identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D287DBFFE09951FBE2FA17C34BFB9B.text	03D287DBFFE09951FBE2FA17C34BFB9B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Filopalpinae Martens 2022	<div><p>Filopalpinae subfam. nov.</p><p>Type genus: Filopalpus gen. nov.</p><p>Diagnosis: A subfamily of Opiliones in the Suborder Grassatores, family Assamiidae with these characters:</p><p>Body: Small-sized (2.3–3.5 mm) and short-legged; males and females similar in size, dorsal side of male and female with a dense cover of pimples or low apophyses, in most species each with a short seta on top (hedgehog-like appearance), prominent forward apophyses on frontal rim of prosoma, on tuber oculorum among smaller apophyses a large one pointing forward and surpassing frontal rim of prosoma, on abdominal free tergites and on coxae of legs heavy prickly armament as well; ventral side less so equipped. Colour of dorsal side of body light brown to dark grey and black with few lighter fields or totally black, ventral side lighter than dorsal side, sometimes with prominent dark and light pattern. The tracheal spiracles are covered by a fine grate. The shape of the dorsal scutum is clearly sexual dimorphic and displays, according to the terminology of Kury &amp; Medrano (2016), the zeta state in males and eta state in females.</p><p>Pedipalps: Displaying extreme sexual dimorphism; in males pedipalp thread-like thin and long approaching or surpassing length of 2 nd leg, considerably longer than body length (up to roughly five times), all articles devoid of apophyses, tubercles or large setae; patella nearly as long as femur; tibia and tarsus much shorter and reduced to minute articles of nearly equal length; claw as long or slightly shorter than tarsus. Pedipalp of females much shorter and compact, entire palp always shorter than body length or reaching body length; tibia, tarsus and tarsal claw forming a “grasping hand” with (not in all species) large ventral apophyses on tibia and tarsus, always equipped with few ventral strong setae; claw nearly as long or slightly shorter than tarsus. Male pedipalp 1.9 times ( F. bale sp. nov.), 2.6 times ( F. kakaensis sp. nov.) and 5.1 times ( F. joschmidti sp. nov.) longer than body length.</p><p>Legs: All species short-legged, legs of normal size and proportions, no articles enlarged or inflated, cross section of articles round. Scattered low tubercles often with short seta on top on femur, patella, tibia and metatarsus. Single claw in legs I–II, double claw in legs III–IV. Number of tarsomeres of legs I–IV in males and females normally I 4, II 7, III 5, IV 6 with few deviations in the different species; in most cases equal numbers on right and left leg.</p><p>Genital morphology: Truncus penis without muscle and tendon system, slender, distally slightly to markedly enlarged with a tube-like glans on dorso-distal side of penis, slightly surpassing distal end of truncus, internal lumen of tube decorated with a dense cover of stings forming an inner cover of minute prickles, resulting in the prickly funnel (“Stacheltrichter” in German nomenclature, Martens 1977), their tips being directed to the distal opening. Stylus not to be seen from unexpanded glans. Glans a longish tube, emerging from dorso-distal enlarged part of truncus, in un-expanded state slightly surpassing distal end of truncus; glans tube ending in a small rounded lamella at ventral side and surpassing it. Ovipositor (Fig. 24) compact, about double its length than diameter at basis, the distal opening flanked by two rounded lobes, with ten long, curved distally thinned out setae, their end slightly bifid.</p><p>Relationships: Genital morphology, especially the evertible prickly funnel of glans clearly assigns Filopalpinae subfam. nov. to Assamiidae . Regarding external morphology, there is only the Ethiopian monotypic genus Gulufia Roewer, 1935 which might be a close relative of Filopalpus gen. nov. It is characterized by a large spine in front of the eye mound similar to Filopalpus gen. nov. but lacks the extensive sexual dimorphisms of the species of the latter genus. All characters of other African or Asian Assamiidae are distinctly different from Filopalpinae subfam. nov., i.e. body armament, form and armament of eye mound, pedipalp proportions and equipment with apophyses and tubercles; lack of strong palpal sexual dimorphisms and cover of body with small pimples or pointed apophyses (in most species). Within Assamiidae, Filopalpinae subfam. nov. apparently represent a highly specialized clade with long independent evolution, which is now represented by few species in a remote high-altitude region.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D287DBFFE09951FBE2FA17C34BFB9B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martens, Jochen	Martens, Jochen (2022): From the Ethiopian Bale Mountains hotspot-Filopalpinae subfam. nov., a new taxon of Laniatorean harvestmen based on external and genital morphology (Arachnida, Opiliones, Assamiidae). Zootaxa 5159 (2): 221-244, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5159.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5159.2.3
