taxonID	type	description	language	source
03D287AAFF8BC005FC60FA78C1E7BAEB.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Spintherobolus Eigenmann, 1911. Included genera: Amazonspinther Bührnheim et al., 2008 and Spintherobolus. Definition: The least inclusive crown clade that contains Amazonspinther dalmata Bührnheim et al., 2008 and Spintherobolus papilliferus Eigenmann, 1911. This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See Figure 3 for a reference phylogeny of Spintherobolidae. Etymology: From the ancient Greek σπινθΗΡο (spɪnθˈɜːɹo ͡ ʊ) meaning a spark and Βόƛος (bˈo ͡ ʊlo ͡ ʊz) meaning a throw with a casting net. Remarks: We delimit the family Spintherobolidae to include Amazonspinther and all species of Spintherobolus as the sister-lineage of a clade containing Stevardiidae, Characidae, and Acestrorhamphidae (Figs 2, 3). Spintherobolidae are supported by 15 unambiguous synapomorphies relative to Cheirodontinae (Bührnheim et al. 2008), 10 of which are extensively discussed as synapomorphies for Spintherobolus (Malabarba 1998; (Weitzman and Malabarba 1998) or a clade containing A. dalmata and Spintherobolus (Bührnheim et al. 2008). The lack of the mesocoracoid was also proposed as a synapomorphy for Amazonspinther and Spintherobolus (Mirande 2019), thus reinterpreted here as synapomorphic for the Spintherobolidae. Bührnheim et al. (2008) hypothesized Spintherobolus and Amazonspinther as sister to Cheirodontinae. The clade Spintherobolus and Amazonspinther has not been resolved as closely related to Cheirodontinae, but rather the sister-group of all other characids (Mariguela et al. 2013, Melo et al. 2022 a). Phylogenies inferred from a combined molecular and morphological dataset resolved former Spintherobolinae (Amazonspinther, Atopomesus Myers, 1927, and Spintherobolus) as the sister-group of all characids except former Stethaprioninae (Mirande 2019). Only morphological data were available for Atopomesus and its resolution within Spintherobolinae had low statistical support (Mirande 2019); phylogenetic analysis of the UCE loci resolves Atopomesus with high support in a distinct clade within the Characinae. The phylogeny inferred from the UCE loci offers a compelling hypothesis that Spintherobolus and Amazonspinther form the sister-group of a clade containing Acestrorhamphidae, Stevardiidae, and Characidae (Betancur-R et al. 2019, Melo et al. 2022 a; present study).	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF89C007FEE5F9FBC657BBD2.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Steroardia Gill, 1858, junior synonym of Corynopoma Gill, 1858. Included subfamilies: Argopleurinae, Creagrutinae, Diapominae, Glandulocaudinae, Hemibryconinae, Landoninae, Planaltininae, and Xenurobryconinae. Definition: The least inclusive crown clade that contains Landonia latidens Eigenmann and Henn, 1914, Corynopoma riisei Gill, 1858, and Xenurobrycon macropus Myers and Miranda Ribeiro, 1945. This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See Figure 3 for a reference phylogeny of Stevardiidae. Etymology: Steroardia Gill, 1858 is a patronym of D. Jackson Steward (1816 - 1898). Remarks: Synapomorphies for Stevardiidae include a short frontal fontanel, up to two-thirds the length of the parietal fontanel, ventral margin of anguloarticular crossing perpendicularly to the dentary laterosensory canal, four teeth in the inner premaxillary row, and ectopterygoid expanded laterally to the blade of the lateral ethmoid (Mirande 2019); reversals in all characters are observed in several species (Mirande 2019). Eigenmann (1914) proposedthesubfamilyGlandulocaudinae for characids with a gland in caudal fins of mature males (e. g. Corynopoma). Weitzman et al. (2005) delimited Stevardiinae as a lineage distinct from Eigenmann’s Glandulocaudinae, and Mirande (2010) on the basis of three synapomorphies merged the two groups under the name Stevardiinae. Malabarba and Weitzman (2003) identified a monophyletic group they named Clade A, which contained the Glandulocaudinae, Stevardiinae (sensu Weitzman et al. 2005), and 18 additional genera considered incertae sedis within Characidae. The monophyly of Clade A has been supported in phylogenetic analyses using morphological (Mirande 2010, Baicere-Silva et al. 2011, Ferreira et al. 2011, Mirande et al. 2011), multilocus (Calcagnotto et al. 2005, Javonillo et al. 2010, Oliveira et al. 2011, Mariguela et al. 2013, Thomaz et al. 2015), combined multilocus and morphology (Mirande 2019, Ferreira et al. 2021), and phylogenomic data (Arcila et al. 2017, Betancur-R. et al. 2019, Melo et al. 2022 a). We have elevated Stevardiidae to a family level with nine subfamilies: Landoninae, Xenurobryconinae, Glandulocaudinae, Argopleurinae, Hemibryconinae, Stevardiinae, Planaltininae, Creagrutinae, and Diapominae (Fig. 3).	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF86C008FEE4FDDBC546BA4E.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Glandulocauda Eigenmann, 1911. Included genera: Glandulocauda, Lophiobrycon Castro et al., 2003, and Mimagoniates Regan, 1907. Definition: The least inclusive crown clade that contains Glandulocauda melanopleura (Ellis 1911) and Lophiobrycon weitzmani Castro et al., 2003. This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See Figure 3 for a reference phylogeny of Glandulocaudinae. Etymology: From Latin glandulae (ɡlˈaenduːlˌe ͡ ɪ) meaning glands of the throat or swollen tonsils and cauda (kˈɔːdə) meaning the tail of animals.	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF87C009FEE5FE93C5E6BA32.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Steoardia Gill, 1858.	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF87C00AFC96FCFFC696BC68.taxon	description	ZooBank: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 06 E 06366 - 6662 - 4 FB 0 - AF 63 - 6 CD 306320 A 2 B.	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF87C00AFC96FCFFC696BC68.taxon	type_taxon	Type genus: Planaltina Böhlke, 1954. Included genera: Lepidocharax Ferreira et al., 2011 and Planaltina.	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF87C00AFC96FCFFC696BC68.taxon	description	Definition: The least inclusive crown clade that contains Planaltina myersi Böhlke, 1954 and Lepidocharax diamantina Ferreira et al., 2011. This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See Figure 3 for a reference phylogeny of Planaltininae.	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF87C00AFC96FCFFC696BC68.taxon	etymology	Etymology: Planaltina, Goiás, Brazil is the type locality of Planaltina myersi.	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF87C00AFC96FCFFC696BC68.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Previous authors proposed that Planaltina is more closely related to Acrobrycon and Diapoma and is a sublineage of the Diapomini (Weitzman and Menezes 1998, Thomaz et al. 2015). Alternatively, Mirande (2019) proposed Creagrutini as containing Carlastyanax Géry, 1972, Creagrutus Günther, 1864, Microgenys, Lepidocharax, and Planaltina. Ferreira et al. (2021) placed Lepidocharax and Planaltina in Diapomini as the sistergroup of the remaining genera and identified 11 morphological synapomorphies for the clade. The UCE phylogeny resolves Planaltina and Lepidocharax as a monophyletic group and the sister-lineage of a clade containing Creagrutinae and Diapominae (Fig. 3); thus, we describe a new subfamily Planaltininae that contains Lepidocharax and Planaltina. Species of Planaltininae are endemic to the Brazilian Shield in upland river systems of the Paraná, São Francisco, Paraguaçu, and Tocantins (Fig. 3).	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF84C00AFC50FE01C15DBBCB.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Charax Scopoli, 1777. Included subfamilies: Aphyocharacinae, Characinae, Cheirodontinae, Exodontinae, and Tetragonopterinae.	