canariensis; his description, more complete than that of Miklucho-Maclay, became the accepted one. He analysed specimens collected by both of them in the Canary Islands (Lanzarote Beach). He questioned the validity of N. rubra and N. sulphurea as true species, saying that the colour of other ascones was very changeable, and that the three forms did not show any differences in relation to their spicules. He also criticized the description made by Miklucho- Maclay, which had not mentioned the presence of tetractines and papillae in the inner surface of the tubes of C. canariensis. Indeed, Miklucho-Maclay said only that ‘Spicula sind dreistrahlig’ (‘Spicules are triactines’), and he did not mention the tetractines. Therefore, Haeckel described C. canariensis as a species with changeable colours, and equiangular and equiradiate triactines and tetractines with similar dimensions. The apical actine of the tetractines was described as straight, sharp, smooth and as thick as the facial actines. This became the accepted description of C. canariensis.</p> <p>Thacker (1908) considered A. compacta Schuffner, 1877, L. nanseni Breitfuss, 1896 and L. tenuipilosa Dendy, 1905 to be synonyms of C. canariensis, as well as agreeing with Haeckel’s opinion on, N. rubra and N. sulphurea. He considered L. nanseni to be a synonym because he did not feel that the size of the spicules, the shape of the apical actine, and the presence of papillae were satisfactory for the purpose of identification, as he had already found intermediary forms of sponges that possessed them. Thacker also commented that he thought L. nanseni resembled A. compacta, which has regular triactines and tetractines and was found off Mauritius. Schuffner, however, had separated A. compacta from C. canariensis ‘because (1) it had no papillae on the inner surfaces of ‘the Ascon-tubes’ and ‘because’ (2) of the different shape of the apical rays of the quadriradiates’. Nonetheless, Thacker said that he had found great variability in the apical actines of his specimens. As he considered the use of papillae a poor character to distinguish species due to its variability, he decided to include A. compacta in C. canariensis, and said that C. canariensis also did not differ from L. nanseni.</p> <p>Thacker deemed L. tenuipilosa to be only a variety of C. canariensis, with ‘the same relationship to typical specimens of L. canariensis as L. coriacea ceylonensis ’. He said that he had found hair-like oxea (trichoxea) in several of the specimens from the Cape Verde Islands, and that in some specimens, these spicules were numerous, but in others, very scarce, and that the latter specimens ‘form connecting links between the typical form of the species and the variety L. canariensis tenuipilosa.’ However, the subsequent year, Row (1909) rejected the synonym of L. tenuipilosa with C. canariensis, saying that ‘the presence of oxea of such unusual and constant form, being very long and extremely slender, should undoubtedly separate it specifically from forms where oxea are entirely absent, even though the number and frequency of the oxea may show very considerable variation as they do in Thacker’s specimens.’</p> <p>In this same article, however, Row described a specimen that he said was identical to A. compacta, but that he could not separate from C. canariensis, because ‘all intermediate forms have been described by Thacker from the Cape Verde Islands’. However, as the specimen he was analysing was so different from the typical C. canariensis described by Haeckel (he did not mention Miklucho-Maclay’s description), he decided to consider it as a distinct variety: C. canariensis compacta from the shore at Suez.</p> <p>With respect to the previously considered synonyms or varieties, there was only the opportunity to analyse the type specimen of C. canariensis var. compacta, but it could be compared with A. compacta and L. nanseni, from the original descriptions in the literature. In relation to N. rubra and N. sulphurea, no comments can be made, as there were no specimens available to analyse, and their description in the literature is very incomplete.</p> <p>Although from the description the external shape of C. canariensis and C. canariensis var. compacta could seem similar, they are not. As in many other clathrinas, both have an aquiferous system consisting of large water-collecting tubes, which terminate in a larger tube projected above the surface, functioning as an osculum. However, the cormus of C. canariensis is tight, while that of C. canariensis var. compacta is loose, which apparently is not due to the state of its preservation.</p> <p>Nevertheless, the most important differences between them are in the skeleton: the presence of trichoxeas in C. canariensis var. compacta, the shape and the size of the actines, and the proportion of the triactines and tetractines. The trichoxeas could be enough to separate them as distinct species. However, the differences in the shape, size and proportion of triactines and tetractines seem to be more important. The spicules of C. canariensis are shorter and have cylindrical actines, while those of C. canariensis var. compacta are larger and very conical. Moreover, C. canariensis has almost the same number of triactines and tetractines, while C. canariensis var. compacta has more triactines than tetractines.</p> <p>The holotype of C. compacta was not found. However, comparing the description given by Schuffner with the holotype of C. canariensis, it is possible to distinguish between these species due to the differences in the size of the actines. The spicules of C. compacta are much longer and thicker than those of C. canariensis (120 Mm/12 Mm).</p> <p>The syntype of C. canariensis was shown to be very different from other specimens deposited in BMNH under that name. This observation suggests that the distribution of this species is much narrower than previously imagined (Arctic; Atlantic coasts of Europe; Mediterranean; Cape Verde and the Canary Islands; Mexico; Mauritius; Red Sea; NW Pacific (Commandorski Islands); Japan) sensu Burton (1963). Observations during this study suggest that the distribution of C. canariensis is possibly restricted to the Atlantic coasts of Europe and, perhaps, the Mediterranean Sea.</p> <p>We therefore suggest that the specimen PMJ- Inv.Nr.Porif. 103 be treated as a lectotype of C. canariensis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD417C350FF25FEFDFEB0FD1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD411C352FF5DFD42FD1BFE4B.text	03D5484CD411C352FF5DFD42FD1BFE4B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina cerebrum (Haeckel 1872)	<div><p>CLATHRINA CEREBRUM (HAECKEL, 1872)</p> <p>Original name: Ascaltis cerebrum Haeckel, 1872</p> <p>Type locality: Adriatic Sea (Lesina).</p> <p>Type: PMJ-Inv. Nr. Porif. 156. (Syntype /alcohol). Adriatic Sea (Lesina). Haeckel Collection.</p> <p>Citations: Bianco (1888); von Lendenfeld (1891); Bid- der (1891); Kirk (1896); Minchin (1896); Breitfuss (1896, 1898, 1935); Dendy &amp; Row (1913); Burton (1933, 1963); Topsent (1934, 1936); Borojevic (1967, 1971); Borojevic &amp; Peixinho (1976); Solé-Cava et al. (1991).</p> <p>A syntype of C. cerebrum, which is deposited in PMJ, under the registration number Porif 156 Calcarea was examined. Our description matches that given by Haeckel. It is fragmented, mixed with algae.</p> <p>Colour: Light yellow.</p> <p>Description: As the cormus is fragmented, it was not possible to determine its organization, or establish the presence of water-collecting tubes. In some parts, the tubes have even collapsed, and it is impossible to distinguish them (Fig. 9A).</p> <p>The wall of the tubes is thin, comprising an irregular meshwork of triactines, tetractines and a few tripods (Fig. 9B), which are located only on external tubes. Projecting into the interior of the tubes are the apical actines of the tetractines.</p> <p>Spicules are equiangular and equiradiate triactines, tetractines, and tripods. Triactines are the most abundant spicules.</p> <p>The size of the triactines and tetractines is uniform. The actines of the triactines are conical or cylindrical, while the tetractines are always conical. They are straight, with a blunt tip. The apical actine of the tetractines (Fig. 9C) is conical, sharp, straight and thinner and shorter than the facial ones. In the distal part, before the tip of the actine, there are sharp spines arranged in 3-4 rows. These spines are directed toward the tip of the actine. Some apical actines, particularly those of young spicules, have only vestigial spines.</p> <p>Tripods are not abundant, as they are located only on the surface of external tubes. They are approximately the same length as the other spicules, but their actines are much more conical and stout. The centre of these spicules is frequently raised, and their tips are sharp. When the centre is not raised, they are similar to large triactines, but it is still possible to recognize them by the shape of the stout conical actines.</p> <p>Remarks: Clathrina cerebrum was described by Haeckel (1872) as Ascaltis cerebrum, a species from Lesina, in the Adriatic Sea. Haeckel also identified two varieties of this species in Lesina: gyrosa and decipiens. He described gyrosa as having triactines with the same shape and size, while decipiens was described as having tripods on the external tubes. After Haeckel, however, nobody found specimens corresponding to gyrosa, only to decipiens (von Lendenfeld, 1891; Kirk, 1896; Breitfuss, 1897; Ferrer- Hernandez, 1918, according to Topsent, 1936).</p> <p>Dendy &amp; Row (1913) elevated decipiens to the status of species, Leucosolenia decipiens, saying that ‘certain of Haeckel’s so-called Specific Varieties, to which he has already given distinctive names appear to us, after careful consideration of his descriptions, to deserve to rank as separate species’. Topsent (1936) suggested that Haeckel had probably made insufficient observations about some specimens or worked with incomplete material when he described gyrosa, which was then completely abandoned. Topsent said that decipiens was probably the normal state of C. cerebrum (i.e. a sponge with triactines, tetractines with spines in the apical actine and tripods or large triactines on the external tubes), and placed the two species in synonymy.</p> <p>Unfortunately, Haeckel did not produce a drawing of either the cormus or the spicules of this variety.</p> <p>As in other clathrinas, the biggest problem we found in the systematics of C. cerebrum was its possible morphological plasticity. We analysed several specimens from the Adriatic and the Mediterranean Seas, including the syntype, which we described above. At the end of our morphological observations, we were astonished by the apparent variability in the cormus organization and in the shape and size of spicules. Even now, we are not sure whether this morphological variability is real or if C. cerebrum is in fact a complex of morphologically similar species.</p> <p>Previous genetic studies have shown that there are both allopatric (Solé-Cava et al., 1991) and sympatric (Klautau et al., 1994) populations, which were previously identified as C. cerebrum. It was observed that these populations were genetically isolated, therefore constituting distinct species, although they were morphologically very similar. Considering these results, we believe that C. cerebrum can probably be split into several new species, but as we observed such morphological variability, we have decided not to split it until a detailed genetic study has been undertaken.