identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D187ABFFD9FFB4962BF9AAFAE3F8A0.text	03D187ABFFD9FFB4962BF9AAFAE3F8A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sassanidotus Farzanpay 1987	<div><p>Sassanidotus Farzanpay, 1987</p><p>(Figs. 1–9, Table 1)</p><p>Sassanidotus Farzanpay, 1987: 161, 221.</p><p>Sassanidothus (incorrect subsequent spelling): Farzanpay, 1988: 41; Kovařík, 1993: 203; Fet &amp; Lowe, 2000: 222.</p><p>Type species: Buthus zarudnyi Birula, 1900 .</p><p>Diagnosis: Dorsal trichobothria of femur arranged in beta configuration. Trichobothrium d 3 on patella is located dorsally from DMc carina. Tibial spurs present on legs III and IV. Cheliceral fixed finger with two ventral denticles. Carapace with distinct carinae (Fig. 6), in lateral view with entire dorsal surface horizontal or almost horizontal. Central median and posterior median carinae of carapace fused into one linear carina. Movable finger of pedipalp with three granules located proximally to the terminal granule. Trichobothrium db on chela of pedipalp closer to esb or as far as est (Figs. 1 and 2). Tergites I–VI tricarinate. Carinae of tergites projecting beyond posterior margin as distinct spiniform processes.</p><p>Comments: The description of the genus Sassanidotus was published in a book by Farzanpay (1987: 161) in Farsi, and the Latin name was transliterated in the Farsi text as well. The Index in this book, however, included Latin names (p. 221, Sassanidotus; the original spelling with “t”, not “th”), which technically makes this name available under Farzanpay’s authorship (Fet &amp; Lowe, 2000).</p><p>The single species of Sassanidotus Farzanpay, 1987 listed by Fet &amp; Lowe (2000) was formerly placed in the genera Buthus Leach, 1815 and Mesobuthus Vachon, 1950 . In our opinion, Sassanidotus is a valid genus closely related to Compsobuthus Vachon, 1949, with which it shares most of the characters noted in the diagnosis above including the shape of carinae on the carapace. The main diagnostic difference is that Sassanidotus has only three granules located proximally to the terminal granule on the movable finger of pedipalp (fig. 26 in Vachon, 1958: 143), whereas species of Compsobuthus and also Mesobuthus always have four such granules (fig. 27 in Vachon, 1958: 143). This diagnostic character, first observed by Vachon (1958), was repeated by Farzanpay (1987: 161) in his brief Farsi description and key. Vachon (1958: 143–145, figs. 26– 27) first suggested that the species originally known as Buthus zarudnyi Birula, 1900 does not belong to the genus Mesobuthus where it was previously placed (Vachon, 1950: 153; 1952: 325).</p><p>Vachon, however, never published a new generic name for Buthus zarudnyi . Farzanpay (1988: 39, 40) listed the name (spelled with “th” as Sassanidothus, which constitutes an incorrect subsequent spelling) along with two other new scorpion genera, where he planned to be one of the authors: “ Olivierus (n. gen. to be described by Farzanpay &amp; Vachon),” “ Razianus (n. gen. to be described by Vachon &amp; Farzanpay),” and “ Sassanidothus (n. gen. to be described by Farzanpay &amp; Vachon)”. In the introduction, he wrote (Farzanpay, 1988: 34): “The new creations are based on the cooperation and suggestion of Professor Max Vachon of the Muséum national d´Histoire naturelle in Paris as agreed by personal communication. ...(letter August 30, 1984)”.</p><p>Unfortunately, no further descriptions of these genera by Vachon ever appeared until Vachon’s death in 1992; there is also no evidence that Vachon was aware that descriptions of three new genera and one new species were published by Farzanpay (1987). About 20 specimens from Iran labeled “ Sassanidothus ” by Vachon exist in MNHN (pers. comm. from Wilson Lourenço to V.F., 1996).