identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D3D970DE4DFF971788F9D0B0D1FE91.text	03D3D970DE4DFF971788F9D0B0D1FE91.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Himantura australis	<div><p>Himantura australis sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 1–7; Table 1)</p><p>Himantura toshi (not Whitley): Whitley, 1940: 212 (in part), brief description (misidentification).</p><p>Himantura uarnak (not Gmelin): Paxton et al., 1989: 42 (listed); Last &amp; Stevens, 1994: 406 -07, description, illustration; Last &amp; Stevens, 2009: 449 -50, description, illustration (misidentifications).</p><p>Himantura uarnak 2: Naylor et al., 2012: 70, 255 (molecular data).</p><p>Himantura sp. 4: Last et al., 2016: figs. 3, 5 (molecular data).</p><p>Holotype. CSIRO H 7798-04 (tissue accession GN15798), juvenile male 415 mm DW, west of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=143.14217&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.073833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 143.14217/lat -9.073833)">Oriomo River</a>, Daru, Western Province, Papua New Guinea, 9°04.43’S, 143°08.53’E, 25 Oct 2014.</p><p>Paratypes. 13 specimens: CSIRO H 1134-1, late embryo male 292 mm DW, north of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.71333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.593334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.71333/lat -19.593334)">Port Hedland</a>, Western Australia, 19°35.6’S, 118°42.8’E, 32–34 m depth, 21 Sep 1987 ; CSIRO H 1463-3, juvenile male 283 mm DW, north of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.35667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.101667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.35667/lat -20.101667)">Cape Lambert</a>, Western Australia, 20°06.1’S, 117°21.4’ E, 41 m depth, 20 Sep 1988 ; CSIRO H 1920-01 (tail only), mother of CSIRO H 1463-3, North-West Shelf, Western Australia, 20 Sep 1988 ; CSIRO H 4016-01, neonatal female 309 mm DW, north of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.121666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.351667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.121666/lat -20.351667)">Cape Preston</a>, Western Australia, 20°21.1’S, 116°07.3’E, 41–42 m depth, 25 Aug 1995 ; CSIRO H 4422-01, juvenile male 314 mm DW, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=148.69583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 148.69583/lat -20.633333)">Proserpine</a>, Repulse Bay, Queensland, Australia, 20°38’S, 148°41.75’E, 11 Nov 1993 ; CSIRO H 4542-06, juvenile male 310 mm DW, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.63617&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.8226666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.63617/lat -4.8226666)">Kamora River</a> estuary, West Papua, Indonesia, 4°49.36’S, 136°38.17’E, 5–10 m depth, 30 May 1996 ; CSIRO H 7839-01 (tissue accession GN15784), juvenile male 333 mm DW, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=143.20984&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.065166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 143.20984/lat -9.065166)">Daru</a> fish market, Western Province, Papua New Guinea, 9°03.91’S, 143°12.59’E, 21 Oct 2014 ; CSIRO H 7840-01 (tissue accession GN15789), juvenile male 241 mm DW, fishing camp near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=143.1915&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.037666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 143.1915/lat -9.037666)">Daru</a>, 9°02.26’S, 143°11.49’ E, 24 Oct 2014 ; NTM S 11144 -001, juvenile male 285 mm DW, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=131.017&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.358" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 131.017/lat -12.358)">King Creek</a>, Shoal Bay, Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory, Australia, 12°21.48’S, 131°1.02’E, 15 Jan 1983 ; NTM S 11507 -006, juvenile male 343 mm DW, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.837&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.413" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.837/lat -12.413)">Ludmilla Creek</a>, Darwin Harbour, Northern Territory, Australia, 12°24.78’S, 130°50.22’E, 19 Dec 1984 ; KFRS unregistered (field accession 220349; tissue accession GN15785), juvenile female 350 mm DW, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=143.34183&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.020833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 143.34183/lat -9.020833)">Katatai</a>, Western Province, Papua New Guinea, 9°01.25’S, 143°20.51’E, 23 Oct 2014 ; KFRS unregistered (field accession 220420; tissue accession GN15790), juvenile female 286 mm DW, fishing camp near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=143.1915&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.037666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 143.1915/lat -9.037666)">Daru</a>, Western Province, Papua New Guinea, 9°02.26’S, 143°11.49’ E, 24 Oct 2014 ; KFRS unregistered (field accession 230247; tissue accession GN16607), late-term embryo 300 mm DW (from female 1400 mm DW), Gulf of Papua, Papua New Guinea, 7°55’S, 145°00’ E, 1 Dec 2014 .</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.71333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.593334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.71333/lat -19.593334)">Other</a> material. 15 specimens: CSIRO H 1134-2, juvenile female 297 mm DW, north of Port Hedland, Western Australia, 19°35.6’S, 118°42.8’E, 32–34 m depth, 21 Sep 1987 ; CSIRO H 1479-03, juvenile female 259 mm DW, CSIRO H 1479-04, juvenile male 255 mm DW, CSIRO H 1479-05, juvenile male 262 mm DW, CSIRO H 1479-06, juvenile female 273 mm DW, north of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.795&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.158333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.795/lat -20.158333)">Dampier Archipelago</a>, Western Australia, 20°09.5’S, 116°47.7’E, 43 m depth, 24 Sep 1988 ; CSIRO H 2371-02, juvenile female 290 mm DW, CSIRO H 2371-03, juvenile female 278 mm DW, CSIRO H 2371-04, juvenile male 283 mm DW, CSIRO H 2371-05, juvenile male 293 mm DW, north of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.35667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-20.101667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.35667/lat -20.101667)">Cape Lambert</a>, Western Australia, 20°06.1’S, 117°21.4’E, 41 m depth, 20 Sep 1988 ; CSIRO H 4786-01 (tissue accession GN5082), juvenile male 310 mm DW, CSIRO H 4786-02 (tissue accession GN1596), juvenile male 322 mm DW, near mouth of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=130.908&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.3375" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 130.908/lat -12.3375)">Buffalo Creek</a>, Lee Point, Northern Territory, Australia, 12°20.25’S, 130°54.48’E, 7 Aug 1997 ; CSIRO H 7629-02; CSIRO H 7807-02; PNG-232047; PNG- 230349.