taxonID	type	description	language	source
03DE9F6914761F64FF704B4AFB23FEE4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A medium-sized species (SVL in largest specimen examined 55 mm) of the genus Anolis (sensu Poe 2004) that differs from all other Lower Central American beta anoles (sensu Etheridge 1967) in that it is longlegged (longest toe of adpressed hind leg reaches to at least center of eye, usually to a point between anterior border of eye and nostril); has strongly keeled ventral scales, a large almost uniformly purplish red (in life) colored dewlap in males; postcloacal scales not enlarged in the majority of males, some male with slightly enlarged postcloacal scales; a large bilobed hemipenis in males, and no tube-like axillary pocket. Anole species from Lower Central America that are somewhat similar in appearance to A. tropidogaster are A. cupreus, A. gaigei, A. osa, and A. polylepis. Anolis gaigei has a small, thin, unilobed hemipenis in males (large, bulbous and bilobed in A. tropidogaster); a male dewlap that is orange yellow with a darker orange central area (uniform purplish red, sometimes with a paler orange central area in A. tropidogaster); a pair of greatly enlarged postcloacal scales in males (these scales usually not differentiated in A. tropidogaster); the dorsal head scales, especially in the parietal region large and flat (smaller and bearing minute tubercles in A. tropidogaster); middorsal caudal scales distinctly enlarged and forming a regular series (only slightly enlarged and somewhat irregularly arranged in A. tropidogaster); outer postmental scales greatly enlarged relative to medial ones (only slightly enlarged relative to medial ones in A. tropidogaster). Anolis polylepis and A. osa have smooth ventral scales at midbody and a larger, mostly uniform orange male dewlap (in some parts of its range in Costa Rica, considerable variation was observed in male dewlap coloration of A. polylepis, see Köhler et al. 2010). The male dewlap of A. cupreus is brown to pink with an orange margin. For variation in selected morphometric and scalation characters of A. tropidogaster see Table 1.	en	Köhler, Gunther, Batista, Abel, Vesely, Milan, Ponce, Marcos, Carrizo, Arcadio, Lotzkat, Sebastian (2012): Evidence for the recognition of two species of Anolis formerly referred to as A. tropidogaster (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa 3348: 1-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281518
03DE9F6914761F64FF704B4AFB23FEE4.taxon	description	Description. Anolis tropidogaster is a medium-sized anole (maximum recorded SVL 54.0 mm in males, 55.0 mm in females); dorsal head scales (Fig. 8) in internasal region keeled, in prefrontal, parietal, and frontal areas rugose to tuberculate; deep frontal depression present, parietal depression absent; 5 – 8 (6.75 ± 0.69) postrostrals; anterior nasal usually single, occasionally divided, usually in contact with rostral and first supralabial (Fig. 9, Tab. 2); 6 – 11 (8.97 ± 0.94) internasals; canthal ridge sharply defined; scales comprising supraorbital semicircles weakly keeled, largest scale in semicircles about same size as largest supraocular scale; supraorbital semicircles well defined; 2 – 4 (3.06 ± 0.58) scales separating supraorbital semicircles at narrowest point; 2 – 5 (2.95 ± 0.73) scales separating supraorbital semicircles and interparietal at narrowest point; interparietal well defined, greatly enlarged relative to adjacent scales, surrounded by scales of moderate size, longer than wide, usually larger than ear opening; enlarged supraoculars not in contact with supraorbital semicircles; 2 elongate superciliaries, posterior one much shorter than anterior one; 2 – 3 enlarged canthals; 10 – 17 (13.44 ± 1.71) scales between second canthals; 12 – 20 (15.11 ± 1.86) scales present between posterior canthals; loreal region slightly concave, 33 – 64 (44.77 ± 8.80) mostly keeled (some smooth or rugose) loreal scales in a maximum of 5 – 8 (6.22 ± 0.83) horizontal rows; 6 – 9 (7.00 ± 0.93) supralabials to level below center of eye; suboculars keeled, separated from supralabials by one scale row; ear opening vertically oval; scales anterior to ear opening granular, similar in size to those posterior to ear opening; 6 – 10 (7.75 ± 0.97) postmentals, outer