</p> <p>In 1936, Topsent had already observed this phenomenon in the skeleton of C. cerebrum and had even suggested a possible synonymy with L. intermedia and L. proxima, considering that the absence of tetractines in those species was no indication of their specificities. We do not share the same opinion as Topsent in relation to the synonym of C. cerebrum with L. intermedia and L. proxima, principally because these two species are actually from a different genus, Ascaltis. However, we cannot ignore the morphological variability in C. cerebrum, because some of the characters considered important for the identification of this species are variable even among specimens of the same population. The shape of tripods, for example, is very variable. Some specimens have abundant true tripods, while others have only large triactines; a third category has both large triactines and true tripods. Borojevic (1967) has already pointed out the variability in the shape of tripods in C. cerebrum, and shown that the different shapes have probably resulted from different exposures of the specimens to waves. In other words, specimens exposed to strong waves would have more true tripods while less exposed specimens would have a higher proportion of large triactines.</p> <p>Another very variable character is the presence of spines on the apical actine of the tetractines. In a single specimen, the apical actine can have spines, vestigial spines or even be smooth. A further variable morphological character was in relation to the shape of actines, which can vary from cylindrical to conical in the same individual. Also the size of spicules is very variable.</p> <p>Although these observations point to high morphological variability, we cannot discount the different proportions of these characters in some specimens. Some individuals have the apical actine predominantly spined or smooth, or abundant true tripods or large triactines; or else more cylindrical or conical actines. We still do not know whether these different proportions have a systematic basis or not. At the moment, however, as we have already said, we will not split C. cerebrum, but we do not consider its previous, cosmopolitan, distribution (Adriatic, Mediterranean, Ternate, Roscoff, South Africa, Brazil and New Zealand) as valid. We think it is better to restrict the distribution of this species to the Adriatic and the Mediterranean Seas, considering our earlier observations that sponges (and particularly clathrinas) do not have a high capacity for dispersal (Solé-Cava et al., 1991).</p> <p>We also propose that the specimen PMJ- Inv.Nr.Porif. 156 become a lectotype of C. cerebrum.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD411C352FF5DFD42FD1BFE4B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD413C352FF22FE7DFD47F8AA.text	03D5484CD413C352FF22FE7DFD47F8AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina ceylonensis (Dendy 1905) Klautau & Valentine 2003	<div><p>CLATHRINA CEYLONENSIS (DENDY, 1905) COMB. NOV.</p> <p>Original name: Leucosolenia coriacea var. ceylonensis Dendy, 1905</p> <p>Type locality: Sri Lanka.</p> <p>Type: BMNH 1907.2.1.101 (holotype /alcohol). Cheval Paar, Ceylon (Sri Lanka). W.A. Herdman’s Ceylon Pearl Oyster Collection, 1902.</p> <p>Colour: Light yellow when preserved.</p> <p>Description: Cormus massive, formed of thin, irregular and tightly anastomosed tubes, with a reticulated surface (Fig. 10A). According to the original description, water-collecting tubes were present.</p> <p>The skeleton has no special organization, comprising equiangular and equiradiate triactines (Fig. 10B). Actines are conical, with blunt tips, never rounded.</p> <p>Dendy described this species as a variety of C. coriacea. He noted the presence of water-collecting tubes as ‘small but prominent true oscula formed each by the coalescence of several tubes in a projection from the general surface’. He also found triactines measuring about 88 Mm/8 Mm, and ‘few very slender oxea’, which were probably trichoxeas. We studied the holotype. No trichoxeas were found, but these spicules are sometimes difficult to find. We therefore decided not to consider the presence of trichoxeas in our description. We are elevating this variety to the status of a species because C. ceylonensis is very distinct from C. coriacea. Despite morphological similarities, such as the presence of water-collecting tubes and the size of the triactines, they can easily be distinguished. C. coriacea has undulated actines with a constriction near the tip, which is rounded or blunt, while C. ceylonensis has straight actines with blunt, unrounded tips. The distribution of C. coriacea seems to be restricted to northern Europe, while C. ceylonensis occurs only in the Indian Ocean.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD413C352FF22FE7DFD47F8AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD413C34DFC84FB30FF1DFAB4.text	03D5484CD413C34DFC84FB30FF1DFAB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina chrysea Borojevic & Klautau 2000	<div><p>CLATHRINA CHRYSEA BOROJEVIC &amp; KLAUTAU, 2000</p> <p>Type locality: Canal Woodin, New Caledonia.</p> <p>Type: MNHN-LBIM-C-1999–01 (holotype /alcohol). South coast, Canal Woodin, New Caledonia (28 m depth). R-1360.</p> <p>Colour: Cormus of holotype bright yellow, white when preserved in alcohol.</p> <p>Description: Cormus formed of thin, regularly anastomosed tubes. There are no water-collecting tubes. The skeleton of the tubes has no special organization, comprising a thin meshwork of equiangular and equiradiate triactines (Fig. 11A). Actines are straight and conical, with a sharp distal tip. They are slightly undulated at the tip.</p> <p>Biochemical studies separated C. clathrus from another yellow clathrina we earlier named C. aurea (Solé-Cava et al., 1991), suggesting that C. clathrus is not widespread. Based on this result, Borojevic &amp; Klautau (2000) recognized the specimen from New Caledonia as a new species. The main difference between this and other yellow clathrinas relates to the tip of the actines of the triactines, which is sharp in C. chrysea and rounded in C. clathrus and C. aurea. The yellow colour of the cormus and the skeleton composed only of triactines with cylindrical and undulated actines suggest that these clathrinas constitute a group of closely related species.</p> <p>Breitfuss (1897) reported a yellow clathrina he called C. clathrus in the Indo-Pacific region (Ternate). Borojevic &amp; Klautau (2000) commented that he was probably referring to C. chrysea.</p> <p>In the original description of C. chrysea, the micrometry of the triactines was 105 Mm (±9 Mm)/10 Mm (±1 Mm).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD413C34DFC84FB30FF1DFAB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD40CC34CFF64FA11FDA8F8AA.text	03D5484CD40CC34CFF64FA11FDA8F8AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina clathrus (Schmidt 1864)	<div><p>CLATHRINA CLATHRUS (SCHMIDT, 1864)</p> <p>Original name: Grantia clathrus Schmidt, 1864</p> <p>Type locality: Lesina, Adriatic Sea.</p> <p>Type: Unregistered (syntype /alcohol), Schmidt specimen, ZMUC.</p> <p>Citations: Gray (1867); Haeckel (1870, 1872); Vosmaer (1881); Lackschewitsch (1886); Priest (1887); Bianco (1888); von Lendenfeld (1891); Bidder (1891); Topsent (1894, 1934, 1936); Kirk (1896); Minchin (1896); Breitfuss (1896, 1898, 1935); Dendy &amp; Row (1913); Ferrer-Hernandez (1916, 1918, 1922); Burton (1935, 1963); Borojevic (1968); Solé-Cava et al. (1991); Borojevic &amp; Klautau (2000).</p> <p>The specimen we received from ZMUC is a syntype of Ascetta (Clathrina) clathrus Schmidt, 1864, collected in Lesina, Adriatic Sea. There are three large fragments of the specimen, preserved in alcohol. The largest is 2.5 ¥ 2.0 ¥ 0.5 cm.</p> <p>Colour: Cormus of preserved specimen is brownishyellow.</p> <p>Description: Cormus formed of large, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes. It was not possible to recognize water-collecting tubes in the syntype. However, we analysed several other specimens from the Mediterranean Sea and the water-collecting tubes were always found.</p> <p>The wall of the tubes is 102 Mm thick. The skeleton has no organization, comprising equiradiate and equiangular triactines only (Fig. 12B). Actines are cylindrical, with rounded tips and they are undulated at their distal part.</p> <p>Remarks: Clathrina clathrus (Schmidt, 1864) is the type-species of the genus Clathrina Gray, 1867. In his original description, Schmidt discussed the ‘beautiful sulphur yellow colour’ of specimens of this species, and said that if the colour was a constant character in C. clathrus, it would be easy to recognize it. As this species has only one type of spicule, it would be very useful to be able to use the colour as an effective character. Unfortunately, the colour is not an exclusive character, although it helps in identification.</p> <p>Once authors began to report a high variation of colour (including white and red as well as yellow), its distribution, initially described from the Adriatic Sea (Lesina), started to increase. Burton (1963) listed occurrence of C. clathrus in the following localities: Mediterranean (Adriatic to Minorca); British Isles; Spain (Asturias); Ternate; New Zealand (Cook Strait), in depths varying from 0 to 50 m.</p> <p>It is not difficult to see that many of the specimens described for localities other than the Adriatic and the Mediterranean Seas were not in fact C. clathrus. The yellow colour of this species seems to be very constant, and because of this, some authors began, erroneously, to identify all yellow clathrinas as C. clathrus.</p> <p>Allozyme analysis of specimens previously identified as C. clathrus from the Atlantic (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and the Mediterranean (Marseille, France) established that both populations were reproductively isolated and constituted distinct species. We have retained the name C. clathrus for the Mediterranean population. In addition to the molecular results, we also found differences in the size of the spicules, which are longer in the Mediterranean populations. Also, studying the morphology of some specimens of a yellow Clathrina from New Caledonia which has only triactines in its skeleton, we found differences in the thickness and tip of these actines, which was not rounded as in C. clathrus, but sharp. It was named C. chrysea Borojevic &amp; Klautau, 2000.</p> <p>It is clear that the yellow clathrinas constitute a group of species which only have triactines in their skeleton. These triactines have cylindrical actines, undulated at the distal part, and are blunt or rounded at the tip.</p> <p>Analysing all the specimens deposited at BMNH previously identified as C. clathrus, we again found some distinct species. We have already mentioned the importance of the shape of the actines in the genus Clathrina, and using this character to differentiate between species, we could distinguish three species in the collection. We considered those specimens with water-collecting tubes, yellow colour in life, and triactines with cylindrical actines, undulated at the distal part, and rounded at the tip as the true clathrus. Using these morphological characters, the distribution of C. clathrus is restricted to the Adriatic and the Mediterranean Seas.</p> <p>We suggest that the specimen from ZMUC be considered the lectotype of C. clathrus.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD40CC34CFF64FA11FDA8F8AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD40DC34FFC81FE43FF14F912.text	03D5484CD40DC34FFC81FE43FF14F912.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina conifera Klautau & Borojevic 2001	<div><p>CLATHRINA CONIFERA KLAUTAU &amp; BOROJEVIC, 2001</p> <p>Type locality: Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p> <p>Type: BMNH 1999.9.16.19 (holotype /alcohol). Arraial do Cabo (Anjos Beach), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Collected by G. Muricy (15 November 1987).</p> <p>Citations: Klautau et al. (1994) (as C. primordialis).</p> <p>Colour: Cormus of preserved specimen is white.</p> <p>Description: Specimens of this species are very similar to those of C. cylindractina, and can easily be mistaken for them. The massive, yet delicate, cormus is formed of large, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes and oscula are spread throughout. No water-collecting tubes are present. The cormus comprises a few tubes spread on rocks when the sponge is still very young.