identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03DEA321FF9CFFB39BE1FD0DAA03E7F3.text	03DEA321FF9CFFB39BE1FD0DAA03E7F3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Notorynchus primigenius Agassiz 1835	<div><p>Notorynchus primigenius Agassiz, 1835</p> <p>Tooth type: Cutting-clutching.</p> <p>The only extant relative is N. cepedianus (Péron, 1807), which very often feeds on other elasmobranchs such as Myliobatis spp., Dasyatis spp. and Squalus spp. (Ebert, 1991). Other prey items are bony fishes, squids (Loligo spp.), octopuses, crustaceans, gastropods, marine mammals (cetaceans and pinnipeds), agnathans and carrion (Ebert, 1991, 2003; Ebert et al., 2021). According to Cortés (1999), marine mammals and elasmobranchs are the staple food for this species, which has a TL of 4.7. This shark is the dominant elasmobranch in the nearshore marine environment, living from the surf line (less than 1 m depth) to at least 570 m depth, but mostly in less than 100 m depth (Ebert, 2003, Ebert et al., 2021).</p> <p>ORDER SQUALIFORMES Goodrich, 1909</p> <p>Family Echinorhinidae Gill, 1862</p> <p>Genus Echinorhinus Blainville, 1816</p> <p>Echinorhinus pfauntschi Pfeil, 1983</p> <p>Tooth type: Cutting-clutching.</p> <p>There are two recent species of Echinorhinus: E. cookei Pietschmann, 1928 and E. brucus (Bonnaterre, 1788), living from 4 to 1100 m and from 10 to 1214 m depth (Ebert et al., 2021), respectively. The TL of E. cookie is circa 4.4 ±0.76 (Froese and Pauly, 2019) and that of E. brucus is 4.4 (Cortés, 1999). Both bony and cartilaginous fishes have been indicated as staple foods of the recent species (Cortés, 1999; Ebert et al., 2021).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FF9CFFB39BE1FD0DAA03E7F3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FF9CFFB39893F8EDAA6BE3A6.text	03DEA321FF9CFFB39893F8EDAA6BE3A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paraheptranchias repens (Probst 1879)	<div><p>Paraheptranchias repens (Probst, 1879a)</p> <p>Tooth type: Cutting-clutching.</p> <p>The genus is extinct. Based on tooth morphology, the species is most similar to the recent Heptranchias perlo (see Heptranchias sp. above).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FF9CFFB39893F8EDAA6BE3A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FF9FFFB09945F8ADAB77E226.text	03DEA321FF9FFFB09945F8ADAB77E226.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Isistius triangulus (Probst 1879)	<div><p>Isistius triangulus (Probst, 1879)</p> <p>Tooth type: Cutting-clutching.</p> <p>There are only two extant species within this genus: I. brasiliensis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824) and I. plutodus Garrick and Springer, 1964. According to de Figueiredo Petean and de Carvalho (2018), members of this genus may not be good swimmers, given that they are ectoparasites of large fishes and cetaceans. Wounds made by Isistius spp. have been found on marlins, mackerels, tunas, sharks, rays, seals, whales, and dolphins (de Figueiredo Petean and de Carvalho, 2018). Strasburg (1963) also described squid retrieved from stomach contents and Cortés (1999) listed cephalopods as staple prey of I. brasiliensis. Extant I. brasiliensis has a TL of. 4.3 (Cortés, 1999), whereas I. plutodus has a TL of 4.2 ±0.4 (Froese and Pauly, 2019). Isistius spp. live in the oceanic realm, from epipelagic to bathypelagic regions (Ebert et al., 2021). For details on the feeding apparatus of the recent I. brasilianensis see Shirai and Nakaya (1992).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FF9FFFB09945F8ADAB77E226	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FF9EFFB19BECFBD4AAA8E4B5.text	03DEA321FF9EFFB19BECFBD4AAA8E4B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carcharias contortidens (Agassiz 1843)	<div><p>Carcharias contortidens (Agassiz, 1843)</p> <p>Tooth type: Tearing.</p> <p>The only recent species is C. taurus Rafinesque, 1810, which has very similar teeth to the above fossil taxon (Reinecke et al., 2011). It feeds mainly on bony fishes and elasmobranchs, including members of the families Carcharhinidae, Dasyatidae, Hexanchidae, Rajidae, and Rhinobatidae (Cortés, 1999; Smale, 2005; Lucifora et al., 2009). It lives near the bottom from 1 to 232 m depth, but mostly between 15 to 25 m (Ebert et al., 2021). TL for recent C. taurus is 4.4 (Cortés, 1999).