pair usually largest; keeled granular scales present on chin and throat; male dewlap large, extending onto chest; 6 – 8 horizontal gorgetal-sternal rows with 26 – 38 scales per row, rows somewhat irregular, some of them with pairs or triplets of scales, apical portion of dewlap between marginal pairs and last gorgetal-sternal row free of scales; modal number of marginal pairs 4 – 5; female dewlap small or absent; no nuchal crest or dorsal ridge; 2 middorsal scale rows slightly enlarged, weakly keeled, dorsal scales lateral to middorsal series gradually larger than granular lateral scales; no enlarged scales scattered among granular laterals; 42 – 73 (57.0 ± 7.53) dorsal scales along vertebral midline between levels of axilla and groin in males, 53 – 78 (61.8 ± 10.35) in females; 29 – 46 (37.6 ± 4.39) dorsal scales along vertebral midline contained in one head length in males, 30 – 42 (35.3 ± 4.12) in females; ventral scales on midsection about the same size as largest dorsal scales; ventral body scales moderately to strongly keeled, subimbricate to imbricate; 40 – 65 (51.9 ± 5.50) ventral scales along midventral line between levels of axilla and groin in males, 40 – 64 (49.0 ± 8.60) in females; 28 – 46 (36.0 ± 4.52) ventral scales contained in one head length in males, 27 – 36 (31.6 ± 2.92) in females; 112 – 144 (124.7 ± 7.90) scales around midbody in males, 122 – 162 (133.3 ± 12.6) in females; tubelike axillary pocket absent; preanal scales not keeled; postcloacal scales usually not enlarged, or, if differentiated, then only slightly enlarged; tail laterally compressed in cross section, tail height / tail width 1.07 – 1.53 (1.29 ± 0.11); basal subcaudal scales smooth; lateral caudal scales keeled, homogeneous; dorsal medial caudal scale row slightly enlarged, keeled, not forming a crest; most scales on lateral surface of antebrachium weakly keeled, unicarinate; 23 – 29 (25.78 ± 1.46) subdigital lamellae on Phalanges II – IV of Toe IV of hind limbs; SVL 42.0 – 54.0 (48.9 ± 2.96) mm in males, 40.0 – 55.0 (47.0 ± 5.20) mm in females; HL 11.3 – 14.6 (12.9 ± 0.72) mm in males, 11.1 – 14.1 (12.5 ± 1.00) mm in females; tail length 65.0 – 97.0 (83.9 ± 10.70) mm in males, 69.0 – 87.0 (80.0 ± 6.54) mm in females; shank length 12.2 – 15.9 (14.0 ± 1.06) mm in males, 11.2 – 16.0 (13.1 ± 1.65) mm in females; tail length / SVL 1.35 – 1.94 (1.75 ± 0.20) in males, 1.28 – 1.88 (1.68 ± 0.24) in females; HL / SVL 11.3 – 14.6 (12.9 ± 0.72) in males, 11.1 – 14.1 (12.5 ± 1.00) in females; shank length / SVL 0.25 – 0.33 (0.29 ± 0.02) in males, 0.25 – 0.30 (0.28 ± 0.01) in females; shank length / HL 0.94 – 1.22 (1.09 ± 0.07) in males, 0.90 – 1.16 (1.05 ± 0.08) in females. Of 45 specimens examined, the longest toe of the adpressed hind leg reaches to mid-eye in 3 individuals (6.7 %), to anterior margin of eye in 29 individuals (64.4 %), and to a point between eye and snout in 13 individuals (28.9 %). Coloration in life of an adult male (MHCH 2375) was recorded as follows: Dorsal ground color Drab (27) with Olive Brown (28) vertebral band, postorbital band Dark Drab (119 B) extending to level of midbody; a longitudinal level Buff (124) stripe from tympanum to insertion of hind legs; dorsal surface of head Dark Drab (119 B), with a medially interrupted Dark Brownish Olive (129) interorbital bar; forelegs and hind legs Drab (27) suffused with Olive Brown (28); dorsal surface of tail Drab (27) with indistinct Olive Brown (28) bands; ventral surfaces of head, body, and limbs Straw Yellow (57); dewlap Chrome Orange (16), grading into Spectrum Orange (17) at center; gorgetals dirty white; iris Sepia (119). Natural history notes. At the evergreen forest sites (Fig. 10) in the Darién Province, Panama, visited by AB, Anolis tropidogaster was an uncommon species. AB and MP encountered it within the forest on low vegetation between 0.5 and 2.0 m above the ground. Occasionally, individuals were observed on the ground. At night, these animals sleep in the usual anole-like fashion on twigs or the upper surface of leaves. One adult male was collected at a forest edge at Matusagaratí Lake, a thin forest belt between the lake and pasture areas. Another individual was captured at the base of a mangrove tree (MHCH 1636) at a riverside at Caserete, Chepigana, Darién, Panama; in