</p> <p>The skeleton has no special organization and comprises only one kind of spicule, the triactine. Triactines are equiangular and equiradiate and their actines are straight and conical, with blunt tips (Fig. 13B).</p> <p>C. conifera is sciaphilous, being frequently found under rocks or other animals, such as other sponges, tunicates and soft corals.</p> <p>Remarks: This species, which we now call C. conifera, was first described in a previous article (Klautau et al., 1994) as C. primordialis (Haeckel, 1872). In his description, Haeckel did not give the type locality of this species, but mentioned several places at which it was found, including Rio de Janeiro. As he had not elected a holotype, and as the syntypes seemed to have disappeared, we have selected the specimen from Arraial do Cabo matching his description as the neotype of C. primordialis, and suggest that Rio de Janeiro should become the locus typicus of this species.</p> <p>However, for the current work, we did manage to locate a syntype of C. primordialis in PMJ. It was collected from Lesina (Adriatic), which means that the type locality of this species should be considered as Lesina and not Rio de Janeiro. Although there are similarities between the description given by Haeckel and the specimens from Arraial do Cabo, we decided not to consider our specimens as C. primordialis. These morphologically simple species of Clathrina seem to be a complex of species that should be split into new species.</p> <p>Considering our previous results with Clathrina populations from the Mediterranean and from the Atlantic, we name the specimens from Arraial do Cabo with conical actines as C. conifera, to distinguish the species from its sibling C. primordialis from the Adriatic Sea.</p> <p>Besides similarities with C. primordialis, C. conifera is also morphologically similar to C. cylindractina, another species from Arraial do Cabo. However, they can be distinguished by the size and shape of their actines: C. cylindractina has larger spicules than C. conifera. However, the most important morphological difference between them relates to the shape of their actines. In C. cylindractina, the actines are cylindrical or only slightly conical, while in C. conifera they are markedly conical.</p> <p>Both populations have already been subjected to allozyme analysis (Klautau et al., 1994) and, although living in sympatry, it was confirmed that no gene flow occurs between them, indicating that they are distinct species.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD40DC34FFC81FE43FF14F912	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD40EC34FFF5DF8B0FC29FD6F.text	03D5484CD40EC34FFF5DF8B0FC29FD6F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina contorta Minchin 1905	<div><p>CLATHRINA CONTORTA MINCHIN, 1905</p> <p>Original name: Leucosolenia contorta Bowerbank, 1866</p> <p>Type locality: Guernsey, Channel Islands (changed to the Mediterranean Sea).</p> <p>Type: BMNH 1896.9.15.1 (suggested neotype /alcohol). As Nardoa contorta. Banyuls-sur-Mer, Pyrenees, France. E. A. Minchin Collection.</p> <p>Leucosolenia contorta (syntype /dry) BMNH 1950.10.12.6. Guernsey, Bowerbank Coll.</p> <p>Ascandra contorta (specimen/dry) BMNH 1910.1.1.434B. Guernsey, Norman Coll.</p> <p>Citations: Bowerbank (1866, 1874); Gray (1867); Haeckel (1870, 1872); Hanitsch (1890); Topsent (1891, 1892, 1894, 1936); Breitfuss (1898, 1927, 1932); Jenkin (1908); Dendy &amp; Row (1913); Arndt (1935, 1941); Tanita (1942); Burton (1963); Borojevic &amp; Boury- Esnault (1987).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD40EC34FFF5DF8B0FC29FD6F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD409C34BFF5EF92AFADDFA93.text	03D5484CD409C34BFF5EF92AFADDFA93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina coriacea (Montagu 1818)	<div><p>CLATHRINA CORIACEA (MONTAGU, 1818)</p> <p>Original name: Spongia coriacea Montagu, 1818</p> <p>Type locality: Budleigh Salterton, S. Devon, England.</p> <p>Type: BMNH 1882.3.6.7 (suggested neotype /dry). Budleigh Salterton, S. Devon, England. H.J. Carter Collection.</p> <p>Citations: Gray (1821, 1867); Fleming (1828); Johnston (1842); Bowerbank (1866, 1874, 1882); Haeckel (1872); Carter (1877); Vosmaer (1881); Ridley (1881); Fristedt (1885, 1887); Vosmaer (1887); Hanitsch (1890, 1895); Topsent (1891, 1892, 1894, 1936); Grentzenberg (1891); Knipowitsch (1893); Minchin (1896); Breitfuss (1898, 1927, 1932, 1935, 1936); Arnesen (1901); Jenkin (1908); Lundbeck (1909); Row (1909); Dendy &amp; Row (1913); Ferrer-Hernandez (1918); Prenant (1925); Burton (1926, 1929, 1933, 1963); Arndt (1928, 1935, 1941); Row &amp; Hôzawa (1931); Burton &amp; Srinivasa Rao (1932); Renouf (1936,1937); Tanita (1942, 1943); Borojevic &amp; Grua (1964); Borojevic (1967); Johnson (1978).</p> <p>The type locality of C. coriacea is Budleigh Salterton, S. Devon, England. However, Montagu elected no holotype. The lack of a holotype and the poor original description caused C. coriacea to be considered morphologically variable and widespread. We are electing a dried specimen collected by Carter in Budleigh Salterton (BMNH 1882.3.6.7), as the neotype of C. coriacea.</p> <p>Colour: Dried specimen is light brown.</p> <p>Description: Cormus formed of thin, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes. Water-collecting tubes are present (Fig. 15A). The skeleton has no special organization, comprising equiangular and equiradiate triactines (Fig. 15B). Actines are conical or slightly conical, undulated at the distal part and with a constriction near the tip, which is rounded or blunt. The spicules resemble those of C. clathrus and C. aurea. However, in these species, actines are cylindrical.</p> <p>Remarks: Montagu first described C. coriacea in 1818 under the name Spongia coriacea. This description, however, is very incomplete, as it only discusses the external form of this sponge. Johnston (1842) gave a better description and provided an illustration of the spicules. The specimens he studied, however, were from Scarborough (Berwick Bay) and Dublin Bay, and not from the type locality. In his Monograph of the British Spongiadae, Bowerbank (1866) again described C. coriacea. In this work, he widened the distribution to other places in Britain, although, curiously, he did not mention the type locality. Interestingly, although Bowerbank uses the name coriacea, he commented that ‘Montagu’s description of his Spongia coriacea applies very much more correctly to a small specimen of Raphyrus griffithsii (a siliceous sponge) of this work than to the calcareous species described above’.</p> <p>In his monograph, Haeckel (1872) distinguished C. coriacea, C. clathrus and C. primordialis on the basis of differences in the shape of the actines of the triactines and geographical distribution. According to Haeckel, C. clathrus could be distinguished from the others by the characteristic shape of its spicules (triactines with undulated actines and a rounded tip) and its restricted distribution in the Adriatic Sea. C. coriacea, on the other hand, he considered to be more widespread, found ‘on the Atlantic coasts and islands of Europe (Norway, Britain, Ireland, France) and appear[ing] to take the place of A. primordialis ’. He used the actines to distinguish the species: cylindrical in C. primordialis and conical in C. coriacea. He also studied specimens from the type locality (Lesina, Adriatic Sea) and then described a species with undulated actines and rounded tips as Ascetta clathrus.</p> <p>Carter (1884) studied specimens from Budleigh Salterton, South Devon, to try to clarify the problem. He either overlooked or ignored the morphological differences pointed out by Haeckel. He considered C. clathrus to be a synonym of C. coriacea, and concluded that the confusion surrounding the latter ‘has arisen from Haeckel having made a separate species of Schmidt’s Grantia clathrus under the name of Ascetta clathrus, with a different form of spicule from that which Schmidt has given as characteristic of it.’ The problem is that Schmidt (1864) did not made a good drawing of C. clathrus and did not describe the shape of the actines of his G. clathrus. As already mentioned, we have had the opportunity to examine Schmidt’s specimen and the description made by Haeckel matches it perfectly. Consequently, Carter seems to have created the confusion, by considering C. coriacea and C. clathrus synonymous.</p> <p>Minchin (1900) described what he considered to be morphotypes of C. coriacea, and stated that this species was very plastic, although characteristic of the North Atlantic. Despite this, C. coriacea continued being described as being found from localities worldwide.</p> <p>Topsent (1936) analysed several specimens from the Mediterranean Sea (identifying them as C. coriacea), and said that he had found great morphological variability in this species. He placed several species in synonymy with C. coriacea, including C. primordialis, and concluded that C. coriacea was a cosmopolitan species. After that time, several authors began to identify as C. coriacea clathrinas whose skeletons only comprised triactines.</p> <p>As initially proposed by Haeckel (1872), Borojevic &amp; Peixinho (1976) and Borojevic &amp; Boury-Esnault (1987) distinguished C. coriacea (English Channel) and C. primordialis (tropical Atlantic, although probably erroneously) on the basis of actine shape.</p> <p>We therefore conclude that C. coriacea is a distinct species with characteristic morphological features that can be easily used to recognize it. Furthermore, it does not seem to be cosmopolitan, but a geographically well-defined species from the North Atlantic.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD409C34BFF5EF92AFADDFA93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD40BC345FF27F8B1FE3CFAAE.text	03D5484CD40BC345FF27F8B1FE3CFAAE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina cylindractina Klautau, Sole-Cava & Borojevic 1994	<div><p>CLATHRINA CYLINDRACTINA KLAUTAU, SOLÉ- CAVA &amp;</p> <p>BOROJEVIC, 1994</p> <p>Type locality: Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Type: BMNH 1999.9.16.21 (holotype /alcohol). Arraial do Cabo (Anjos Beach), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Collected by G. Muricy (20 August 1987).</p> <p>Citations: Klautau &amp; Borojevic (2001).</p> <p>Colour: White both when alive and preserved.</p> <p>Description: Cormus very delicate, formed of large, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes. No watercollecting tubes are present, and oscula are present throughout all the cormus as simple openings on the tubes.</p> <p>The wall of the tubes is thin (25 Mm). Its skeleton has no special organization, comprising only equiangular and equiradiate triactines (Fig. 17A). Sometimes, it is possible to find a few tetractines. Actines are straight and cylindrical or slightly conical, with blunt tips.</p> <p>Found in cryptic habitats, such as under rocks or even on other organisms, protected against light and wave action.</p> <p>Remarks: Morphologically similar to another sympatric species, C. conifera. However, the size of the spicules and the shape of the actines (cylindrical in C. cylindractina and conical in C. conifera) serves to distinguish them. These morphological differences were confirmed genetically by electrophoretic analysis, which showed that no gene flow occurred between them (Klautau et al., 1994).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD40BC345FF27F8B1FE3CFAAE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD404C345FEB8FA10FD07F8AB.text	03D5484CD404C345FEB8FA10FD07F8AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina dubia (Dendy 1891)	<div><p>CLATHRINA DUBIA (DENDY, 1891)</p> <p>Original name: Leucosolenia dubia Dendy, 1891</p> <p>Type locality: Near Port Phillip Heads, Australia.