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FF9EFFB19BECFBD4AAA8E4B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FF9EFFB19964F95DAA84E09B.text	03DEA321FF9EFFB19964F95DAA84E09B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carcharoides catticus (Philippi 1846)	<div><p>Carcharoides catticus (Philippi, 1846)</p> <p>Tooth type: Tearing.</p> <p>The genus is extinct. Teeth of C. catticus are found in neritic sediments and have an odontaspidid morphology, being also similar to those of extant Triaenodon obsesus (Rüppel, 1837) (family Carcharhinidae). Because of this similarity, Purdy et al. (2001) placed Carcharoides in synonymy with T. obsesus, but Ward and Bonavia (2001) later showed that they are different taxa. In spite of the similar tooth shape suggests that C. catticus had a similar diet to T. obsesus, which consists of bony fish and squids (Cortés, 1999; Ebert et al., 2021).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FF9EFFB19964F95DAA84E09B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FF9EFFB19BF9FE4FAC9DE2CE.text	03DEA321FF9EFFB19BF9FE4FAC9DE2CE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Odontaspis molassica (Probst 1879)	<div><p>Odontaspis molassica (Probst, 1879a)</p> <p>Tooth type: Tearing.</p> <p>As already mentioned, there are two recent species of Odontaspis, O. noronhai and O. ferox; the teeth of the latter are most similar to O. molassica (Bass et al., 1975; Pfeil, 1991). According to Pfeil (1991), O. molassica is the ancestor of O. ferox (Risso, 1810). The latter species feeds on small bony fishes, including rockfish, as well as squid and shrimp, living between 10 and 1015 m depth (Ebert et al., 2021) and having a TL value of 4.2 ±0.56 (Froese and Pauly, 2019). Odontaspis ferox has a cosmopolitan distribution across warm-temperate and tropical waters, and although it is essentially demersal, it has also been captured pelagically in the mid-ocean (Fergusson et al., 2008).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FF9EFFB19BF9FE4FAC9DE2CE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FF9EFF8E9B3CF9E2AD60E1C6.text	03DEA321FF9EFF8E9B3CF9E2AD60E1C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudocarcharias kamoharai (Matsubara 1936)	<div><p>Pseudocarcharias kamoharai (Matsubara, 1936)</p> <p>Tooth type: Tearing.</p> <p>The OMM fossils have been assigned to P. kamoharai, which is an extant species. It lives offshore (occasionally closer to the shore), from the surface down to at least 590 m depth (Compagno, 1984; Nelson, 2006; Ebert et al., 2021). It feeds on small pelagic bony fishes, squids as well as shrimps (Compagno 1984; Estupiñán-Montaño and Galván-Magaña 2021) and has a TL value of 4.2 ±0.60 (Froese and Pauly, 2019).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FF9EFF8E9B3CF9E2AD60E1C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA1FF8E9956FCFAAE3EE5D3.text	03DEA321FFA1FF8E9956FCFAAE3EE5D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alopias exigua (Probst 1879)	<div><p>Alopias exigua (Probst, 1879)</p> <p>Tooth type: Tearing.</p> <p>Out of the three recent species of Alopias listed in Ebert et al. (2021), the teeth of A. superciliosus (Lowe, 1840) display the strongest similarity with those of A. exigua (Bigelow and Schroeder, 1948; Bass et al., 1975; Herman et al., 2004; Ebert et al., 2021). Cortés (1999) indicated cephalopods as the main food item of that species, followed by bony fishes, and established a TL of 4.2. Alopias superciliosus lives from close inshore to the open ocean, from the surface to 955 m depth, but mostly over 100 m depth (Compagno et al., 2005, Ebert et al., 2021).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA1FF8E9956FCFAAE3EE5D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA1FF8E9965F8ECAB2BE0C6.text	03DEA321FFA1FF8E9965F8ECAB2BE0C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carcharodon hastalis (Agassiz 1843)	<div><p>Carcharodon hastalis (Agassiz, 1843)</p> <p>Tooth type: Tearing with tendency towards the cutting type.