identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D187AAFF99BA2BE0DFFC7AE690FA88.text	03D187AAFF99BA2BE0DFFC7AE690FA88.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathydorus Schulze 1886	<div><p>Genus Bathydorus Schulze, 1886</p><p>Type species: Bathydorus fimbriatus Schulze, 1886 (by subsequent designation; Koltun, 1967).</p><p>Genus diagnosis. Rossellinae with tubular, saccular, or plate-like gross morphology. Basiphytous or lophophytous, thin-walled. Dermalia are combinations of spicules from hexactins to diactins. Regular pentactins make up a hypodermal layer. Choanosomal skeleton composed of diactins, sometimes with hexactins. Atrialia are hexactins or stauractins. Microscleres are combinations of oxyoidal hexasters, hemihexasters, and hexactins; lacking pappocomes (From Tabachnick 2002b: 1463, emended).</p><p>Remarks. The diagnosis of the genus is emended to include the plate-like gross morphology, lophophytous method of attachment, and atrial stauractins that occur in the new species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D187AAFF99BA2BE0DFFC7AE690FA88	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kahn, Amanda S.;Geller, Jonathan B.;Reiswig, Henry M.;Smith, Kenneth L.	Kahn, Amanda S., Geller, Jonathan B., Reiswig, Henry M., Smith, Kenneth L. (2013): Bathydorus laniger and Docosaccus maculatus (Lyssacinosida; Hexactinellida): Two new species of glass sponge from the abyssal eastern North Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 3646 (4): 386-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.4.4
03D187AAFF99BA2BE0DFFC8AE76CFCFE.text	03D187AAFF99BA2BE0DFFC8AE76CFCFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Lyssacinosida Zittel 1877	<div><p>Order Lyssacinosida Zittel, 1877</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D187AAFF99BA2BE0DFFC8AE76CFCFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kahn, Amanda S.;Geller, Jonathan B.;Reiswig, Henry M.;Smith, Kenneth L.	Kahn, Amanda S., Geller, Jonathan B., Reiswig, Henry M., Smith, Kenneth L. (2013): Bathydorus laniger and Docosaccus maculatus (Lyssacinosida; Hexactinellida): Two new species of glass sponge from the abyssal eastern North Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 3646 (4): 386-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.4.4
03D187AAFF99BA2BE0DFFCCCE771FCB4.text	03D187AAFF99BA2BE0DFFCCCE771FCB4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rossellidae Schulze 1885	<div><p>Family Rossellidae Schulze, 1885</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D187AAFF99BA2BE0DFFCCCE771FCB4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kahn, Amanda S.;Geller, Jonathan B.;Reiswig, Henry M.;Smith, Kenneth L.	Kahn, Amanda S., Geller, Jonathan B., Reiswig, Henry M., Smith, Kenneth L. (2013): Bathydorus laniger and Docosaccus maculatus (Lyssacinosida; Hexactinellida): Two new species of glass sponge from the abyssal eastern North Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 3646 (4): 386-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.4.4
03D187AAFF99BA2BE0DFFC31E71EFC71.text	03D187AAFF99BA2BE0DFFC31E71EFC71.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rossellinae Schulze 1885	<div><p>Subfamily Rossellinae Schulze, 1885</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D187AAFF99BA2BE0DFFC31E71EFC71	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kahn, Amanda S.;Geller, Jonathan B.;Reiswig, Henry M.;Smith, Kenneth L.	Kahn, Amanda S., Geller, Jonathan B., Reiswig, Henry M., Smith, Kenneth L. (2013): Bathydorus laniger and Docosaccus maculatus (Lyssacinosida; Hexactinellida): Two new species of glass sponge from the abyssal eastern North Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 3646 (4): 386-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.4.4