the same region three individuals were seen in a cativo (Prioria copaifera) forest on low vegetation. Another individual (MHCH 1701) was captured during night sampling in a semideciduous forest on a bush at 1.5 m above ground at Sol Poniente, Chepigana, Darién, Panama. Some ecological observations on A. tropidogaster were published by Sexton et al. (1964). Geographic Distribution. Anolis tropidogaster is distributed widely in Colombia and in eastern Panama (Figs. 2, 13). The claim that this species occurs in Ecuador seems to go back to Donoso-Barros (1968), who based this view on the holotype of A. lemniscatus (from “ Puente del Chimbo ”, see Boulenger 1898), a taxon then placed in the synonymy of A. tropidogaster. We were unable to find additional evidence for the occurrence of A. tropidogaster in Ecuador and therefore remove this species from the list of known reptiles from this country. The documented vertical range of the species is from near sea level to about 1100 m. Nasal region Type A 3 (8.6 %) 7 (20.6 %) Nasal region Type B 32 (91.4 %) 27 (79.4 %)	en	Köhler, Gunther, Batista, Abel, Vesely, Milan, Ponce, Marcos, Carrizo, Arcadio, Lotzkat, Sebastian (2012): Evidence for the recognition of two species of Anolis formerly referred to as A. tropidogaster (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa 3348: 1-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281518
03DE9F69147D1F78FF704CFDFB60F9C6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. A medium-sized species (SVL in largest specimen examined 52.5 mm) of the genus Anolis (sensu Poe 2004) that differs from all other Lower Central American beta anoles (sensu Etheridge 1967) in that it is longlegged (longest toe of adpressed hind leg reaches to at least center of eye, usually to a point between anterior border of eye and nostril), has strongly keeled mucronate imbricate ventral scales, a large almost orange red (in life) colored dewlap with a yellowish margin in males, a pair of greatly enlarged postcloacal scales in males, a small unilobed hemipenis in males, and no tube-like axillary pocket. Anole species from Lower Central America that are somewhat similar in appearance to A. gaigei are A. tropidogaster, A. polylepis, and A. cupreus. The males of A. tropidogaster have a mostly uniform purplish red dewlap, a bilobed hemipenis, and lack a pair of greatly enlarged postcloacal scales. For a more detailed comparison of A. gaigei and A. tropidogaster see the Diagnosis section for the latter species. Anolis polylepis and A. osa have smooth ventral scales at midbody and a larger, mostly uniform orange male dewlap (in some parts of its range in Costa Rica, considerable variation was observed in male dewlap coloration of A. polylepis, see Köhler et al. 2010). Also, male A. polylepis have a bilobate hemipenis. The males of Anolis cupreus lack a pair of greatly enlarged postcloacal scales, have a brown to pink dewlap with an orange margin, and a bilobate hemipenis.	en	Köhler, Gunther, Batista, Abel, Vesely, Milan, Ponce, Marcos, Carrizo, Arcadio, Lotzkat, Sebastian (2012): Evidence for the recognition of two species of Anolis formerly referred to as A. tropidogaster (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa 3348: 1-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281518
03DE9F69147D1F78FF704CFDFB60F9C6.taxon	description	Description. Anolis gaigei is a medium-sized anole (maximum recorded SVL 52.5 mm in males, 52.0 mm in females); dorsal head scales (Fig. 11) in internasal region keeled, in prefrontal, parietal, and frontal areas rugose to tuberculate; scales in distinct prefrontal depression slightly wrinkled, parietal depression absent; 5 – 7 (6.06 ± 0.54) postrostrals; anterior nasal usually single, occasionally divided, usually in contact with rostral and first supralabial (Fig. 9, Tab. 2); 5 – 9 (7.03 ± 1.01) internasals; canthal ridge sharply defined; scales comprising supraorbital semicircles weakly keeled, largest scale in semicircles about same size as largest supraocular scale; supraorbital semicircles well defined; 1 – 4 (2.10 ± 0.62) scales separating supraorbital semicircles at narrowest point; 2 – 5 (3.03 ± 0.65) scales separating supraorbital semicircles and interparietal at narrowest point; interparietal well