</p> <p>According to Collareta et al. (2017b), adults of the extinct species C. hastalis were in large part piscivorous; they lived in tropical to temperate seas worldwide, probably on the inner shelf (Cappetta, 1987; Bor et al., 2012). The recent white shark C. carcharias feeds on bony and cartilaginous fishes as well as on marine mammals (Cortés,1999; Ebert, 2003), having a TL of 4.5 (Cortés, 1999). If C. hastalis also fed on marine mammals can not be said with certainty.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA1FF8E9965F8ECAB2BE0C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA1FF8E9BCBFDEDABC0E20D.text	03DEA321FFA1FF8E9BCBFDEDABC0E20D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque 1810	<div><p>Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810</p> <p>Tooth type: Tearing.</p> <p>This is a living species that feeds on bony and cartilaginous fishes, having a TL of 4.3 (Cortés, 1999). Large specimens also feed on small cetaceans (Ebert et al., 2021). This species inhabits the open ocean and coastal waters, from the surface to 888 m depth (Ebert et al., 2021).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA1FF8E9BCBFDEDABC0E20D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA1FF8E9BC5FCDAABF6E5D3.text	03DEA321FFA1FF8E9BC5FCDAABF6E5D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Isurus retroflexus (Agassiz 1843)	<div><p>Isurus retroflexus (Agassiz, 1843)</p> <p>Tooth type: Tearing with tendency towards the cutting type.</p> <p>The genus level of this species is highly debated. A recent species with similar dental morphology is I. paucus Guitart-Manday, 1966, which feeds primarily on schooling fishes and pelagic cephalopods (Ebert, 2003), having a TL of 4.5 (Froese and Pauly, 2019). The blade-like teeth of I. retroflexus, it might also feed on marine mammals. I. paucus is an epipelagic species that can be found from the surface to 1752 m deep (Compagno 1984; Ebert 2003; Ebert et al., 2021).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA1FF8E9BC5FCDAABF6E5D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA1FF8E995FFAE7ADD9E7A6.text	03DEA321FFA1FF8E995FFAE7ADD9E7A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Keasius parvus (Leriche 1908)	<div><p>Keasius parvus (Leriche, 1908)</p> <p>Tooth type: Clutching.</p> <p>This is an extinct genus of basking sharks. Based on the morphology of teeth and gill rakers, the only recent relative taxon is Cetorhinus maximus (Gunnerus, 1765), a plankton feeder that lives on the continental shelf and slope (Compagno et al., 2005; Ebert et al., 2021). Cetorhinus maximus can dive down to 1264 m depth (Ebert et al., 2021). During summer time, basking sharks can be found near the surface, whereas in winter they move to deeper waters (Compagno et al., 2005). Cetorhinus maximus has a TL of 3.2 (Cortés, 1999).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA1FF8E995FFAE7ADD9E7A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA1FF8E9B31FAC7ABE6E626.text	03DEA321FFA1FF8E9B31FAC7ABE6E626.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Megalolamna paradoxodon Shimada, Chandler, Lam, Tanaka and Ward 2016	<div><p>Megalolamna paradoxodon Shimada, Chandler, Lam, Tanaka and Ward, 2016</p> <p>Tooth type: Anterior teeth tearing or grasping type, lateral teeth cutting type (Shimada et al. 2016).</p> <p>In 2016, Shimada et al. designated this new species and genus for teeth from the early Miocene (Aquitanian–Burdigalian) of Japan, Peru and the USA (see Shimada et al. 2016: fig. 2). Pfeil (1991: 200, pl. 2, fig. 8) mentioned and illustrated a tooth from Messkirch-Walbertsweiler as Lamna sp. When comparing the illustration of “ Lamna sp. ” with the ones of Megalolamna paradoxodon, it became obvious that it belongs to the latter as per the tooth shape and inclination and position of the lateral cusplets. Shimada et al. (2016) assumed bony fishes as prey for this species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA1FF8E9B31FAC7ABE6E626	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA1FF8E994EFECDAE75E3AD.text	03DEA321FFA1FF8E994EFECDAE75E3AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mitsukurina lineata (Probst 1879)	<div><p>Mitsukurina lineata (Probst, 1879)</p> <p>Tooth type: Tearing.