03D187AAFF99BA2CE0DFFA05E499FEA8.text	03D187AAFF99BA2CE0DFFA05E499FEA8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bathydorus laniger	<div><p>Bathydorus laniger, new species</p><p>(Fig. 2–4, Table 1)</p><p>Holotype. Stored at SIO-BIC (P1538), coll. A. S. Kahn using MBARI ROV Tiburon, dive T1094 from R/V Western Flyer, 3,950 m depth, Station M (34º50’N, 123º0’W), 0 5 June 2007.</p><p>Other material examined. Paratypes: CASIZ 190478, 190479, MBARI Sponges 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3 coll. H. Ruhl using MBARI ROV Tiburon, from R/V Western Flyer, 4,000 m depth, Station M, 21–23 September 2007. SIO-IZ P1463, coll. K. L. Smith using otter trawl, PULSE 46, depth ~ 4,100 m, Station M, February 2005.</p><p>Diagnosis. Bathydorus with dermal and atrial layer of stauractins; hypodermal pentactins smooth; microscleres usually only oxyhexasters and oxyhemihexasters, small oxyhexactins rarely found. Body shape platelike with dermal surface facing downward, toward the seafloor. A fringe of marginal prostalia protrudes from the perimeter and solitary pleural prostalia project from the dermal surface, inserting into the substrate and providing anchorage. No major oscula present, but usually one small hole in center of dermal surface may represent a residual osculum; color white on seafloor, becoming beige from sediment fouling during collection.</p><p>Description of holotype. Holotype (Fig. 2) 38 cm diameter at longest axis, 1–3 mm thick. The atrial surface is smooth and faces up away from seafloor, while the dermal surface contains long (&gt; 5 cm), solitary prostal diactins that project down into the sediments and anchor the sponge. Marginal prostals project from the perimeter forming a fringe around the sponge, and are angled slightly toward the sediments. Neither surface has recognizable ostial or oscular apertures, but spacing between nodes in the stauractin framework is 78.8 ± 9.4 µm (mean ± SD). A large hole perforates the center, leaving a concavity in the atrial surface. Live specimens at depth are white; once disturbed and brought to the surface they can appear beige from sediment fouling. Sponges have a crunchy but pliable texture.</p><p>Lyssacine framework. Moving from the lower dermal to the upper atrial surface, the outermost layer of the dermal surface is a single layer of stauractins, networked together but not fused. Proximal to the stauractin layer are large, smooth, hypodermal pentactins arranged semi-regularly, with proximal rays pointing toward the choanosome and tangential rays nearly aligning with the distal stauractin network. The choanosomal layer is primarily comprised of long diactins but also contains scattered oxyhemihexasters. A layer of small hypoatrial hexactins is irregularly arranged distal to the choanosome, and a final layer of networked stauractins finishes off the atrial surface (summarized in Fig. 3).</p><p>The channel system could not be determined, but the dermal surface appears to have regularly spaced openings among the stauractin network (80µm diameter) while the atrial surface has a fine mesh with no distinctive oscula.</p><p>Spicules. Spicule forms are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 and dimensions are provided in Table 1. Megascleres include stauractins, pentactins, diactins, and hexactins. Microscleres range from oxyhexactins to oxyhexasters and oxyhemihexasters. The outermost dermal layer is a network of small rough stauractine dermalia (Fig. 4 a) with a layer of large, smooth hypodermal pentactins (Fig. 4 c) immediately proximal to it. Oxyhexasters and oxyhemihexasters with one to three secondary rays branching from each primary ray (Fig. 4 e) are scattered among the longer proximal rays of the pentactins. Long choanosomal diactins in the center provide internal structure along with the proximal rays of the pentactins. A swelling halfway along the length of the diactins contains the axial cross and the four vestigial axial filaments that would make up a hexactine spicule; the tips are slightly rough (Fig. 4 d). The outermost atrial surface also begins with a layer of rough stauractine atrialia, followed immediately by a proximal, hypoatrial layer of small rough hexactins with all rays approximately the same length (Fig. 4 b).