taxonID	type	description	language	source
03DE4C72284F644F2DA877A0492F70F0.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — [GERMANY, possibly Bavaria, Fichtelgebirge] Auf Steinen in klaren Gebirgs-Bächen. [Sprengel in litt.], (lectotype designated by Thüs 2002 FR!; isolectotypes M!, BM!, F!). Prothallus whitish or absent. In eroded thalli, the black basal layer can be exposed on the thallus margins and is easily mistaken for a black prothallus. Thallus thick, 58 – 250 μm, smooth, usually without cracks when fresh but herbarium specimens often developing wide cracks over time. Light to dark brown in exposed sites, greyish to bright green in shade forms. Distinctly subgelatinous with algal cells usually arranged in vertical columns and air filled spaces around hyphae not visible in anatomical sections. Photobiont cells 4.5 – 8.7 in diameter, identified as Heterococcus sp. by molecular markers (Thüs et al. 2011). Cortex with yellowish-brown pigment in sun exposed sites, pigmentation weak or absent in shaded sites. Perithecia more or less immersed or forming low projections, only in shade forms more exposed, usually covered by a thallus mantle, rarely with the involucrellum exposed in its upper parts, 319 to> 1000 μm wide, neighbouring involucrella often merging to form a continuous black basal layer, perithecia density very variable from (7) 11.4 – 27 – 42.7 (71) [24 / 8] in an area of 25 mm 2. Involucrellum 15 – 20 μm thick, Periphyses 17.5 – 20 μm, asci 46 – 78 × 16.7 – 20.6 μm, ascospores (16.2) 19.4 – 21.9 – 24.5 (28.3) × (6.4) 6.9 – 8.2 – 9.5 (12.5) μm, length / width ratio (2.0) 2.4 – 2.7 – 3.0 (3.7) [61 / 9]. Halonate perispore often visible in fresh collections. Habitat and distribution: Among all freshwater Verrucariaceae this is one of the few species which are usually found in permanently submerged conditions and to which the term aquatic is rightly applied. Sub-aquatic populations exist, but usually occur either in the splash water zone of more turbid water courses or on deeply shaded stream banks. The species is restricted to siliceous substrata and often found in rather soft water. It is a typical element of springs and headwaters where it can dominate the benthic community (Wirth 1972, Nascimbene et al. 2007). In the lower stretches of streams it is less frequent and apparently is absent from larger rivers. This lichen is only known from sites with low or moderate silting and absent where deposition of fouling organic matter occurs. It is widespread across the temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere but threatened in parts of Central Europe due to silting, competition from algae in polluted streams and extended dry periods following water extraction (Thüs 2002, 2006).	en	Schiavo, Lo (2015): Revision of the Verrucaria elaeomelaena species complex and morphologically similar freshwater lichens (Verrucariaceae, Ascomycota). Phytotaxa 197 (3): 161-185, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.197.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.197.3.1
03DE4C72284C644F2DA8765E499377C0.taxon	description	The measured data given below are based on the sequenced specimens used in this study. It is likely that with more specimens sequenced the range of measured data and the confirmed distribution range will become wider. The morphological variation documented for British material of V. andesiatica in Orange (2009 b) refers to silicolous populations of V. elaeomelaena s. lat. Morphological data given for V. margacea “ s. str. ” in Thüs & Schultz (2008) are a mixture of measurements from V. margacea and silicolous populations of V. elaeomelaena s. lat.	en	Schiavo, Lo (2015): Revision of the Verrucaria elaeomelaena species complex and morphologically similar freshwater lichens (Verrucariaceae, Ascomycota). Phytotaxa 197 (3): 161-185, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.197.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.197.3.1
