identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D087E5FFB78459FF65FEB9FBD0913C.text	03D087E5FFB78459FF65FEB9FBD0913C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Melanophryniscus dorsalis (MERTENS 1933)	<div><p>In Melanophryniscus dorsalis,</p><p>A type calls had a variable duration of about 1-4 s, whereas B type calls were shorter on average lasting between 0.6 and 2.6 s (Table 1, Figs. 1A, B, 2A, B, 3A, B). The dominant frequency range in both call types was between 2.3 and 3.2 kHz presenting weak harmonic frequency bands between 4.9 and 6.0 kHz and between 7.8 and 8.4 kHz. Type A consisted of 6-20 unpulsed notes, each lasting 20-65 ms with time intervals of 80-170 ms (Figs. 2A, B). Sometimes small groups of 5- 7 pulses were separated by 0.5-1 s lasting intervals (Fig. 1A). Type B consisted of 50- 180 pulses, each pulse with a duration of 7- 9.5 ms being separated by time intervals of 6.5-7.5 ms (Figs. 3A, B). The pulse rates were 4-7 pulses per s for type A and 60-80 pulses per s for type B (air temperature 20-21 °C). The call of M. montevidensis (Table 1, Figs. 1C, D, 2C, 3C) differed in its higher pulse rates (type A with 8-10 pulses per s, type B with 85-95 pulses per s) and shorter pulse duration and pulse intervals. Parts of these differences may be explained by the higher air temperature (24 °C) in the recording of M. montevidensis but the call of this species presented also on average a lower dominant frequency (2.1-2.8 kHz versus 2.3-3.2 kHz in M. dorsalis). In both species, certain specimens were able to change their calling frequency by up to 800 Hz within 100 ms. This considerable frequency modulation was observed especially in the B type call (Fig. 1D) and led to broadly overlapping spectral parameters between the species.</p><p>We recorded calling males of Melanophryniscus dorsalis and M. montevidensis in October and November. The habitats were similar in both species consisting of grassland or low dune vegetation on sandy soil in the coastal zones near the Atlantic Ocean. Males called from morning through afternoon and early night partially submerged in small temporary ponds. In a moist meadow in La Paloma, Uruguay, we observed many M. montevidensis being active in plain sunshine. In Torres, Brazil, we heard about 20 males of M. dorsalis calling in the afternoon and we observed an amplectant pair which attached a clutch with 20-30 eggs to an aquatic plant, about five centimeters below the water surface (Fig. 4). In the laboratory, this pair spawned additional small clutches with a total amount of 105 black eggs, of 1.2- 1.4 mm in diameter, which did not develop into tadpoles.</p><p>Inter- and intraspecific morphological variation</p><p>Regarding the dorsal body pattern of Melanophryniscus dorsalis and M. montevidensis, we found considerable variation within both species. In a series of M. dorsalis from Torres (MCP 233-266), 28 out of 36 specimens exhibited a complete or partly interrupted red middorsal line, whereas the remaining specimens presented only a trace of this stripe between and behind the eyes, or above the anus (Figs. 5 A-C). In a second series collected recently (MCP 6524-28), only one of the five specimens had a distinct middorsal line. The great variation in dorsal pattern is further expressed by several M. dorsalis in the MCN collection presenting yellow spots on their flanks (e. g., MCN 12588). Such lateral blotches are typical for M. montevidensis which, on the other hand, never show a red middorsal line (Figs. 7 A-C). However, we also collected many M. montevidensis with no lateral blotches at all, although the uniformly black dorsal pattern is considered to be the main character for the identification of M. atroluteus (Figs. 9A, C; see also LANGONE 1994, 2002). Sixteen out of 25 individuals (64 %) of M. montevidensis collected in La Paloma, Uruguay (ZVCB 10625-10639, SMNS 11807-11816), were uniformely black on dorsum. This was also the case in 25 % of the specimens from Perla de Rocha, 50 km NE from La Paloma (ZVCB 10432- 10443), in 70 % of the specimens from Coronilla (ZVCB 11019-11035), and in 13 % of those from Cabo Polonio (ZVCB 10994- 11016).</p><p>In both M. dorsalis and M. montevidensis the ventral pattern varies considerably. Living specimens show a conspicuous pattern of symmetrically arranged red, orange-red or yellow blotches on black ground. In preservative, this colouration fades to a pale brown within some days. In living M. dorsalis all blotches are bright red, but never orange or yellow (Figs. 6 A-C), whereas the ventral colouration of M. montevidensis varies from orange-red on the posterior half of belly and thighs, to orange or yellow on the anterior half of the belly and the throat (Figs. 8 A-C). Due to this colouration, M. montevidensis is locally named “Sapito Bandera Española” (Spanish flag toadlet). There is also a considerable variation regarding size and shape of these blotches. In both species, most individuals are predominantly black on belly and throat, while in some specimens the red colouration predominates (Fig. 6B).</p><p>The ventral colouration of living M. atroluteus from the Brazilian type-locality in western Rio Grande do Sul and from Uruguay and Argentina is similar to that of M. montevidensis consisting of red, orange and yellow spots (Fig. 9D), but specimens from the Araucaria plateau of Rio Grande do Sul (São José dos Ausentes) are almost exclusively red with yellow colouration only on throat (Fig. 9B). Additionally, there are differences when comparing the snout-vent length of adult specimens from the Araucaria plateau (SVL in males about 25 mm, in females 28 mm; KWET &amp; MIRANDA 2001) with that of individuals from western Rio Grande do Sul, Argentina and Uruguay (SVL in males between 19 and 21 mm, in females between 22 and 25 mm; LANGONE 1994). For M. dorsalis, our own measurements revealed a SVL of 20-25 mm in males and 24-27 mm in females, for M. montevidensis 20-23 mm in males and 22-27 mm in females, and for M. atroluteus 18-24 mm in males and 22-26 mm in females.