</p> <p>The only living species is M. owstoni Jordan, 1898, which feeds primarily on bony fishes (Yano et al., 2007), having a TL of 4.1 ±0.62 (Froese and Pauly, 2019). This species lives mostly offshore, from 100 to 1300 m depth, rarely approaching the surface (Compagno, 1984; Yano et al., 2007; Ebert et al., 2021). According to Ebert (2003), M. owstoni appears to forage away from the bottom and may in fact occupy more of a midwater habitat than generally assumed.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA1FF8E994EFECDAE75E3AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA0FF8F9BF4FB0FABECE72E.text	03DEA321FFA0FF8F9BF4FB0FABECE72E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chaenogaleus affinis (Probst 1879)	<div><p>Chaenogaleus affinis (Probst, 1879)</p> <p>Tooth type: Cutting-clutching.</p> <p>The only recent congener is C. macrostoma (Bleeker, 1852), which lives on continental and insular shelves down to 160 m depth (Compagno et al., 2005). Its biology is poorly known (Ebert et al., 2021), but C. macrostoma probably feeds on small fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans (Compagno, 1984). Froese and Pauly (2019) indicated a TL of 4.2 ±0.57 for C. macrostoma.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA0FF8F9BF4FB0FABECE72E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA0FF8C9BD2F995AE7EE1E6.text	03DEA321FFA0FF8C9BD2F995AE7EE1E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hemipristis serra Agassiz 1843	<div><p>Hemipristis serra Agassiz, 1843</p> <p>Tooth type: Cutting-clutching.</p> <p>The only recent congener is H. elongata (Klunzinger, 1871), which feeds on bony fishes and cephalopods and has a TL of 4.3 (Cortés, 1999). It lives on continental and insular shelves down to 132 m depth (Ebert et al., 2021). However, the Miocene Hemipristis serra had larger teeth than extant H. elongata, which may suggest different prey items and, maybe, a slightly higher TL for the extinct species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA0FF8C9BD2F995AE7EE1E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA0FF8F9BCCFE62AB7EE3FB.text	03DEA321FFA0FF8F9BCCFE62AB7EE3FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Iago angustidens (Cappetta 1973)	<div><p>Iago angustidens (Cappetta, 1973)</p> <p>Tooth type: Clutching.</p> <p>There are two recent species, namely, Iago garricki Fourmanoir, 1979 and I. omanensis (Norman, 1939) (Ebert et al., 2021), both of which forage on cephalopods (Ebert et al., 2021). Cortés (1999) assigned a TL of. 4.1 to I. omanensis. I. garricki can be found from 250 to 477 m depth and I. omanensis from circa 90 m to possibly 2195 m depth (Ebert et al., 2021).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA0FF8F9BCCFE62AB7EE3FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA0FF8F9922FF14AEE7E296.text	03DEA321FFA0FF8F9922FF14AEE7E296.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Otodus (Megaselachus)	<div><p>Otodus (Megaselachus) sp.</p> <p>Tooth type: Cutting.</p> <p>Both the genus and the subgenus are extinct, but its species are thought to have inhabited the neritic realm of warm-temperate to tropical oceans worldwide, feeding on marine mammals (Purdy, 1996). Collareta et al. (2017a) proposed that C. megalodon was an apex predator whose trophic spectrum was still focused on small-sized baleen whales. They may also have fed on other sharks and rays, similar to recent Carcharodon carcharias. According to Kast et al. (2022) teeth of Otodus (Megaselachus) megalodon are characterized by a broad range of δ 15 N values, which could be explained by the individuals feeding across many prey types and different trophic levels. Also, according to those authors, teeth of O. (Megaselachus) chubutensis and O. (Megaselachus) megalodon display similar isotope signatures. In the OMM, Otodus (Megaselachus) sp. did likely feed at the highest trophic levels.