03D287DBFFE19956FBE2FB3DC3C5FC0A.text	03D287DBFFE19956FBE2FB3DC3C5FC0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Filopalpus Martens 2022	<div><p>Filopalpus gen. nov.</p><p>Type species: Filopalpus joschmidti sp. nov.</p><p>Included species: Five species from Ethiopia described in this paper.</p><p>Diagnosis: As given for the subfamily Filopalpinae subfam. nov. Small species from 2.3 to 3.5 mm; showing marked sexual dimorphism in pedipalpal formation; male pedipalp filiform with extremely elongated femur and patella, several times longer than body length, a pedipalpal catching basket is absent; female pedipalp as long as body length or slightly shorter, pedipalpal catching basket formed by equipment of tibia and tarsus with short or medium-sized apophyses with strong seta on top. Body completely wrapped by small polygonal tubercles nearly touching each other, enlarged to single rows of pointed apophyses on the free Abd tergites, such equipment reduced on ventral side. In front of prosoma several pointed apophyses directed forward, a large upward-directed one on Tu oc surpassing prosomal frontal edge. Male genital morphology typical for Assamiidae with eversible prickly funnel on dorso-distal side of truncus.</p><p>Etymology: It refers to the extremely slender and elongated pedipalps of males. It is composed of Latin filus for thread, and (pedi) palpus, the arthropod tactile appendage. The gender is masculine.</p><p>Distribution: Currently known from several localities in the Bale Mountains, Oromia State, Ethiopia. The five species described here span a wide altitudinal range from about 1700 m a.s.l. up to the afro-alpine zone above 4000 m.</p><p>Key to the presently accepted species of Filopalpus gen. nov.</p><p>(Males of F. altomontanus sp. nov. and of F. niger sp. nov. are unknown):</p><p>1 Male (always with long thread-like pedipalp without conspicuous apophyses and/or setae, pedipalp considerably longer than body length; Figs 1–2, 10, 22, 25, 46)..................................................................... 2</p><p>– Female (always with compact pedipalp shorter than body, with ventral armament of strong setae on tibia and tarsus, a “grasping hand”; Figs 7-8, 20, 27, 33, 39-40, 49-50, 57, 60, 63-64)...................................................... 4</p><p>2 Pedipalp four times longer than body (Figs 1–2, 10).................................. Filopalpus joschmidti sp. nov.</p><p>– Pedipalp less than four times longer than body (Figs 25, 46)................................................... 3</p><p>3 Dorsal armament of body with two pairs of strong paramedian tubercles on abdominal areae I and III, with one pair on abdominal areae II and IV (Figs 46–47)................................................. Filopalpus bale sp. nov.</p><p>– Dorsal armament of body with one pair of strong paramedian tubercles of abdominal areae I–III (Figs 25–26)........................................................................................ Filopalpus kakaensis sp. nov.</p><p>4 Femur of pedipalp rather slender, with few low tubercles ventrally, strong setae on tibia and tarsus positioned only on low apophyses, these as deep as long or apophyses absent (Figs 20, 33, 57, 68)....................................... 5</p><p>– Femur of pedipalp slender, no tubercles present, tibia and tarsus with strong setae, positioned on elevated apophyses, longer than deep (Figs 63–64)...................................................... Filopalpus altomontanus sp. nov.</p><p>5 Tibia of pedipalp with a single long and strong ventral seta (Figs 20, 68)......................................... 6</p><p>– Tibia of pedipalp with two long and strong ventral setae (Figs 33, 57)........................................... 7</p><p>6 Femur, patella and tibia of pedipalp stout, tarsus markedly inflated (Fig. 68).................. Filopalpus niger sp. nov.</p><p>– Femur, patella and tibia and tarsus of pedipalp slender (Fig. 29)........................ Filopalpus joschmidti sp. nov.</p><p>7 Pedipalpal claw as long as tarsus (Fig. 57).............................................. Filopalpus bale sp. nov.</p><p>– Pedipalpal claw shorter than tarsus (Fig. 33)........................................ Filopalpus kakaensis sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D287DBFFE19956FBE2FB3DC3C5FC0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martens, Jochen	Martens, Jochen (2022): From the Ethiopian Bale Mountains hotspot-Filopalpinae subfam. nov., a new taxon of Laniatorean harvestmen based on external and genital morphology (Arachnida, Opiliones, Assamiidae). Zootaxa 5159 (2): 221-244, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5159.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5159.2.3
03D287DBFFE6995AFBE2FBC7C592F97F.text	03D287DBFFE6995AFBE2FBC7C592F97F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Filopalpus joschmidti Martens 2022	<div><p>Filopalpus joschmidti sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 1–24)</p><p>Type material: Holotype (CJM 9003), ♂, ETHIOPIA, Oromia, Bale Mts., Washia Forest, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.18389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.029722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.18389/lat 7.029722)">upper Salgen Valley</a>, above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.18389&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.029722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.18389/lat 7.029722)">Sebsebe</a>, 3630 m, leg. 06.02.2019; 07°01’47”N, 39°11’2”E . Paratypes (CJM 9002), 1 ♂, 2 ♀, same locality and data as holotype .</p><p>Diagnosis. Total body length 3.0– 3.1 mm, dorsal side of body covered with a dense layer of polygonal tubercles, touching each other, male pedipalp four times longer than body length. Pedipalp Fe nearly twice as long as body, Pt slightly shorter. Penis parallel-sided truncus except last fifth, marked concavity on dorso-distal part of truncus, the ventral plate, i.e. distal part of penis slightly enlarged, glans tube surpassing distal rim of penis; strong armament of free tergites.</p><p>Remarks: Filopalpus joschmidti sp. nov. is the species bearing the longest male pedipalp of all congeners presently known; it slightly surpasses length of leg II and the length of the body by 5.1 times.</p><p>Etymology: It honors Joachim Schmidt, renowned entomologist working on ground beetles with focus on Himalayan fauna, especially their taxonomy, systematics, evolutionary and biogeographic affinities. Name in genitive case.