</p><p>Diactine prostalia project as both marginalia and pleuralia to provide anchorage in the sediments, acting as functional basalia. The prostal diactins project tangentially from the dermal surface or margin, then curve toward the seafloor. Thin siliceous strands spiral around the proximal ends of the prostalia, but they diminish as distance from the main body increases. No central swellings or tubercles are observed along the length of the prostal diactins. The tips of the prostalia were smooth and each tapered to a point. No major differences were observed between diactins comprising pleural prostalia versus marginal prostalia, except that marginal prostalia were slightly thinner and were straighter than pleural prostalia, which curled into the sediments.</p><p>Description of other material. Whole paratypes collected using a remotely operated vehicle were easily recognizable in ROV video by the laterally protruding marginalia. The trawled paratype stored at SIO-BIC was broken and filled with mud from the collections, but spicule organization remained the same, with all spicule types present.</p><p>Etymology. The species name, laniger, refers to the fringe of marginal spicules along the perimeter of the sponge, giving it a “hairy” appearance.</p><p>Gene sequences. Ribosomal DNA from 18S, 28S, and 16S, plus mitochondrial COI were amplified and sequenced from the holotype in two previously published molecular phylogenies (Dohrmann et al. 2009, 2012), where the species was identified as “ Bathydorus sp.” DNA vouchers from the holotype were deposited into the collection of G. Wörheide, voucher number GW5428. GenBank accession numbers FM946114 (18S), FM 946117 (28S), FM946102 (16S), FR848925 (COI).</p><p>Comparisons. To our knowledge, this species has not been found elsewhere in the world. The arrangement of spicules clearly identifies it as a member of the genus Bathydorus; however, the plate-like gross morphology along with the layer of stauractine atrialia differentiates it from other species within the genus.</p><p>The new species differs from the six known species of Bathydorus (and four sub-species) by a variety of characters. The unique gross morphology does lend itself as a character for species identification, but should not be considered reliable because sponges can change morphology based on surrounding conditions (Palumbi 1984). Bathydorus laniger has a layer of atrial stauractins that is only otherwise found in Bathydorus uncifer Schulze, 1899; all other members of the genus have atrial hexactins. Bathydorus uncifer has pentactins in the atrial surface along with the stauractins, plus it has thus far only been found in the equatorial Pacific near the Galapagos Islands (Schulze 1899). Bathydorus uncifer also contains hypodermal and hypoatrial stauractins, both of which are missing in B. laniger . While atrial stauractins easily differentiate B. laniger from the rest of its congeners, other differences exist. Bathydorus laevis and its subspecies have hexactine atrialia with varying degrees of roughness (Schulze 1886, 1902; Wilson 1904, Koltun 1967), while all hexactins in B. laniger are uniformly rugose. The atrial hexactins of B. spinosissimus resemble pinules, with large spines on the proximal ray directed toward the tip that progressively increase in size down the length of the ray (Lendenfeld 1915), which is very different from the cylindrical symmetric rays of B. laniger . Like B. laniger, the dermal surface of Bathydorus echinus Koltun, 1967 is composed of dermal stauractins, but contains pentactins and hexactins as well (Koltun 1967). Similarly, B. servatus Topsent, 1928 has dermal stauractins as well as diactins (Topsent 1928). Bathydorus fimbriatus Schulze, 1886 has only stauractins in its dermal surface, but the hexactins in its atrial surface are not found in B. laniger (Tabachnick 2002b) . In view of these differences, we conclude that B. laniger is a new species, bringing the total number of Bathydorus species to seven.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D187AAFF99BA2CE0DFFA05E499FEA8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kahn, Amanda S.;Geller, Jonathan B.;Reiswig, Henry M.;Smith, Kenneth L.	Kahn, Amanda S., Geller, Jonathan B., Reiswig, Henry M., Smith, Kenneth L. (2013): Bathydorus laniger and Docosaccus maculatus (Lyssacinosida; Hexactinellida): Two new species of glass sponge from the abyssal eastern North Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 3646 (4): 386-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.4.4