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA0FF8F9922FF14AEE7E296	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA0FF8F996AFBBDAE05E4DC.text	03DEA321FFA0FF8F996AFBBDAE05E4DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachyscyllium dachiardii (Lawley 1876)	<div><p>Pachyscyllium dachiardii (Lawley, 1876)</p> <p>Tooth type: Clutching.</p> <p>The genus is extinct. Based on odontological analogies, the diet of this species was similar to that of the extant members of Scyliorhinidae. Ebert (2003) listed small bony fish, small sharks, crabs, squid and other invertebrates as prey items for members of Scyliorhinidae. Jacobsen and Bennett (2013) proposed an average TL of 3.9 for scyliorhinids. Members of this family can be found from shallow waters to 825 m depth (Ebert and Fowler, 2014).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA0FF8F996AFBBDAE05E4DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA0FF8F9961FA2AAE35E723.text	03DEA321FFA0FF8F9961FA2AAE35E723.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachyscyllium distans (Probst 1879)	<div><p>Pachyscyllium distans (Probst, 1879a)</p> <p>The genus is extinct. See P. dachiardii above for details.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA0FF8F9961FA2AAE35E723	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA0FF8F9977F9B7AB24E01B.text	03DEA321FFA0FF8F9977F9B7AB24E01B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scyliorhinus Blainville 1816	<div><p>Genus Scyliorhinus Blainville, 1816 Scyliorhinus fossilis (Leriche, 1927)</p> <p>Tooth type: Clutching.</p> <p>This genus contains different recent species, some with poorly-known biology (Compagno et al., 2005; Froese and Pauly, 2019). Cortés (1999) mentioned bony fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans as staple food for five of the extant species and gave a TL of 4.0 to four of them [3.6 to S. canicula (Linnaeus, 1758)]. Members of this demersal genus live between 1 and 825 m depth (Ebert et al., 2021).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA0FF8F9977F9B7AB24E01B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA3FF8C9964FC2CAEACE4AD.text	03DEA321FFA3FF8C9964FC2CAEACE4AD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carcharhinus acuarius (Probst 1879)	<div><p>Carcharhinus acuarius (Probst, 1879)</p> <p>Tooth type: Tearing.</p> <p>The next recent congener is Carcharhinus oxyrhynchus (Müller and Henle, 1839), which feeds on small schooling fishes and has a TL of 4.5 (Ebert et al., 2021; Froese and Pauly, 2019). This Recent species was previously the type species of the monotypic genus Isogomphodon Gill, 1862. Based on molecular genetics, da Silva Rodrigues-Filho et al. (2023) mentioned Isogomphodon as a synonym of Carcharhinus.</p> <p>This species lives in turbid waters in estuaries, mangroves and river mouths, as well as over shallow banks, in depths between 4 and 40 m (Ebert et al., 2021).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA3FF8C9964FC2CAEACE4AD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA3FF8C9964FA3AAB11E0E6.text	03DEA321FFA3FF8C9964FA3AAB11E0E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carcharhinus priscus (Agassiz 1843)	<div><p>Carcharhinus priscus (Agassiz, 1843)</p> <p>Tooth type: Cutting-clutching.</p> <p>A comparison of C. priscus teeth with the dentition of extant Carcharhinus spp. indicates a close morphological relationship with C. limbatus (Müller and Henle, 1841), C. perezi (Poey, 1876) and C. brachyurus (Günther, 1870) (Reinecke et al., 2011; Bor et al., 2012; Andrianavalona et al., 2015; Collareta et al., 2021). That said, the teeth from those three extant species differ in one or more features from C. priscus (Bor et al. 2012). According to this morphological affinity, it can be assumed that C. priscus had a similar diet and habits as the aforementioned extant species. Carcharhinus perezi lives inshore, from the surface to 65 m depth, while C. limbatus and C. brachyurus live in- and offshore, from the surface to a depth of 100 m (Voigt and Weber, 2011). All these species feature bony fishes in their diet (Voigt and Weber, 2011). Cortés (1999) also mentioned cephalopods as a second component of the diet of C. brachyurus and C. limbatus, establishing a TL of 4.2 for them. For C. perezi, in turn, a TL of 4.5 ±0.8 has been proposed (Froese and Pauly, 2019).