</p><p>Description: MALE. Body, dorsal side (Figs 1–3, 10): Scutum densely covered with marked polygonal blackish tubercles, touching each other on Abd scutum but slightly separated from each other on prosoma, indicated by light patches between groups of tubercles, distal rim of prosoma equipped with a row of 11 (HT, 8 PA) pointed apophyses of various sizes, large ones on left and right third of distal rim; a single pair of para-median tubercles on the scutal areas I–IV, on area V a row of long pointed tubercles; free tergites visible from above, each covered by a narrow row of slender, drawn-out pointed tubercles, longest in central third of tergites (Figs 1–3, 10).</p><p>Colour pattern (Figs 1–3, 5): Most tubercles brownish to blackish, small light yellow parts on prosoma, blackish on rim of Abd scutum and free tergites.</p><p>Tuber oculorum (Figs 3, 5, 10): Small, front part less than half of its length apart from distal rim of prosomal scutum, equipped with a number of long pointed tubercles, longest on anterior and posterior rim of Tu oc, pointing upwards, few small tubercles around eye, longest reaching and slightly surpassing distal rim.</p><p>Body, ventral side (Fig. 9): Cx irregularly covered all over with large pointed tubercles of various forms (not markedly polygonal), most of them with minute seta on top. Op gen light yellowish in front, the five distal sternites dark brownish each, with a row of tubercles, longest and massive on lateral sides, the large sternite and Op anale light with low tubercles densely packed.</p><p>Legs: All articles light brownish to blackish. Tr smooth except for few minute tubercles, the other articles irregularly covered with low tubercles, all pointed with minute seta (except articles of Ta).</p><p>Pedipalp (Figs 1–2, 10, 21–23): Extremely long, thin and filiform, all articles slenderer than those of legs I–IV, Fe and Pt of nearly equal length (Pt slightly shorter), four times longer than body, Fe and Pt slightly broadened close to distal end (Fig. 22), Ti extremely short, parallel-sided, Ta shortest article, similar to Ti but fusiform (Figs 22–23). All palpal articles devoid of any strong and elevated Tu, few fine light setae on all articles, coarse surface on Ti and Ta. One light pseudo-articulation each on Fe distally and on Pt basally.</p><p>Chelicera (Figs 16–17): Basal article slender, dorsally strongly concave at mid portion, indistinctly on ventral side, few strong tubercles dorso- and ventro-distally with minute seta on top, 2 nd article moderately inflated, fusiform, single strong setae frontally and distally close to insertion 3 rd article, a strong elongated cone-shaped apophysis near mid-half on pro-lateral side close to frontal side of 2 nd article.</p><p>Penis morphology (Figs 11–15): Truncus penis slender (la and do/ve views) from the small slightly enlarged base continuously enlarged towards distal end, but more markedly in distal forth, markedly broadened and rounded shortly before and along the movable glans (do/ve view), disto-frontal rim of truncus slightly invaginated. Equipment of penis with minute setae inconspicuous and slightly asymmetrical (Figs 13–15): two on or close to distal rim of truncus, three or five on lateral sides, all in the enlarged glans section of truncus.</p><p>Description: FEMALE. Characters of external morphology generally like in male including coloration and equipment of body with tubercles, leg length and leg armament, but apophyses on rear end of opisthosoma and on free tergites shorter (Figs 4, 7–8).</p><p>Chelicera (Figs 18–19): Generally as in male with similar armament, ve concavity of 1 st article even less than in male, no cone-shaped apophysis on 2 nd article.</p><p>Pedipalp (Figs 7–8, 20): Very different from male, extremely short (total length slightly less than body length, Ti and Ta of about equal length, Pt slightly larger). Tr ventrally enlarged, one ve apophysis with strong seta on top; Fe smooth, nearly parallel-sided, slightly enlarged distally, with few scattered setae on dorsal side, ventrally one tubercle each on near base and amidst the article; Pt slightly curved to ventral side and enlarged distally, few scattered minute setae; Ti as long as Pt, equipped with five elevated tubercle of different sizes ventrally, the central one with a large immovable setae on top; Ta with three low seta-topped apophyses ventrally and few small additional setae interspersed, those also on do side; claw strong, slightly shorter than Ta.</p><p>Measurements (male, female in parentheses):</p><p>Body length: Including pointed tubercles on frontal and posterior rim of scutum; male holotype, in parentheses without apophysis, but including free tergites: 3.0 (2.7), paratype male 3.1 (2.8); paratype females twice 3.1 (2.8).</p><p>Leg II: Tr 0.3 (0.3), Fe 2.2 (1.8), Pt 0.5 (0.5), Ti 1.6 (1.4), Mt 1.5 (1.4), Ta 1.4 (1.2); total: 7.5 (6.6).</p><p>Pedipalp: Tr 0.3 (0.2), Fe 5.4 (0.75), Pt 5.2 (0.45), Ti 0.9 (0.4), Ta 0.6 (0.4), claw 0.3 (0.3); total: 12.7 (2.5). Male pedipalp 5.08 times longer than female pedipalp.</p><p>Number of tarsomeres on legs I–IV (right and left leg): I 4/4 (4/4), II 7/7 (6/7), III 5/5 (5/5), IV 6/6 (5/6).</p><p>Penis length: 1.2.</p><p>Variation: Size and number of apophyses on scutal area V and on free tergites may differ between individuals (Figs 1–2).</p><p>Relationships: F. joschmidti sp. nov. is most similar to F. kakaensis sp. nov., especially in its male pedipalpal proportions, also the lack of elevated Tu on all pedipalp articles. F. kakaensis sp. nov. is smaller, has a different genital morphology (cavity on penis dorso-distal) and all minute apophyses on ventral and dorsal side of body are distally rounded, stump. The collecting localities of both filopaplid species are elevationally separated by about slightly more than 1000 m.