03DE4C72284C644E2DA875224F78743C.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — [GERMANY, Bavaria:] ad saxa in Franconia, leg. Arnold (lectotype, designated by Swinscow 1968 TO!: isolectotypes BM!, FR!). — Epitype (selected here): GERMANY, Bavaria, Oberfranken, headwaters of small stream E of the village of Streitberg, 49 ° 48 ’ 45.38 ’’ N, 11 ° 14 ’ 18.20 ’’ E, Oct. 2003, H. Thüs W 1545 [BM 000734085] (BM!), GenBank accession no KM 243241. Prothallus whitish, smooth, thin to absent. Thallus greenish-grey to grey (shade forms), light to dark brown (more or less exposed sites), thin to moderately thick 20 – 115 μm, medulla not differentiated or forming a thin to thick (5 – 75 μm) black basal layer (often in specimens on limestone), subgelatinous with algal cells often arranged in vertical lines and air filled spaces around hyphae not visible in anatomical sections. Perithecia forming distinct projections in thin thalli, perithecia density 9 – 28 in an area of 25 mm 2, only little projecting in thick thalli, usually covered by a thin thallus mantle, involucrellum thin (17 – 25 μm), vertical extension variable, sometimes even in perithecia from the same thallus ranging from near apical to wide spreading and reaching the bottom of the thallus, algae in thalline mantle present throughout or thinning out to absent towards the ostiole, exciple width 210 – 320 μm, exciple base pale, periphyses (18) 20 – 25 (38) μm, asci pyriform to obovate 58 – 90 μm, ascospores (16.2) 20.9 – 24.1 – 27.3 (29.9) × (9.6) 11.0 – 12.3 – 16.2 μm, lenght / width ratio of ascospores (1.3) 1.7 – 2.0 – 2.3 (2.6) [67 / 6]. Halonate perispore present in some fresh collections. Pycnidia not detected. Habitat and distribution: Sequenced specimens include lichens from submerged limestone rocks, and subaquatic (only temporarily submerged) siliceous rocks from near sea level to 495 m elevation from Wales and Germany, but this taxon is probably widespread in temperate areas of the world. Morphologically identical specimens were seen from Austria, Poland and North America. In Central Europe and the British Isles it is a typical species of springs and headwaters. At low elevations in Germany it is usually a rare species and populations are often small and geographically isolated from each other, which makes them vulnerable to local extinction by exposure to extended periods of desiccation as a result of climate change or excessive water extraction, physical alteration of springs and increased silting from nutrient enrichment or sediment intake from the catchment area. The type locality of Verrucaria teutoburgensis, a possible synonym of V. elaeomelaena s. str. is directly threatened by the expansion of a nearby quarry. Typification: The lectotype specimen chosen by Swinscow (1968) has the exact outline of the individual thalli on the rock as the illustrated material in Fig. 1 and 2 on plate 5 of the protologue (Massalongo 1858) and we conclude that they are identical. The type locality is named as “ Franconia ” on the lectotype specimen label but more precise information is given in the protologue where a letter by Arnold is cited in which he specified the locality of the collection to be nearby the Franconian village of Streitberg. The epitype specimen was collected in October 2003 in a small nameless stream app. 1 km east of Streitberg in the valley of the river Wiesent. The sampled locality is the closest permanent stream in the vicinity of the village Streitberg and has a rich population of V. elaeomelaena (together with V. aquatilis and V. praetermissa). In the protologue the range of the ascospore length is cited as 18.3 – 52 μm. The exceptional maximum size is much larger than those in the spores observed in all studied isotype specimens. The protologue includes a plate and in the illustration of asci and ascospores of the type specimens document a rather low variation in ascospore size and it is likely that in fact the maximum length given in the protologue is a typographic error and should read 25 instead of 52 μm.	en	Schiavo, Lo (2015): Revision of the Verrucaria elaeomelaena species complex and morphologically similar freshwater lichens (Verrucariaceae, Ascomycota). Phytotaxa 197 (3): 161-185, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.197.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.197.3.1
