identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D30F7AFFBBFFEEFF185E17D8E5FE4F.text	03D30F7AFFBBFFEEFF185E17D8E5FE4F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paroligoneurus Muesebeck 1931	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Paroligoneurus Muesebeck, 1931</p>
            <p> Paroligoneurus Muesebeck, 1931: 7 . Type species:  Paroligoneurus johnsoni Muesebeck, 1931 (USNM). </p>
            <p> Diagnosis. Antenna with 17–24 antennomeres. Head transverse. Eye more or less setose. Maxillary palp five segmented. Labial palp four segmented. Occipital carina absent. Anterior tentorial pit small to medium sized, round or elliptical. Epistomal suture shallowly impressed. Malar space comparatively shorter. Malar suture distinct. Face smooth, slightly convex in lateral view. Clypeus distinctly convex posteriorly. Frons smooth, flat without longitudinal groove. Vertex and occiput mostly smooth. Propleuron without longitudinal carina. Prepectal carina mostly absent rarely present anteriorly. Notauli impressed only anteriorly. Precoxal sulcus shallowly impressed, smooth. Scutellum smooth and flat. Scutellar sulcus shallow, narrow and smooth. Propodeum smooth without carinae. Tibial spur small and weak. Tarsal claw simple. Fore wing venation reduced. Fore wing vein 1-M distinctly curved. Fore wing veins r-rs stub like or short. Fore wing veins m-cu and 2RS unsclerotised. Fore wing veins 2-1A, 2CUa (present in  P. crassicornis (He) comb. nov. ), 2Cub and 2cu-a absent. Hind wing vein 1-1A absent apically. Hind wing vein M+CU longer than 1-M. Metasomal tergite smooth. First metasomal tergite without longitudinal sulcus, narrowing basally and apically. Second metasomal tergite trapezoidal, median area bordered by shallow posteriorly diverging groove. Hypopygium small to large, pointed apically. Ovipositor sheath with ventral and apical setae. Ovipositor without dorsal nodus and ventral serrations. </p>
            <p> Biology. Leaf mining  Nepticulidae (Yu et al. 2016) and  Cosmopterygidae (He et al. 2000) . </p>
            <p> Distribution. Afrotropical, Australasian, Eastern Palaearctic, Nearctic and Oriental (He et al. 2000 as  Oligoneurus from Oriental China; this paper from India) region. </p>
            <p> Comments. He et al. (1997) commented on the synonymisation of  Anaprixia and noted that it might be due to over-lumping and to avoid possible paraphyletic grouping within the  Ichneutinae . Here we reinstate  Anaprixia Mason as a valid genus and exclude it from  Paroligoneurus , because it is morphologically (next to the exodont mandible of the type species) very different from all other  Muesebeckiini as shown in the key below. Consequently,  Anaprixia alachua Mason, 1991 , and  A. masneri Mason, 1991 , are not included in  Paroligoneurus as was proposed by Sharkey &amp; Wharton (1994).  Anaprixia differs as follows: </p>
            <p> 1 Frons wide, anterior ocellus far removed from level of antennal sockets; spiracles of first, third, fifth and eighth tergites absent (Fig. 7B); mandibles usually exodont (with 4 teeth), not touching each other when closed (=  Anaprixia s.s. ) (Fig. 7A); scutellar sulcus absent (Fig. 7C); [toruli lower on head]; Nearctic...........................  Anaprixia Mason, 1991 reinstated </p>
            <p> - Frons narrow, anterior ocellus near level of antennal sockets; spiracles of first, third, fifth and eighth tergites present; mandibles normal (with 2 teeth), touching each other when closed; scutellar sulcus present................. all other  Muesebeckiini</p>
            <p> Additionally  Paroligoneurus agromyzae Risbec, 1951 (Senegal) is excluded because according to Austin &amp; Wharton (1992) it belongs to the subfamily  Opiinae .  Paroligoneurus convexus de Saeger, 1944 and  P. kivuensis de Saeger, 1944 (both from Democratic Republic of Congo) are provisionally excluded because of the carinate propodeum and are transferred to  Oligoneurus Szépligeti. The Oligoneurus species described from Oriental China (Zhejiang) all belong to  Paroligoneurus because they lack the apomorphous character states of the genus, e.g., the typical lamelliform carinae of the metanotum and propodeum.  Paroligoneurus cosmopterygivorus (He, 2000) ,  P. crassicornis (He, 2000) ,  P. flavifacialis (He, 2000) ,  P. sinensis (He, 2000) and  P. songyangensis (He, 2000) are new combinations. </p>