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF84C00AFEE3F93CC559B87E.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus Creagrutus Günther, 1864. Included genera: Caiapobrycon Malabarba and Vari, 2000, Creagrutus, and Microgenys. Not sampled: Carlastyanax. Definition: The least inclusive crown clade that contains Creagrutus muelleri (Günther 1859), Caiapobrycon tucurui Malabarba and Vari, 2000, and Microgenys minuta Eigenmann, 1913. This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See Figure 3 for a reference phylogeny of Creagrutinae. Although not included in the reference phylogeny, Creagrutus muelleri resolves in a clade with other species of Creagrutus in a phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters (Vari and Harlod 2001). Etymology: From the ancient Greek κΡεάγΡευτος (kɹˈiːɡɹuːtˈɑːs) meaning tearing off flesh. Remarks: Mirande et al. (2013) and Thomaz et al. (2015) resolved a clade containing Creagrutus and Carlastyanax. Mirande (2019) later expanded Creagrutini to include Planaltina, Lepidocharax, and Microgenys with two subclades: one with L. burnsi Ferreira et al., 2011 and P. britskii Menezes et al., 2003 (see Planaltininae), and the second containing Microgenys, Carlastyanax, and Creagrutus. Ferreira et al. (2021) delimited Creagrutini to include Carlastyanax, Creagrutus, and Microgenys that was supported with 12 morphological synapomorphies. Our UCE phylogeny resolves Microgenys as the sister-lineage of a paraphyletic Creagrutus (Fig. 3). Caiapobrycon tucurui is nested within Creagrutus (Fig. 3). We delimit Creagrutinae to include the genera Caiapobrycon, Creagrutus, Microgenys, and Carlastyanax.	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF84C00AFF0FFD21C75ABA50.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Diapoma Cope, 1894. Included genera: Atonitus Vari and Ortega, 2000, Aulixidens Böhlke, 1952, Boehlkea, Bryconamericus, Ceratobranchia, Diapoma, Knodus, Phallobrycon, Piabarchus, Piabina Reinhardt, 1867, and Rhinopetitia. Not sampled: Bryconacidnus, Hypobrycon, Monotocheirodon Eigenmann and Pearson, 1924, Nantis Mirande et al., 2004, Odontostoechus Gomes, 1947, Othonocheirodus Myers, 1927, and Rhinobrycon. Definition: The least inclusive crown clade that contains Diapoma speculiferum Cope 1894, Diapoma alburnum (Hensel, 1870), and Knodus breoiceps (Eigenmann, 1908). This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See Figure 3 for a reference phylogeny of Diapominae. Although Diapoma speculiferum is	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF85C00BFC65FF7EC0C6BA58.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Cheirodon Girard, 1855.	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF80C00EFC03FE7DC191BAA0.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Tetragonopterus Cuvier, 1816. Included genus: Tetragonopterus. Definition: The least inclusive crown clade that contains Tetragonopterus argenteus Cuvier, 1816 and Tetragonopterus georgiae (Géry, 1965). This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See Figure 4 for a reference phylogeny of Tetragonopterinae. Etymology: From the ancient Greek τετΡᾰ- (tˈɛtɹə) meaning four, γωνία (ɡˈo ͡ ʊniə) meaning angle, and πτεΡὀν (tˈɛɹɑːn) meaning	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF81C00FFF08FB62C1F0BF12.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Charax Scopoli, 1777. Includedgenera: Acanthocharax Eigenmann, 1912, Acestrocephalus Eigenmann, 1910, Atopomesus, Charax, Cynopotamus Valenciennes, 1850, Galeocharax Fowler, 1910, Phenacogaster, and Roeboides. Not sampled: Microschemobrycon. Definition: The least inclusive crown clade that contains Charax gibbosus (Linnaeus, 1758), Atopomesus pachyodus Myers, 1927, Phenacogaster pectinata (Cope, 1870), and Acestrocephalus anomalus (Steindachner, 1880). This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See Figure 4 for a reference phylogeny of Characinae. Etymology: From the ancient Greek ΧάΡαξ (kˈɑː ͡ ɹɹaeks) as a name for species of Sparidae that exhibit teeth on the oral jaws (Thompson 1947: 284 – 5). Remarks: A group that includes Charax, the type genus of Characiformes, and small to medium-sized predators such as Acanthocharax, Acestrocephalus, Cynopotamus, Galeocharax, and Roeboides have been treated as closely related prior to the application of Hennigian phylogenetic systematics (Howes 1976, Géry 1977). Phylogenetic analysis of morphological characters led to a delimitation of Characinae that included Phenacogaster, Priocharax Weitzman and Vari, 1987, and six genera of heterocharacins (Lucena 1998) currently classified in Acestrorhynchidae (Oliveira et al. 2011). Subsequent studies identified a number of morphological synapomorphies, removed the heterocharacins, and added Microschemobrycon to the Characinae (Mirande 2009, 2010, 2019, Mattox and Toledo-Piza 2012). Phylogenomic analysis of UCE loci results in the resolution of four major lineages of Characinae delimited as tribes (Souza et al. 2022): Phenacogasterini (Phenacogaster), Acanthocharacini (Acanthocharax), Cynopotamini (Acestrocephalus, Cynopotamus, and Galeocharax), and Characini (Charax and Roeboides). The UCE inferred phylogeny presented here is congruent with trees presented by Souza et al. (2022) and includes Atopomesus as the sister-lineage of all other species of Characinae (Fig. 4). Previous morphological phylogenetic studies resolved Atopomesus in the Spintherobolinae (Mirande 2019). To investigate this novel phylogenetic hypothesis, specimens from the sequenced lot of Atopomesus (LBP 23871) were prepared for muscle and skeleton observation, revealing that Atopomesus possesses four Characinae synapomorphies, i. e. characters 3, 7, 8, and 10 of Mattox and Toledo-Piza (2012). Microschemobrycon was not sampled in the UCE inferred phylogeny but is treated here as incertae sedis in Characinae following the results from combined multilocus and morphological phylogenetics (Mirande 2019).	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF81C010FC42FA07C640B83D.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Acestrorhamphus Eigenmann and Kennedy, 1903, junior synonym of Oligosarcus Günther, 1864. Includedsubfamilies: Acestrorhamphinae, Grundulinae, Hyphessobryconinae, Jupiabinae, Megalamphodinae, Oxybryconinae, Pristellinae, Rhoadsiinae, Stethaprioninae, Stichonodontinae, Stygichthyinae, Thayeriinae, Trochilocharacinae, Tyttobryconinae, and an unnamed subfamily. Definition: The least inclusive crown clade that contains Oligosarcus argenteus Günther, 1864, Grundulus bogotensis (Humboldt, 1821), Rhoadsia altipinna Fowler, 1911, Ŋayeria obliqua Eigenmann, 1908, Hyphessobrycon compressus (Meek, 1904), Tytobrycon xeruini Géry, 1973, Jupiaba poranga Zanata, 1997, Pristella maxillaris (Ulrey, 1894), Stethaprion erythrops Cope, 1870, Stichonodon insignis (Steindachner, 1876), Megalamphodus megalopterus Eigenmann, 1915, Stygichthys typhlops Brittan and Böhlke, 1965, Trochilocharax ornatus Zarske, 2010, and Oxybrycon paroulus Géry, 1964. This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See Figures 5 – 7 for a reference phylogeny of Acestrorhamphidae. Etymology: From the ancient Greek ἄκεστΡα (ˈɑːkɛstɹə) meaning a darning needle and ῥάμϕος (ɹˈaemfo ͡ ʊz) meaning curved beak. Remarks: The presence of a very large metacentric pair of chromosomes, at least two times bigger than the second chromosome pair, is a putative synapomorphy for Acestrorhamphidae (Sánchez-Romero et al. 2015). Studying Rhoadsia altipinna, Sánchez-Romero et al. (2015) discovered 2 n = 50 chromosomes with the first pair being very large metacentric chromosomes that are at least twice as large as the second pair. The authors concluded, based on all available cytogenetic information for characids, that this large pair 1 is present in all karyotyped Clade C species but not in any other karyotyped characid