identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D0F929FFD3FFE7FE008D23FD75FB0C.text	03D0F929FFD3FFE7FE008D23FD75FB0C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clarias monsembulai Bernt & Stiassny 2022	<div><p>Clarias monsembulai, new species</p><p>Figures 2–5, table 1</p><p>Clarias buthupogon (in part): Monsembula Iyaba and Stiassny (2013).</p><p>HOLOTYPE: AMNH 244176, 1, 226 mm SL, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equateur, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.576668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.5963888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.576668/lat -2.5963888)">Salonga National Park</a>, Luilaka River at Ilenge, 2°35′ 47″S, 21°34′ 36″E. R. J.C. Monsembula Iyaba, 11 November 2007.</p><p>PARATYPES: AMNH 244163, 1, 244 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.745556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.0638888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.745556/lat -1.0638888)">Yenge River</a> ca. Boyenga, 1°03′50″S, 20°44′44″E ; AMNH 252236, 3, 164–193 mm SL; small stream at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.119307&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.1363056" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.119307/lat -2.1363056)">Katanyongo</a>, near Salonga National Park, 2°08′10.7″S, 21°07′9.5″E ; AMNH 244162, 1, 183 mm SL; Salonga River at Watsikengo ; AMNH 252219, 2, 187–231 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.853153&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.9118721" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.853153/lat -1.9118721)">Salonga National Park</a> at Bekongo, 1°54′42.74″S, 20°51′11.35″E ; AMNH 244164, 1, 127 mm SL, Luilaka River, beach at Monkoto ; AMNH 252267, 1, 179 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.863834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.9221945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.863834/lat -1.9221945)">Mpongo</a>, large stream ca. 2 kilometers from Luilaka River, near Salonga National Park, 1°55′19.9″ S, 20°51′49.8″E ; AMNH 252222, 1, 167 mm SL; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.96839&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.0069168" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.96839/lat -2.0069168)">Luilaka River</a> at Lokaka in Salonga National Park, 2°0′24.9″S, 20°58′6.2″E ; RMCA 2022-019 -P-0001-0002, 2, 143–172 mm SL, Salonga River at Watsikengo .</p><p>NONTYPE SPECIMENS: AMNH 242721, 14, 54–81 mm SL, small tributary of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.680527&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.680527/lat -1.75)">Luilaka River</a> near Monkoto in Salonga National Park, 1°45′0″S, 20°40′49.9″E .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS: Clarias monsembulai can be distinguished from all congeners, with the exception of C. buthupogon, by its exceptionally long maxillary barbels (60% of standard length or greater) vs. maxillary barbels less than 60% SL (usually considerably less). It differs from C. buthupogon in the absence of fine, pale spots over the surface of the body and by an exposed bony surface of the cleithrum reaching 14%–20% of head length (vs. cleithrum deeply imbedded in soft tissue with only a narrow bony ridge visible externally). Clarias monsembulai can be further differentiated from C. angolensis, the species with which it shares closest phenotypic similarity, by longer nasal barbels (37%–51% SL vs. 22%–34% SL), longer internal mandibular barbels (29–37% SL vs. 16–27% SL), longer external mandibular barbels (45%–57% SL vs. 24%–40% SL); and by the coloration of maxillary barbels which are white or cream-colored distally over more than half of their length (vs. brown or gray over more than half their length).</p><p>DESCRIPTION: Morphometrics summarized in table 1. Maximum observed total length 270 mm (standard length 244 mm). Head broad, depressed with slightly convex dorsal profile, snout rounded. Anterior nares tubular, medial to posterior nares and nasal barbels. Mouth subterminal, lips and bases of barbels papillose. Four pairs of barbels, all extending beyond dorsal fin origin. Barbels rounded at base, becoming flat, ellipsoid in cross section. Body cylindrical between head and anal fin origin, becoming laterally compressed posteriorly.