</p><p>Diagnosis. A species of Himantura distinguished by a combination of the following features: disc weakly rhomboidal; preorbital snout moderately short (length 19–22% DW), rather broad, angle 117–127°, with a distinct apical lobe; lateral apices narrowly rounded; orbits moderately large, often strongly protruding (particularly in young); 1–2, mostly heart-shaped suprascapular denticles (not preceded before and after by a row of smaller primary denticles); secondary denticle band developed before birth; dorsal surface of juveniles (smaller than 370 mm DW) dark spotted or with spots and weak reticulations, subadults and adults (exceeding 390 mm DW) more strongly reticulated; dorsal tail of juveniles with 3 rows of spots before caudal sting, faint dark saddles beyond sting (tail lacking alternating black and white bands); tail uniformly dark ventrally; pectoral-fin radials 1 46–152; vertebral centra (excluding synarcual) 123; including synarcual 124.</p><p>Description. Disc rhomboidal, width 1.05 in holotype (1.01–1.06 in paratypes, all early juveniles and neonates &lt;350 mm DW) times length; anterior angle 110° (103–118°), pectoral angle 96° (92–94°); most robust on cranial region of head, raised slightly on mid-scapular region, maximum thickness 7.55 (6.37–9.09)% disc width (DW). Snout with a distinct apical lobe, angle 117° (117–127°); anterior margin of disc almost straight (not noticeably double convex), lateral apices narrowly rounded; posterior margin broadly convex, free rear tip narrowly rounded. Pelvic fins rather small, length 18.9 (18.3–19.5)% DW; width across base 13.9 (12.2–15.4)% DW; not protruding far beyond disc. Claspers of adult male unavailable for examination. Tail very long and slender, tapering gently from base toward caudal sting then becoming whip-like; total length 3.8–4.2 times DW when undamaged (3.0 in holotype but tip missing), tail length 3.5–4.0 times precloacal length when intact; base narrow, slightly depressed and oval, width 1.58 (1.26–1.56) times height. No obvious skin folds on dorsal or ventral surfaces of tail, but midventral surface of tail in neonates with a long and narrow, longitudinal fleshy ridge (presumably a rudimentary fold) extending posteriorly from about level of caudal sting for a distance equivalent to tail length before sting; no evidence of ventral ridge in large individuals.</p><p>Snout rather short, angular, strongly depressed; preoral snout length 2.04 (2.42–2.55) times mouth width, 2.26 (2.34–2.73) times internarial distance, 20.6 (21.2–21.8)% DW; direct preorbital snout length 1.46 (1.34–1.66) times interorbital length; snout to maximum disc width 40.3 (38.9–43.3)% DW, interorbital space almost flat; eye moderately large, length 2.08 (1.80–2.64) in spiracle length; orbits protruding well beyond disc in young, exceedingly so in neonates and less so in large individuals; diameter 1.21 (1.08–1.58) in spiracle length, interorbital distance 2.54 (2.04–2.56) times orbit. Spiracles large, subrectangular, situated laterally or dorsolaterally.</p><p>Nostrils moderately large, narrowly elongate, oblique, posterior half recurved in posterolateral direction; lateral margin with weak double concavity, length 1.94 (1.85–2.28) in internasal distance; internasal distance 1.75 (1.78–2.03) of prenasal length. Nasal curtain subrectangular, skirt-shaped, relatively broad, width 1.85 (1.77–2.11) times length; lateral margin almost straight, smooth edged; posterolateral apex depressible into shallow groove; posterior margin weakly fringed, weakly concave.</p><p>Mouth moderately arched; prominent knob at symphysis of upper jaw, retractable mesially into deep notch at symphysis of lower jaw; oronasal groove shallow, extending posteriorly from posterolateral edge of mouth to chin; skin on ventral surface of lower jaw moderately papillose, not confined to narrow strip around lips; no circumoral grooves. Jaws of types not dissected to reveal details of mouth, but images of oral region of discarded material indicate a mouth floor with mainly 4 well-developed papillae (medial pair occasionally separated by a smaller papilla); medial pair simple, broad, flattened, rounded distally, subequal in size (slightly larger than outer pair), located near to each other; single outer papilla located near each corner of mouth, well separated from inner pair. Teeth in a juvenile paratype ( CSIRO H 4542-06) small, subequal in size in upper and lower jaws; narrowly rhombic with 1–2 low, transverse ridges on crown, ridges separated by prominent groove; ~59 vertical rows in upper jaw.</p><p>Gill openings S-shaped, strongly arched posteriorly, margins smooth; length of first gill slit 1.64 (1.11–1.50) times length of fifth, 2.78 (2.59–3.37) in mouth width; distance between first gill slits 2.39 (2.18–2.54) times internasal distance, 0.48 (0.44–0.48) of ventral head length; distance between fifth gill slits 1.46 (1.45–1.66) times internasal distance, 0.29 (0.29) in ventral head length.</p><p>Squamation. Ontogenetic stages 2 and 4 present in available material; stages 0, 1, 3, 5 and 6 not applicable (data on large individuals inadequate). Denticle development relatively rapid; late-term embryos display welldeveloped suprascapular denticles and a loose band of primary denticles along median disc.</p><p>Stage 2: Suprascapular and narrow secondary denticle band present in late embryos. Secondary denticles extending from interorbital region, along median disc, almost to pectoral-fin insertions at birth (240–350 mm DW); 1–2 (usually 2), well-developed, heart-shaped (occasionally pearl-shaped) suprascapular denticles; first suprascapular denticle largest, with convex crown (length 7.2–9.5 mm in morphometric types); second with flatter crown than first; secondary denticles heart-shaped, similar in size to each other and none enlarged beside suprascapular denticles. Denticles absent on tail of neonates.