species. The large metacentric pair is present in more than 100 species of Acestrorhamphidae and absent in more than 50 species of Stevardiidae and Characidae s. s. (Sánchez-Romero et al. 2015). We hypothesize that this large first chromosome pair represents a derived condition and is, therefore, synapomorphic for Acestrorhamphidae. Three additional synapomorphies of Acestrorhamphidae include: interrupted lateral line, three or fewer maxillary teeth, and three or four unbranched rays articulating with first dorsal fin pterygiophore (Mirande 2019). Additionally, the majority of species of Acestrorhamphidae have two rows of premaxillary teeth with typically five teeth in the inner row, nine branched dorsal-fin rays, and anterior branch of laterosensory canal of sixth infraorbital absent, but recognized that ‘ the huge diversity of this clade precludes any diagnosis based on exclusive characters, but the combination of these three characters with the listed synapomorphies should be useful to recognize a species of this subfamily’ (Mirande 2019). Phylogenetic studies using Sanger-sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear genes (Javonillo et al. 2010, Oliveira et al. 2011, Mariguela et al. 2013, Melo et al. 2016), total evidence analyses (Mirande 2019), and analysis of phylogenomic datasets (Arcila et al. 2017, Betancur-R et al. 2019, Melo et al. 2022 a; present study) resolve Acestrorhamphidae as a monophyletic group. Acestrorhamphidae has been labelled as ‘ clade C’ or ‘ Stethaprioninae’ in previous phylogenetic studies (Javonillo et al. 2010, Oliveira et al. 2011, Mirande 2019). The name Stethaprioninae was proposed by Eigenmann (1907) in a paper published in December of that year, while Eigenmann et al. (1907) published the name Acestrorhamphinae in July of 1907 (Van der Laan et al. 2014). Thus, we recognize Acestrorhamphidae as a valid family-group name, with Acestrorhamphus Eigenmann and Kennedy (1903) (= Oligosarcus) as the type genus. Given the species-richness and the phylogenetic relationships presented in Figures 5 – 7, we classify species of Acestrorhamphidae among 15 subfamilies. Several genera, including Astyanax, Hemigrammus, Hyphessobrycon, Jupiaba, and Moenkhausia, have long been resolved as polyphyletic (Oliveira et al. 2011, Mirande 2019, Melo et al. 2022 a), a result corroborated in the UCE phylogeny (Figs 5 – 7). Future revisionary work on the taxonomy of Acestrorhamphidae will require the study of a higher number of species to establish monophyletic genera, which is beyond the scope of this study.	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF9AC015FF75FEE4C4A2BCCC.taxon	description	ZooBank: urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 5366 C 168 - 9 D 5 A- 4 C 10 - 83 BC- 1 CC 92 D 99 A 05 A.	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF9AC015FF75FEE4C4A2BCCC.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Megalamphodus Eigenmann, 1915. Included genera: Axelrodia, Britanichthys Géry, 1965, Hemigrammus (in part), Makunaima Terán et al., 2020, Megalamphodus, Paracheirodon Géry, 1960, and Petitella Géry and Boutière, 1964.	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF9AC015FF75FEE4C4A2BCCC.taxon	description	Definition: The least inclusive crown clade that contains Megalamphodus megalopterus and Hemigrammus stictus (Durbin, 1909). This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See Figure 5 for a reference phylogeny of Megalamphodinae.	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF9AC015FF75FEE4C4A2BCCC.taxon	etymology	Etymology: From the ancient Greek μεγαλάμϕοδος (mˌɛɡəlɐmfˈo ͡ ʊdo ͡ ʊz) meaning with spacious ways.	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF9AC015FF75FEE4C4A2BCCC.