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA3FF8C9964FA3AAB11E0E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA3FF8C9BCEFDECAC84E5CD.text	03DEA321FFA3FF8C9BCEFDECAC84E5CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Carcharhinus similis (Probst 1978)	<div><p>Carcharhinus similis (Probst, 1978)</p> <p>Tooth type: Cutting-clutching.</p> <p>The teeth of C. similis display closer morphological affinities with those of the extant species C. leucas (Valenciennes, 1839) and C. amboinensis (Müller and Henle, 1839), both of which inhabit the neritic realm, from the surface to a depth of 150 m (Reinecke et al., 2011; Voigt and Weber, 2011). The diet of both these species is composed of bony and cartilaginous fishes, and both have a TL of 4.3 (Cortés 1999). Some authors (Cliff and Dudley, 1991a, 1991b; Tillett et al., 2014; Estupiñán-Montaño et al., 2017) provided further detail on the food items of these two species, which appear to include: Aetobatus spp., Dasyatis spp., Carcharhinus spp., Carcharias spp., Isurus oxyrhynchus, Mobula spp., Rhynchobatus spp., Rhizoprionodon spp., Sphyrna spp., Squatina spp. and Squalidae for C. leucas; and Carcharhinidae, Dasyatidae, Gymnuridae, Myliobatidae, Rhinobatidae, Scyliorhinidae, Sphyrnidae and Squatinidae for C. amboinensis.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA3FF8C9BCEFDECAC84E5CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA3FF8C9942FE87AD30E246.text	03DEA321FFA3FF8C9942FE87AD30E246.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paragaleus tenuis (Probst 1878)	<div><p>Paragaleus tenuis (Probst, 1878)</p> <p>Tooth type: Cutting-clutching.</p> <p>There are four extant species of Paragaleus, living in the neritic realm. They can be found down to a depth of 100 m (Compagno et al., 2005; Ebert et al., 2021). Only one species, P. pectoralis (Garman, 1906), has a known diet: it is a specialist feeder on cephalopods but may also take small fishes (Ebert et al., 2021). It has a TL of 4.3 ±0.64 (Froese and Pauly, 2019). The three other species as well as the extinct P. tenuis have similarly structured teeth (Probst, 1878, pl. 1, figs. 68-70; Herman et al., 1991, pl. 17 and 18; Pfeil, 1991, pl. 3, fig. 8; Ebert et al., pp. 499-500), hence equivalent feeding habits can be assumed.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA3FF8C9942FE87AD30E246	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA3FF8D9BFAFAFAAEDBE01B.text	03DEA321FFA3FF8D9BFAFAFAAEDBE01B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physogaleus contortus (Gibbes 1849)	<div><p>Physogaleus contortus (Gibbes, 1849)</p> <p>Tooth type: Clutching.</p> <p>The genus Physogaleus is extinct; that said, P. contortus might belong to the extant genus Galeocerdo J.P. Müller and Henle, 1837 (Kent, 1994; Purdy et al., 2001). We follow Reinecke et al. (2011) in assigning this extinct species to Physogaleus. In contrast to Galeocerdo teeth, the teeth of P. contortus have a weaker serration and a slenderer upper part of the crown (see also Bor et al., 2012). Another difference to Galeocerdo is the mesial cutting edge of the P. contortus teeth, which areslightly twisted in a lingual direction. The mentioned slenderer upper part of the crown in particular is most suitable for a diet more specialized on fish, and possibly cephalopods, in contrast to the omnivorous diet of Galeocerdo. The dental morphology of P. contortus matches the clutching type sensu Cappetta (2012) whereas the dentition of Galeocerdo matches the cutting type. The Teeth of P. contortus can be found in neritic sediments (Reinecke et al., 2011).