</p><p>Stage 4: Secondary denticle band developing more widely over central disc and on head. In juvenile male holotype ( CSIRO H 7798-04, 415 mm DW), band moderately dense, covering entire interorbit, width at scapular region ~24% DW; small flattened denticles scattered over median dorsal surface of pre-sting tail; remaining disc smooth. In CMO3-65 (560 mm DW) denticles minute (not tightly spaced), extending well forward of the eyes. In adult ( CSIRO H 1920-01) denticles present over nearly all of tail (absent near ventral base); flattened denticles interspersed with slightly larger and more widely spaced, upright, stellate-based tubercular denticles.</p><p>Meristics. Total pectoral-fin radials (non-types) 146–152 (n=3); propterygium 60–64, mesopterygium 17–21, metapterygium 68–70. Pelvic-fin radials difficult to count, possibly 25–27 (n=4). Vertebral centra (excluding synarcual) 123 (n=1), (including synarcual) 124 (n=1); monospondylous (including 2nd synarcual) 50–52 (n=2), pre-sting diplospondylous 66–73 (n=4); and post-sting diplospondylous 0 (n=4).</p><p>Colour. When fresh (holotype): Dorsal disc entirely covered with dark brown, coarsely reticulate colour pattern; reticulate markings differing in length, formed from clusters of sequentially coalesced spots; width of reticulations about half of pupil diameter; reticulations separated from each other by narrower and paler yellow wavy lines (mostly much narrower than dark reticulations); dark spots not fused around outer disc and pelvic-fin margins; tail before caudal sting with 3 irregular rows of dark spots (medially and dorsolaterally), beyond sting more uniformly greyish (blotched but not with alternating light and dark bands), darkest distally. Ventral surface of disc largely white; narrow outer margin of disc and pelvic fins dusky with some small darker markings (margins of paratypes often densely covered with black spots); tail white forward of caudal sting, dark to black posterior to sting, similar to dorsal surface and not banded.</p><p>Other material: Displays two primary developmental colour morphs (based on all available images, both retained and non-retained material): a dark spotted or spotted/weakly reticulated juvenile form (largest observed 370 mm DW) and subadult and adult forms which are more strongly reticulate (smallest observed 390 mm DW). The smallest individuals (e.g. CSIRO H 7840-01, 241 mm DW, Fig. 5 a; CSIRO H 1463-03, 283 mm DW, Fig. 5 b) have a honeycomb pattern consisting of irregularly shaped brownish black spots (of more or less similar size and similar to pupil diameter) on central disc separated by narrow yellowish lines; some spots coalesced to form short wavy lines; spots on head and around disc margin typically smaller; dorsal tail before caudal sting with 3 irregular rows of similar dark blotches, not obviously banded beyond sting. Some individuals (e.g. CMO 3-57, 290 mm DW) of this morph had the bulk of their markings coalesced to form a distinct reticulate pattern; dark markings only slightly broader than pale lines separating them. Tail of smallest individuals prominently marked; on pre-sting tail upper surface with single median row of dark spots, dorsalateral surfaces with row of similar spots, ventral surface white; lateral spots persist slight beyond caudal sting; anterior tail beyond sting not strongly banded, but with vague light and dark dorsal saddles, sides of tail pale and ventral surface uniformly dark; posterior most part of tail beyond sting entirely black. Smallest fully reticulate form (CMO 3-13, 390 mm DW) with very dark, coarse reticulate markings covering entire disc; pale lines separating them much less than half their width; tail markings before caudal sting similar, tail dark greyish or black beyond sting; pattern persisting until about 55 cm DW (CMO 3-10, 550 mm DW). Latter stages becoming more finely reticulate (CMO 3-65, 560 mm DW, Fig. 5 d; PNG not retained 100043, 830 mm DW, Fig. 5 e; PNG not retained 130028, 1120 mm DW; PNG not retained 130022, 1400 mm DW, Fig. 5 f) or reticulated and partly ocellated (PNG not retained 100096, 1140 mm DW).</p><p>Holotype Paratypes</p><p>Range ......continued on the next page Holotype Paratypes</p><p>Range Size. One paratype ( CSIRO H 1463-3), a late-term embryo recovered from an adult female ( CSIRO H 1920- 01), was 283 mm DW. Two neonates with strong evidence of umbilical scars were 292 and 309 mm DW. A smaller immature male has a healed scar at 241 mm DW. Smallest confirmed adult male 1120 mm DW; largest specimen a 1400 mm DW pregnant female containing 2 embryos 300 mm DW (White, unpublished).</p><p>Distribution. Once considered to be conspecific with Himantura uarnak (Gmelin, 1789) and widespread in the Indo–West Pacific. Now appears to be confined to the Australasian Plate; known from off Papua New Guinea and northern Australia, from Shark Bay (off Western Australia) to Brisbane (off Queensland); type material displayed in Fig. 6. Depth distribution not well documented, but primarily in shallow-water from near the shore to at least 45 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. Noun in apposition referring to the tropical Southern Hemisphere distribution of this Himantura . Vernacular name: Australian Whipray.</p><p>Comparisons. Himantura australis and H. leoparda Manjaji-Matsumoto &amp; Last, 2008 are the only members of the genus Himantura (sensu Last et al., 2016) occurring in Australasian seas. The species are similar but differ in coloration: Himantura australis has a more reticulated pattern on the dorsal disc in adults (adult H. australis have an ocellated pattern, typical of H. leoparda, but the ocelli are smaller and remain dominated by reticulations), the suprascapular denticles are few (1–2, rather than being preceded and followed by a row of slightly smaller primary denticles), and the snout is broader (rather than being produced slightly and more angular) in young and mostly in adults. Juveniles differ in the following morphometric details: preoral length 2.04–2.55 times mouth width (vs. 2.79–3.30 in H. leoparda), and 20.6–21.8% DW (vs. 23.3–27.6%); distance between first gill slits 2.18–2.54 times internasal distance (vs. 1.98–2.18); distance between fifth gill slits 1.45–1.66 times internasal distance (vs. 1.38– 1.40), ~ 0.29 in ventral head length (vs. 0.25–0.28).