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Megalamphodinae are presented as a new subfamily that includes three major clades: a lineage comprising Axelrodia stigmatias Fowler, 1913 (type species of the genus), Petitella georgiae Géry and Boutière, 1964 (type species of the genus), P. bleheri Géry and Mahnert, 1986, Hemigrammus stictus (Durbin, 1909), Britanichthys axelrodi Géry, 1965, three species of Paracheirodon, species of Makunaima, and species of Megalamphodus (Fig. 5). Hemigrammus stictus is a new and undescribed genus from Amazon – Orinoco – Guianas (Melo et al. in prep.). The genus Makunaima was described to include the species M. guaporensis (Eigenmann, 1911), M. guianensis (Eigenmann, 1909), and M. multidens (Eigenmann, 1908) (Terán et al. 2020). The UCE phylogeny supports Makunaima as monophyletic and includes two additional species, Makunaima pitieri (Eigenmann, 1920) new combination, and probably an undescribed species from the Tapajós (Fig. 5; Table 1). Megalamphodus was described by Eigenmann (1915) and classified in Cheirodontinae, based on the presence of a single tooth row in the premaxilla. Species subsequently added to Megalamphodus include M. uruguayensis Fowler, 1943, M. roseus Géry, 1960, and M. sweglesi Géry, 1961. Géry (1977) considered Megalamphodus as belonging to the ‘ Pristella- group’, together with Pristella Eigenmann, 1908. However, Weitzman and Palmer (1997) noticed that large specimens of Megalamphodus megalopterus, the type species of Megalamphodus, possess two premaxillary tooth rows, and considered Megalamphodus a junior synonym of Hyphessobrycon. The present phylogeny supports part of the monophyletic group of rosy tetras (sensu Weitzman and Palmer 1997); thus, we revalidate Megalamphodus to accommodate these species (Table 1), namely: M. bentosi (Durbin, 1908) (former Hyphessobrycon bentosi), M. copelandi (Durbin in Eigenmann, 1908) (former Hyphessobrycon copelandi), M. epicharis (Weitzman and Palmer, 1997) (former Hyphessobrycon epicharis), M. eques (Steindachner, 1882) (former Hyphessobrycon eques), M. erythrostigma (Fowler, 1943) (former Hyphessobrycon erythrostigma), M. haraldschultzi (Travassos, 1960) (former Hyphessobrycon haraldschultzi), M. khardinae (Zarske, 2008) (former Hyphessobrycon khardinae), M. megalopterus (former Hyphessobrycon megalopterus, type species), M. micropterus Eigenmann, 1915 (former Hyphessobrycon micropterus), M. socolofi (Weitzman, 1977) (former Hyphessobrycon socolofi), M. sweglesi (former Hyphessobrycon sweglesi), and two possibly new species: Megalamphodus cf. rosaceus and Megalamphodus sp. Leticia (Fig. 5; Table 1). Species of Megalamphodus have been included in molecular and morphological phylogenetic analyses and the resolution of M. megalopterus in the ‘ rosy tetra clade’ justifies the resurrection of Megalamphodus as a valid genus (Javonillo et al. 2010, Oliveira et al. 2011, Mirande 2019). The relationships among lineages of Megalamphodinae have been investigated with morphological and phylogenomic datasets (Terán et al. 2020, Melo et al. 2022 a). A feature shared by the majority of species of Megalamphodinae is the presence of red, reddish, or reddish brown pigmentation over most or entire bodies. Megalamphodus can be diagnosed by the presence of a conspicuous black blotch on the dorsal fin. Most species of Megalamphodinae are distributed in cis-Andean northern South America (Fig. 5), and many are popular in the ornamental fish trade as, for example, Axelrodia stigmatias, M. bentosi, M. eques, M. erythrostigma, M. sweglesi, Paracheirodon, and Petitella.	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF9BC016FC98FD67C567B8C6.