</p><p>Distribution and habitat: Up to present F. joschmidti sp. n. is only known from the northern face of the Bale Mts between Adaba and Dinsho at 3630 m. The specimens have been found under stones on a brook side shadowed by single Hagenia abyssinica trees and Erica arborea shrubs within a canyon on a steep south-exposed mountain slope. The mountainous area beyond this canyon is widely deforested. Remains of the Sebsebe Washia Forest, which is famous in Ethiopia, existed in 2019 only within the lower parts of the main valley up to an altitude of about 3200 m, much lower than the localities of the present Filopalpus species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D287DBFFE6995AFBE2FBC7C592F97F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martens, Jochen	Martens, Jochen (2022): From the Ethiopian Bale Mountains hotspot-Filopalpinae subfam. nov., a new taxon of Laniatorean harvestmen based on external and genital morphology (Arachnida, Opiliones, Assamiidae). Zootaxa 5159 (2): 221-244, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5159.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5159.2.3
03D287DBFFEA9958FBE2F92CC787F873.text	03D287DBFFEA9958FBE2F92CC787F873.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Filopalpus kakaensis Martens 2022	<div><p>Filopalpus kakaensis sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 25–39)</p><p>Type material: Holotype (CJM 8999), ♂, ETHIOPIA, Oromia, Mt. Kaka, E-slope above <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.190834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.3825" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.190834/lat 7.3825)">Meraro</a>, 3370–3500 m, leg. 25.11.2017, 07°22’57”N, 39°11’27”E . Paratype (CJM 8968), ♀, ETHIOPIA, Oromia, Mt. Kaka, NE part of crater region, 3900–4100 m, leg. 29.11. – 1.12.2017 ; 07°23’N, 39°10’ E.</p><p>Diagnosis: Relatively large species, total body length 3.5, dorsal side of body with a dense layer of polygonal tubercles, not touching each other, male pedipalp femur slender, slightly as long as body length.</p><p>Etymology: It refers to the collecting site, Mt. Kaka in the Bale Mountain range; adjective mode.</p><p>Description: MALE. Body, dorsal side (Figs 25–26): Relatively large species of the known species set. Scutum densely covered with marked polygonal blackish tubercles, nearly touching each other but slightly separated from each other indicated by light gaps; frontal rim of prosoma equipped with a row of 12 pointed apophyses of various sizes, larger ones on left and right half of distal rim; two relatively long pointed apophyses para-median on the scutal areas I–V; free tergites visible from above, each covered by a narrow row of slender, drawn-out pointed apophyses, longest ones in mid-part of tergites.</p><p>Tuber oculorum (Figs 25): Small, front part close to the distal rim of prosomal scutum, irregularly equipped with long pointed blackish apophyses, central distal one longest, slightly surpassing distal rim of prosoma; yellow, small tubercles black.</p><p>Colour pattern (Figs 25–26): Most tubercles brownish to blackish, small light yellow parts on prosoma and opisthosoma caused by uncolored tubercles.</p><p>Body, ventral side: Cx irregularly all over covered with relatively large apophyses of various form (not markedly polygonal), all pointed and with seta on top. Op gen light yellowish, all sternites brownish, with a row of short apophyses, longest on lateral sides, intersegmental membranes light.</p><p>Legs: All articles light brownish to blackish of normal size and proportions, no articles enlarged or inflated, Tr smooth except for few minute tubercles, all articles of all legs round in cross section, all articles irregularly covered with low tubercles, all pointed with small seta (except articles of Ta). Number of tarsomeres on legs I–IV: I 4, II 7, III 5, IV 6 (same numbers in female, see below; equal numbers on right and left leg).</p><p>Pedipalp (Figs 25, 35): Extremely long, thin and filiform, Tr (Fig. 34) with one ve larger apophysis; Fe longer than entire body, all articles slenderer then those of legs I–IV; Pt slightly shorter than Fe; Fe and Pt slightly broadened towards distal end; Ti (Figs 31, 33) extremely short, parallel-sided; Ta shortest article, similar to Ti but fusiform. All pedipalpal articles devoid of any strong and/or elevated tubercles, few fine light setae on all articles, elongated setae on Ta, length similar to depth of article.</p><p>Chelicera (Figs 36–37): Basal article slender, dorsally strongly concave at mid portion, less so on ventral side, few strong tubercles dorso- and ventro-distally with minute seta on top, 2 nd article slightly inflated, fusiform, frontally with a dense cover of fine tubercles, single strong setae frontally and distally close to insertion of 3 rd article, a strong but slender Apo near mid-half on pro-lateral side close to frontal side of the base of fixed digit (2 nd article).</p><p>Penis morphology (Figs 29–32): Truncus penis slender (la and do/ve views, Figs 29–30), from the small slightly enlarged base in proximal third nearly parallel-sided, then continuously enlarged towards distal end (la view). Truncus in do/ve view in distal section with markedly enlarged frontal rim divided in two rounded lobes with slight median crevice. Glans a longish tube, emerging from dorso-distal enlarged part of truncus, slightly surpassing distal end of truncus in everted state (Figs 31–32), stylus and ventral lamella situated close to each other (Fig. 32); glans tube with a dense inner cover of minute stings, their tips directed to distal opening, but reverse when prickly funnel expanded; in everted state stylus projecting the expanded prickly funnel. Truncus equipped with only two stout sensilla close to insertion of glans tube.</p><p>Description: FEMALE. Characters of external morphology generally like in male including coloration and equipment of body with tubercles and apophyses though less intensively developed (Figs 27–28).</p><p>Chelicera (Figs 38–39): Generally smaller than male, 2 nd article shorter and slenderer, proximal article distally less inflated. Equipment with apophyses similar to male, but lacking the conical apophysis close to the basis of the fixed digit (Fig. 39).