</p><p>Himantura australis is not sympatric with its other congeners and its relationship to these species is part of a revision of the group in progress. It exhibits strong molecular divergence from the other reticulate Himantura species, H. uarnak and H. undulata (Bleeker, 1852) (see Last et al., 2016, Fig. 3). Morphologically it differs from H. undulata in having smaller reticulations, a less elongate snout, and lacks a pair of pearl-shaped suprascapular denticles characteristic of H. undulata . Its reticulate pattern in adults is typically more pronounced than in H. uarnak, but elucidating characters to separate them across all size groups is a work in progress.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D3D970DE4DFF971788F9D0B0D1FE91	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Last, Peter R.;White, William T.;Naylor, Gavin	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Naylor, Gavin (2016): Three new stingrays (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) from the Indo – West Pacific. Zootaxa 4147 (4): 377-402, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4147.4.2
03D3D970DE46FF8C1788FE30B6F6FA4C.text	03D3D970DE46FF8C1788FE30B6F6FA4C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taeniura lessoni	<div><p>Taeniura lessoni sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 8–12; Table 2)</p><p>Taeniura sp.: Last et al., 2016: figs. 2, 5 (molecular data).</p><p>Holotype. CSIRO H 7724-01 (tissue accession GN16865), adult male 209 mm DW, Landoro Passage off Uepi Island, Marovo Lagoon , Solomon Islands, ~ 8°25.6’S, 157°55.7’E, 2–3 m depth, 13 May 2015.</p><p>Paratypes. 4 specimens: CSIRO H 7724-02 (tissue accession GN16866), female 201 mm DW, collected with holotype; QM I 39329 (tissue accession GN16864), female 220 mm DW, collected with holotype; USNM 350580, female 180 mm DW, fringing reef, Lamen Island, 9–18 m depth, Vanuatu, 26 Sep 1998; USNM 380822, immature male 185 mm DW, coral surge channel on northwest coast south of Neo Village, Tomotu Island, Santa Cruz Islands , Solomon Islands, 0–10 m depth, 29 Sep 1998.</p><p>Diagnosis. Small, blue-spotted stingray of the genus Taeniura lacking of a pair of blue longitudinal stripes along the sides of the tail; a uniformly pale ventral fold; no dorsal fold but upper margin of tail with a firm, blunt ridge; and within the genus possibly a relatively short post-orbital disc (length from rear of orbit to pectoral-fin insertion 63–65% DW), relatively long horizontal snout length (20–21% DW) and prenasal length 14–16% DW, and prenasal length 1.5–1.9 times internasal width.</p><p>Description. Disc oval, strongly convex anteriorly; much longer than broad, width 0.87 times length in holotype (0.87–0.88 in paratypes); snout angle 116° (116–122°), anterior disc angle 94° (88–97°); axis of greatest width of disc relatively well forward on disc, anterior to scapular region, its distance from snout tip 1.78 (1.66– 1.87) times in distance from tip of snout to pectoral-fin insertion; abdomen robust, thickness 6.3 (5.7–6.5) times in disc width, raised slightly above cranium and central disc; apex very broadly rounded, pectoral angle 107° (104– 109°); posterior margin strongly convex; free rear tip abruptly angular. Pelvic fins narrowly subtriangular, anterior margin almost straight to undulate, apex narrowly rounded, posterior margin moderately convex, merged with inner margin (free rear tip indiscernible); large, length 29.7% (28.8–30.8%) DW, 1.53 (1.34–1.69) times width across fin bases. Claspers of adult males large, mildly depressed, tapering, apex bluntly pointed; outer length (from axil of pelvic fin) in adult male holotype 21.2% DW.</p><p>Tail robust, firm, tapering gradually to caudal sting(s); ventral skin fold prominent, dorsal skin fold absent; base moderately broad and deep, broadly oval in cross-section, weakly convex to almost flat above and below, width 1.53 (1.47–1.67) times depth; depressed, oval in cross-section near origin of ventral skin fold, width 0.75 (0.36–0.51) times height at fold origin; tapering abruptly evenly in dorsoventral view below caudal sting(s); oval, compressed near tip of caudal sting and above mid-length of ventral fold; tail very compressed, narrowly suboval in cross-section towards its tip, width 0.75 (0.36–0.51) times depth at mid-base of ventral fold; dorsal surface of tail immediately posterior to caudal-sting bases with a weak naked groove (partly housing ventral-most sting and extending for about half to its full length); firm, low fleshy ridge on mid-dorsal tail beyond caudal sting, no skin folds present along lateral margin of tail. Ventral skin fold well-developed over its entire length, long, 66.1% (87.8– 95.3)% DW; depth at mid-base 0.94 (0.86–1.38) of tail height at mid-base; originating just forward of first caudal sting origin. Caudal sting positioned posteriorly on tail, horizontal distance from cloaca to sting origin 1.19 (1.14– 1.21) in precloacal length.</p><p>Snout fleshy (more so in largest paratype), rather short, broadly rounded; not acute at apex and without obvious apical lobe; tip narrowly rounded when viewed laterally; preoral snout length 1.78 (1.77–1.99) times mouth width, 1.98 (2.14–2.32) times internarial distance, 0.88 (0.90–1.01) times distance between first gill slits; direct preorbital snout length 2.78 (2.64–2.88) times interorbital length; snout to maximum disc width 1.79 (1.74– 1.93) in DW; interorbital space narrow, flat to weakly convex; eyes large, dorsolateral, protruding, well elevated above disc and interorbital space, diameter 0.84 (0.89–0.98) in spiracle length, eye length 1.18 (1.15–1.34) in spiracle length; inter-eye distance 2.75 (2.62–2.94) times eye length. Spiracles large, subrectangular to crescentic, opening dorsolaterally; dorsal margin a firm ridge. Nostril narrowly oval to slit-like, directed slightly obliquely; lateral margin fleshy; nasal fold on lateral margin partly internal, narrow; oronasal groove present; internarial space 1.46 (1.64–1.94) in prenasal length, 1.87 (1.44–1.78) times nostril length. Nasal curtain small, relatively narrow, skirt-like, short, width 2.16 (1.62–2.21) times length; weakly bilobed, posterior margin of each lobe undulate; curtain surface weakly papillate, usually with weak medial groove and covered with minute pores (often obscure); apex recessible within lateral margin of oronasal groove; lateral margin almost straight, smooth-edged, usually partly enveloped by narrow posterior fold of nostril; posterior margin heavily fringed, slightly concave medially, vaguely following contour and usually overlapping lower jaw when mouth closed (when intact).