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Stethaprion Cope, 1870. Included genera: Brachychalcinus Boulenger, 1892, Ectrepopterus Fowler, 1943, Moenkhausia (in part), Orthospinus Reis, 1989, Poptella Eigenmann, 1908, and Stethaprion. Definition: The least inclusive crown clade that contains Stethaprion erythrops and Moenkhausia dasalmas Bertaco et al., 2011. This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See Figure 6 for a reference phylogeny of Stethaprioninae. Etymology: From the ancient Greek στῆθος (stˈiːθo ͡ ʊz) meaning breast and πΡίων (pɹˈa ͡ ɪən) meaning a saw. Remarks: When first described, the subfamily Stethaprioninae included Stethaprion, Fowlerina Eigenmann, 1907 (= Poptella), and Brachychalcinus (Eigenmann, 1907). A taxonomic revision of Stethaprioninae added Orthospinus þanciscensis (Eigenmann, 1914) to the subfamily and identified the presence of a bony spine directed anteriorly, preceding the first dorsal-fin ray as a synapomorphy for the group (Reis 1989). Within Acestrorhamphidae, a predorsal spine is unique to Stethaprioninae; however, the trait is present in other lineages of Characiformes (as expanded pterygiophore or lepidotrichia e. g. Curimatidae, Prochilodontidae, and Serrasalmidae) (Reis 1989, Vari 1992, Castro and Vari 2004, Mirande 2010). In the UCE phylogeny, Moenkhausia dasalmas is resolved as the sister-species of all other lineages of Stethaprioninae (Fig. 6). Moenkhausia dasalmas was described based on the presence of three unbranched and nine branched dorsal-fin rays (Bertaco et al. 2011). A more detailed study of the tiny first unbranched ray under the skin of M. dasalmas may be useful to establish its relationship with the anteriormost spine in the dorsal fin of the remaining Stethaprioninae. Moenkhausia does not resolve as a monophyletic group in the UCE phylogeny, indicating that M. dasalmas is probably a new and unnamed genus (Fig. 6). Previous phylogenies inferred from multilocus DNA sequence and combined molecular and morphological datasets resolved Stethaprioninae as paraphyletic because Gymnocorymbus Eigenmann, 1908 (Pristellinae) was placed as the sister-lineage of a clade of Stethaprioninae containing Brachychalcinus, Orthospinus, Poptella, and Stethaprion (Oliveira et al. 2011, Benine et al. 2015, Mirande 2019). The UCE inferred phylogeny differs from previous phylogenetic analyses and taxonomic delimitations of Stethaprioninae in resolving both Moenkhausia dasalmas and Ectrepopterus uruguayensis (Fowler, 1943) as closely related to a clade containing Stethaprion, Poptella, Brachychalcinus, and Orthospinus (Fig. 6; Reis 1989, Oliveira et al. 2011, Benine et al. 2015).	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF9BC016FC98FD67C567B8C6.taxon	description	Ectrepopterus was revalidated as distinct from Hyphessobrycon (sensu Eigenmann, 1918) due to the presence of numerous teeth on maxilla (Malabarba et al. 2012), a trait that is absent in all other species of Stethaprioninae (sensu Reis 1989) but present in several other species of the Acestrorhamphidae. Analysis of combined molecular and morphological datasets resulted in phylogenies grouping E. uruguayensis, Hyphessobrycon moniliger Moreira et al., 2002, three species of Jupiaba, and other lineages of Stethaprioninae (Mirande 2019), suggesting future work may discover additional morphological traits consistent with the monophyly of Stethaprioninae. The phylogeny and geographic distribution of Stethaprioninae indicate that La Plata and the Brazilian Shield had an important role in the diversification of the clade (Fig. 6).	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF99C017FF31FDF5C596BB70.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Jupiaba Zanata, 1997.	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF95C01BFC40FAE5C089BE38.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Grundulus Valenciennes, 1846.	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF95C01BFECBFC4DC004BFB0.