</p><p>Pedipalp (Figs 27, 33): Extremely short (total length about body length), Ti and Ta of about equal length, slightly shorter than Fe; Tr with two ve apophyses of different sizes with strong seta on top; Fe smooth, nearly parallel-sided, slightly enlarged distally, dorsally with few low apophyses and three larger ones ventrally in proximal half, all with seta on top; Pt slightly curved to ventral side and slightly enlarged distally, one ventro-distal apophysis; Ti equipped with three elevated tubercles of different sizes ventrally, the central one largest with a long immovable seta on top; Ta with several indistinct and low seta-topped apophyses ventrally and few small additional setae interspersed, few on do side; claw strong, length slightly less than Ta length.</p><p>Measurements (male, female in parentheses):</p><p>Body length: Including pointed apophysis on distal and proximal rim of scutum 3.0 (3.5), without apophyses, including free tergites: 2.8 (3.4).</p><p>Leg II: Tr 0.3 (0.3), Fe 2.1 (1.8), Pt 0.5 (0.5), Ti 1.8 (1.5), Mt 1.3 (1.3), Ta 1.4 (1.4); total: 7.4 (6.8).</p><p>Pedipalp: Tr 0.3 (0.3), Fe 2.8 (0.8), Pt 2.7 (0.5), Ti 0.7 (0.4), Ta 0.45 (0.4), claw 0.4 (0.4); total: 7.35 (2.8). Male pedipalp: 2.63 times longer than female pedipalp.</p><p>Number of tarsomeres of legs I–IV (right and left leg): I 4/4 (4/4), II 7/7 (6/7), III 5/5 (5/5), IV 6/6 (6/6).</p><p>Penis length: 1.15.</p><p>Relationships: F. kakaensis sp. nov. is most similar to F. joschmidti sp. nov., which is smaller, has a different genital morphology (concavity on penis ventro-distal plate) and all tubercles of ventral and dorsal side are distally rounded, stump. Pedipalpal proportions are similar in both species, also the lack of elevated tubercles on all pedipalp articles. But in F. kakaensis sp. nov. pedipalp is shorter. The elevation of the collecting localities of both species are separated by about slightly more than 1.000 m.</p><p>Distribution, habitat, phenology: Until now only the type and the paratype specimens are known from above Meraro on the eastern slope and from the northeastern part of the crater region of Mount Kaka, a subsidiary shield volcano of Bale Mountains. The two collecting localities are situated at altitudes of 3370–3500 m a.s.l. and 3900– 4100 m a.s.l., the latter in the afro-alpine zone. The lower collecting locality is situated in the (originally) highmontane forest belt of Mount Kaka; to be expected in the former place is a forest formation dominated by the African Redwood ( Hagenia abyssinica, Rosaceae) in transition to Erica arborea (Ericaceae) forest. But Mount Kaka is completely deforested and hardly any original forest patch is left. Litter and raw humus was sieved; at the lower locality earth was dug along a stream in a steep canyon. Only there were bushes left which are unavailable for cattle and man-made fire.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D287DBFFEA9958FBE2F92CC787F873	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martens, Jochen	Martens, Jochen (2022): From the Ethiopian Bale Mountains hotspot-Filopalpinae subfam. nov., a new taxon of Laniatorean harvestmen based on external and genital morphology (Arachnida, Opiliones, Assamiidae). Zootaxa 5159 (2): 221-244, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5159.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5159.2.3
03D287DBFFEE995DFBE2FF64C746FD2B.text	03D287DBFFEE995DFBE2FF64C746FD2B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Filopalpus bale Martens 2022	<div><p>Filopalpus bale sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 40–57)</p><p>Type material: Holotype (CJM 9000), ♂, ETHIOPIA, Oromia, Bale Mts., southern slope below <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.720554&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.721389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.720554/lat 6.721389)">Rira</a>, 2380 m a.s.l., leg. 16.12.2016, 06°43’17”N, 39°43’14”E . Paratypes: (CJM 8962), 1 ♀, same data as for holotype. (CJM 8947), 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.68139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.785278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.68139/lat 6.785278)">Harenna forest</a>, Bijamo Valley W Rira, 3130 m a.s.l., leg. 8.– 9.2.2020, 6°47’07”N, 39°40’53”E. (CJM 8903) , 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.766388&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.735278" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.766388/lat 6.735278)">Harenna forest</a> E Rira, 2900 m a.s.l., leg. 9.2.2017, 6°44’07”N 39°45’59”E. (CJM 8967) , 1 ♀, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.753334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.593889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.753334/lat 6.593889)">Harenna forest</a> S of Rira, 1780 m a.s.l., leg. 12.12.2017, 06°35’38” N, 39°45’12”E .</p><p>Diagnosis: Total body length 2.3 mm, smallest species of the species set available here; in male dorsal side of body with two pairs of long pointed apophyses para-median on the scutal areas I–V, nearly lacking in female, male pedipalp extremely long and slender, filiform Fe reaching body length, relatively short Fe of female, frontal apophysis of Tu oc strong, in male surpassing frontal rim of prosoma, less so in female, glans with prickly funnel in unexpanded state surpassing distal rim of penis).</p><p>Remarks: Body coloration variable changing from yellowish to brownish, in all female specimens with regular light and dark tessellate pattern.</p><p>Etymology: It refers to the collecting site, the Ethiopian Bale Mountains; noun in apposition.