</p> <p>Type: BMNH 1891.9.19.2 (lectotype /alcohol), BMNH 1891.9.19.3 (paralectotype /alcohol). Near Port Phillip Heads, Australia. Collected by J. B. Wilson. Dendy Collection.</p> <p>Citations: Dendy &amp; Row (1913); Burton (1963).</p> <p>Colour: Preserved specimen is light yellow.</p> <p>Description: Cormus formed of irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes. There is no cortex but sometimes it appears that some of the tubes could be forming one.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD404C345FEB8FA10FD07F8AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD404C344FC46FF3AFE73FA62.text	03D5484CD404C344FC46FF3AFE73FA62.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina Gray 1867	<div><p>REVISION OF CLATHRINA 25</p> <p>The wall of the tubes is thick (100 Mm). In some areas the tubes are hispid.</p> <p>Cells with yellow granules are present in the mesohyl, as are embryos (138/75 Mm), which are always found near choanocytes. The cells with yellow granules are distributed homogeneously throughout the mesohyl.</p> <p>The skeleton comprises equiangular and equiradiate triactines (Fig. 18A). Tetractines are also present, but they are rare (Fig. 18A). Actines are conical or cylindrical, but they always have sharp tips. Sometimes, they are slightly undulated. Diactines are abundant on the external tubes (Fig. 18B); they are curved or straight, vary in size and have sharp tips, one of which is club-shaped (Fig. 18C). The largest diactines are curved at the tip. They project through the surface in some parts of the cormus only, and the club-shaped portion of the spicule lies inside the tube.</p> <p>Remarks: We did not find oscula in the lectotype, although Dendy (1891) described ‘very small, round apertures, situated on the apices of small papillae formed by the anastomosis of several Ascon-tubes’, which we understand to be water-collecting tubes.</p> <p>Dendy drew attention to the similarity between C. dubia and C. cavata Carter, 1886, in relation to the presence of ‘great numbers of ‘yellow granules’ embedded in the mesoderm’. He even supposed that C. dubia could be a young form of C. cavata. We do not agree, since C. cavata is not even a Clathrina, but an Ascaltis. The curious point about this subject is that Wörheide &amp; Hooper (1999) described some cells for C. adusta (another Australian species) that we consider very similar to those found in C. dubia and Ascaltis cavata.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD404C344FC46FF3AFE73FA62	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD405C344FF4AF9BCFC89F8AB.text	03D5484CD405C344FF4AF9BCFC89F8AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina gardineri (Dendy 1913)	<div><p>CLATHRINA GARDINERI (DENDY, 1913)</p> <p>Original name: Leucosolenia gardineri Dendy, 1913</p> <p>Type locality: Salomon (Chagos Archipelago).</p> <p>Type: BMNH 1920.12.9.47 (lectotype /alcohol), BMNH 1920.12.9.48 (paratype /alcohol). Salomon (Chagos Archipelago), 10–14 fathoms (18–25 m), ‘Sealark’ Expedition. Dendy Collection (Collection numbers CXX 7 and CXX 11, respectively).</p> <p>Citations: Dendy &amp; Row (1913); Tanita (1942, 1943); Hôzawa, 1941; Burton (1963).</p> <p>Colour: Preserved specimen is light yellow.</p> <p>Description: Formed of regularly and tightly anastomosed, very thin, delicate tubes (Fig. 19A). In shape it is lobose, and full of folds. Each fold is flat, thin and delicate. We did not see any oscula.</p> <p>In the centre of each fold there is a large tube (pseudoatrium) (Fig. 19B), with choanocytes, surrounded by thinner tubes. Covering the external tubes, there are some large triactines (Fig. 19C). The wall of the tubes is very thin. The tubes are perpendicular to the surface, and converge at a large central tube. Above the central tube, it is possible to see some lacunes.</p> <p>The skeleton is formed of two types of triactines, of different sizes, and tetractines of the same size as the shorter triactines (Fig. 19D, E). The spicules are equiradiate and equiangular. Actines are conical with sharp tips.</p> <p>The large triactines are present only in the outside of the external tubes, where they lie side by side. The other triactines are spread along the tubes.</p> <p>Tetractines are less abundant than triactines. Their apical actine is almost the same thickness as the other actines. It is conical, sharp, shorter, straight and smooth and projected inside the tubes.</p> <p>Remarks: Dendy (1913) used BMNH 1920.12.9.47 and BMNH 1920.12.9.48 to describe his species L. gardineri, and named them as lectotype and syntype, respectively.</p> <p>He discussed morphological differences between them which he thought were either a result of the reproductive state of the syntype, or because they were in different states of contraction when collected. We were very suspicious about this because even the size of the spicules is different. Spicule sizes of the syntype (BMNH 1920.12.9.48) are given in the next table.</p> <p>However, we believe that other specimens from the type locality collected at different times of year should be analysed before further conclusions are made.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD405C344FF4AF9BCFC89F8AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD406C347FC88F9B3FA7FF8A8.text	03D5484CD406C347FC88F9B3FA7FF8A8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina helveola Worheide & Hooper 1999	<div><p>CLATHRINA HELVEOLA WÖRHEIDE &amp; HOOPER, 1999</p> <p>Type locality: Great Barrier Reef.</p> <p>Type: QMG 313680 (holotype /alcohol). South side of Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, 23∞28.2¢S, 151∞56.7¢E, 17 m depth. Collected by G. Wörheide (8 July 1998).</p> <p>Colour: Preserved holotype is light yellow.</p> <p>Description: The cormus in this massive holotype is delicate, formed of large, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes (Fig. 20A). In some parts of the cormus, a</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD406C347FC88F9B3FA7FF8A8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD400C340FCEAFF79FEE5FB75.text	03D5484CD400C340FCEAFF79FEE5FB75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina laminoclathrata Carter 1886	<div><p>CLATHRINA LAMINOCLATHRATA CARTER, 1886</p> <p>Type locality: Port Phillip Heads, VIC. (Australia).</p> <p>Type: BMNH 1887.7.12.42 (lectotype /dry). There is a label on which is written: Grantia laminoreticulata n.sp. Ott n∞18 (12.2.86).</p> <p>BMNH 1887.7.12.43 (syntype /dry).</p> <p>Both from Port Phillip Heads, VIC. (Australia), J. Bracebridge Wilson Collection.</p> <p>Citations: Dendy (1891); Dendy &amp; Row (1913); Burton (1963).</p> <p>Colour: There are two dried sponges attached to a stone. One of them is light yellow and has a continuous and hispid surface, with large external spicules. The specimen in question is on the other side of the stone. It is light grey and is formed by regular and tightly anastomosed tubes (Fig. 22A).</p> <p>Description: This specimen is a little different from the other Clathrina species examined. Under the tubes, directly in contact with the substrate, there is a continuous membrane, a basal lamina, and above it the anastomosed tubes characteristic of Clathrina. It is possible that this basal lamina is only an artefact created by the dried state of the specimen as Dendy (1891) supposed, but the skeleton in this region of the sponge is different from the skeleton in the tubes.</p> <p>The skeleton is formed by triactines only (Fig. 22B), as stated by Carter (1886) in the original description, although there are in fact three different categories of triactines, based on size. All have conical actines and sharp tips. The largest are generally found on the external tubes of the sponge, i.e. on the surface of the cormus. They can also be found in the basal lamina, although this is rare. The other two sizes of triactines are more abundant in the basal lamina, and can also be seen on the surface of the tubes, but are less abundant.</p> <p>There is no specialization of the tubes and the organization of the cormus is typical of Clathrina.</p> <p>Remarks: In 1886, Carter described this species from Port Phillip Heads from a dried specimen. He described the cormus as sub-circular, steel-grey, clathrous, reticulated at the surface and with a basal lamina, and the skeleton as formed of equiangular and equiradiate triactines which vary in size.</p> <p>Dendy (1891) suggested that Carter could have been mistaken when he described the basal lamina, adding that as he had examined a small, dried specimen, the lamina was probably the result of collapsed tubes. He concluded that the species should be abandoned. He later (Dendy &amp; Row,1913) put it on his Leucosolenia list, but as a species of doubtful value, and supported this opinion with the observation that this species was ‘too imperfectly described to be recognisable’.</p> <p>We examined two specimens deposited at BMNH. Both are very similar and were collected on the South Coast of Australia, one of them from the type locality. J. Bracebridge Wilson collected them and were both dried. One (BMNH 1887.7.12.42) is labelled as a lectotype, and the other (BMNH 1887.7.12.43) as a syntype (cotype). They match the description given by Carter (1886) perfectly, although this description is really very incomplete. We believe that C. laminoclathrata is a valid species. Even if we consider that the basal lamina is an artefact of desiccation, there are three different categories of triactines in these specimens, which justifies the specific level. Furthermore, the distribution of these categories is different in the distinct body parts of this species, while the ‘basal lamina’ has a specific skeleton, which suggests that it is a genuine structure. As there is no well-preserved specimen, we decided to redescribe the species, based principally on the three different categories of triactines and their distribution, and consider the presence of a basal lamina only as a possibility.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD400C340FCEAFF79FEE5FB75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD402C343FF4CFF7EFCB1F8AB.text	03D5484CD402C343FF4CFF7EFCB1F8AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina panis (Haeckel 1872)	<div><p>CLATHRINA PANIS (HAECKEL, 1872)</p> <p>Original name: Ascandra panis Haeckel, 1872</p> <p>Type locality: Atlantic coast of North America (Florida, Agassiz).</p> <p>Type: PMJ. Inv. Nr. Porif. 152 (syntype /alcohol). Florida, North America.</p> <p>Citations: Thacker (1908); Dendy &amp; Row (1913); Tanita (1942).</p> <p>Colour: Preserved specimen is white.</p> <p>Description: Almost spherical, formed of irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes. Sediment is present inside the cormus. A large tube (pseudoatrium) can also be found inside the cormus.</p> <p>Triactines (Fig. 24A), tetractines (Fig. 24B) and a few diactines form the skeleton. Triactines and tetractines are equiangular and equiradiate and their actines are conical and a little undulated, with sharp tips. The apical actine of the tetractines is a little shorter, thinner, conical, smooth and straight, and it is projected to the interior of the tubes. Tetractines are less abundant than triactines. There are very few diactines. They are fusiform and penetrate the surface of the sponge.</p> <p>Length (Mm) Width (Mm)</p> <p>Triactines 137.5 162.0 ± 11.3 180.0 15.5 ± 1.5 30 Tetractines 135.0 159.8 ± 11.5 180.0 14.5 ± 1.3 30 Apical 105.0 156.8 ± 22.8 187.5 9.5 ± 1.8 17 actine</p> <p>Diactines 285.6 474.3 ± 184.6 1122.0 29.6 ± 19.4 20</p> <p>Length (Mm) Width (Mm)</p> <p>Triactines 90.0 129.3 ± 16.7 160.0 9.7 ± 1.1 15</p> <p>According to the original description the micrometry is:</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD402C343FF4CFF7EFCB1F8AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD403C37CFF6BF99EFDECF90C.text	03D5484CD403C37CFF6BF99EFDECF90C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina primordialis (Haeckel 1872)	<div><p>CLATHRINA PRIMORDIALIS (HAECKEL, 1872)</p> <p>Original name: Prosycum primordiale nomen nudum Haeckel, 1870, Ascetta primordialis Haeckel, 1872</p> <p>Type locality: Lesina, Adriatic Sea.