03D187AAFF9DBA2FE0DFF9F3E670F870.text	03D187AAFF9DBA2FE0DFF9F3E670F870.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Docosaccus Topsent 1910	<div><p>Genus Docosaccus Topsent, 1910</p><p>Type species: Docosaccus ancoratus Topsent, 1910</p><p>Genus diagnosis. Lophophytous, body sac-like or plate-like, with thin walls fixed by several tufts of anchorlike basalia or bundles of diactins surrounding a giant hexactin. Choanosomal spicules are diactins, rarely hexactins and their derivatives. Largest choanosomal spicules are hexactins with long tangential rays or rays of varying size. Dermalia are hexactins, atrialia are hexactins or pentactins. Microscleres are hexactins, hemihexasters, hexasters, floricomes, and probably discohexasters (Tabachnick 2002a: 1395–1396, emended).</p><p>Remarks. The diagnosis of the genus is emended to include the plate-like gross morphology, anchoring spicules, and atrial pentactins that occur in the new species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D187AAFF9DBA2FE0DFF9F3E670F870	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kahn, Amanda S.;Geller, Jonathan B.;Reiswig, Henry M.;Smith, Kenneth L.	Kahn, Amanda S., Geller, Jonathan B., Reiswig, Henry M., Smith, Kenneth L. (2013): Bathydorus laniger and Docosaccus maculatus (Lyssacinosida; Hexactinellida): Two new species of glass sponge from the abyssal eastern North Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 3646 (4): 386-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.4.4
03D187AAFF9DBA2FE0DFFA44E77AFA3C.text	03D187AAFF9DBA2FE0DFFA44E77AFA3C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euplectellidae Gray 1867	<div><p>Family Euplectellidae Gray, 1867</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D187AAFF9DBA2FE0DFFA44E77AFA3C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kahn, Amanda S.;Geller, Jonathan B.;Reiswig, Henry M.;Smith, Kenneth L.	Kahn, Amanda S., Geller, Jonathan B., Reiswig, Henry M., Smith, Kenneth L. (2013): Bathydorus laniger and Docosaccus maculatus (Lyssacinosida; Hexactinellida): Two new species of glass sponge from the abyssal eastern North Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 3646 (4): 386-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.4.4
03D187AAFF9DBA2FE0DFF98EE723F9FA.text	03D187AAFF9DBA2FE0DFF98EE723F9FA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euplectellinae Gray 1867	<div><p>Subfamily Euplectellinae Gray, 1867</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D187AAFF9DBA2FE0DFF98EE723F9FA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kahn, Amanda S.;Geller, Jonathan B.;Reiswig, Henry M.;Smith, Kenneth L.	Kahn, Amanda S., Geller, Jonathan B., Reiswig, Henry M., Smith, Kenneth L. (2013): Bathydorus laniger and Docosaccus maculatus (Lyssacinosida; Hexactinellida): Two new species of glass sponge from the abyssal eastern North Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 3646 (4): 386-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.4.4
03D187AAFF9CBA22E0DFFF05E796FE39.text	03D187AAFF9CBA22E0DFFF05E796FE39.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Docosaccus maculatus	<div><p>Docosaccus maculatus, new species</p><p>(Fig. 5–9, Table 2)</p><p>Holotype. Stored at SIO-BIC (P1539), coll. A. S. Kahn using MBARI ROV Tiburon, dive T1094 from R/V Western Flyer, 3,953 m depth, Station M (34º50’N, 123º0’W), 0 5 June 2007.</p><p>Other material examined. Paratypes: CASIZ 190480, coll. H. Ruhl using MBARI ROV Tiburon, dive T1143, from R/V Western Flyer, 4,000 m depth, Station M, 23 September 2007; MBARI “Sponge 3”, coll. A. S. Kahn using MBARI ROV Tiburon, dive 1094 from R/V Western Flyer, 4,000 m depth, Station M, 0 6 June 2007.</p><p>Diagnosis. Docosaccus with dermal layer of rough hexactins and atrial layer of rough pentactins; microscleres oxyhexasters, oxyhemihexasters, and floricomes. Body shape flat, plate-like, with smooth margins (no marginal prostalia). Lophophytous mode of attachment, each anchoring spicule tuft with bundles of diactins surrounding a giant prostal hexactin. Dermal surface facing downward, toward the seafloor. Parietal oscula regularly scattered across the surface; color translucent white.