defined, greatly enlarged relative to adjacent scales, surrounded by scales of moderate size, longer than wide, usually larger than ear opening; supraorbital disc composed of 6 – 12 distinctly enlarged keeled scales; enlarged supraoculars not in contact with supraorbital semicircles; usually a single elongated superciliary, or, if 2 elongate superciliaries, posterior one much shorter than anterior one; 2 – 3 enlarged canthals; 8 – 14 (10.93 ± 1.14) scales between second canthals; 10 – 16 (13.10 ± 1.32) scales present between posterior canthals; loreal region slightly concave, 22 – 59 (40.25 ± 5.79) mostly keeled (some smooth or rugose) loreal scales in a maximum of 5 – 8 (6.31 ± 0.60) horizontal rows; 6 – 9 (7.31 ± 0.65) supralabials to level below center of eye; suboculars keeled, suboculars separated from supralabials by 0 – 1 (0.69 ± 0.47) scale row; ear opening vertically oval; scales anterior to ear opening granular, similar in size to those posterior to ear opening; 5 – 9 (6.35 ± 0.80) postmentals, outer pair largest; keeled granular scales present on chin and throat; male dewlap extending well onto chest, anterior insertion at level of center of eye, posterior insertion about 3.0 mm beyond level of axilla; 8 – 9 horizontal gorgetal-sternal rows with 11 – 15 scales per row, rows somewhat irregular; female dewlap small or absent; no nuchal crest or dorsal ridge; 2 middorsal scale rows slightly enlarged, weakly keeled, dorsal scales lateral to middorsal series gradually larger than granular lateral scales; no enlarged scales scattered among granular laterals; 53 – 75 (62.7 ± 5.57) dorsal scales along vertebral midline between levels of axilla and groin in males, 55 – 83 (62.7 ± 6.45) in females; 31 – 56 (38.5 ± 5.35) dorsal scales along vertebral midline contained in one head length in males, 28 – 52 (37.1 ± 7.10) in females; ventral scales on midsection about the same size as largest dorsal scales; ventral body scales strongly keeled, imbricate; 43 – 58 (50.0 ± 3.94) ventral scales along midventral line between levels of axilla and groin in males, 40 – 54 (47.6 ± 3.79) in females; 29 – 48 (35.0 ± 4.31) ventral scales contained in one head length in males, 25 – 38 (30.5 ± 4.44) in females; 94 – 138 (119.0 ± 9.68) scales around midbody in males, 101 – 128 (116.1 ± 7.5) in females; tubelike axillary pocket absent; preanal scales not keeled; males with a pair of greatly enlarged postcloacal scales; tail laterally compressed in cross section, tail height / tail width 1.05 – 1.47 (1.20 ± 0.09); basal subcaudal scales smooth; lateral caudal scales keeled, homogeneous; dorsal medial caudal scale row slightly enlarged, keeled, not forming a crest; most scales on lateral surface of antebrachium weakly keeled, unicarinate; 20 – 28 (25.45 ± 1.65) subdigital lamellae on Phalanges II – IV of Toe IV of hind limbs; SVL 36.0 – 52.5 (45.6 ± 3.40) mm in males, 37.0 – 52.0 (44.7 ± 4.75) mm in females; HL 10.5 – 13.2 (12.1 ± 0.65) mm in males, 10.6 – 12.1 (11.5 ± 0.48) mm in females; tail length 59.0 – 115.0 (95.0 ± 11.63) mm in males, 82.0 – 100.7 (92.3 ± 8.33) mm in females; shank length 11.2 – 15.6 (13.6 ± 0.85) mm in males, 10.5 – 14.0 (12.4 ± 0.82) mm in females; tail length / SVL 1.37 – 2.34 (2.09 ± 0.21) in males, 1.75 – 2.27 (2.10 ± 0.13) in females; HL / SVL 0.26 – 0.30 (0.27 ± 0.01) in males, 0.24 – 0.29 (0.26 ± 0.02) in females; shank length / SVL 0.28 – 0.32 (0.30 ± 0.01) in males, 0.23 – 0.33 (0.29 ± 0.02) in females; shank length / HL 1.04 – 1.24 (1.12 ± 1.04) in males, 0.94 – 1.18 (1.08 ± 0.05) in females. Of 20 specimens examined, the longest toe of the adpressed hind leg reached to mid-eye in 2 individuals (10 %), to anterior margin of eye in 4 individuals (20 %), and to a point between eye and nostril in 14 individuals (70 %). Coloration in life of an adult male (SMF 91918) was recorded as follows: Dorsal ground color Sayal Brown (223 C) with a Beige (219 D) vertebral band, edged by Raw Umber (223) pigment; Raw Umber (223) line continuing anteriorly through eye to tip of snout; dorsum of head Clay Color (26) with a medially interrupted Dark Brownish Olive (129) interorbital bar and a Sepia (219) nuchal spot, followed posteriorly by a Beige (219 D) longitudinal line; forelegs Sayal Brown (223 C); hind legs Cinnamon-Brown (33) with