</p><p>Mouth small, jaws strongly asymmetric; lateral grooves short, rather well developed, curved slightly, extending from nostril to below corners of lower jaw; mouth not projecting forward when open, not protrusible; skin on chin and margin of lower jaw very fleshy, strongly papillate; teeth uniformly close-set in both jaws, in few oblique rows, not arranged in obvious quincunx; in paratype ( CSIRO H 7724-02) rows in upper jaw ~23, lower jaw ~23. Upper jaw strongly arched, anterior edge strongly double concave; tooth band width similar over its length, only teeth of anteriormost part of upper jaw visible when mouth closed; symphysial part of jaw projecting anteroventrally. Lower jaw strongly convex anteriorly with a rounded anterior margin, lingual edge truncate (tooth band much broader at symphysis than at corner of mouth; partly interlocking into upper jaw when mouth closed; teeth not visible when mouth closed. Upper jaw of female paratype ( CSIRO H 7724-02) with 5th tooth rows from each side of jaw having slightly enlarged teeth with longer cusps than those adjacent (directed lingually); teeth otherwise acuspid or with short cusps; those at symphysis barely larger than those adjacent. Teeth in lower jaw smaller than those of upper jaw, broad based, low, with semi-truncate to weakly cuspid distal margins; anteriormost part of crown with cenulate surface; no rows of enlarged teeth in jaw. Floor of mouth in female paratype ( CSIRO H 7724-02) with two, slender, lobe-like oral papillae, interspace between them subequal to their distance from corner or mouth (holotype not dissected); no smaller papillae near angle of each jaw.</p><p>Gill openings elongate S-shaped, margins entire rather than fringed; length of first gill slit 1.33 (1.29–1.62) times length of fifth gill slit, 2.62 (2.17–2.79) times in mouth width; distance between first gill slits 2.24(2.27– 2.54) times internarial space, 0.42 (0.37–0.40) times ventral head length; distance between fifth gill slits 1.38 (1.49–1.54) times internasal distance, 0.26 (0.24–0.26) times ventral head length.</p><p>Total pectoral-fin radials 110–112 (110–115); propterygium 48–49 (47–50), mesopterygium 15 (16–18), metapterygium 48 (47–50). Pelvic-fin radials: 1 (1) + 18–19 (19 on right side of male paratype, 23–25 in female paratypes). Vertebral centra total (including synarcual) 175 (181–184 in paratypes); total (excluding synarcual) 175 (180–184); monospondylous (including synarcual) 38 (37–40); monospondylous (excluding synarcual) 38 (37– 39); pre-sting diplospondylous 90 (91–101); post-sting diplospondylous 47 (40–55).</p><p>Squamation. Dorsal disc and tail of holotype rough to touch, sparsely covered with small to minute dermal denticles; a single row of short, spear-shaped thornlets along mid-line of disc from mid-scapular region to near pectoral-fin insertion; similar thornlets in 2 rows in nuchal region and 2 similar scapular thornlets on each side of and located very close to median row. Much smaller (often microscopic) prickly denticles scattered mainly over central disc and tail; denticles upright with pungent tips. Ventral surface naked. In largest paratypes, thornlet distribution similar to holotype; prickly denticles also well developed in largest female paratype, but largely absent in smaller specimens.</p><p>One caudal sting in holotype (1 or 2 in paratypes), intact, very elongate, slender, narrow based, length subequal to periorbital length; enveloping membrane absent; distance from sting base to pectoral-fin insertion 81.1 (71.9– 81.4%) DW, 3.98 (2.57–3.96) times first sting length; distance from cloaca to sting base 0.72 (0.67–0.72) in disc length.</p><p>Taeniura lessoni Taeniura lymma</p><p>Holotype Paratypes Non-types</p><p>Range Range</p><p>......continued on the next page Taeniura lessoni Taeniura lymma Holotype Paratypes Non-types Colour. Live coloration (based on holotype). Dorsal surface yellowish brown with vivid blue spotting; slightly paler brownish pink along margin of disc and pelvic fins; eye golden, orbital membrane similar to disc. Blue spots small to medium-sized (always smaller than corneal length), not distinctly ocellate irregularly spaced, distributed widely over disc but absent from tail; thornlets on medial disc slightly paler than adjacent skin; no mask-like marking on head distinct or dark speckles; claspers paler than disc. Ventral surface centrally on disc uniformly white; lateral and posterior disc margin, and tips of pelvic fins, with distinct, broad yellowish submarginal bands. Tail similar to disc dorsally, lacking a pair of prominent blue lines extending along its dorsolateral margins; caudal sting pale brownish; pre-sting tail white ventrally, ventral fold pale yellowish to whitish.</p><p>Fresh paratypes similar to holotype. Blue markings changed to greyish (with slightly darker spot margins) in preservative in CSIRO and NTM types, however, USNM types retained more blue coloration.</p><p>Size. Largest specimen a female paratype 220 mm DW (QM I 39329, 568 mm TL). The holotype is a sexually mature male at 209 mm DW; the other male (paratype USNM 380822) was immature at 185 mm DW. No information is available on birth size.</p><p>Distribution. Specimens collected from the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu (Fig. 6), but possibly more widely distributed in Melanesia. Underwater images from off Kavieng (New Ireland), and off Kokopo, East New Britain (Papua New Guinea), were also verified based on colour as being this species. Underwater images viewed on Google Images of Taeniura from Fiji also appear to be this species. Probably mainly inshore, types collected from surge channels in fringing coral reefs, to at least 18 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. Epithet in recognition of the work of the 19th C French scientist, René Lesson, who once worked on members of this genus in Melanesia. Vernacular: Oceania Fantail Ray.