identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D387EEFF9EFFC071FCCFACC173B2F1.text	03D387EEFF9EFFC071FCCFACC173B2F1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dyticus parvulus O. F. Muller 1776	<div><p>Dyticus parvulus O.F. Müller, 1776: 73</p><p>The text in Müller's work is reproduced in Fig. 2. My translation of the Latin text is: " D. parvulus, pronotum black, anteriorly yellow; elytra with a shortened stria; legs brownish black."</p><p>Müller's description fits almost all species of Hydroglyphus and Bidessus occurring not only in northern Europe. However, since Müller's work deals with Scandinavian species, these should be either Bidessus unistriatus, B. grossepunctatus, Hydroglyphus geminus or H. hamulatus (Gyllenhal, 1813) (see e.g. Nilsson &amp; Holmen 1995). The type locality of parvulus is Norway and Denmark (see Nilsson &amp; Hájek 2019b: 104). The identity of the taxon cannot be checked since an insect collection of O.F. Müller never did exist or is totally lost (Horn et al. 1990b: 273; Evenhuis 1997: 555; Nilsson &amp; Petrov 2006: 161; see also Nilsson &amp; Hájek 2019b where under all taxa of O.F. Müller is given " syntypes lost").</p><p>I know of about 90 works in which the name parvulus is used (in combination with several different generic names and authors). Only in 12 of these works is it used as a valid name with author O.F. Müller, one of them is Crotch (1872: 204) who gave Goeze's and Schrank's names as synonyms of parvulus . Heyden (1880: 54) was the first who included the name as valid in combination with the generic name Bidessus Sharp; additionally, he gave geminus as a junior synonym. Baudi (1889: 34) and Ádám (1996) are the last authors who treated Müller's name as valid. Otherwise the taxon is mostly treated as synonym of unistriatus (with authors Schrank, Goeze or others, in several cases also as "sensu" name).</p><p>Thus, we have the problem that parvulus O.F. Müller is an available name (although a nomen dubium) and possibly a senior subjective synonym of unistriatus Goeze and also of unistriatus Schrank, and might be even a senior subjective synonym of Dytiscus geminus Fabricius, 1792 . Since parvulus is an almost forgotten name, the use of this name instead of either Goeze's or Schrank's or Fabricius' name would considerably threaten the stability of the nomenclature.</p><p>It would be easy to give the younger name precedence over the older name by application of Article 23.9 of the ICZN (1999) —if Ádám (1996: 18, 60) would not have used it as valid name. Special problems arise because he even designated it as type species of Bidessus Bedel, 1881 (see also Bousquet &amp; Bouchard 2018).</p><p>It must be also mentioned that Müller's name was already involved in another nomenclatural problem. Motschulsky (1853b: 77) published a new species from Alaska with the name Dytiscus parvulus . The homonymy was removed by J. Balfour-Browne who replaced Motschulsky's name with Dytiscus alaskanus J. Balfour-Browne, 1944: 356, both names being now objective synonyms.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D387EEFF9EFFC071FCCFACC173B2F1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fery, Hans	Fery, Hans (2019): Nomenclatural notes on some taxa of Bidessus Sharp and designation of a neotype (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae: Bidessini). Zootaxa 4565 (4): 579-589, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4565.4.11
03D387EEFF9EFFC771FCC92FC010B3A9.text	03D387EEFF9EFFC771FCC92FC010B3A9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dytiscus unistriatus Goeze 1777	<div><p>Dytiscus unistriatus Goeze, 1777: 626</p><p>The text in Goeze's work is reproduced in Fig. 3. The word " Einstreife " may be a neologism by Goeze which is unknown to me, but its meaning is clearly " the beetle with one stria ". Goeze refers to Geoffroy and simply reproduces his short Latin text. Neither an additional description nor a locality is given.</p><p>It is noteworthy that Goeze (l.c. p. 624) gives Dytiscus parvulus O.F. Müller as a different valid species (see Fig. 4). It is very likely that Goeze himself did not study specimens of most of the taxa mentioned in his work. He lists (at least in the insects part, pp. 605–627) taxa which he has found in works of Geoffroy, Fabricius, O.F. Müller etc. and gives for each taxon at least one reference (see also the "Vorrede" [= Preface] in Goeze 1777). Nevertheless, by this he made some names available which before were unavailable because they had not previously been described according to the rules of the ICZN (1999).</p><p>Since Goeze refers to Geoffroy's " le ditique à une seule strie " and gives no additional locality, the syntype series as well as the type locality ("Paris environs") of Geoffroy's and of Goeze's taxon are the same. Goeze's name is—like those of Geoffroy and O.F. Müller—a nomen dubium.</p><p>On the other hand, since it cannot be definitely excluded that Goeze had studied material of unistriatus, I searched intensively for his material. According to Evenhuis (1997: 320) some parts of Goeze's collection came to the University of Pavia (MSNUP) and "other specimens were purchased by Hunter and may now be in HMUG." Goeze (1792) gives a list of the objects of his collection. The insects are listed on pp. 71–73 and among them (p. 72) one vial with water beetle larvae in alcohol and another vial with water beetles (namely Dytiscus marginalis L.). Trolldenier (2013) has studied the collection of Goeze as it is preserved in the MSNUP, but he reports no vials with insects. Originally, 278 vials came to Pavia of which only 131 are still present in the museum. According to Trolldenier (l.c. p. 75) John Hunter's offer to acquire Goeze's collection came too late. Thus, it is likely that all parts of the collection came to Pavia, including the insects. Unfortunately, requests at the MSNUP and the HMUG for Goeze's type material were unsuccessful.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D387EEFF9EFFC771FCC92FC010B3A9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fery, Hans	Fery, Hans (2019): Nomenclatural notes on some taxa of Bidessus Sharp and designation of a neotype (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae: Bidessini). Zootaxa 4565 (4): 579-589, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4565.4.11