</p><p>Description. MALE. Body, dorsal side (Figs 46–47): Scutum densely covered with light brownish tubercles, nearly touching each other, frontal rim of prosoma irregularly equipped with a row of 6 pointed tubercles of various sizes, all directed distad; prominent para-median apophyses on areae of abd scutum: two pairs each on areae I and III, one pair each on areae II and IV, a dense row of large stump apophyses on area V directed posteriad; free tergites visible from above, each covered by a narrowly-set row of massive distally rounded apophyses, longest in mid-part of tergites.</p><p>Tuber oculorum (Figs 46–47): Small, front part close to the frontal rim of prosomal scutum, irregularly equipped with few long stump apophyses, the central distal one most massive, markedly surpassing distal rim.</p><p>Colour pattern (Figs 46–47): General impression whitish to light yellowish, apparently due to short period after final moult, not yet in final state of exoskeleton consistence; light-dark pattern of spots discernable but indistinctly coined.</p><p>Body, ventral side (Fig. 48): Cx irregularly covered all over with large tubercles of various form (not markedly polygonal), all apophyses pointed with seta on top. Op gen only with scattered minute apophyses, remainder of ventral side covered with apophyses of various sizes, smallest on free sternites, largest on Op anale.</p><p>Legs: All articles light and of normal size and proportions; Tr smooth except for few minute apophyses, all articles of all legs round in cross section, all articles irregularly covered with low apophyses, all pointed with small seta (except tarsomeres).</p><p>Pedipalp (Figs 46–48, 55–56): Extremely long, thin and filiform, all articles slenderer than those of legs I–IV, articles as long (Fe) or slightly shorter (Pt) than body, Fe and Pt slightly broadened towards distal end, Ti extremely short and parallel-sided, Ta shortest article, fusiform. All pedipalpal articles (Figs 55–56) coarse, devoid of any strong and elevated apophyses or tubercles, few fine light setae on all articles, elongated setae on Ta close to the claw, length of Ta slightly larger than depth of article; claw slightly shorter than Ta.</p><p>Chelicera (Figs 51–52): Basal article slender, dorsally strongly concave in mid-part, much less on ventral side, dorso-distal part of basal article forming a distinctly rounded irregular apophysis, few strong apophyses dorso- and ventro-distally, a small field of fine pointed tubercles ventrally and less dorsally on the dorsal mid-part; 2 nd article slightly inflated, fusiform, frontally with a dense cover of fine pointed tubercles, single strong setae frontally and distally close to insertion 3 rd article.</p><p>Genital morphology (Figs 40–45): Truncus penis slender (do/ve views, Fig. 40), from the small slightly enlarged base parallel-sided in lower half, distal section continuously enlarged, broadest at glans section, truncus (in la view, Fig. 41) slender as well, in distal forth slightly concave dorsally, distal section only slightly enlarged, distal rim of truncus slightly concave. Glans a longish egg-shaped tube (Figs 42–45), emerging from dorso-distal enlarged part of truncus, in unexpanded state slightly surpassing distal end of truncus by about one third of its length; glans tube ending in a small rounded lamella at ventral side. Glans tube with a dense inner cover of minute stings, their tips directed to distal opening. Stylus not to be seen from unexpanded glans. Short setae concentrated on the enlarged distal glans section of truncus, four on ventral side asymmetrically placed, three each on la side, two on distal rim of truncus pointing distally, apparently none immediately beside the glans tube as in other species, e.g., in F. kakaensis (Fig. 31).</p><p>Description. FEMALE. Body, dorsal side (Figs 49–50): Coloration and pattern markedly different among specimens, varying from light to dark brown without distinct pattern to a tessellate pattern (Fig. 50); anterior margin of scutum with three apophyses laterally of Tu oc; prominent para-median apophyses on areae of abd scutum varying from low and indistinct (Fig. 49–50) to two distinct though low pairs each on areae I, II and III, one pair on areae IV, a dense row of large pointed apophyses on area V directed posteriad, on free tergites a row of marked pointed apophyses, smaller and lower ones interspersed; length of apophyses slightly varying in different females.</p><p>Ventral side: Cx with low roundish apophyses, stronger and more pointed towards distal end; less prominent on free sternites but strong and relatively long on la sides.</p><p>Chelicera (Figs 53–54): Similar to male, no distinct differences but without granulation on basal and on 2 nd articles.</p><p>Pedipalp (Figs 49–50, 57): Relatively stout, articles slightly thickened and massive. Tr with two strong ve apophyses with seta on top, one of them larger; Fe slightly enlarged to distal end, dorsally and ventrally with few low apophyses with short seta on top; Pt markedly enlarged distally; Ti ventrally with few low Apo, two of them with long and fine seta; Ta cone-shaped, few fine setae dorsally, three stronger ones ventrally, no elevated apophyses present; claw as long as Ta.</p><p>Legs: Roundish in cross section, with scattered low fine tubercles with seta on top.</p><p>Measurements (male, females in parentheses):</p><p>Body length:Including pointed apophyses on distal and frontal rim of scutum, male holotype 2.3 (3.0/3.0/3.1), without including free tergites: 2.0 (2.6/2.8/2.8).</p><p>Leg II: Male, three females in parenthesis: Tr 0.2 (0.2/0.2/0.2), Fe 2.0 (1.8/2.0/2.1), Pt 0.5 (0.45/0.5/0.5), Ti 1.7 (1.6/1.8/1.7), Mt 1.5 (1.4/1.5/1.5), Ta 1.2 (1.0/1.3/1.2), total: 8.9 (6.45/ 7.3/7.2).</p><p>Pedipalp: Tr 0.2 (0.3), Fe 1.9 (0.75), Pt 1.8 (0.5), Ti 0.4 (0.4), Ta 0.45 (0.4), claw 0.25 (0.35); total: 5.0 (2.7). Male pedipalp 1.9 times longer than female pedipalp.</p><p>Number of tarsomeres on legs I–IV, right and left leg (male, females in parentheses): I 4/4 (2/4), II 6/6 (6/6), III 5/- (5/5), IV 6/6 (5/6).