</p><p>Comparisons. Taeniura lessoni is immediately distinguishable from T. lymma in the field by the absence of a pair of blue stripes along the sides of the tail, and the ventral fold is uniformly pale in T. lessoni (fold margin darker than its base in T. lymma with the tail tip usually white). Closer inspection of the tail of T. lymma reveals that its upper post-sting margin in raised slight to form an angular, fleshy ridge that becomes a distinct low fold near the tail tip in juveniles. In the T. lessoni types the margin appears as a firm ridge, not forming a fold and its edge is less acute than in T. lymma . A comparison of the T. lessoni types with 4 similar-sized specimens of T. lymma (QM I 17668, QM I 31356, QM I 8328 and QM I 6666) indicated that these species might differ subtly in some morphometrics details: length from rear of orbit to pectoral-fin insertion 63.4–65.2% vs. 65.6–74.1% DW in T. lymma; horizontal snout length 20.0–21.2% vs. 17.1–19.4% DW; prenasal length 14.3–15.6% vs. 12.2–14.7% DW, 1.46–1.94 vs. 1.36–1.39 times internasal width; and pelvic-fin length 28.8–30.8% vs. 32.3–34.3% DW. However, no doubt these species are very similar morphologically and more data is needed to determine the extent of interspecific variability. Taeniura lymma may also attain a slightly larger size than T. lessoni (35 cm rather than 22 cm DW, Last et al., in press).</p><p>The distributions of these two similar species do not appear to overlap. Both occur off Papua New Guinea, based on underwater images, but they do not appear to be sympatric. Lesson (1831) described Trygon halgani based on material from Waigeo (Indonesia) and Port Praslin (New Ireland). His illustrated syntype (Fig. 13) is clearly referable to T. lymma due to the presence of the longitudinal blue stripes on the tail. The two syntypes attributed to this species are listed as being from Port Praslin. Séret &amp; McEachran (1986) compared the two available New Ireland specimens (MNHN A 7994, Fig. 14) to Lesson's drawing, and found some similarities in the pattern of spots between the "larger" specimen and the drawing (mainly on the interorbital space and inner left pectoral fin). However, because of uncertainty as to which of these two specimens Lesson used as the type, they decided to consider both specimens as syntypes and also treated Trygon halgani as a junior synonym of Taeniura lymma .</p><p>Lesson also unequivocally mentioned the existence of ‘two soft blue lines extending along the entire length of the tail’ and these markings are evident in his colour painting of the type (Fig. 13) – a key diagnostic feature of T. lymma but absent in T. lessoni . However, while the two syntypes of T. halgani are in good condition, and the blue spots remain distinctive, the blue stripes on the tail are not clearly evident based on images of these specimens. According to B. Séret (pers. comm.), the blue tail stripes mentioned by Lesson were still visible in the preserved specimens as darker bands (most evident on the "larger" specimen) when examined in the 1980s. The confirmed presence of T. lessoni (and possible absence of T. lymma) from New Ireland confounds this issue. However, given that Lesson’s illustrated ‘type’ clearly depicts T. lymma, T. halgani must be considered a synonym of that species. Additional collections of these rays are needed from New Ireland, and the surrounding island groups of Papua New Guinea, to determine the local range of T. lessoni in this area and whether the two species co-occur. From information gathered to date, T. lymma has been confirmed from Milne Bay (KRFS unregistered specimens) , Madang (NTUM 10296), Trobriand Islands (e.g. BMNH 1974.5.25.1, USNM 206313) , Port Moresby (FMNH 120119) and Daru (e.g. USNM 222553) in Papua New Guinea . Furthermore, Miklouho-Maclay &amp; Macleay (1886) described Discobatis marginipinnis from the Admiralty Islands of PNG . While no type specimens were retained, the illustration and description clearly highlight that the possession of blue lines on the tail diagnostic of T. lymma . In comparison, T. lessoni has been confirmed from Rabaul (East New Britain) and Kavieng (New Ireland) based on underwater images. Thus, T. lymma appears to be common around mainland Papua New Guinea, but T. lessoni may be confined to New Ireland and eastern New Britain.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D3D970DE46FF8C1788FE30B6F6FA4C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Last, Peter R.;White, William T.;Naylor, Gavin	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Naylor, Gavin (2016): Three new stingrays (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) from the Indo – West Pacific. Zootaxa 4147 (4): 377-402, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4147.4.2
03D3D970DE5DFF851788FA54B716FACE.text	03D3D970DE5DFF851788FA54B716FACE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Telatrygon biasa	<div><p>Telatrygon biasa sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 15–19; Table 3)</p><p>Dasyatis zugei (not Müller &amp; Henle): White et al., 2006: 230–31, figs.; Last et al., 2010: 188–89 (figs.) (misidentifications). Dasyatis cf. zugei: Naylor et al., 2012: fig. 56 (molecular data).</p><p>Dasyatis sp.: Last et al., 2016: fig. 1 (molecular data).</p><p>Telatrygon sp.: Last et al., 2016: fig. 5 (molecular data).</p><p>Holotype. MZB, field no. KA- 93; tissue accession GN4266), mature male 194 mm DW, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=115.258835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.9041667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 115.258835/lat -3.9041667)">Muara Kintap</a>, Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia, 03°54.25’S, 115°15.53’E, 30 Nov 2006.</p><p>Paratypes. 9 specimens. CSIRO H 4426-05, female 243 mm DW, CSIRO H 4426-06, male 195 mm DW, CSIRO H 4426-07, female 251 mm DW, CSIRO H 4426-09, male 191 mm DW, CSIRO H 4426-10, male 185 mm DW, Muara Angke fish market (probably collected in western Java Sea), Jakarta, Java, Indonesia, 17 Oct 1995 ; CSIRO H 5474-21 (field no. MMKK 68), female 253 mm DW, CSIRO H 5474-22 (field no. MMKK 71), male 205 mm DW, CSIRO H 5474-24 (field no. MMKK 74), mature male 196 mm DW, Kota Kinabalu fish market, Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia, 15 Feb 1999 ; CSIRO H 5475-06 (field no. MMKK 18), female 254 mm DW, Kota Kinabalu fish market, Sabah, Borneo, Malaysia, 9 Feb 1999 .