            <p> Sharkey &amp; Wharton (1994) synonymized  Muesebeckia Mason, 1957 (type species:  Muesebeckia eximia Mason, 1957 ) with  Paroligoneurus . However, we reinstate  Muesebeckia because both genera differ as follows: </p>
            <p> 1. Anterior subalar depression with short carina in front of its middle (Fig. 8B); median carina of propodeum present (Fig. 8D); vein r-rs differentiated from vein 3RSa (Fig. 8A); scutellum widely truncate posteriorly and slightly narrowed posteriorly; [notauli at least anteriorly distinctly impressed and crenulate; precoxal sulcus present, but sometimes weakly so (Fig. 8B)]; Nearctic...............................................................  Muesebeckia Mason, 1957 reinstated </p>
            <p> - Anterior subalar depression smooth anteriorly, without short carina (Fig. 1E); median carina of propodeum absent (Figs 2A, 4B, 5E); vein r-rs not differentiated from vein 3RSa (Figs 2E, 3F, 6C); scutellum at most moderately truncate posteriorly and distinctly narrowed posteriorly; nearly cosmopolitan (unknown from Neotropical and West Palaearctic regions)....................................................................................  Paroligoneurus Muesebeck, 1931</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D30F7AFFBBFFEEFF185E17D8E5FE4F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ranjith, A. P.;Achterberg, Cornelis Van;Sankararaman, H.;Nasser, M.	Ranjith, A. P., Achterberg, Cornelis Van, Sankararaman, H., Nasser, M. (2020): Discovery of the ichneutine genus Paroligoneurus Muesebeck (Hymenoptera Braconidae) from the Indian subcontinent with the description of a new species from Northwest India. Zootaxa 4786 (3): 396-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4786.3.5
03D30F7AFFBDFFEFFF1858F5DE03FD8C.text	03D30F7AFFBDFFEFFF1858F5DE03FD8C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paroligoneurus Muesebeck 1931	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Checklist of  Paroligoneurus species </p>
            <p> Paroligoneurus aethiopicus de Saeger, 1944 – Democratic Republic of Congo. </p>
            <p> Paroligoneurus cosmopterygivorus (He, 2000) comb. nov. – China. </p>
            <p> Paroligoneurus crassicornis (He, 2000) comb. nov. – China. </p>
            <p> Paroligoneurus ectoedemiae Belokobylskij, 1986 – Korea, Russia. </p>
            <p> Paroligoneurus flavifacialis (He, 2000) comb. nov. – China. </p>
            <p> Paroligoneurus harishi Ranjith &amp; van Achterberg ,  sp. nov. – India. </p>
            <p> Paroligoneurus johnsoni Muesebeck, 1931 – USA. </p>
            <p> Paroligoneurus pallidus Austin &amp; Wharton, 1992 – Australia. </p>
            <p> Paroligoneurus sinensis (He, 2000) comb. nov. – China. </p>
            <p> Paroligoneurus songyangensis (He, 2000) comb. nov. – China. </p>
            <p> Paroligoneurus wittei de Saeger, 1944 – Democratic Republic of Congo. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D30F7AFFBDFFEFFF1858F5DE03FD8C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ranjith, A. P.;Achterberg, Cornelis Van;Sankararaman, H.;Nasser, M.	Ranjith, A. P., Achterberg, Cornelis Van, Sankararaman, H., Nasser, M. (2020): Discovery of the ichneutine genus Paroligoneurus Muesebeck (Hymenoptera Braconidae) from the Indian subcontinent with the description of a new species from Northwest India. Zootaxa 4786 (3): 396-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4786.3.5
03D30F7AFFB3FFE3FF185D80DDA7FAA4.text	03D30F7AFFB3FFE3FF185D80DDA7FAA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paroligoneurus harishi Ranjith & van Achterberg 2020	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Paroligoneurus harishi Ranjith &amp; van Achterberg ,  sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figure 1–2)</p>
            <p> Material examined.   Holotype, female, “ INDIA: Rajasthan,  Jodhpur , 27.ii.2019, leg. Sankararaman, H. ” (DZUC). </p>
            <p>Description. Holotype, Female, body length 1.5 mm, fore wing 1.3 mm, ovipositor sheath 0.2 mm.</p>