</p><p>Penis length: 1.15.</p><p>Relationships: F. bale sp. nov. belongs to the set of species with inconspicuous equipment of female pedipalpal tibia and tarsus. Only a number of strong setae are present which form a reduced catching basket. Similar pedipalps are present in the females of all other filopalpid species presently known except for F. altomontanus sp. nov. Its pedipalpal setae of tibia and tarsus stand on top of elevated apopophyses (Figs 63–64).</p><p>Distribution, habitat, phenology: The male type specimen and three paratype females are known from the Harenna forest around Rira on southern slopes of the Bale Mts; localities range at 2380, 2900 and 3100 m a.s.l.. The Harenna forest, a famous place in the area, is a warm-temperate very species-rich montane broad leave forest, slightly moister than the other sampled localities because the southern slopes of the Bale Mountains receive relatively high amount of precipitation. In addition, the dry season during winter is less strict. Collections were made along a shadowy forest stream by scrambling and sieving litter and soil at various sites.</p><p>The male type specimen has bleach soft cuticle apparently due to short period after final moult, the other specimens show hard cuticle indicating a longer period of adulthood after final moult. Their body coloration varies (see above).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D287DBFFEE995DFBE2FF64C746FD2B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martens, Jochen	Martens, Jochen (2022): From the Ethiopian Bale Mountains hotspot-Filopalpinae subfam. nov., a new taxon of Laniatorean harvestmen based on external and genital morphology (Arachnida, Opiliones, Assamiidae). Zootaxa 5159 (2): 221-244, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5159.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5159.2.3
03D287DBFFED9943FBE2FCEDC7F7FDFF.text	03D287DBFFED9943FBE2FCEDC7F7FDFF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Filopalpus altomontanus Martens 2022	<div><p>Filopalpus altomontanus sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 58–65)</p><p>Type material: Holotype (CJM 9001): ♀, ETHIOPIA, Oromia, Bale Mountains, evironment of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.766666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.9166665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.766666/lat 6.9166665)">Wasama Camp</a>, 3900–4150 m a.s.l., leg. 23. – 25.02.2015; 06°55’N, 39°46’E.</p><p>Diagnosis: Basal article of chelicera markedly inflated in distal part, pedipalpal Fe slightly longer than Pt, strong ve setae of pedipalpal Ti and Ta placed on a long and slender Apo each.</p><p>Etymology: It refers to the afro-alpine habitat of the single collecting locality. Latin altus is high, montanus indicates a mountainous area; adjective form.</p><p>Description. FEMALE. Body, dorsal side (Figs 58, 60): Small species (2.3), longish, slightly broadened towards posteriad end. Strong equipment with low and rounded apophyses all over, additional groups of elongated strong stump apophyses in two irregular para-median rows on the abdominal areae I–IV, additional markedly elevated apophyses of various sizes on free tergites (two of them to be seen from above). Front margin of prosoma with long distad-directed pointed apophyses of different sizes, three on left side, four on right side.</p><p>Tuber oculorum (Figs 58, 60): Small, situated close to frontal rim of prosoma, heavily equipped with prominent stump apophyses, the largest one emerging from anterior mid-border of Tu oc, distinctly surpassing frontal rim of prosoma, smaller ones each on right (four) and left side (three) of Tu oc.</p><p>Color pattern (Figs 58, 60): Whole body light yellowish to whitish and soft, no pattern discernible, apparently due to short span after final moult.</p><p>Body, ventral side (Fig. 59): Cx equipped with large (Cx I) or smaller (Cx II–IV) rounded or slightly pointed apophyses, on Cx II–IV concentrated on distal part and in addition on proximal part (Cx II) or distal margin (Cx III, IV); Op gen with minute apophyses, sternites with one row each of small apophyses, remainder of ve side with scattered medium-sized apophyses, larger on the 3 rd free sternite.</p><p>Legs: Generally light to translucent, without any pattern, size normal. All articles rounded in cross section, leg I with a ve row of marked pointed apohyses, all legs equipped with scattered small apophyses and fine setae interspersed.</p><p>Chelicera (Figs 61–62): Basal article rather compact, with a strong do and a less accentuated ve constriction causing a barbell-like form, distal part rather inflated, few apophyses topped with setae dorso-distally and ventrodistally on basal article, minute apophyses scattered on dorsal parts of basal article, 2 nd article smooth, minute apophyses and long setae frontally and around insertion of 3 rd article.</p><p>Pedipalp (Figs 63–65): Rather slender (in comparison to females of other species). Tr distally enlarged, with one ve apophysis with strong seta on top; Fe smooth, parallel-sided at basal half, slightly broadened distally, from close to the basis bent to do side, with few scattered setae, no apophyses; Pt markedly elongated and only slightly shorter than Fe, slightly curved to ventral side, parallel-sided, mainly dorsally slightly inflated at distal end; Ti much shorter, only about one third of Pt length, ventrally equipped with three elevated apophyses with strong immovable seta on top (Figs 63–65). Ta with four seta-topped apophysis ventrally and few additional small setae interspersed. Claw strong, slightly shorter than Ta.</p><p>Male: Unknown</p><p>Measurements (female):</p><p>Body length: Including pointed apophyses on distal and proximal rim of scutum, in parenthesis without apophyses but including free tergites 2.3 (2.1).</p><p>Leg II: Tr 0.3, Fe 1.6, Pt 0.4, Ti 1.5, Mt 1.4, Ta 1.6; total: 6.8.