</p><p>Diagnosis. A species of Telatrygon distinguished by the following combination of characters: snout relatively short, preorbital length 28–29% DW, preoral length 27–28% DW, prenasal length 23–25% DW; disc relatively short, length 97–105% DW; preoral length 1.5–1.6 times width between the first gill openings; eyes small, orbit length 5–7% DW; pectoral-fin radials 107–114; total vertebral centra (excluding 1st synarcual) 85–94.</p><p>Description. Disc rhombic, angular anteriorly and apex produced as firm lobe; its width 0.95 times length in holotype (0.97–1.03 in paratypes); axis of greatest width almost over scapular region, its distance from snout tip 1.70 (1.62–1.79) of distance from tip of snout to pectoral-fin insertion; body very depressed, thin, greatest thickness 10.8 (8.99–10.8) times in disc width, barely raised above cranium or above scapular region; anterior margin of disc concave, strongest beside orbits; apex broadly rounded, anterior disc angle 83° (84–91°), pectoral angle 100° (98–101°); posterior margin convex; free rear tip narrowly rounded. Pelvic fins strongly subtriangular; anterior margin almost straight, posterior margin convex or straight; apices narrow and bluntly pointed; free rear tip broadly rounded, inner margin short; very small, length 19.3% (16.2–19.2%) DW; 1.46 (1.15–1.41) times width across fin bases.</p><p>Tail very elongate, slender, postcloacal tail damaged (1.60–2.32) times precloacal length; with a long, low ventral skin fold and usually a much shorter dorsal skin fold; base moderately depressed, suboval in cross-section, weakly convex above and below, width 1.22 (1.35–2.04) times its depth; tapering strongly and evenly to sting base; broadly oval in cross-section near origin of ventral skin fold, width 1.18 (1.24–1.43) times height at fold origin; tapering abruptly below sting insertion; very slender and filamentous beyond sting; variable in cross-section above mid ventral fold, its width 0.57 (0.65–1.20) times depth; at end of ventral fold variably suboval, width 1.03 (0.48– 1.32) times height; dorsal surface of tail posterior to sting base with a narrow, tapering, naked groove (presumably housing sting when present); no skin folds or ridges along lateral margin of tail. Dorsal skin fold very low (but always present), merging with a low fleshy ridge anteriorly and posteriorly (fold origin and insertion not well defined); elongate, length about 28 (37–64) times its height, 2.28 (1.03–1.84) in snout length, 4.65 (2.99–3.92) in length of ventral fold; its height 1.39 (0.86–2.05) in height of mid ventral fold. Ventral skin fold very elongate, low, length 1.64 (1.21–1.62) in disc width, damaged in holotype (0.95–1.3 in paratypes) in post cloacal tail; origin 3.5% (3.7–15%) DW after sting origin; depth at quarter length 0.86 (0.61–1.05), at mid length 0.43 (0.41–0.82), at three quarter 0.82 (0.45–0.71) in adjacent tail height; originating posteriorly to sting origin; origin usually distinct but fold usually terminating in low fleshy ridge; distance from cloaca to sting origin 2.37 (2.49–2.94) in precloacal length; length of tail beyond ventral fold damaged (0.95–1.33) in fold length, damaged (2.40–3.12) in tail length. Sensory canals well demarcated on ventral surface.</p><p>Snout very elongate, strongly depressed, triangular; apex with a long, narrowly rounded lobe; angle 83.5° (83– 92°); preoral snout length 3.06 (2.98–3.47) times mouth width, 2.38 (2.47–2.82) times internarial distance, 1.62 (1.52–1.63) times distance between first gill slits; direct preorbital snout length 2.90 (2.62–2.88) times interorbital length; snout to maximum disc width 1.72 (1.76–1.94) in DW; interorbital space rather broad, slightly concave medially; eye small, dorsolateral, not protruded, its ventral margin partly covered by thin skin fold; orbit not elevated above interorbit, its diameter 1.07 (0.91–1.26) in spiracle length; eye diameter 1.50 (1.37–1.90) in spiracle length; inter-eye distance 3.59 (3.42–3.99) times eye diameter. Spiracle suboval, enlarged, dorsolateral. Nostrils narrow, slit-like, parallel to slightly oblique; anterior margin not elevated; anterior nasal fold internal, narrow, membranous; oronasal groove usually well defined; internasal distance 1.99 (2.04–2.37) in prenasal length, 3.20 (2.69–3.01) times nostril length. Nasal curtain skirt-shaped, elongate, width 1.73 (1.68–1.78) times length; moderately bilobed; its surface flat, smooth, without a longitudinal medial groove and not covered with prominent sensory pores; apex recessible within lateral margin of oronasal groove; lateral margin almost straight, smooth edged; posterior margin finely fringed, weakly concave, following contour of lower jaw, abutting or falling slightly short of symphysis of lower jaw when mouth closed.</p><p>Mouth strongly arched in adult males, almost straight in females; jaws asymmetrical; lateral groove weak or absent. Upper jaw strongly arched in holotype, teeth concealed when mouth closed, symphysial part of jaw not projecting ventrally (not visible). Lower jaw very strongly convex, weakly concave at symphysis in all male types, only outer symphysial teeth visible when mouth closed in holotype; not projecting forward when mouth open, mouth not protrusible; skin on chin not fleshy, ridged nor papillate. Floor of mouth in adult male paratype ( CSIRO H 4426-09) lacking oral papillae, instead covered with a series of horizontal pleats of skin. Teeth both jaws small, with very long, pointed cups; cusps longer near symphysis than near corners of mouth; close-set in both jaws but not quincuncial; tooth row counts unclear, ~48 rows in upper jaw, ~42 rows in lower jaw.</p><p>Gill slits distinctly S-shaped, edges not fringed laterally; length of first gill slit 1.41 (1.26–1.61) times length of fifth gill slit, 2.83 (2.28–3.35) times in mouth width; distance between first gill slits 1.46 (1.62–1.84) times internasal distance, 0.32 (0.33–0.35) times ventral head length; distance between fifth gill slits 0.95(0.98–1.18) times internasal distance, 0.21 (0.20–0.23) times ventral head length.