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D087E5FFB78459FF65FEB9FBD0913C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kwet, Axel;Maneyro, Raúl;Zillikens, Anne;Mebs, Dietrich	Kwet, Axel, Maneyro, Raúl, Zillikens, Anne, Mebs, Dietrich (2005): Advertisement calls of Melanophryniscus dorsalis (MERTENS, 1933) and M. montevidensis (PHILIPPI, 1902), two parapatric species from southern Brazil and Uruguay, with comments on morphological variation in the Melanophryniscus stelzneri group (Anura: Bufonidae). Salamandra 41 (1 / 2): 3-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15535980
03D087E5FFB88458FEF2FF2AFB9E9176.text	03D087E5FFB88458FEF2FF2AFB9E9176.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Melanophryniscus stelzneri	<div><p>Key to the species of the Melanophryniscus stelzneri group</p><p>1 a. Dorsum uniformly brown. ................................................ Melanophryniscus krauczuki</p><p>1 b. Dorsum black. .................................................................................................................. 2</p><p>2 a. Dorsum black with many small and/or few large yellow spots; at least one pair of yellow blotches on the suprascapular region............................................................ 3</p><p>2 b. Dorsum uniformly black or with red middorsal line, without yellow spots on middorsum or suprascapular region (however, yellow blotches may be present laterally). .......................................................................................................................... 6</p><p>3 a. One yellow stripe between the eyes or 2-3 large yellow blotches forming a distinct interocular band. Dorsal and ventral surfaces with large and small, irregularly formed, yellow spots, sometimes with a black center (Figs. 10A, B). .................................................................................... Melanophryniscus klappenbachi</p><p>3 b. Without distinct yellow interocular band. Dorsal surface with numerous small, or few mid-sized yellow spots without black center. .................................................... 4</p><p>4 a. Dorsum and venter with numerous small, irregularly arranged yellow spots; yellow blotches on suprascapular region not enlarged (Figs. 10C, D). Skin densely granular.......................................................... Melanophryniscus fulvoguttatus</p><p>4 b. Dorsum and venter with larger, symmetrically arranged blotches; at least one pair of distinct yellow blotches on suprascapular region. Skin scarcely granular or nearly smooth. ............................................................................................................ 5</p><p>5 a. Dorsal surface uniformely black with a pair of distinct large, copper-coloured blotches on suprascapular region (Figs. 10E, F). .............................................................................. Melanophryniscus cupreuscapularis</p><p>5 b. Dorsal surface black with two large yellow blotches on suprascapular region and additional smaller and larger yellow spots on dorsum (Fig. 11). ............................................................................................. Melanophryniscus stelzneri</p><p>6 a. Dorsum usually with a distinct red (brown in preservative) middorsal line which is rarely absent but often interrupted or present only as a small trace behind the eyes and/or above anus. Without yellow lateral blotches and yellow line on posterior region of arms (sometimes there are few reddish spots). Ventral surface with red (not orange or yellow) blotches (Figs. 5, 6). .............................................................................................. Melanophryniscus dorsalis</p><p>6 b. Dorsum without red middorsal line; uniformly black, with or without yellow lateral spots. Distinct yellow stripe on posterior region of the arms. Ventral surface black, with red, orange and yellow spots (yellow colouration at least present on throat). ........................................................................................................... 7</p><p>7 a. Dorsum uniformly black, without yellow lateral blotches (Fig. 9). Skin texture warty and granular. Distribution in rocky habitats; does not occurr in sandy areas on the coast............................................................. Melanophryniscus atroluteus</p><p>7 b. Dorsum usually with yellow lateral spots (Figs. 7, 8), but sometimes uniformly black. Skin texture less granular. Exclusively in sandy habitats on the coast. ................................................................................... Melanophryniscus montevidensis</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D087E5FFB88458FEF2FF2AFB9E9176	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kwet, Axel;Maneyro, Raúl;Zillikens, Anne;Mebs, Dietrich	Kwet, Axel, Maneyro, Raúl, Zillikens, Anne, Mebs, Dietrich (2005): Advertisement calls of Melanophryniscus dorsalis (MERTENS, 1933) and M. montevidensis (PHILIPPI, 1902), two parapatric species from southern Brazil and Uruguay, with comments on morphological variation in the Melanophryniscus stelzneri group (Anura: Bufonidae). Salamandra 41 (1 / 2): 3-20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.15535980