</p><p>Dorsal fin with 80–86 rays, originating a short distance (less than 10% SL) behind supraoccipital process. Anal fin with 57–61 rays, origin nearly equidistant from snout tip and caudal fin base. Dorsal and anal fins not confluent with caudal fin. Pectoral fin with robust spine and 10–12 rays. Spine sharply pointed with slight posterior curve. Strong serration present on both anterior and posterior margins. Serrae angled proximally, larger on posterior margin, increasing in number with body size. Pelvic fins present on all specimens examined, with six rays. Caudal fin rounded, with 18–22 rays.</p><p>Elements of skull and pectoral girdle shown in figure 3. Neurocranium robustly ossified. Fourth infraorbital contacting suprapreopercle in all specimens examined (80–244 mm SL). Frontal fontanel long and narrow (knife shaped). Supraoccipital fontanel narrowly oblong, supraoccipital process sharply pointed in both juveniles and adults.</p><p>Premaxillary and vomerine tooth plates similar in width, about 30% of head length. Premaxillary teeth villiform. Vomerine toothplate with short posterior median process, teeth subgranular. Dentary teeth villiform, extending over half of dorsal surface, nearly reaching coronoid process. First branchial arch with 16–18 slender gill rakers. Second and fourth arches diverticulate, forming arborescent suprabranchial organ (fig. 4). Rosette on second arch with few branches, not overlapping larger, more extensively, branched rosette on fourth arch. Respiratory organ occupies approximately one fourth of suprabranchial chamber volume. Seven or eight branchiostegal rays. Urohyal trifurcate, lateral processes longer than posteromedial process. Cleithrum superficial, visible externally as striated bony band at isthmus (fig. 5). Coracoid with single circular foramen at margin with cleithrum near articulation with pectoral spine.</p><p>Parapophyses of fourth and fifth vertebrae expanded, forming hourglass-shaped Weberian apparatus encapsulating bilobed gas bladder. Posterolateral processes of os suspensorium forming ventral floor of Weberian capsule. Fifty-eight to 61 (mode = 60) vertebrae posterior to first four vertebrae comprising Weberian apparatus. Two free neural spines between skull and first dorsal-fin pterygiophore. First rib articulated with seventh vertebra, 12 ribs present. No fusion of caudal fin hypurals.</p><p>COLORATION: Preserved specimens are dark brown dorsally, fading to light brown, gray, or cream colored ventrally. Some lighter colored specimens exhibit a faint mottling of irregular dark brown markings over a slightly lighter background. Fins uniformly dark brown. Barbels brown at base, becoming creamy white over most of their length. Underside of head pale, but with band of dark pigment above fleshy furrow between mandibular barbels and isthmus. Lateral line visible as a series of small regularly spaced white pores extending from the base of the head to the base of the caudal peduncle. Pores of the secondary canals of the lateral line system form a regular pattern over the flanks, but these pores are not readily visible against the darkly pigmented skin.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION: The species is currently known only from the Momboyo, Luilaka, Salonga, and Yenge river systems within the Cuvette Centrale of the middle Congo River Basin (fig. 6). However additional collecting throughout the region will likely extend this range (E. Decru, personal commun.).</p><p>ETYMOLOGY: Named in honor of Raoul Monsembula Iyaba (professor of biology, University of Kinshasa) for collecting the type series of this species, and in recognition of his substantial contributions to central African ichthyology .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D0F929FFD3FFE7FE008D23FD75FB0C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bernt, Maxwell J.;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.	Bernt, Maxwell J., Stiassny, Melanie L. J. (2022): A New Species of Air-breathing Catfish (Clariidae: Clarias) from Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo. American Museum Novitates 2022 (3990): 1-20, DOI: 10.1206/3990.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2022/issue-3990/3990.1/A-New-Species-of-Air-Breathing-Catfish-Clariidae--Clarias/10.1206/3990.1.full