</p> <p>Type: ZMB 1306 (suggested lectotype /alcohol). Naples, PMJ. Inv.Nr.Porif. 154 (type/alcohol). Lesina, Adriatic Sea.</p> <p>Citations: Haeckel (1870); von Lendenfeld (1885, 1891); Carter (1886); Lackschewitsch (1886); Minchin (1896); Breitfuss (1898, 1932, 1935); Arnesen (1901); Jenkin (1908); Row (1909); Dendy &amp; Row (1913); Ferrer-Hernandez (1918); Burton (1926, 1963); Brondsted (1931); Row &amp; Hôzawa (1931); Arndt (1941); Tanita (1942, 1943); Borojevic (1971); Borojevic &amp; Peixinho (1976); Klautau et al. (1994).</p> <p>We received from PMJ (Inv.Nr.Porif. 154) a syntype collected from Lesina. Mixed with this specimen, which has only triactines, was a specimen of C. cerebrum.</p> <p>Colour: The preserved specimen of A. (Clathrina) primordialis is white.</p> <p>Description: Cormus formed of large, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes. Skeleton comprises two kinds of equiangular and equiradiate triactines (Fig. 26A); some actines conical, others cylindrical. In both kinds, the tip of the actines is sharp.</p> <p>Remarks: Haeckel (1870) introduced the species for the first time under the name Prosycum primordiale, from Naples, Italy. He did not give a description, simply presenting a systematic list of calcareous sponges. It was a nomen nudum. In his famous monograph of 1872 he provided a detailed morphological description of several calcareous species, including those he had previously cited in 1870, which were described as new. Consequently, the accepted date of many of these species, including C. primordialis, became 1872.</p> <p>The ‘Natural System’ of classification proposed by Haeckel distinguished the genera of calcareous sponges by their spiculation. Therefore, as P. primordiale was formed only of triactines, he changed its genus to Ascetta and called it A. primordialis. In 1870 Haeckel designated Naples as the type locality. In 1872, he did not elect one type locality but instead listed several where A. primordialis could be found, concluding that this species was cosmopolitan. Nevertheless, he listed where he had found it for the first time and, strangely, he said that it was in Nizza in 1856 and then in Naples (1859) and several other localities, Lesina (Adriatic Sea) being the last one (1871).</p> <p>Haeckel probably described A. primordialis as a series of different species and even genera. We can see this looking at some of his drawings and analysing some specimens identified by him. Consequently, his description was a generalization, based only on the presence of anastomosed tubes composing the cormus, and triactines with slightly conical or cylindrical actines near the centre and semifusiform at the distal part, always with a sharp tip (or tips). He elected four varieties of A. primordialis, all from Australia: var. dictyoides, var. loculosa, var. poterium and var. protogenes. Later, von Lendenfeld (1885) elevated two of those varieties to the rank of species (A. loculosa and A. poterium), and returned var. dictyoides (Leucosolenia dictyoides Haeckel, 1870) to the specific level, as A. dictyoides. He did not mention protogenes, although Tanita (1942) considered a new species described by von Lendenfeld, 1885) (A. procumbens) to be a synonym of it. Dendy and Row (1913) again reinforced the position of these varieties as distinct species, putting all of them in the genus Leucosolenia. We had access to the holotype of only one of these varieties - poterium - and it is clearly an Ascaltis (based on the organization of the cormus, which is surrounded by a cortical membrane and missing a true atrium). In relation to the other ‘varieties’, we only had access to some of the specimens from Australia, and they are, indeed, distinct species.</p> <p>In the original description of C. primordialis, Haeckel said that the actines of the triactines were slightly conical or cylindrical near the centre and semifusiform at the distal part, but always with sharp tips.</p> <p>We also received another syntype under the name Prosycum primordiale. This came from Berlin (ZMB 1306) and was collected in Naples. As the first mention of C. primordialis was under the name P. primordiale and the specimen was from Naples, the coincidence proved interesting. This sponge is beige when preserved and its cormus is formed of thin, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes. Larger tubes project above the surface, their openings then functioning as oscula; they are water-collecting. The skeleton comprises equiangular and equiradiate triactines (Fig. 26B). Actines are conical or slightly conical, and we can separate two populations of spicules based on this difference, the spicules with conical actines being the most abundant. The tip of the actines is always sharp and the size of the spicules matches the size given by Haeckel:</p> <p>We also found two other specimens in BMNH that matched this one exactly. One (BMNH 1897.3.25.3) is from Lesina, while the other (BMNH 1898.5.7.3) is from Naples. We did not find any specimens which we considered as morphologically similar to PMJ.Inv.Nr.Porif.154.</p> <p>Considering that originally Haeckel (1870) had given Naples as the type locality of C. primordialis, we suggest that ZMB 1306 should become the lectotype. Contrary to his concept of the species’ great morphological variability, we think that it is very well defined morphologically, being recognized by the shape of the actines of both triactine populations, by the sharp tip and even by the size of the actines, which seems to be quite consistent (conical triactines: 91.9 (±5.8)/9.6 (±0.5); slightly conical triactines: 86.6 (±13.0)/11.3 (±0.7)). The specimen sent from Jena as a syntype of primordialis (Porif. 154) is probably a new species, as the size of the spicules and the presence of cylindrical actines in one of the populations of triactines are very distinctive. However, we decided not to describe it as a new species in the present article, since we only had one very old specimen to study.</p> <p>The systematics of sponges with only one kind of spicule is always very difficult. Species of Clathrina whose skeletons are composed only of triactines are considered to be the most morphologically plastic and geographically widespread. Topsent (1936) considered that this high level of plasticity in clathrinas only involved triactines, and subsequently placed C. primordialis in synonymy with C. coriacea. Since then, except for C. clathrus, all other clathrinas with a skeleton composed only of triactines became C. coriacea. In the 1970s the name C. primordialis started being used again (Borojevic, 1971; Borojevic &amp; Peixinho, 1976). The synonymy of C. primordialis with C. coriacea was questioned when the authors compared specimens with triactines from Brazil with specimens of C. coriacea from the British Isles (locus typicus). The shape and size of the spicules were so different that they decided to call the Brazilian specimens C. primordialis. The main difference related to the tip of the actines, which had already been used by Haeckel in 1872 to distinguish specimens of C. primordialis (sharp) from C. coriacea (blunt). Klautau et al. (1994) also considered the shape of the actines to be a useful character to distinguish specimens from two sympatric populations of Clathrina from Arraial do Cabo (Rio de Janeiro). Allozyme analysis of specimens from both populations found that there was no gene flow between them, that they are reproductively isolated and thus constitute distinct species.</p> <p>As the type specimens of Haeckel’s species, including C. primordialis, seemed at that time to be lost, the population with triactines with conical actines and a sharp tip was called C. primordialis. Therefore Klautau et al. (1994) suggested that the locus typicus of this species should be considered as Rio de Janeiro. Recently, however, we have been able to work with specimens originally identified by Haeckel. We believe that it is more appropriate to consider Naples as the locus typicus, which implies that the Brazilian population should be considered as a new species (C. conifera). The distribution of C. primordialis is thus restricted to the Mediterranean and the Adriatic Seas.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD403C37CFF6BF99EFDECF90C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD43DC37CFF1DF8B7FA68F8AB.text	03D5484CD43DC37CFF1DF8B7FA68F8AB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina procumbens (von Lendenfeld 1885)	<div><p>CLATHRINA PROCUMBENS (VON LENDENFELD, 1885)</p> <p>Original type: Ascetta procumbens von Lendenfeld, 1885</p> <p>Type locality: East coast (Port Jackson) and South coast (Port Phillip, VIC) of Australia.</p> <p>Type: BMNH 1886.6.7.3 (lectotype /alcohol). South coast of Australia (Port Phillip, VIC), BMNH 1886.6.7.1–2 (syntypes /alcohol). East Coast of Australia (Port Jackson). Both from the Dr von Lendenfeld Collection.</p> <p>Citations: Dendy (1891); Burton (1963).</p> <p>The specimens named as the syntypes are typical clathrinas. One of them is attached to a Mytilus shell.</p> <p>Colour: Preserved specimens white to light yellow.</p> <p>Description: Cormus formed of irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes with variable diameters. The surface of these tubes is smooth. In some places, tubes attach to the substrate to anchor the sponge. At the apical region there are water-collecting tubes converging into the oscula. The skeleton has no special organization (Fig. 27A), comprising equiangular and equiradiate triactines (Fig. 27B). Actines are conical with sharp tips. The size of spicules is quite uniform, but there are also some small young spicules.</p> <p>Remarks: Ascetta (Clathrina) procumbens was considered a synonym of Leucosolenia protogenes (Ascetta primordialis var. protogenes Haeckel, 1872) by Dendy (1891).This synonym was confirmed by Burton (1963), and no one has resurrected this species since.</p> <p>Three types of this species are deposited in BMNH: two syntypes and a lectotype. When we examined these specimens, we finally understood the problem involving C. procumbens.</p> <p>As Dendy wrote: ‘one of his (Lendenfeld) figures (Pl. LXI, Fig. 1a) agrees with this description (the original description of C. procumbens), but three others, said to be of the same species (Pl. LXI, Figs 1b, c,d), represent a massive, lobose sponge of very different appearance. The fragment also, sent to me from the British Museum, is evidently a portion of a massive sponge’. Dendy was right about this, but not about the synonymy of C. procumbens and L. protogenes. The specimen he agreed matched the description made by von Lendenfeld is the one</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD43DC37CFF1DF8B7FA68F8AB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD43EC37EFC9FFF79FE3CFCE5.text	03D5484CD43EC37EFC9FFF79FE3CFCE5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina quadriradiata Klautau & Borojevic 2001	<div><p>CLATHRINA QUADRIRADIATA KLAUTAU &amp; BOROJEVIC,</p> <p>2001</p> <p>Type locality: Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p> <p>Type: BMNH 1999.9.16.30 (holotype /alcohol). Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Collected by G. Muricy (18 March 1990).</p> <p>attached to a Mytilus shell (the syntype), which we analysed. Together with the syntype, we also analysed the lectotype, which is indeed very different from the syntype (Dendy mentioned that he received a specimen of C. procumbens, but he did not say that it was a type). The lectotype is probably a specimen of L. protogenes, and thus not a clathrina. On the other hand, the syntype evidently corresponds to the specimen described by von Lendenfeld as Ascetta (Clathrina) procumbens.