</p><p>Description of holotype. Holotype (Fig. 5) 13.8 cm diameter at longest axis, 1–3 mm thick. The atrial surface is smooth, facing up away from seafloor, while the dermal surface shows several tufts of anchoring basalia, consisting of diactins surrounding a single, large distal ray of a prostal hexactin. Both surfaces have regular ostial or oscular apertures. Also scattered across the body are larger holes, parietal oscula, 2 to 5 mm in diameter, which perforate the entire body and appear as dark spots in photographs and ROV video. Both live and preserved specimens are translucent white, and in photographs appear to have white and black spots (Fig. 5). The black spots appear where parietal oscula perforate the sponge body while white spots appear where anchoring spicule tufts project from the dermal surface. Spicules are loosely arranged, resulting in a flexible, delicate texture that tears easily.</p><p>Lyssacine framework. Framework is loose, resulting in a flexible but delicate structure that is easily broken. Moving from the dermal to the atrial surface, the outermost layer of the dermal surface has a single layer of swordshaped hexactins with tangential rays forming an unfused, lyssacine network (Fig. 6 bottom). Proximal rays are much longer than the others, and project all the way through the choanosome to the atrial surface. Floricomes perch atop the distal ray of the hexactins. Below the dermal layer is a mesh of long diactins, generally pointing in all directions but sometimes forming bundles or tracts. Among the diactins are large, rough hexactins with even rays. Distal to the choanosome is the atrial membrane containing pentactins arranged with an overlapping network of tangential rays (summarized in Fig. 6 upper).</p><p>The channel system is compressed into just two millimeters of body thickness, yet contains circuitous channels distributing water flow through the body. Openings of inhalant canals are regularly spaced across the dermal surface (about 100 to 250 µm diameter), and openings of exhalant canals (oscula) are regularly spaced and visible on the atrial surface (150 to 500 µm diameter). Internal channels leading from inhalant canal apertures and oscula curve laterally and presumably branch and weave through the choanosome.</p><p>Spicules. Spicule forms are shown in Fig. 6 through Fig. 9 and dimensions are provided in Table 2. Megascleres are hexactins of three varieties, rough atrial pentactins, and choanosomal and anchor-tuft diactins. Microscleres are oxyhexasters, oxyhemihexasters, and floricomes. The three types of hexactins will be described as 1) giant prostal hexactins, 2) dermal hexactins, and 3) choanosomal hexactins.</p><p>Giant prostal hexactins are smooth, with no spines along the entire length. A single giant prostal hexactin was found in each anchoring spicule tuft; the sinuous, thickened distal ray protrudes down into the sediments along with a bundle of diactins. The distal, anchoring ray and one tangential ray running through the choanosome are of similar dimensions (21- 25 - 30 mm, min- mean -max, n=4). Though not oriented in any regular direction, the long tangential ray overlaps with those of other giant hexactins and reinforces structure throughout the body (Fig. 7). Two other tangential rays are smaller (4- 7.2 - 14 mm, n=4) while the final tangential and proximal rays are rounded swellings of about 100 µm in length.</p><p>The sword-shaped dermal hexactins form a network of overlapping tangential rays, with longer proximal rays pointing into the choanosome (Fig. 8 c). These hexactins are covered with small spines; tangential rays are covered evenly while the proximal ray has more spines near the center and fewer at the tip. The distal ray is also covered with spines, and tapers to a point like the other rays.</p><p>Choanosomal hexactins are covered with spines evenly throughout the length of the six cylindrical, pointed rays (Fig. 8 b). Rays of choanosomal hexactins are of roughly equal size, unlike those of the dermal and giant hexactins.