03DE4C72284D644E2DA877804942763A.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — [SWITZERLAND] Schweizer Jura: Binz gegen Grenschenberg auf Kalksteinen in einem Wasserlaufe, leg. Lettau. 17. Aug. 1913. [B 60 0072091], (syntype B!). This species was distinguished from V. elaeomelaena only on the basis of the absence of algae in the upper parts of the thalline cover of the perithecia. This character state however is also present in the isolectotype specimen of V. elaeomelaena in BM and V. jurana is therefore placed in synonymie to this taxon.	en	Schiavo, Lo (2015): Revision of the Verrucaria elaeomelaena species complex and morphologically similar freshwater lichens (Verrucariaceae, Ascomycota). Phytotaxa 197 (3): 161-185, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.197.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.197.3.1
03DE4C72285364502DA872AA4DBD7411.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — [SWITZERLAND, Graubünden] Rhätische Alpen: Davos im Jakobstobel, 7.1916 Zschacke 4278 [B 60 0081286] (lectotype, designated here, B!). — Syntypes: Davos, im Dorfbache, 2000 m. 07.10.1916, Zschacke 4818 [B 60 0081287] (B!); Davos 496, Drusatscha-Bach; 26 - 9 - 1916 [B 60 0086932 p. p.] (B!); “ D [avos?] 410, …. [illegible] ± 2000 m 4.9.1916 ” [B 60 0086932 p. p.] (B!); [ROMANIA], Siebenbürgen: Bulleabach unterhalb des Sees, 29.07.1910, Zschacke [B 600047110] (B!), Rhetyezat; 9.7.1912, Zschacke 2900 [B 609 086931] (B!). — Epitype (designated here): ITALY, Bolzano, Altopiano dello Sciliar c / o rif. Bolzano, in spring on calcareous rock, 2400 m, 19.07.2007, Nascimbene JN 2130 [BM 001085415] (BM!), GenBank accession no KM 243213. Prothallus absent. Thallus smooth, distinctly subgelatinous in specimens from shaded sites, usually cracked at least around the perithecia at exposed sites, ± subgelatinous, air filled spaces around hyphae usually not visible in anatomical sections; thallus colour light to usually dark (black-) brown or greyish, thin 15 – 43 μm, black basal layer rarely present, up to 30 μm high. Cortex with yellowish to black-brown pigment (absent in specimens from shaded localities). Photobiont cells 4.5 – 10 μm in diameter. Perithecia forming distinct projections 465 – 675 μm wide, covered by a thin thallus mantle, rarely the area surrounding the ostioles exposed, 9 – 36 perithecia in an area of 25 mm 2; involucrellum 17 – 38 μm thick, exciple 200 – 350 μm wide, with brown pigment reaching the bottom of the exciple in specimens from sun exposed sites, periphyses (15) 25 – 35 (43) μm, asci 83 – 100 × 20 – 33 μm, 8 – spored, ascospores (19.2) 24.5 – 28.6 – 32.6 (43.50) × (9.6) 12.4 – 14.3 – 16.1 (18.9) μm, length / width ratio (1.5) 1.7 – 2.0 – 2.3 (3.6) [164 / 14], halonate perispore absent. Pycnidia not observed. Habitat and distribution: This is a typically sub-aquatic species, which often occurs in the splash water zone of turbid stretches in streams, but it is also found at temporarily inundated sites in springs. It grows on hard calcareous and siliceous rocks in sunny to moderately shaded sites. Sequenced specimens were seen from high elevations in the Austrian, Swiss and Italian Alps, Wales and from Norway. Typification: Verrucaria alpicola is a monophyletic species that is nested within V. elaeomelaena agg., but even within V. alpicola the genetic diversity is high and the description of further segregate taxa can be expected once more sequenced specimens become available. The morphological variation in the syntypes from Romania and Switzerland may represent different taxa and a lectotypification is required to stabilise the use of this name. We have chosen Zschacke 4278 (B 60 0081287) as lectotype for V. alpicola, because the material is well developed and Zschacke has left detailed annotations and measurements of internal structures for this specimen. The lectotype agrees morphologically with the sequenced specimen JN 2130 which was collected in the Italian Alps at a similar elevation as the Swiss type locality.	en	Schiavo, Lo (2015): Revision of the Verrucaria elaeomelaena species complex and morphologically similar freshwater lichens (Verrucariaceae, Ascomycota). Phytotaxa 197 (3): 161-185, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.197.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.197.3.1