</p> <p>The specimens BMNH 1886.6.7.1–2 (syntypes attached to the Mytilus shell) match the description and the drawing of the cormus made by von Lendenfeld. However, the description of the shape of the actines is not the same. He wrote that ‘The rays are pretty stout, conic and slightly rounded at the ends’, while we consider the same spicules to be conical, with sharp tips.</p> <p>We consider C. procumbens to be a true species of Clathrina, the syntypes of which are BMNH 1886.6.7.1–2. The proposed lectotype of this species (BMNH 1886.6.7.3) does not correspond to even the same genus as the syntypes of procumbens, being probably a specimen of L. (Ascaltis) protogenes.</p> <p>Colour: Cormus is white in life and when preserved.</p> <p>Description: The specimen studied is very small. Formed of very thin, regular and tightly anastomosed tubes. Oscula are simple openings located on the top of conical projections, which receive the excurrent water from water-collecting tubes.</p> <p>The skeleton comprises tetractines (Fig. 28A) and a few triactines. Actines are straight and conical, with blunt tips. The apical actine of the tetractines (Fig. 28B) is only a little thinner than the facial ones at the base. It is also shorter, conical, sharp and smooth. Only one specimen of this species was collected.</p> <p>Although the tetractines are more abundant in relation to the triactines, this species is very different from C. tetractina. Triactines, although few, can still be found, while the spicules are shorter.</p> <p>Remarks: This species is also very similar to C. aspina and C. brasiliensis. However, it has no tripods and tetractines are more abundant than triactines, while in C. aspina and C. brasiliensis, triactines are the main spicule. A less evident characteristic concerns the cormus, which is less regularly anastomosed in this species than in the other two.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD43EC37EFC9FFF79FE3CFCE5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD43FC378FF5AFC3AFAA8FB8D.text	03D5484CD43FC378FF5AFC3AFAA8FB8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina reticulum (SCHMIDT 1862)	<div><p>CLATHRINA RETICULUM (SCHMIDT, 1862)</p> <p>Original name: Nardoa reticulum Schmidt 1862</p> <p>Type locality: Zara and Sebenico (Adriatic Sea).</p> <p>Type: BMNH 1896.9.15.13 (proposed neotype / alcohol). Banyuls-sur-Mer, Pyrenees, France. E.A. Minchin Collection.</p> <p>Citations: Haeckel (1870, 1872); Vosmaer (1881); von Lendenfeld (1891); Minchin (1896); Breitfuss (1898, 1930, 1932, 1935); Dendy &amp; Row (1913); Brondsted (1914); Topsent (1934, 1936); Hôzawa (1940); Arndt (1940, 1941); Tanita (1942, 1943); Burton (1963); Borojevic &amp; Boury-Esnault (1987).</p> <p>Colour: This preserved specimen is light yellow.</p> <p>Description: Cormus spherical and formed of regular and tightly anastomosed tubes. Oscula can be seen on the surface and a delicate membrane (Fig. 29A) always surrounds them. Below each osculum there is a large tube resembling an atrium (pseudoatrium). The anastomosed tubes are more abundant near the surface of the sponge. Near the pseudoatrium the cormus is less ramified and there are fewer, wider tubes.</p> <p>The skeleton comprises triactines, tetractines (Fig. 29B) and diactines (Fig. 29C). Triactines are the most abundant spicule type.</p> <p>Triactines and tetractines have cylindrical actines with sharp tips. The apical actine of the tetractines (Fig. 29D) is much thinner than the others (resembling that of C. contorta); it is cylindrical, straight and smooth, and frequently shorter. Tetractines can be seen primarily near the pseudoatrium.</p> <p>The diactines are present only on the surface and, unlike those of C. contorta, perpendicular to it (Fig. 29E). These spicules are not uniformly distributed (Fig. 29F), but appear patchily distributed like tufts, principally in the intersection points of the anastomosed tubes. They vary in size and both tips are different. One of them is similar to an arrowhead and always located inside the cormus. Sometimes, there are also more fusiform diactines.</p> <p>There is also another kind of spicule in this specimen that was not described by Schmidt, the trichoxea (Fig. 29G). These spicules are very thin, similar to filaments and they are present among the tubes.</p> <p>Remarks: Schmidt first described this species in 1862 as Nardoa reticulum after analysing a specimen collected in the Adriatic Sea (near Zara and Sebenico at a depth of 27–36 m). It was spherical, with a prominent osculum and three kinds of spicules: triactines, tetractines and diactines ‘fusiformia, paulum curvata e superficie prominentia’ (fusiform, a little curved, prominent from the surface). His description is not quite complete, and the only drawing he made was of the cormus. No holotype was elected.</p> <p>Haeckel (1872) re-described it as Ascandra reticulum while analysing other specimens from the Adriatic Sea collected by him and by Schmidt. The morphological description was more complete than that given by Schmidt. He also described triactines and tetractines with cylindrical actines and sharp tips, and the apical actine of the tetractines as much thinner than the others and as either shorter or longer (C. ret (H) in mini-table below). The diactines were described as more or less curved and fusiform. The micrometry is also similar to that which we found in the proposed neotype (triactines and tetractines: 90–120 Mm/7–8 Mm; width of the apical actine: 3 Mm; diactines: 160– 300 Mm/12–16 Mm).</p> <p>Topsent (1936) re-described the species as Leucosolenia reticulum, and said that the specimens from the Adriatic (described by Haeckel, 1872 and von Lendenfeld, 1891) and from Portugal (described by Breitfuss, 1898), were different from the specimens he and Minchin had both found in the Mediterranean. According to Topsent, the diactines described by the previous authors were fusiform, spiral (sigmoid) or curved, and that both tips were similar (as described by Haeckel). After analysing specimens from the Mediterranean, first Minchin (1896) and later Topsent assumed that the diactines of C. reticulum were curved and possessed different tips, one of them being arrow-shaped (as we also found).</p> <p>Kirk (1896), Hôzawa (1929) and Topsent (1936) all used the difference in the shape of the diactines to differentiate species from reticulum. Kirk (1896) described another new species, L. laxa, from the Pacific, in which one of the tips has a different thickness; Hôzawa described L. sagamiana. According to Topsent, the only difference between these species and L. reticulum is the size of the diactines, which are shorter in L. reticulum; Breitfuss (1935) had already placed them in synonymy. C. reticulum is also similar to C. contorta in the composition of the skeleton. The organization of the skeleton, however, is very different. First, in C. reticulum the triactines are more abundant than the tetractines. The diactines in C. reticulum are perpendicular to the external tubes, while in C. contorta they are parallel to these tubes. Moreover, the diactines in C. reticulum are arrowshaped and patchily distributed, whereas in C. contorta they are randomly distributed and fusiform.</p> <p>Among the specimens we analysed from the Mediterranean, we found great variety in the shape and size of the diactines. In a single specimen, the size can vary from 102 Mm to 306 Mm, and the shape can either be fusiform or have one arrowshaped tip. This could mean that all the authors working on Mediterranean specimens were indeed observing the same species, but had described the various diactine shapes differently. The problem is that Schmidt gave a poor description and did not elect the holotype. Therefore, we need to accept the description given by Haeckel and by subsequent authors such as Minchin (1896) and Topsent (1936).</p> <p>There was a problem in the alteration of the number of the syntype of C. reticulum of the Bowerbank collection, sent to him by Schmidt. The entry in the Register for specimen registration number BMNH 1955.11.2.27 reads: ‘ Leucosolenia reticulum O.S. dry, from O. Schmidt. Bowerbank Coll. BK.345 (part), Now 67.3.11.87a’.</p> <p>However, when we checked the specimen and the slide number BMNH 1967.3.11.87a, we found that they were different. Perhaps the slide is from a syntype. The specimen, however, is completely different from the slide. A mistake was probably made when the number of the specimen was changed.</p> <p>In the BMNH collections there is a specimen from Minchin’s collection that corresponds to the currently accepted description for C. reticulum. This has the registration number BMNH 1896.9.15.13 and it is from the Mediterranean (Banyuls-sur-Mer, Pyrenees, France). We propose electing it as the neotype.</p> <p>Abbreviations. C. ret, C. reticulum; H, Haeckel’s description; C. cont, C. contorta; fus, fusiform, arr, arrow-shaped; perp, perpendicular.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD43FC378FF5AFC3AFAA8FB8D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD439C37BFC39FB2CFC38FB72.text	03D5484CD439C37BFC39FB2CFC38FB72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina sagamiana (Hozawa 1929)	<div><p>CLATHRINA SAGAMIANA (HÔZAWA, 1929)</p> <p>Original name: Leucosolenia sagamiana Hôzawa, 1929</p> <p>Type locality: Odawara, Sagami Sea, Japan.</p> <p>Type: Tokyo Sci. Fac. Spec. N ∞. 39. (holotype /alcohol). Front of Omeit water, Odawara, 120 Hine. Sagami Sea, Japan, 171 m depth. By hand with bamboo gear by Ijima (1 August 1895).</p> <p>Citations: Tanita (1942, 1943); Burton (1963).</p> <p>Colour: Preserved holotype is white.</p> <p>Description: The holotype is completely fragmented, but some of the fragments are still attached to the Alcyonaria mentioned in the original description by Hôzawa. According to Hôzawa, the largest individual was provided with a terminal osculum. However, it is no longer possible to recognize the organization of the cormus (Fig. 30A).</p> <p>The skeleton comprises two populations of equiangular and equiradiate tetractines (Fig. 30B), but there are also sagittal tetractines. Triactines are rare. Diactines are also present (Fig. 30B). Actines are conical, straight and sharp. The apical actine of the tetractines is conical, smooth and has almost the same length as the facial actines. Diactines are fusiform and slightly curved. They are projected through the surface of the tubes.</p> <p>Remarks: According to the original description, the holotype was attached to a branch of Alcyonaria, as we confirmed. The size of the spicules in the original description was:</p> <p>Although Hôzawa had not discriminated between the two populations of tetractines, he mentioned in his original description that the ‘dermal (tetractines) are usually slightly larger than the deep ones’.</p> <p>C. sagamiana differs from C. reticulum in the size of its spicules (which are shorter in C. reticulum), in the shape of the diactines, which are not arrow-shaped in C. sagamiana, and in the shape of the actines of the triactines and tetractines, which is cylindrical in C. reticulum and conical in C. sagamiana, and also by the presence of a second population of tetractines in C. sagamiana.</p> <p>The differences between C. sagamiana and C. contorta are mainly in the shape of the apical actine of the tetractines, which is conical in C. sagamiana and cylindrical in C. contorta, as well as in C. reticulum. In relation to C. laxa, the absence of the large tetractines, the diameter of the apical actine and of the tetractines, and the length of the actines of the tetractines are enough to differentiate it from C. sagamiana.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD439C37BFC39FB2CFC38FB72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD43BC374FCC7FAA9FE52FBCF.text	03D5484CD43BC374FCC7FAA9FE52FBCF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina tenuipilosa (Dendy 1905)	<div><p>CLATHRINA TENUIPILOSA (DENDY, 1905)</p> <p>Original name: Leucosolenia tenuipilosa Dendy, 1905</p> <p>Type locality: Sri Lanka.</p> <p>Type: BMNH 1907.2.1.102 (paratype /alcohol). Ceylon (Sri Lanka) (Stat. LXIV, 9 m, south-east of Modragam, March 17, 1902). Herdman Collection.