</p><p>Atrial pentactins form a network of overlapping tangential rays, with proximal rays pointing into the choanosome. Pentactins are rough with spines, but the spines are not as large as those of the dermal hexactins. Tangential rays are straight, while the proximal ray is either straight or bent slightly near the base (Fig. 8 a).</p><p>Microscleres include oxyhexasters, oxyhemihexasters, and floricomes. Full oxyhexasters with all six primary rays bearing two or more secondary rays are the most common form, but oxyhemihexasters with at least one set of multiple secondary rays (1–3 secondary rays for each primary ray) are also present. Both oxyhexasters and oxyhemihexasters are smooth, with short primary rays and tapering secondary rays that end in pointed (oxyoidal) tips (Fig. 8 d through 8g). They are found scattered throughout the sponge, from just below the dermal surface to the atrial membrane. Floricomes are found in the dermal membrane perched atop the distal rays of dermal hexactins. They have 9–12 S-shaped secondary rays radiating from each short primary ray (Fig. 9). Each secondary ray is roughened with small spines on the concave part of the distal curve, and widens to a flattened, eccentric toothed claw at the end with 4–6 teeth.</p><p>Etymology. The species name, maculatus, refers to the white and dark spots that appear through ROV video in situ. Parietal oscula perforating the entire body wall appear as dark spots while tufts of anchoring basalia, viewed through the atrial surface, appear as white spots.</p><p>Gene sequences. Ribosomal DNA from 18S, 28S, and 16S, plus mitochondrial COI were amplified and sequenced from the holotype in the same two previously published molecular phylogenies as for Bathydorus laniger (Dohrmann et al. 2009, 2012), where they were identified as Docosaccus n. sp. DNA vouchers from the holotype were deposited into the collection of G. Wörheide, voucher number GW5429. GenBank accession numbers FM946116 (18S), FM 946115 (28S), FM946105 (16S), FR848934 (COI).</p><p>Comparisons. To our knowledge, this species has not been reported from elsewhere in the world. Its only congener, Docosaccus ancoratus Topsent, 1910, is found frequently but appears to be endemic to Antarctic waters (Barthel &amp; Tendal 1994). The unique giant hexactin identifies the two species as closely related and belonging to the same genus, but geographic distribution and spicule composition confirm that they are different species. Docosaccus maculatus has an atrial membrane supported by pentactins while the atrial membrane of D. ancoratus is supported by hexactins. Oxyhexasters and oxyhemihexasters are much thicker in the Pacific species, appearing much more delicate in the figures of D. ancoratus provided by Topsent (1913). The dermal hexactins have pointed distal rays in D. maculatus, while they appear rounded into a spined swelling in the Antarctic species. Finally, the anchoring tufts are different between the two species. The diactins surrounding the giant hexactins of D. maculatus are straight and smooth with unevenly tapering tips while those of D. ancoratus are covered with spines recurved back toward the body and ends that look like grappling hooks (Topsent 1910, 1913). These differences confirm that the NE Pacific form is a new species, here designated as Docosaccus maculatus .</p><p>Remarks. The genus Docosaccus was considered to be endemic to Antarctic waters (Downey et al. 2012) until discovery of this plate sponge Docosaccus maculatus in temperate Pacific waters. Given the sparse nature of existing sampling of deep-sea habitats, exact distributions of neither the genus nor the species can be estimated, but overall this species expands the range of the genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D187AAFF9CBA22E0DFFF05E796FE39	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kahn, Amanda S.;Geller, Jonathan B.;Reiswig, Henry M.;Smith, Kenneth L.	Kahn, Amanda S., Geller, Jonathan B., Reiswig, Henry M., Smith, Kenneth L. (2013): Bathydorus laniger and Docosaccus maculatus (Lyssacinosida; Hexactinellida): Two new species of glass sponge from the abyssal eastern North Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa 3646 (4): 386-400, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3646.4.4