</p><p>The genus Sassanidotus was never revised, and therefore was considered valid by Fet &amp; Lowe (2000: 222), as well as other genera published in Farzanpay (1987), namely, Olivierus, Razianus, and Simonoides . The authorship of Olivierus, Razianus, and Sassanidotus, however, was assigned only to Farzanpay (1987) by Fet &amp; Lowe (2000: 189, 216, 222) since they did not think that Vachon was responsible for the descriptions (quite incomplete and inadequate) as published by Farzanpay (1987). On complicated authorship of Simonoides (now confirmed as a junior synonym of Orthochirus), see Kovařík &amp; Fet (2006).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D187ABFFD9FFB4962BF9AAFAE3F8A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kovařík, František;Fet, Victor	Kovařík, František, Fet, Victor (2006): Taxonomic position of the genus Sassanidotus Farzanpay, 1987 (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius 39 (38): 1-9, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2006.vol2006.iss38.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2006/iss38/1/
03D187ABFFDEFFB29640FD54FA0CFBBB.text	03D187ABFFDEFFB29640FD54FA0CFBBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sassanidotus zarudnyi (Birula 1900)	<div><p>Sassanidotus zarudnyi (Birula, 1900)</p><p>(Figs. 1, 3–5, Table 1)</p><p>Buthus (Buthus) zarudnyi Birula, 1900a: 11; Birula, 1917: 214.</p><p>Buthus zarudnyi: Birula, 1903: 70 .</p><p>Buthus (Buthus) zarudnyi zarudnyi: Birula, 1917: 240 .</p><p>Mesobuthus zarudnyi: Vachon, 1950: 153 (1952: 325); Vachon, 1958: 141; Habibi, 1971: 44; Pérez, 1974: 25; Fet, 1980: 168; Farzanpay, 1988: 39; Kovařík, 1998: 115.</p><p>Mesobuthus zarudnyi zarudnyi: Vachon, 1966: 213; Kovařík, 1997: 49.</p><p>Sassanidothus zarudnyi: Farzanpay, 1987: 161; Farzanpay, 1988: 41; Kovařík, 1993: 203; Fet &amp; Lowe, 2000: 222.</p><p>Sassanidothus zarudnyi zarudnyi: Fet &amp; Lowe, 2000: 223 .</p><p>Type locality and type repository. Neizar, Seistan, Iran, ZISP .</p><p>Holotype. Iran, Teheran, Persia, 1♂ (holotype), coll. N. A. Zarudny, lost (see below).</p><p>Material examined. (Figs. 3–5). Iran, 1 ♂, 21– 24.V.1898, Seistan, Neizar, coll. N. A. Zarudny, ZISP No. 599, deignated here as neotype (see below) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Total length of the examined male 34.4 mm. Fingers of pedipalps flexed proximally. Movable finger of pedipalp bears 11 rows of granules, all without external and with internal granules. Trichobothria db and est situated next to each other, approximately equidistant from esb and eb (Fig. 1). Intermediate carinae of metasomal segment II may reach three-quarters of segment length; metasomal segment III bears in place of intermediate carinae only about 10 posteriorly situated irregular granules; metasomal segment IV with lateral surface sparsely covered by granules that do not form rows or carinae. Tarsomere I of legs I to III with bristlecombs. Pectinal teeth number 22. Telson bulbous.</p><p>Distribution. Iran (Birula, 1900a: 11).</p><p>Comments: The holotype from Teheran, published by Birula (1900a), is absent from the collection of the Zoological Museum of Moscow State University (K. M. Mikhailov, pers. comm., April 2006), and therefore we consider it to be lost. The record and brief description of the male specimen from Seistan, which we examined, was published by the same author later (Birula, 1903: 70). Birula (1903) noted that there were no diagnostic differences (even at the level of subspecies) between the Teheran and Seistan males. Following Article 75 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), we designate here the Seistan male (ZISP 599) as a neotype. At the same time, Birula described Buthus zarudnyi gracilis (Birula, 1900) and B. z. sarghadensis Birula, 1903 as two separate subspecies.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D187ABFFDEFFB29640FD54FA0CFBBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kovařík, František;Fet, Victor	Kovařík, František, Fet, Victor (2006): Taxonomic position of the genus Sassanidotus Farzanpay, 1987 (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius 39 (38): 1-9, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2006.vol2006.iss38.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2006/iss38/1/