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA3FF8D9BFAFAFAAEDBE01B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA2FF8D997AF9E2AA72E31B.text	03DEA321FFA2FF8D997AF9E2AA72E31B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galeocerdo aduncus (Agassiz 1843)	<div><p>Galeocerdo aduncus (Agassiz, 1843)</p> <p>Tooth type: Cutting</p> <p>The only extant congener is G. cuvier (Péron and Lesueur, 1822), an omnivorous opportunistic feeder that eats crabs, lobsters, horseshoe crabs, gastropods, cephalopods, jellyfish, bony fishes, other elasmobranchs, sea turtles, sea snakes, marine mammals, marine birds, and even carrion of terrestrial mammals (Schwartz, 2000; Ebert, 2003; Dicken et al., 2017; Estupiñán-Montaño et al., 2017). Like in other elasmobranch taxa, diet of G. cuvier changes as the animal grows, shifting from bony fishes and cephalopods in juveniles to larger prey items as size increases (Ebert 2003). Large specimens mostly consume elasmobranchs, sea turtles, marine mammals, sea birds and crustaceans (Ebert 2003). The living tiger shark has a TL of 4.1 (Cortés, 1999), living from the intertidal zone to 1136 m depth, moving closer inshore at night but retreating into deeper waters offshore during daytime (Ebert, 2003; Ebert et al., 2021).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA2FF8D997AF9E2AA72E31B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA2FF8D9967FEEFAE2AE20E.text	03DEA321FFA2FF8D9967FEEFAE2AE20E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physogaleus singularis (Probst 1878)	<div><p>Physogaleus singularis (Probst, 1878)</p> <p>Tooth type: Cutting-clutching.</p> <p>The generic allocation of this species is debated. Based on illustrations from Voigt and Weber (2011) and Ebert et al. (2021), teeth of the extant species of the Carcharhinus sealei-dussumieri group (White 2012) are structured in a similar way to those of P. singularis. That group also contains the recent species C. coatesi (Whitley, 1939) and C. tjutjot (Bleeker, 1852). They live in the shelf region, and their staple food is represented by bony fishes, followed by cephalopods (Cortés 1999; Ebert et al., 2021). According to its tooth shape, the lifestyle and diet of P. singularis was likely similar to those of the aforementioned recent species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA2FF8D9967FEEFAE2AE20E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA2FF8D9892FBC2AECBE49B.text	03DEA321FFA2FF8D9892FBC2AECBE49B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhizoprionodon fischeuri (Joleaud 1912)	<div><p>Rhizoprionodon fischeuri (Joleaud, 1912)</p> <p>Tooth type: Cutting-clutching.</p> <p>The teeth of recent Rhizoprionodon spp. are very similar to the fossil representatives (Springer, 1964; Reinecke et al., 2011). Cortés (1999) mentioned bony fishes as staple food for the five extant species, assigning them TL values ranging from 3.8 to 4.2. Members of this genus live in the shelf region as well as offshore, down to depths of 500 m (Ebert et al., 2021).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA2FF8D9892FBC2AECBE49B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA2FF8D9BACFDAFAB0AE58E.text	03DEA321FFA2FF8D9BACFDAFAB0AE58E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphyrna integra Probst 1878	<div><p>Sphyrna integra Probst, 1878</p> <p>Tooth type: Cutting-clutching.</p> <p>The teeth of S. integra are closest in morphology to those of the recent S. lewini (Griffith and Smith, 1834) and S. media Springer, 1940 (Bor et al., 2012). The diet of the latter is unknown, but it has been assigned a TL of 4.0 ±0.4 (Froese and Pauly, 2019; Ebert et al., 2021); the former mainly feeds on bony fishes, followed by squids, crustaceans and elasmobranchs (Estubiñán-Montaño et al. 2009, 2021; Bornatowski et al., 2014), and has a TL of 4.1 ±0.5 (Cortés, 1999; Froese and Pauly, 2019). Both species live on the continental shelf, but S. lewini can also be found on insular shelves and adjacent waters down to a depth of 1043 m or more (Ebert et al., 2021). Estubiñán-Montaño et al. (2021) mentioned a strong relation of S. lewini to coastal regions.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA2FF8D9BACFDAFAB0AE58E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA2FF8A9BC4FB54AD3FE36D.text	03DEA321FFA2FF8A9BC4FB54AD3FE36D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphyrna laevissima (Cope 1867)	<div><p>Sphyrna laevissima (Cope, 1867)</p> <p>Tooth type: Cutting-clutching.