</p><p>Squamation. Disc and tail lacking dermal denticles in young or with weak denticles and small thorns confined to median dorsal row in adults. Adult male holotype (MZB KA- 93, 162 mm DW) with short row of 6 minute, globular denticles in nuchal region; no thorns on tail; 3 adult male paratypes ( CSIRO H 4426-06, 0 9, 10) with 6–9 globular to weakly lanceolate denticles in nuchal region, 3–6 much larger (but small and varying in size), narrowly lanceolate, thorn-like denticles on midline of tail forward of caudal sting. Female paratypes ( CSIRO H 4426-05, H 5475-06, H 5475-21) with 7–13 globular to weakly lanceolate denticles in nuchal region, followed by 0–13 similar post-scapular denticles on posterior disc; 5–9 much larger (but small and varying in size), narrowly lanceolate, thorn-like denticles on midline of tail forward of caudal sting. All type specimens with caudal stings missing at preservation. Distance from caudal sting base to pectoral-fin insertion 36.5% (29.2–32.7%) DW; distance from cloaca to caudal sting base 0.38 (0.32–0.36) in disc length.</p><p>Meristics. Total pectoral-fin radials of holotype 107–108 (paratypes 107–114, n=5). Total pelvic-fin radials adult male holotype 16 (paratypes 19–24). Total vertebral segments (excluding first synarcual centra) 85 (88–94); monospondylous centra (excluding first synarcual) 37 (31–36); diplospondylous centra 51 (52–61).</p><p>Coloration. When fresh (holotype): Dorsal surface uniformly yellowish greyish, eye golden; dermal denticles white. Ventral surface of disc white centrally; entire margin greyish pink (transparent distally), band broadest beside pectoral apex, sharply demarcated from white part of disc; pelvic fin similar to disc, marginal marking very broad; ventral tail white forward of caudal sting, uniformly yellowish beyond; clasper paler ventrally than dorsally. In preservative (holotype) brownish on dorsal surface; white ventrally with marginal band pale to dusky; dorsal surface of tail and tip brownish black, ventral fold dusky. Images of fresh non-type material similar to holotype or sometimes slightly more brownish in dorsal coloration.</p><p>TABLE ³. Morphometric đata for the holotype (MZB KA-93) anđ five paratypes of Telatrygon biasa sp. nov., anđ the postnatal types anđ three non-types of T. zugei .</p><p>Ratios are expresseđ as percentages of đisc wiđth.</p><p>Telatrygon biasa Telatrygon zugei Trygon zugei</p><p>……continued on the next page TABLE ³. (Continueđ)</p><p>Telatrygon biasa Telatrygon zugei Trygon zugei Size. Largest type 254 mm DW, but reported to reach 287 mm (White &amp; Dharmadi, 2007). Size at maturity for males 168–176 mm DW, and for females 178–193 mm DW. Birth size 70–90 mm DW.</p><p>Distribution. Western North Pacific, including Indonesia and Malaysian Borneo. Also reported from the Philippines by Herre (1953), but no specimens have been reported recently. Demersal on continental and insular shelves to ~ 40 m depth.</p><p>Etymology. Noun in apposition of the Indonesian and Malaysian word ‘biasa’ meaning ‘ordinary, common or normal’ used herein to reflect the frequent occurrence of this species in local fish markets. In Malaysian Borneo, the ray is known as Pari Biasa or Common Ray. Vernacular: Indonesian Sharpnose Ray.</p><p>Comparisons. Telatrygon is presently under review (PL) and comparative morphological details for the group have not been fully elucidated. However, the four species of the genus are widely divergent based on their NADH2 sequences (see Last et al., 2016; Fig. 1). The Chinese lectotype (MNHN 2447) and paralectotype (MNHN 1987- 152) of the type species of the genus Telatrygon (i.e. T. zugei), are juveniles and differ slightly in shape to adults (e.g. ASIZ P67338, ASIZ P72247 and FRIP 3504). The T. biasa adults differ from the T. zugei adults primarily in dimensions of the head (preorbital snout 28.1–29.0% vs. 30.7–32.8% DW in T. zugei; preoral length 27.4–28.3% vs. 31.6–32.2% DW; prenasal length 22.6–24.6% vs. 25.9–27.1% DW), and the disc might be slightly smaller (length 96.9–105.1% vs. 105.4–106.6% DW). The spiracles also appear to be larger in T. biasa (length 5.7–6.5% vs. 5.1–5.3% DW), and the ratio of the preoral length to the width of the interspace between the first gill openings is smaller (1.52–1.63 vs. 1.74–1.78). The body shape of T. acutirostra (based on FRIP3600) differs significantly from material examined of both T. biasa and T. zugei: for example, much longer snout (length 39.9% vs. 28.1– 32.8% DW), longer prenasal (length 35.1% vs. 22.6–27.1% DW) and smaller eyes (orbit length 3.5% vs. 5.0–6.7% DW).</p><p>A stingray of the genus Telatrygon from the northern Indian Ocean, originally identified as Trygon zugei (e.g. Day, 1878 [pl. cxc, fig. 3]; Day, 1889) has a longer snout (i.e. length 32.5–36.4% DW) and smaller eye (i.e. orbit length 4.3–4.8% DW) than either T. biasa or T. zugei, and a shorter snout and larger eye than T. acutirostra . This northern Indian Ocean species is referrable to Telatrygon crozieri (Blyth, 1860) .</p><p>Nishida &amp; Nakaya (1988) designated a lectotype for Dasyatis zugei and provided a detailed explanation for their reasoning. The larger of two preserved specimens, a juvenile male 137 mm DW (reported to be MNHN 1987- 152) was selected as the lectotype ; the second specimen (MNHN 2447), a smaller male of 106.6 mm DW, was selected as a paralectotype. However, the MNHN collection catalogue (https://science.mnhn.fr/institution/mnhn/ search) and specimen label both list the larger of the two as the lectotype, but as MNHN 2447 (rather than MNHN 1987-152). Whether this is a labelling error, or Nishida &amp; Nakaya (1988) accidentally mixed up the numbers in the manuscript, is uncertain. We have followed the MNHN collection database, and current labelling for the more intact, larger specimen (MNHN 2447), as the lectotype .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D3D970DE5DFF851788FA54B716FACE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Last, Peter R.;White, William T.;Naylor, Gavin	Last, Peter R., White, William T., Naylor, Gavin (2016): Three new stingrays (Myliobatiformes: Dasyatidae) from the Indo – West Pacific. Zootaxa 4147 (4): 377-402, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4147.4.2