Raw Umber (23) crossbars; dorsal surface of tail Raw Umber (23) grading into Buff (24) distally and with indistinct Cinnamon-Rufous (40) bands; ventral surfaces of head, body, and limbs Pale Horn Color (92); ventral surface of tail suffused with Orange-Rufous (132 C); dewlap Chrome Orange (16), grading into Orange Yellow (18) on anterior and distal margins; gorgetals dirty white; iris Kingfisher Rufous (240). Coloration in life of another adult male (SMF 91529) was recorded as follows: Dorsal and lateral surfaces of body and forelimbs Tawny Olive (223 D); two broad Natal Brown (219 A) longitudinal stripes extending from eye paravertebrally to base of tail, suffused with Walnut Brown (221 B); a series of Sepia (119) blotches between occipital region and base of tail; dorsal surface of head Raw Umber (123), laterally grading into Tawny Olive (223 D); ventral ground color Pale Horn Color (92), suffused with Orange-Rufous (132 C) beneath tail; dorsal and lateral surfaces of tail and hind limbs Sayal Brown (223 C) with the suggestion of diffuse Orange-Rufous (132 C) crossbars; iris Robin Rufous (340); dewlap Burnt Orange (116), especially anterior portions suffused with Grayish Olive (43); anterior base of dewlap Warm Buff (118), posterior base Pale Horn Color (92); dewlap scales dirty white. Coloration in life of an adult female (SMF 91917) was recorded as follows: Dorsal ground color Tawny Olive (223 D) with a Clay Color (123 B) vertebral stripe, edged by Verona Brown (223 B) pigment; dorsum of head Cinnamon Brown (33); forelegs Tawny Olive (223 D); hind legs True Cinnamon (139) with Orange-Rufous (132 C) spots and crossbars; dorsal surface of tail Tawny Olive (223 D) with faint Orange Rufous (132 C) crossbars; chin dirty white; venter Pale Pinkish Buff (121 D); ventral surface of tail suffused with Orange- Rufous (132 C); gular region Spectrum Orange (17) grading into Orange Yellow (18) on anterior margin; gorgetals Pale Pinkish Buff (121 D); iris Robin Rufous (340). The coloration of an adult male from the Canal Zone (SMF 85304) was recorded as follows: Middorsum Army Brown (219 B) bordered by a Burnt Umber (22) dorsolateral stripe; flanks Dark Drab (119 B) with Drab-Gray (119 D) punctuations; venter Drab-Gray (119 D) suffused with Dark Drab (119 B); dewlap Chrome Orange (16) with Orange Yellow (18) anterior border. Natural history notes. Wherever we found it in central and western Panama, Anolis gaigei is an extremely common anole that reaches high population densities, being the most obvious lizard at many sites where it occurs. It is usually encountered in low vegetation between 0.5 and 2.0 m above the ground. Occasionally, individuals can be observed on the ground. At night, these animals sleep in the usual anole-like fashion on twigs or the upper surface of leaves. Although A. gaigei inhabits a wide range of habitats, it seems to be a typical species of the semideciduous forest and of bushy savannahs (Fig. 12). In cattle pasture they depend on the trees along the fences (“ living fences, ” where living trees make up the actual fence posts). Aspects of the ecology of this species were studied by Sexton et al. (1971), Campbell (1971), and Quintero and Cambra (1993). Geographic distribution. As currently known, Anolis gaigei is distributed from near the eastern city limit of Davíd, Chiriquí, along the Pacific versant of western and central Panama, including the Azuero Peninsula, to at least the Canal Zone, and widely distributed in the Santa Marta Mountains of Colombia as well as possibly northwestern Venezuela (Figs. 2, 13). The documented vertical range of the species is from near sea level to about 900 m. The elevation stated to be “ 8, 0 0 0 ft. ” (= 2438 m) for a supposed locality of this species (Pueblo Viejo, Santa Marta Mountains, Colombia) by Ruthven (1916: 8) seems to be exceedingly high and therefore unlikely for this species. However, the associated specimens (UMMZ 48322 – 23) are clearly referable to A. gaigei.	en	Köhler, Gunther, Batista, Abel, Vesely, Milan, Ponce, Marcos, Carrizo, Arcadio, Lotzkat, Sebastian (2012): Evidence for the recognition of two species of Anolis formerly referred to as A. tropidogaster (Squamata: Dactyloidae). Zootaxa 3348: 1-23, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.281518