</p> <p>Citations: Row (1909); Dendy &amp; Row (1913); Tanita (1942); Burton (1952, 1963).</p> <p>Colour: Preserved specimen is light yellow.</p> <p>Description: Cormus formed of large irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes of equal size (Fig. 32A). No large superficial water-collecting tubes are present. Many oscula open independently at the external surface. Special cells were not found.</p> <p>The wall of the tubes is thick (approximately 48 Mm), composed of an irregular meshwork of spicules, containing triactines, tetractines (Fig. 32B) and trichoxeas. Triactines are the most abundant spicules, while tetractines are located surrounding the tubes and projecting their apical actines inside them (Fig. 32C). The apical actines do not cross the entire diameter of the tubes and the number of tetractines varies in each tube. Trichoxeas are distributed patchily on the surface of some tubes, where they are projected perpendicularly. They are present in the external as well as in the internal tubes.</p> <p>Amongst equiangular and equiradiate triactines and tetractines, triactines are the most abundant spicules. Their size is uniform if we compare triactines with tetractines, but triactines alone have variable sizes as a consequence of the presence of very small, young, triactines. Actines are a little undulated in their distal part, where there is sometimes also a slight constriction. They are conical or cylindrical, but conical spicules are more abundant, with a blunt tip. The apical actine of the tetractines has a variable length and its diameter at the base is almost the same as the facial actines. It is smooth and frequently straight, while the longest apical actines are curved in their distal part.</p> <p>Trichoxeas are not very abundant and their quantity varies in each tube. They are very thin, long, smooth and straight.</p> <p>Remarks: C. tenuipilosa was described by Dendy in 1905 from Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and was considered by Thacker (1908) to be a synonym of C. canariensis. Thacker suggested that the presence of trichoxeas was a very variable characteristic, and therefore not a good one for systematics. One year later, Row (1909) rejected this synonym saying that ‘the presence of oxea of such unusual and constant form, being very long and extremely slender, should undoubtedly separate it specifically from forms where oxeas are entirely absent, even though the number and frequency of the oxea may show very considerable variation as they do in Thacker’s specimens’.</p> <p>Our opinion agrees with Row’s in relation to the validity of this species. However, C. tenuipilosa should not be distinguished from other clathrinas only by the presence of trichoxeas. We analysed specimens with triactines, tetractines and trichoxeas from other localities, and also from the type locality, Ceylon, which showed important differences in the organization of the cormus and in the shape of the spicules. We consider that the presence of trichoxeas is not sufficient to identify this species. C. tenuipilosa should be distinguished from other species by characteristics such as the presence of trichoxeas, the shape of triactines and tetractines, and the organization of the cormus.</p> <p>C. tenuipilosa has conical and cylindrical actines, with sharp tips. They are slightly undulated in the distal part and have a constriction near the tip. Triactines are present in two different sizes, one of them very small. The apical actine of the tetractines is smooth. The cormus has several oscula, and no watercollecting tubes.</p> <p>The distribution of this species, as with other clathrinas, seems to be restricted to the Indian Ocean. Furthermore, we have analysed some specimens from Sri Lanka, which although similar to C. tenuipilosa in relation to their kinds of spicules, differ in the organization of their cormus and the shape of their spicules. These specimens are probably a distinct species, new to science.</p> <p>The specimen deposited at BMNH, considered to be the holotype of this species by Burton (1963) is, in fact, a paratype. In Dendy’s (1905) description, he elected specimen R.N. 158 as the holotype. He also identified two other specimens (R.N. 380 and 381) from Sri Lanka (Cheval Paar) as C. tenuipilosa; these were deposited together in BMNH under the registration number BMNH 1907.2.1.102, and should be considered to be paratypes. However, they differ from the original description of the holotype with respect to their colour when preserved, which is light yellow and not pale grey as Dendy described. There are also no water-collecting tubes, as suggested by Dendy when he wrote ‘the tubes converge to unite in small, prominent, true vents’.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD43BC374FCC7FAA9FE52FBCF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD435C377FF43FBE3FEFAFC0D.text	03D5484CD435C377FF43FBE3FEFAFC0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina tetractina Klautau & Borojevic 2001	<div><p>CLATHRINA TETRACTINA KLAUTAU &amp;</p> <p>BOROJEVIC, 2001</p> <p>Type locality: Arraial do Cabo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p> <p>Type: BMNH 1999.9.16.33 (holotype /alcohol). Arraial do Cabo (Pedra Vermelha), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Collected by G. Muricy (14 June 1987).</p> <p>Colour: Cormus is white in life and when preserved.</p> <p>Description: Cormus formed of large, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes. Large superficial tubes collect the ex-current water, and then converge on a few apical oscula.</p> <p>The wall of the tubes varies from 25 Mm to 50 Mm in thickness. The skeleton has no special organization, comprising mainly tetractines (Fig. 33A), although a few triactines can also be found. Spicules are equiradiate and equiangular. Actines are conical, with sharp tips, and at the distal part they are slightly undulated. The apical actine (Fig. 33B) of the tetractines is very thin even at the base, and resembles the apical actine of the tetractines of C. contorta Minchin, 1905. It is straight, cylindrical, sharp, long and smooth and is projected into the tubes. Only one specimen of this species was found. Its habitat was sciaphilous.</p> <p>Remarks: Although there is a similarity to the tetractines of C. contorta, C. tetractina has no triactines or diactines. Moreover, C. contorta is a species from the Mediterranean Sea.</p> <p>CLATHRINA WISTARIENSIS WÖRHEIDE &amp; HOOPER, 1999</p> <p>Type locality: Great Barrier Reef.</p> <p>Type: QMG 313663 (holotype /alcohol). South side of Wistari Reef, 23∞29.4¢S, 151∞52.8¢E, 18 m depth. Collected by G. Wörheide (7 July 1998).</p> <p>Colour: The colour of the holotype alive was white (Wörheide &amp; Hooper, 1999), but it became light yellow when preserved.</p> <p>Description: This sponge is delicate and the holotype is fragmented. It is difficult to recognize the organization of the cormus in this specimen now, but by observing the photograph of the holotype, it was possible to confirm that it comprises large, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes. No water-collecting tubes were observed (Fig. 34A). The skeleton has no special organization, comprising equiangular and equiradiate triactines (Fig. 34B). Actines are cylindrical, with blunt tips. Young triactines can also be found and their actines are more conical. The mesohyl is full of porocytes with brown granules.</p> <p>In the original description, the micrometry of the spicules is:</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD435C377FF43FBE3FEFAFC0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD436C371FC19FE1DFEE1FB7D.text	03D5484CD436C371FC19FE1DFEE1FB7D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina sueziana Klautau & Valentine 2003	<div><p>CLATHRINA SUEZIANA SP. NOV.</p> <p>Original name: Clathrina canariensis var. compacta Row, 1909</p> <p>Etymology: From the type locality.</p> <p>Type locality: Suez, Red Sea.</p> <p>Type: BMNH 1912.2.1.3 (holotype /alcohol). Suez, Red Sea. C. Crossland Collection.</p> <p>Citation: Burton (1963).</p> <p>BMNH 1912.2.1.3 is the holotype of C. canariensis var. compacta.</p> <p>Colour: The cormus of the holotype of C. canariensis var. compacta, now C. sueziana sp. nov., is white when preserved.</p> <p>Description: Cormus of the holotype formed of thin, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes. A large tube functioning as an osculum is physically connected to thinner water-connecting tubes, receiving the excurrent water from them.</p> <p>The skeleton has no special organization, comprising equiangular and equiradiate triactines and tetractines (Fig. 35A) in roughly the same proportions. They are similar in size. Their actines are cylindrical or conical, with a blunt tip. Some of them are larger in the middle. The apical actine of the tetractines has almost the same diameter at the base as the facial actines. It is conical, shorter, straight, smooth and sharp. Trichoxeas are also present but there are very few.</p> <p>Remarks: Row (1909) said that this specimen was identical to C. compacta as described by Schuffner from the Mauritius Islands, and that he could not separate it from C. canariensis (Miklucho-Maclay, 1868) either. Furthermore, he said that Thacker (1908) had described many intermediate forms of C. canariensis from the Cape Verde Islands. Consequently, if C. canariensis was so plastic morphologically, var. compacta could be one of its forms rather than a distinct biological species.</p> <p>Row (1909) therefore decided to designate this specimen from the Red Sea as a variety of C. canariensis, because it differed greatly from the C. canariensis described by Haeckel (1872) (Miklucho-Maclay’s description was not complete). However, one important problem is that Row did not describe C. canariensis var. compacta. Fortunately, we were able to analyse the type specimen of this variety and compare it with that of C. canariensis. Although we did not have the holotype of C. compacta, we were able to compare this species with var. compacta through the literature; var. compacta differs from C. canariensis and C. compacta in its spicules and the organization of the cormus.</p> <p>When we examined Schuffner’s drawing of the cormus of C. compacta, we observed that this species has no water-collecting tubes, while C. canariensis and var. compacta do. The spicules of C. compacta (120/ 12 Mm according to Schuffner) are larger than those of var. compacta. Moreover, Schuffner only described conical actines, while var. compacta also has cylindrical ones. Nor did he mention the presence of spicules with actines wider at the middle, as we found in var. compacta.</p> <p>In relation to C. canariensis, var. compacta has a similar cormus organization, with water-collecting tubes, but its spicules vary enormously. In C. canariensis, only cylindrical actines are present, all with blunt tips. The size of the spicules only differs slightly, C. canariensis having shorter spicules:</p> <p>Length (Mm) Width (Mm)</p> <p>Triactines 67.5 77.8 ± 4.6 87.5 5.0 0 30 Tetractines 62.5 74.3 ± 5.8 87.5 5.0 0 30 Apical actine 35.0 43.8 ± 5.6 55.0 5.0 0 15</p> <p>Length (Mm) Width (Mm)</p> <p>Triactines 72.0 81.6 ± 6.2 96.0 5.5 ± 0.7 20 Remarks: C. hispanica sp. nov. is a common species in the Mediterranean Sea. At first sight its spicules can be mistaken for those of C. clathrus. However, C. clathrus has actines which are slightly thicker and their tips are strongly rounded, and not blunt as in C. hispanica. Moreover, the colour of the cormus of C. hispanica is white and not the characteristic yellow of C. clathrus.</p> <p>We did not include C. rubra Sarà, 1953 in our list of species, as we had only received a slide of spicules that were not well preserved. We took some measurements of these spicules so that we could compare them with those from C. hispanica. Despite some similarity in relation to the cylindrical shape of the actines, their thickness is different, being thinner in C. hispanica (C. rubra triactines: 71 Mm (±9)/9 Mm (±1)). C. hispanica could also be considered similar to C. canariensis, although the latter differs in having tetractines.