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Rhoadsia Fowler, 1911. Included genera: Carlana Strand, 1928, Nematobrycon, Parastremma Eigenmann, 1912, Pseudochalceus Kner, 1863, and Rhoadsia. Definition: The least inclusive crown clade that contains Rhoadsia altipinna Fowler, 1911 and Nematobrycon palmeri Eigenmann 1911. This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See Figure 7 for a reference phylogeny of Rhoadsiinae. Etymology: A patronym for Samuel N. Rhoads (1862 – 1952). Remarks: The phylogeny inferred from the UCE loci resolves a clade we delimit as the subfamily Rhoadsiinae that includes Nematobrycon, Pseudochalceus, Rhoadsia, Parastremma, and Carlana (Fig. 7). Rhoadsiinae was elevated to classify species of Rhoadsia and Parastremma, and the monotypic Carlana eigenmanni (Meek, 1912) (Cardoso 2003). Species of Rhoadsiinae have a single tooth series in the premaxilla when juveniles and two series when adults, except for C. eigenmanni, which maintains only the inner tooth series, and the outer teeth series of the premaxilla is composed of two conical teeth and the inner series consists of five multicuspid teeth (Cardoso 2003). Previous molecular phylogenetic analyses resolve Carlana eigenmanni and Nematobrycon as sister-lineages (Oliveira et al. 2011). Phylogenetic analysis of a combined molecular and morphological dataset resolves a clade containing Bario, Carlana, Rachooiscus, Rhoadsia, and Ŋayeria that is supported by two non-exclusive synapomorphies (Mirande 2019). Within Rhoadsiinae the UCE phylogeny shows successive branching lineages of Nematobrycon, the two species of Pseudochalceus, and a clade containing Rhoadsia, Parastremma, and Carlana (Fig. 7). Nematobrycon contains two species endemic to the Atrato and San Juan rivers of north-western Colombia, whereas Pseudochalceus includes four species distributed in the Pacific versant rivers of Ecuador and Colombia (Géry 1977). All species of Rhoadsiinae are distributed in the western Andes and Central America (Fig. 7). In addition, species in this clade share an incomplete lateral line, very elongated dorsal-fin rays that may reach the caudal fin in adult males resulting in a pronounced sexual dimorphism, two teeth rows in the premaxilla (except Carlana), and 10 – 15 unicuspid to tricuspid teeth on the maxillary.	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
03D287AAFF92C01CFF23FB43C75ABAA8.taxon	materials_examined	Type genus: Acestrorhamphus Eigenmann and Kennedy 1903, junior synonym of Oligosarcus Günther 1864. Included genera: Andromakhe Terán et al., 2020, Astyanax (in part), Ctenobrycon, Hyphessobrycon (in part), Oligosarcus, and Psalidodon (in part). Definition: The least inclusive crown clade that contains Oligosarcus argenteus, Ctenobrycon olioerai Benine et al., 2010 and Psalidodon fasciatus (Cuvier, 1819). This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See Figure 7 for a reference phylogeny of Acestrorhamphinae. Etymology: From the ancient Greek ἄκεστΡα (ˈɑːkɛstɹə) meaning a darning needle and ῥάμϕος (ɹˈaemfo ͡ ʊz) meaning curved beak. Remarks: The subfamily Acestrorhamphinae is resolved as monophyletic in the UCE phylogeny and comprises four major lineages (Fig. 7): Ctenobrycon, Astyanax, a clade containing Hyphessobrycon and Oligosarcus, and Psalidodon. There are modifications to the taxonomy for each of these lineages that are outlined below. Ctenobrycon includes four species C. spilurus (Valenciennes, 1850), C. olioerai, and two species transferred here: Ctenobrycon kennedyi (Eigenmann, 1903) (former Psellogrammus kennedyi) and C. magdalenae (Eigenmann and Henn, 1916) (former Astyanax magdalenae) (Fig. 7). The taxonomic history starts with the description of Ctenobrycon with Tetragonopterus hauxwellianus Cope, 1870 as the type species based on the presence of ctenoid (= spinoid) scales in the pre-ventral region (Eigenmann 1908). The monotypic genus Psellogrammus, with Hemigrammus kennedyi Eigenmann, 1903 as type species, was described in the same study (Eigenmann 1908). Tetragonopterus spilurus Valenciennes, 1848 was transferred to Ctenobrycon (Eigenmann 1910). A close relationship between	en	Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J, Oliveira, Claudio (2024): Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1): 1-37, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae101