03D387EEFF99FFC671FCCBD7C761B69D.text	03D387EEFF99FFC671FCCBD7C761B69D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dytiscus unistriatus Schrank 1781	<div><p>Dytiscus unistriatus Schrank, 1781: 205</p><p>The text in Schrank's work is reproduced in Fig. 5.</p><p>Schrank refers also to Geoffroy (1762), but he gives an additional rather detailed description and an exact type locality—a water cistern in the botanical garden in Vienna (Austria): " Habitat Viennae in aquis stagnantibus, in conservis cisternarum Horti botanici." Notes: In the time span 1762–1773 Schrank passed several small periods of his life in Vienna. In 1809 he became the first director of the newly founded botanical garden in Munich (see Stolberg-Wernigerode 2007: 518–519).</p><p>The meaning of " Einstreifigter Wasserkäfer " is " water beetle with one stria ". The translation of the Latin description is: " Barely the size of a water flea. I possess a single specimen in my collection, which when it could be included in it [the collection], it was glued onto a little piece of paper, hence I don't know which colour it had on the underside, since I could not examine it alive. Black head, saturated dark pronotum, behind its centre with two slightly curved engraved lines, which are continued on the base of the elytra. Otherwise no punctures or grooves, apart from the only one near the inner margin of each elytron, which is simple, and not dotted. The colour of the elytra is less dark than that of the pronotum; with base, exterior margin and apex yellow." I am not fully sure about the translation of a part of the last but one sentence (underlined), but later Schrank (1798: 719) gave a description in German which is very similar to the Latin text above and contains the sentence (translation by me): " On each elytron a single, impunctate, engraved stria, near the suture."</p><p>The identity of Schrank's taxon is unclear because Schrank's description—although comparably detaileddoes not allow a reliably identification of his taxon. The name is—like those of Geoffroy, O.F. Müller and Goeze— a nomen dubium. It is likely that Schrank's single specimen from Vienna is what currently is treated as Bidessus unistriatus, but according to the description it may have been also a specimen of Hydroglyphus geminus, B. grossepunctatus, B. nasutus Sharp, 1887, or B. minutissimus . On the other hand, I have studied 12 specimens from the landscape "Lobau" which is situated ca. 8 km east of the Vienna botanical garden. These specimens agree fully with what is currently understood under B. unistriatus Goeze. Because Schrank refers also to Geoffroy (1762), the syntype series encompasses not only the specimen from Vienna, but also the specimens which Geoffroy has studied (Article 72.4.1 of the ICZN 1999). Hence the type locality is " Vienna and Paris environs".</p><p>Evenhuis (1997: 705) gives for Schrank's collection: "Whereabouts or existence of any personal insect collection is unknown." My requests at several institutions were unsuccessful (MNB, NMW, SDEI, ZSM,). Thus we must assume that the single specimen of Dytiscus unistriatus personally studied by Schrank is lost.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D387EEFF99FFC671FCCBD7C761B69D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fery, Hans	Fery, Hans (2019): Nomenclatural notes on some taxa of Bidessus Sharp and designation of a neotype (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae: Bidessini). Zootaxa 4565 (4): 579-589, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4565.4.11
03D387EEFF98FFC571FCCA6DC725B69C.text	03D387EEFF98FFC571FCCA6DC725B69C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dyticus monostriatus Geoffroy in Fourcroy 1785	<div><p>Dyticus monostriatus Geoffroy in Fourcroy 1785: 69</p><p>The Latin part of the text for " le ditique à une seule strie " in Geoffroy (1762: 192) is almost literally repeated in Fourcroy (1785: 69) under the available name Dyticus monostriatus Geoffroy in Fourcroy 1785 (see Fig. 6), a name which is treated as a junior subjective synonym of Bidessus unistriatus Schrank (or Goeze) more or less since Gemminger &amp; Harold (1868: 442).</p><p>A comparison of the hydradephagan taxa in Geoffroy (1762) and in Fourcroy (1785) shows that all in the 1762 work are also included in that of the year 1785 (here are added three further taxa) with only slightly varied Latin text (the French texts are omitted), but to all taxa is added a binomial name.</p><p>According to the Latin preface in Fourcroy (1785) and its translation as well as further comments in D'Aguilar &amp; Raimbault (1990: 39) there is no doubt that e.g. the name Dyticus monostriatus relates to " le ditique à une seule strie " in Geoffroy (1762), and thus the syntypes series of monostriatus are the specimens which Geoffroy has studied for his work of the year 1762. Accordingly, the type locality of Dyticus monostriatus is the same as that of " le ditique à une seule strie "—"environs of Paris". For the whereabouts of the syntypes see under this taxon.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D387EEFF98FFC571FCCA6DC725B69C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Fery, Hans	Fery, Hans (2019): Nomenclatural notes on some taxa of Bidessus Sharp and designation of a neotype (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae: Bidessini). Zootaxa 4565 (4): 579-589, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4565.4.11