03D187ABFFDEFFBE94E6FB5BFD40FCBF.text	03D187ABFFDEFFBE94E6FB5BFD40FCBF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sassanidotus gracilis (Birula 1900)	<div><p>Sassanidotus gracilis (Birula, 1900), stat. n.</p><p>(Figs. 2, 6–9, Table 1)</p><p>Buthus zarudnyi gracilis Birula, 1900b: 368 .</p><p>= Buthus zarudnyi sarghadensis Birula, 1903: 70–71, syn. n.</p><p>Buthus (Buthus) zarudnyi sarghadensis: Birula, 1917: 240 .</p><p>Mesobuthus zarudnyi gracilis: Vachon, 1958: 141; Vachon, 1966: 213; Habibi, 1971: 44; Pérez, 1974: 25; Farzanpay, 1988: 39; Kovařík, 1997: 49; Kovařík, 1998: 115.</p><p>Mesobuthus zarudnyi sarghadensis: Vachon, 1958: 141; Vachon, 1966: 213; Habibi, 1971: 44; Pérez, 1974: 26; Farzanpay, 1988: 39; Kovařík, 1997: 49; Kovařík, 1998: 115.</p><p>Sassanidothus zarudnyi gracilis: Fet &amp; Lowe, 2000: 223 .</p><p>Sassanidothus zarudnyi sarghadensis: Fet &amp; Lowe, 2000: 223 .</p><p>Type locality and type repository. Nasirabad, Seistan, eastern Persia, now Iran ; ZISP.</p><p>Pectinal teeth 22: - 16:17 16:16</p><p>Type material examined. Iran, Nasirabad, Seistan, eastern Persia, 1♀ (holotype) (Figs. 6 and 7), coll. N. A. Zarudny, ZISP No. 598; between Djuan-kan and Mirkala (Kala-i-mir), Mashkil and Djalak, Baluchistan, eastern Persia, 26–29 January 1901, 1♀ 1juv. (lectotype and paralectotype of Buthus zarudnyi sarghadensis) (Figs. 8 and 9), coll. N. A. Zarudny, ZISP No. 1356; between Mirkuh and Rik-i-malik, Sargad, Baluchistan, eastern Persia, 14–19 January 1901, 2♀ 4juvs. (paralectotypes of Buthus zarudnyi sarghadensis), coll. N. A. Zarudny, ZISP No. 1355 .</p><p>Other material examined. Pakistan, southern Baluchistan, 1♂, April 1993, coll. S. Bečvář, FKCP .</p><p>Diagnosis: Total length 32–52 mm. Male with manus of pedipalp much wider and fingers slightly flexed proximally. Movable fingers bear 11 rows of granules, of which first eight rows lack external granules and last three rows may have external granules. Internal granules present. Trichobothrium db situated between trichobothria est and esb (Fig. 2). Metasomal segments II to IV with eight carinae. Intermediate carinae of metasomal segment II are replaced by granules which may form incomplete carinae; metasomal segment III bears less posteriorly situated granules, which may reach mid-length of segment; metasomal segment IV bears only one posteriorly situated granule. Tarsomere I of legs I to III with bristlecombs. Pectinal teeth number 15– 17 in females and 18–19 in males. Telson of adults bulbous.</p><p>Distribution. Afghanistan (south; Vachon, 1958: 144), Iran (Birula, 1900b: 368), Pakistan (first record).</p><p>Comments: Our investigation demonstrated no diagnostic differences between the holotype of Buthus gracilis Birula, 1900 and type series of Buthus zarudnyi sarghadensis Birula, 1903 . The holotype specimen of Buthus zarudnyi sarghadensis Birula, 1903 was not designated in the original publication, or in any subsequent literature, although Fet &amp; Lowe (2000: 223) quoted ZISP 1356 female as a holotype. The confusion was caused by the label designations of Birula, where ZISP 1356 female is labeled “tip” in Russian (“type”) but this designation has not been originally published. Following Articles 69 and 74 of the Code (ICZN, 1999), we designate ZISP 1356 female as a lectotype, and all other type specimens become paralectotypes.