            <p>Head. Width of head 1.7 × its length in dorsal view, 1.5 × its length in anterior view; antenna with 18 antennomeres; length of scape 1.3 × as long as pedicel; length of first flagellomere 1.1 × as long as second flagellomere, length of first, second and penultimate flagellomeres 3.0, 2.6 and 1.6 × as long as wide respectively; vertex and temple smooth, polished, sparsely setose; length of eye 1.5 × as long as temple in dorsal view; temple roundly narrowed posteriorly; POL:OD:OOL= 5:3:9; frons smooth, polished, sparsely setose; face smooth, polished, sparsely setose; width 1.5 × as long as its medial length; anterior tentorial pits slightly large; intertentorial distance 3.25 × as long as tentorio-ocular distance; width of clypeus 2.8 × its length; clypeus smooth with row of hairs apically; length of malar space 1.0 × basal width of mandibles.</p>
            <p>Mesosoma. Mesosoma 1.6 × as long as high; sides of pronotum smooth, sparsely setose; mesoscutum flat, smooth, polished, sparsely setose; notauli distinct only anteriorly, absent posteriorly; scutellum smooth, sparsely setose, glabrous medially; scutellar sulcus shallow, narrow, undivided; mesopleuron smooth, polished, sparsely setose; precoxal sulcus indistinct, smooth; metapleuron smooth, setose, posteriorly; propodeum smooth, sparsely setose.</p>
            <p>Wings. Fore wing: pterostigma 2.7 × as long as wide; length of R1a 0.3 × as long as pterostigma; r-rs issuing from middle of pterostigma; length of r-rs 0.7 × as long as pterostigmal width; 1cu-a interstitial. Hind wing: M+CU: 1M: 19: 11; 1-1A unsclerotised.</p>
            <p>Legs. Hind coxa smooth, sparsely punctate dorsally; length of hind femur, tibia, basitarsus 2.6, 10.25 and 6.5 × as long as wide respectively; length of hind tibia 1.2 × hind tarsus; length of hind basitarsus 1.3 × combined length of second and third tarsus.</p>
            <p>Metasoma. Length of metasoma 1.2 × as long as mesosoma; length of first tergite 2.6 × its apical width; first tergite smooth without longitudinal groove, strongly narrowing basally, gradually narrowing apically, width at spiracle 1.8 × width at apex, length 1.5 × width at spiracle; second and following tergite smooth; length of second tergite 0.5 × its apical width; second tergite with trapezoidal are bordered by shallow groove; second metasomal suture indistinct; hypopygium distinctly pointed apically; length of hypopygium 2.0 × first tergite; length of ovipositor sheath 1.4 × first tergite; ovipositor sheath setose apically.</p>
            <p>Colour. Body brownish yellow, but antennal flagellomeres, eye, pterostigma, telotarsus, ovipositor sheath brown.</p>
            <p>Male. Unknown.</p>
            <p>Host. Unknown.</p>
            <p>Distribution. India (Rajasthan).</p>
            <p>Etymology. The new species is dedicated to Mr. Harish Sivaramakrishnan, Carnatic singer and vocalist of Agam band for his continuing journey in the realm of independent music, imaginative talk and making many listeners to think ‘out of the box’.</p>
            <p> Comments. The new species differs from the very similar  P. songyangensis (He) mainly by having less antennal antennomeres (18 versus 24 antennomeres), smooth propodeum (vs medio-posteriorly propodeum longitudinally rugulose in  P. songyangensis ) and head colour (yellow versus black dorsally). The new species is also similar to  P. pallidus Austin &amp; Wharton based on number of flagellomeres, position of fore wing vein cu-a and first metasomal tergite distinctly narrowing basally. Apart from the differences mentioned in the key the new species differs from  P. pallids in having the ovipositor sheath without long ventral setae (vs with long ventral setae in  P. pallidus ), pterostigma 2.7 × as long as wide (vs 2.0 × as long as wide in  P. pallidus ), width of head 1.7 × its length (vs 2.4 × its length in  P. pallidus ) and hypopygium 2.0 × as long as first tergite (vs 2.4–2.5 × as long as first tergite in  P. pallidus ). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D30F7AFFB3FFE3FF185D80DDA7FAA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Ranjith, A. P.;Achterberg, Cornelis Van;Sankararaman, H.;Nasser, M.	Ranjith, A. P., Achterberg, Cornelis Van, Sankararaman, H., Nasser, M. (2020): Discovery of the ichneutine genus Paroligoneurus Muesebeck (Hymenoptera Braconidae) from the Indian subcontinent with the description of a new species from Northwest India. Zootaxa 4786 (3): 396-408, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4786.3.5