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD436C371FC19FE1DFEE1FB7D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD430C370FF54FB48FA96FACB.text	03D5484CD430C370FF54FB48FA96FACB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina sinusarabica Klautau & Valentine 2003	<div><p>CLATHRINA SINUSARABICA SP. NOV.</p> <p>Original identification: Clathrina coriacea (Montagu, 1818)</p> <p>Etymology: From the type locality.</p> <p>Type locality: Agig Harbour, Egypt, Red Sea.</p> <p>Type: BMNH 1912.2.1.1 (holotype /alcohol). Agig Harbour, Red Sea. C. Crossland Collection (8.1 m).</p> <p>Colour: Holotype when preserved is beige.</p> <p>Description: Cormus not massive, spread on a flat rock, formed of tubes of variable sizes, which are irregular and loosely anastomosed (Fig. 37A). There is one large, pre-eminent tube that forms the osculum. Cells with granules were not observed. The skeleton has no special organization, comprising equiangular and equiradiate triactines (Fig. 37B). Actines are conical, becoming very thin at the distal part. They are also undulated near the tip and very sharp.</p> <p>Remarks: C. sinusarabica sp. nov. is similar to many other clathrinas with triactines with regard to external features, such as the anastomosis of the cormus and the absence of water-collecting tubes. However, it can be distinguished by the shape and size of its spicules: it can be differentiated from C. aurea, C. cribrata, C. cylindractina, C. heronensis, C. wistariensis and C. hispanica sp. nov. by the conical shape of its actines. C. conifera, C. helveola and C. hondurensis sp. nov. have conical actines similar to those of C. sinusarabica. However, C. conifera has blunt tips, while C. sinusarabica has strong, sharp tips. C. helveola and C. hondurensis can be distinguished from C. sinusarabica by the size of the tricatines, which are shorter and thinner in the latter.</p> <p>C. helveola 64.8 154.1 ± 25.0 182.4 13.2 ± 1.7 C. hondurensis 105.6 133.4 ± 17.0 156.0 15.6 ± 1.7 C. sinusarabica 72.0 91.9 ± 9.1 103.2 8.4 ± 1.0</p> <p>Length (Mm) Width (Mm)</p> <p>Type locality: Christmas Islands, Indian Ocean.</p> <p>Type: BMNH 1927.2.14.152 (holotype /alcohol). Reef at low tide. Christmas Islands. R. Kirkpatrick Collection.</p> <p>Colour: Holotype when preserved is light brown.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD430C370FF54FB48FA96FACB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD431C373FE87F97BFEBFFA00.text	03D5484CD431C373FE87F97BFEBFFA00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina clara Klautau & Valentine 2003	<div><p>CLATHRINA CLARA SP. NOV.</p> <p>Original identification: Clathrina coriacea (Montagu, 1818)</p> <p>Etymology: Latin clarus (= bright). Describing the bright surface.</p> <p>Remarks: As C. clara has two populations of triactines of different sizes, it can be mistaken for C. primordialis. However, it is easy to differentiate the two species by the anastomosis of the tubes (tight in C. clara and loose in C. primordialis), and by the size of the spicules. The two populations of triactines of C. primordialis differ mainly in their thickness (91.9/ 9.6; 86.6/11.3 Mm), while in C. clara the difference is also in the length (84.5/9.8; 164.5/21.8 Mm). The large size of the triactines that remain on the surface of the tubes in C. clara is enough to differentiate it from the other clathrinas.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD431C373FE87F97BFEBFFA00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD432C372FEB1F98AFED7FCDB.text	03D5484CD432C372FEB1F98AFED7FCDB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina africana Klautau & Valentine 2003	<div><p>CLATHRINA AFRICANA SP. NOV.</p> <p>Original identification: Leucosolenia coriacea (Montagu, 1818)</p> <p>Etymology: From the type locality.</p> <p>Type locality: St. James, Cape Town, South Africa.</p> <p>Type: BMNH 1935.10.21.48 (holotype /alcohol). St. James, Cape Town, South Africa. Professor T.</p> <p>A. Stephenson Collection (11 February 1933) (Collection number F.184).</p> <p>Colour: Holotype when preserved is white.</p> <p>Description: Cormus formed of thin, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes (Fig. 40A). No watercollecting tubes were observed. Cells with granules were also not observed. The skeleton has no special organization, comprising equiangular and equiradiate triactines and tetractines (Fig. 40B). Actines are conical, slightly undulated at the distal part, and with a sharp tip. The apical actine of the tetractines is shorter, smooth, conical, straight and sharp, and it is always projected into the tubes.</p> <p>Remarks: There are six clathrinas where the skeleton comprises a single population of triactines and tetractines: C. adusta, C. canariensis, C. quadriradiata, C. septentrionalis, C. tetractina and C. africana sp. nov. C. africana can be easily differentiated from C. quadriradiata and C. tetractina because the last two have tetractines as the main spicule type. To differentiate C. africana from the other three species, one can use the organization of the osculum and the anastomosis of the tubes. While C. africana has loosely anastomosed tubes and no water-collecting tubes, C. adusta, C. canariensis and C. septentrionalis have tightly anastomosed tubes and water-collecting tubes. Moreover, only C. adusta has conical actines, and these can be differentiated from those of C. africana by the size of their spicules and the shape of the apical actine of the tetractines (cylindrical in C. adusta and conical in C. africana).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD432C372FEB1F98AFED7FCDB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD433C372FEA2FB26FC8BFA1E.text	03D5484CD433C372FEA2FB26FC8BFA1E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina hirsuta Klautau & Valentine 2003	<div><p>CLATHRINA HIRSUTA SP. NOV.</p> <p>Original identification: Leucosolenia cerebrum (Haeckel, 1872)</p> <p>Etymology: Latin hirsutus (= full of bristles). Describing the hispid surface.</p> <p>Type locality: Stil Bay, Cape Town, South Africa.</p> <p>Type: BMNH 1932.7.25.8 (holotype /alcohol). Stil Bay, Cape Town, South Africa. Professor T.A. Stephenson Collection (25 January 1932) (Collection number 183).</p> <p>The holotype of C. hirsuta sp. nov. is a little fragmented and mixed with sediment.</p> <p>Colour: Its colour when preserved is light yellow.</p> <p>Description: The largest fragment is 1.0 ¥ 0.8 ¥ 0.4 cm. Cormus formed of large, irregular and loosely anastomosed tubes (Fig. 41A). Water-collecting tubes converge to form conical projections with an osculum. The surface of the tubes is hispid because of the presence of diactines and trichoxea. Cells with granules were not observed. The skeleton comprises equiangular and equiradiate triactines (Fig. 41B) and very few tetractines. Actines are conical and straight, with a sharp tip. Diactines are fusiform and slightly curved (Fig. 41C). They are projected towards the exterior of the tubes. Trichoxeas are also present, perpendicular to the surface of the tubes.</p> <p>Length (Mm) Width (Mm)</p> <p>Triactines 107.5 122.5 ± 8.0 135.0 13.3 ± 0.8 20</p> <p>Tetractines 100.0 122.3 ± 12.8 155.0 12.5 ± 1.3 20</p> <p>Apical 57.6 80.9 ± 17.8 100.8 6.5 ± 1.2 03</p> <p>actine</p> <p>Diactines 234.6 302.9 ± 49.0 408.0 14.3 ± 1.5 20 Triactines Tetractines Apical actine Diactines</p> <p>C. panis</p> <p>L/ W 162.0 /15.5 159.8/14.5 156.8/9.5 474.3/29.6 (Mm)</p> <p>C. hirsuta sp. nov.</p> <p>L/ W 122.5 /13.3 122.3/12.5 80.9/6.5 302.9/14.3 (Mm)</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD433C372FEA2FB26FC8BFA1E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD433C36DFC17F999FCA2FB25.text	03D5484CD433C36DFC17F999FCA2FB25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina rotunda Klautau & Valentine 2003	<div><p>CLATHRINA ROTUNDA SP. NOV.</p> <p>Original identification: Leucosolenia canariensis Miklucho-Maclay, 1868</p> <p>Etymology: Latin rotundus (= spherical). Describing the shape of the cormus.</p> <p>Type locality: St. James, Cape Town, South Africa.</p> <p>Type: BMNH 1935.10.21.50 (holotype /alcohol) St. James, Cape Town, South Africa. Professor T. A.</p> <p>Stephenson Collection (5 September 1933) (Collection number F.232).</p> <p>Colour: Light brown when preserved.</p> <p>Description: Cormus spherical, formed of very thin tubes, irregular and tightly anastomosed. Many oscula can be seen, surrounded by a membrane, and only found in the apical region (Fig. 42A). Leading to these oscula, there are water-collecting tubes. Near the base, tubes are regularly anastomosed, and there are no oscula. The skeleton comprises triactines and tripods (Fig. 42B). The tripods are found in the external tubes, arranged side by side, forming a continuous layer, which delimits the cormus (Fig. 42C). Internally, there are only equiangular and equiradiate triactines. Their actines are conical, slightly undulated, with sharp tips.</p> <p>Remarks: C. rotunda sp. nov. cannot be mistaken for any other of the described clathrinas because it is the only species in which the skeleton comprises triactines and tripods. Other species with tripods always have tetractines as well, such as C. aspina, C. brasiliensis, C. cerebrum and C. tetrapodifera sp. nov.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD433C36DFC17F999FCA2FB25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
03D5484CD42CC36FFCC3FAEBFDD5FD32.text	03D5484CD42CC36FFCC3FAEBFDD5FD32.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clathrina tetrapodifera Klautau & Valentine 2003	<div><p>CLATHRINA TETRAPODIFERA SP. NOV.</p> <p>Original identification: Leucosolenia cerebrum (Haeckel, 1872)</p> <p>Etymology: Derived from the presence of tetrapods.</p> <p>Type locality: New Zealand.</p> <p>Type: BMNH 1938.8.24.53. (Holotype /dry) New Zealand. Miss L. B. Moore Collection (N.Z. 17).</p> <p>Colour: Dried, fragmented holotype is white.</p> <p>Description: The largest fragment (1.0 ¥ 0.6 ¥ 0.9 cm) is attached to algae. The cormus is formed of thin, regular and tightly anastomosed tubes (Fig. 43A). It is attached to the substrate by a few tubes, which are not true stalks. There are no water-collecting tubes, but vents on the surface. We could not search for cells with granules because of the state of preservation of the specimen.</p> <p>The skeleton comprises equiangular and equiradiate triactines and tetractines on the tubes’ interior, and tripods and tetrapods on the exterior (Fig. 43B), delimiting the cormus. The actines of the triactines and tetractines are conical, with sharp tips. The apical actine (Fig. 43C) of the tetractines is shorter than the facial ones, conical, sharp and straight. The spines are located at the tip. Tripods and tetrapods are very abundant. The tripods are true tripods. Tetrapods are similar to tripods in that they also possess stout actines and a raised centre. However, they have developed a fourth, apical, actine, which is shorter than the facial ones; it is conical and differs from the apical actine of the tetractines in that it is smooth.</p> <p>Remarks: The most important characteristic of this species is the presence of the tetrapods. C. tetrapodifera sp. nov. is the only clathrina described with this type of spicule, which means that it can be easily separated from all other known species using this morphological character alone.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D5484CD42CC36FFCC3FAEBFDD5FD32	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Klautau, Michelle;Valentine, Clare	Klautau, Michelle, Valentine, Clare (2003): Revision of the genus Clathrina (Porifera, Calcarea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 139 (1): 1-62, DOI: 10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.0024-4082.2003.00063.x