</p><p>Fet &amp; Lowe (2000: 223) quoted “Mashkim, between Dzhuolk-Kan and Mirkala ”, which was an erroneous transliteration from the Russian text of the label (Fig. 9). Birula (1903: 70) listed type locality (in German transliteration) as “prov. Maschkil und Djalak auf dem Wege zwischen der Oertlichkeit Djuan-kan und dem Dorfe Mir-kala (=Kala-i-Mir)”. “Mashkil” corresponds to the modern Mashkel, a river in <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=62.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 62.7/lat 27.6)">Seistan</a> and <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=62.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 62.7/lat 27.6)">Baluchistan Province</a> (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=62.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 62.7/lat 27.6)">Ostan-e</a> Sistan va Baluchestan) of Iran, at the country’s southeastern border with Baluchistan Province of Pakistan. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=62.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 62.7/lat 27.6)">Djalak</a> is modern <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=62.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 62.7/lat 27.6)">Djalq</a> or <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=62.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 62.7/lat 27.6)">Jalq</a> (27.60º N, 62.70 º E), 270 km SE of Zahedan, where N. A. Zarudny’s expedition arrived by the end of January, 1901 (Zarudny, 1916; see also Fet, 1997) .</p><p>Farzanpay (1988: 40) erroneously quoted Sassanidothus zarudnyi sarghadensis as a synonym of Razianus zarudnyi (Birula, 1903), which belongs to a completely different, valid genus (Fet &amp; Lowe, 2000). The convoluted history of these confused names can be summarized as follows. The confusion started when Birula described two completely different species from Iran, both named after N. A. Zarudny who collected the types: Buthus zarudnyi Birula, 1900 (now Sassanidotus zarudnyi) and Hemibuthus zarudnyi Birula, 1903 (now Razianus zarudnyi). Later, Birula (1905) transferred Hemibuthus zarudnyi to the genus Buthus, and to avoid homonymy had to introduce a substitute name, Buthus zarudnianus Birula, 1905 . Farzanpay (1988: 40) writes that “Vachon considered for a time Buthus zarudnianus Birula, 1905 as a synonym of Mesobuthus zarudnyi (personal communication)” but this testimony is doubtful and appears only to propagate the confusion. Birula’s descriptions of two species are very clearly different. Farzanpay (1988: 40) mentioned the new genus Razianus “to be described by Vachon &amp; Farzanpay” based on Hemibuthus zarudnyi Birula, 1903 . Later, new genus Neohemibuthus and species, Neohemibuthus kinzelbachi, were described by Lourenço (1996). Fet (1997) analyzed the type material and synonymized Neohemibuthus kinzelbachi with Buthus zarudnianus Birula, 1905, therefore restoring the original specific epithet in combination Neohemibuthus zarudnyi (Birula, 1903) . Finally, Lowe &amp; Fet (2000) discovered that the name Razianus —just like Sassanidotus — was available under Farzanpay’s authorship since 1987. Therefore the correct name of the species in question is Razianus zarudnyi (Birula, 1903) (= Buthus zarudnianus Birula, 1905, = Neohemibuthus kinzelbachi Lourenço, 1996) (Lowe &amp; Fet, 2000).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D187ABFFDEFFBE94E6FB5BFD40FCBF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kovařík, František;Fet, Victor	Kovařík, František, Fet, Victor (2006): Taxonomic position of the genus Sassanidotus Farzanpay, 1987 (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius 39 (38): 1-9, DOI: 10.18590/euscorpius.2006.vol2006.iss38.1, URL: https://mds.marshall.edu/euscorpius/vol2006/iss38/1/