</p><p>Pedipalp: Tr 0.2, Fe 1.0, Pt 0.9, Ti 0.4, Ta 0.4, claw 0.3; total: 3.2.</p><p>Number of tarsomeres on legs I–IV (right and left leg): I 1/1, II 3/3, III -, IV 2/2.</p><p>Distribution and habitat: The species is only known from the type locality at an elevation between 3900 and 4150 m a.s.l. situated in the afro-alpine altitudinal belt. Prior to the marked slash-and burn impact of men this was the zone of light Erica forest, but presently it is largely eradicated. Today, at this spot giant lobelias ( Lobelia, Campanulaceae) are most prominent and remnant Erica bush prevails especially on steep slopes. The specimen was collected along a stream.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D287DBFFED9943FBE2FCEDC7F7FDFF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martens, Jochen	Martens, Jochen (2022): From the Ethiopian Bale Mountains hotspot-Filopalpinae subfam. nov., a new taxon of Laniatorean harvestmen based on external and genital morphology (Arachnida, Opiliones, Assamiidae). Zootaxa 5159 (2): 221-244, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5159.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5159.2.3
03D287DBFFF39940FBE2FD99C22FFF1F.text	03D287DBFFF39940FBE2FD99C22FFF1F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Filopalpus niger Martens 2022	<div><p>Filopalpus niger sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs 66–70)</p><p>Type material: Holotype (CJM 8985): ♀, ETHIOPIA, Oromia, Bale Mountains, W slope <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.66&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.059167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.66/lat 7.059167)">Web valley</a>, W Dinsho, 3720 m a.s.l., leg. 7.2.2019; 07°03’33”N, 39°39’36”E.</p><p>Diagnosis: Chelicera rather stout, basal article in distal part markedly and distal article slightly inflated; pedipalp stout, few marked apophyses on Fe do and ve, no marked apophyses on Ta; coloration of body totally black.</p><p>Etymology: It refers to the black coloration of the body; adjective in nominative case.</p><p>Description. FEMALE. Body, dorsal side (Figs 66–67): Relatively large species (3.3 mm), longish, slightly broadened towards posterior end, pear-shaped. Equipment with low and rounded apophyses all over but indistinct due to dark coloration, additional groups of low indistinct stump apophyses in an irregular para-median row of two each on the abdominal areae I–IV (la view), two markedly elevated pointed apophyses on the outer edge and three minute ones close to the centre of the frontal rim of prosoma; pointed apophyses of various sizes on the free tergites, smaller ones positioned laterally, larger ones centrally.</p><p>Tuber oculorum (Figs 66–67): Small, situated close to dorsal rim of prosoma, equipped with few pointed apophyses, the largest one emerging from frontal mid-border of Tu oc, distinctly surpassing frontal rim of prosoma, a smaller one at rear end of Tu oc directed backwards, small indistinct ones on right and left side of Tu oc.</p><p>Color pattern (Figs 66–67): Dorsal side blackish, on ventral side Cx brownish, contrasting black tubercles, sternites black with light narrow distal border, Op gen light yellow.</p><p>Body, ventral side: Generally with only slight armament; Cx equipped with densely set low tubercles, more inconspicuously ones on sternites, partly hidden by dark coloration, Op gen with minute tubercles, remainder of ve side with scattered low apophyses.</p><p>Legs: Generally brownish, tarsomeres lighter, without any pattern, size normal. All articles rounded in cross section, equipped with scattered small apophyses and fine setae interspersed causing a raw impression.</p><p>Chelicera (Figs 69–70): Basal article rather slender, especially the proximal half, ve constriction of the basal article nearly absent, that of the do side rather shallow (la view), distal part rather inflated with few low apophyses topped with seta dorso-distally and ventrally, 2 nd article smooth, without apophyses, long setae frontally and around insertion of 3 rd article.</p><p>Pedipalp (Fig. 68): Rather compact (in comparison to females of other species). Tr distally enlarged with one large ve apophysis with long seta on top; Fe smooth, from basis slightly broadened distally to close to distal end (la view), three small tubercle-like apophyses on do side, thee larger ones on ve side, all with short seta on top; Pt rather compact, slightly longer than Ti and markedly shorter than Fe, slightly curved to ventral side, continuously but slightly inflated towards distal end; Ti slightly shorter than Pt length, ventrally equipped with one markedly elevated apophysis with strong immovable seta on top, few additionally low apophyses with short seta on distal half; Ta cone-shaped without markedly elevated apophyses, few low ones present, one strong ve seta, few low additional ones on ve and do sides. Claw strong, nearly as long as Ta.</p><p>Male: Unknown</p><p>Measurements (female):</p><p>Body length: Including pointed apophyses on distal and proximal rim of scute, in parenthesis without apophyses but including free tergites 3.3 (3.0).</p><p>Leg II: Tr 0.25, Fe 0.7, Pt 0.5, Ti 1.5, Mt 1.4, Ta 1.3; total: 5.65.</p><p>Number of tarsomeres on legs I–IV (right and left leg): I 4/4, II 7/6, III 4/5, IV 6/6.</p><p>Distribution and habitat: Only known from the type locality at altitude of 3720 m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D287DBFFF39940FBE2FD99C22FFF1F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Martens, Jochen	Martens, Jochen (2022): From the Ethiopian Bale Mountains hotspot-Filopalpinae subfam. nov., a new taxon of Laniatorean harvestmen based on external and genital morphology (Arachnida, Opiliones, Assamiidae). Zootaxa 5159 (2): 221-244, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5159.2.3, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5159.2.3