</p> <p>In light of tooth morphology, the recent species that is closest to S. laevissima is S. zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758). Because of such similarity, Purdy et al. (2001) placed S. laevissima in synonymy with S. zygaena, but Reinecke et al. (2011) demonstrated that these two taxa are indeed different. Sphyrna zyganea feeds mainly on cephalopods, followed by bony fishes, and has a TL of 4.2 (Cortés, 1999). It lives on coastal to offshore waters, from the surface to 200 m deep, possibly also down to 500 m deep (Ebert et al., 2021).</p> <p>ORDER INCERTAE SEDIS</p> <p>Family Megascyliorhinidae Pfeil, 1984</p> <p>Genus Megascyliorhinus Cappetta and Ward 1977</p> <p>Megascyliorhinus miocaenicus (Antunes and Jonet, 1970)</p> <p>Tooth type: Clutching.</p> <p>The genus as well as the family are extinct. A discussion about this species can be found in Manganelli and Spadini (2019). The teeth show odontological analogies to the Scyliorhinidae. See Pachyscyllium dachiardii above for details.</p> <p>ORDER RAJIFORMES Berg, 1940</p> <p>Family Rhinidae Müller and Henle, 1841</p> <p>Genus Rhynchobatus Müller and Henle, 1837</p> <p>Rhynchobatus pristinus (Probst, 1877)</p> <p>Tooth type: Crushing.</p> <p>All eight extant species of Rhynchobatus live in shallow water down to 70 m depth and they all feature bony fishes and invertebrates in their diet (Froese and Pauly, 2019). Apart from one species with a TL of 4.5, all the others range from 3.4 to 3.6 in TL (Froese and Pauly, 2019).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA2FF8A9BC4FB54AD3FE36D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA5FF8A9BDCFF1AAB43E0F3.text	03DEA321FFA5FF8A9BDCFF1AAB43E0F3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dasyatis probsti Cappetta 1970	<div><p>Dasyatis probsti Cappetta, 1970</p> <p>Toothy type: Crushing (female), clutching (male).</p> <p>There is scarce information on the diet of the recent species of Dasyatis, though all of the, seem to feed on crustaceans (Ebert and Bizzarro, 2007). The 9 recent Dasyatis spp. have been associated to TL values comprised between 3.5 and 4.1 (Froese and Pauly, 2019).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA5FF8A9BDCFF1AAB43E0F3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA5FF8A9BF8FD07AB11E506.text	03DEA321FFA5FF8A9BF8FD07AB11E506.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Taeniurops cavernosus (Probst 1877)	<div><p>Taeniurops cavernosus (Probst, 1877)</p> <p>Tooth type: Crushing (female), Clutching (male).</p> <p>The only recent congener, T. meyeni Müller and Henle, 1841, is a benthic organism living between 20 and 60 m depth (Froese and Pauly, 2019). It feeds on bottom fishes, bivalves, crabs and shrimp (Compagno et al., 1989; Froese and Pauly, 2019) and has a TL of 4.2 ±0.69 (Froese and Pauly, 2019).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA5FF8A9BF8FD07AB11E506	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
03DEA321FFA5FF8B9BDBF8E7AEAFE0FB.text	03DEA321FFA5FF8B9BDBF8E7AEAFE0FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rhinoptera studeri Agassiz 1843	<div><p>Rhinoptera studeri Agassiz, 1843</p> <p>Tooth type: Grinding.</p> <p>Dietary data is only available for two extant species of Rhinoptera, R. bonasus (Mitchill, 1815) and R. brasiliensis Müller, 1836, both of which feed on molluscs (Myers et al., 2007; Last et al., 2016b). That said, Froese and Pauly (2019) assigned TL values to all seven extant species, ranging from 3.2 to 3.8. Members of Rhinoptera live in the benthopelagic zone in the open ocean as well as inshore on the continental shelf, down to a depth of 100 m (Last et al., 2016b).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEA321FFA5FF8B9BDBF8E7AEAFE0FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Höltke, Olaf;Salvador, Rodrigo B.;Rasser, Michael W.	Höltke, Olaf, Salvador, Rodrigo B., Rasser, Michael W. (2023): Trophic relationships in the Early Miocene Upper Marine Molasse of Baden-Württemberg, Southwest Germany, with special emphasis on the elasmobranch fauna. Palaeontologia Electronica (a 46) 26 (3): 1-38, DOI: 10.26879/1233, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/1233