03D0F929FFC1FFFEFF5988CBFF66FA8E.text	03D0F929FFC1FFFEFF5988CBFF66FA8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822)	<div><p>Clarias gariepinus: Benin: AMNH 235815, 2, 146–147, Mono River at Agbannankin .</p><p>Democratic Republic of Congo: Bas Congo: AMNH 246957, 55, 16–342, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.091499&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.9170556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.091499/lat -4.9170556)">Luozi River</a>, about 2 km from Luozi, 4°55′1.4″S, 14°5′29.4″E .</p><p>Clarias jaensis: Republic of Congo: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.819388&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.2243888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.819388/lat -2.2243888)">Niari</a>: AMNH 264353, 1, 253, tributary of the <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.819388&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.2243888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.819388/lat -2.2243888)">Nyanga River</a> west of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.819388&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.2243888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.819388/lat -2.2243888)">Mayoko.</a> AMNH 264352, 1, 219, Léala River (tributary of Louessé River), 2°13′27.8″S, 12°49′9.8″E .</p><p>Clarias laeviceps: Liberia: AMNH 59064, 4, 183–304, small stream in mountainside, 1 km east, 12 km north of Zigida, Wologizi Mountains, St. Paul’s River drainage.</p><p>Clarias liocephalus: Uganda: AMNH 216262, 2, 106–181, Lake Nabugabo to Juma River (Lake Victoria drainage).</p><p>Clarias pachynema: Cameroon: AMNH 236519, 4, 117–189, Pont So’o, confluence of So’o and Fala Rivers, Nyong Basin . Gabon: Haute-Ogooue: AMNH 211416, 2, 170-173, Mopia, Franceville . Ogooue-Ivindo: AMNH 263005, 2, 46–77, Bale Creek on border of Ivindo National Park at Impassa . Republic of Congo: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.637555&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.3540554" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.637555/lat -4.3540554)">Kouilou</a>: AMNH 258345, 2, 126–130, Npakou (Emissaire Lac Ndembo), 4°21′14.6″S, 11°38′15.2″E .</p><p>Clarias platycephalus: Democratic Republic of Congo: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.7345&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.2016664" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.7345/lat -6.2016664)">Kasai Occidental</a>: AMNH 247473, 1, 269, Tshina River, 6°12′6″S, 22°44′4.2″E .</p><p>Clarias stappersii: Democratic Republic of Congo: Orientale: AMNH 6492, 1, 220, Dungu River at Faradje, Uele River drainage, (Ubangi, Middle Congo River).</p><p>Zambia: Luapula: CUMV 91263, 1, 165, Lwela River at bridge on Mansa-? <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.169498&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.557" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.169498/lat -11.557)">Road</a>, 11°33′25.2″S, 29°10′10.2″E .</p><p>Clarias theodorae: Zambia: Western Province: AMNH 215586, 5, 83–192, Barotse floodplain, 1 km west of Sefula .</p><p>Clarias werneri: Uganda: AMNH 216263, 2, 165–176, Lake Nabugabo.</p><p>Dinotopterus cunningtoni: Tanzania: CUMV 82794, 1, 242, Lake Tanganyika, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.597767&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.9101086" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.597767/lat -4.9101086)">Jakobsen’s Beach</a> near Kigoma, 4°54′36.39″S, 29°35′51.96″E .</p><p>Heterobranchus longifilis: Central African Republic: AMNH 230730, 1, 266, Bamingui River, Bamingui-Bangoran <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.833334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.833334/lat 7.5)">National Park</a>, 7°30′N, 19°50′E .</p><p>Xenoclarias eupogon: Uganda: AMNH 71860, 4, 174–200, Lake Victoria, east of Dagusi Island.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D0F929FFC1FFFEFF5988CBFF66FA8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bernt, Maxwell J.;Stiassny, Melanie L. J.	Bernt, Maxwell J., Stiassny, Melanie L. J. (2022): A New Species of Air-breathing Catfish (Clariidae: Clarias) from Salonga National Park, Democratic Republic of the Congo. American Museum Novitates 2022 (3990): 1-20, DOI: 10.1206/3990.1, URL: https://bioone.org/journals/american-museum-novitates/volume-2022/issue-3990/3990.1/A-New-Species-of-Air-Breathing-Catfish-Clariidae--Clarias/10.1206/3990.1.full