03DE4C72285364552DA877524CE0724C.taxon	description	Thallus epilithicus, tenuissimus, laevis. Perithecia prominentia, 200 – 360 μm latae, nuda. Ascosporae (21 –) 22 – 23.6 – 25 (– 26) × 10 – 10.9 – 11.5 (– 12.5) μm.	en	Schiavo, Lo (2015): Revision of the Verrucaria elaeomelaena species complex and morphologically similar freshwater lichens (Verrucariaceae, Ascomycota). Phytotaxa 197 (3): 161-185, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.197.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.197.3.1
03DE4C72285364552DA877524CE0724C.taxon	materials_examined	Type: — GERMANY. Baden-Württemberg, Schwarzwald, east of Altglashütten, north-west of Windgfällweiher - 47 ° 51.35 ’ N, 08 ° 07.34 ’ E, alt. 975 m, on wet stones in bed of streamlet in Picea abies forest, shaded, 15 September 2010, A. Orange 19370 (NMW [C. 2010.001.133], holotype!), GenBank accession no KM 243202. Figs. 4 A – H. Prothallus not seen. Thallus very thin, c. 12 – 25 μm thick, smooth, continuous, grey-green or brown (at least the pale specimens green and translucent when fresh and wet). Perithecia prominent, black, forming conicalhemispherical to hemispherical projections 200 – 360 μm diameter, occasionally collapsed when dry, smooth or slightly roughened, ostiolar region inconspicuous, or ostiole visible as a pale dot or papilla c. 40 μm wide; thalline layer absent or present only at extreme base. Involucrellum thin (11 – 30 μm), appressed to exciple above, usually diverging at base, dark brown, K + darker brown, greyish brown, or dark green. Exciple 170 – 200 μm wide, colourless at sides and base. Periphysoids 17 – 26 μm long. Asci c. 58 – 80 × 20 – 35 μm, 8 - spored. Ascospores oblong-ellipsoid, simple, colourless, without perispore, (20) 22 – 23.4 – 25 (– 26) × 10 – 11.0 – 12 (12.5) μm, length / width ratio (1.7) 2.0 – 2.1 – 2.3 (2.5). [36 / 5]. Pycnidia not seen. Ecology and distribution. On stones in seepages and streamlets in woodland. Associated species include Verrucaria elaeomelaena s. l., V. funckii, and V. sublobulata. The stream at the type locality had a pH of 6.4 and conductivity 187 μS / cm, and the locality of Orange 19368 nearby had a pH of 7.3 and conductivity 200 μS / cm. So far known from Great Britain (Wales), Norway, Germany (Schwarzwald) and Poland. Notes. Important features for the recognition of this species include the small, prominent, naked perithecia, the medium-sized ascospores, a very thin, smooth, continuous thallus, and the habitat on wet rock. It differs markedly from the other taxa in the V. elaeomelaena group by the smaller, prominent perithecia without a thalline cover. It is likely to be confused with other, poorly known species with a thin thallus and small naked perithecia. It is recommended that for the time being, the identity of specimens referred to this species should be confirmed by sequencing. This species was treated by Krzewicka (2012) under the name Verrucaria andesiatica. Additional specimens examined. — NORWAY: Troms, Karlsøy kommune, Ringvassøya, east side of Glimvatnet - 69 ° 50.15 ’ N, 19 ° 18.98 ’ E, alt. 60 m, on stones in shaded streamlet in woodland, 9 July 2010, A. Orange 19318 (NMW [C. 2012.002.111]). UNITED KINGDOM: Wales, V. C. 48, Merioneth, SE of Betws-y-coed, north side of Afon Conwy, 23 / 821.528, alt. 200 m, on stones in seepage in woodland, 26 April 2007, A. Orange 16783 (NMW [C. 2007.001.385]). GERMANY: Baden-Württemberg, Schwarzwald, east of Altglashütten, north-west of Windgfällweiher, 47 ° 51.278 ’ N, 08 ° 07.240 ’ E, alt. 965 m, on stone in streamlet in Picea abies woodland, shaded, 15 September 2010, A. Orange 19368 (NMW [C. 2010.001.132]). Schwarzwald, west of Hinterzarten, 47 ° 54.78 ’ N, 08 ° 04.97 ’ E, alt. 805 m, on wet stones in shallow ditch at side of track in forest, 23 August 2012, A. Orange 21178 (NMW [C. 2012.002.165]). POLAND: Western Tatra Mountains, Dolina Chochołowska valley, Chochołowski Potok stream, alt. 1105 m, 16 July 2004, B. Krzewicka 2719 a (KRAM).	en	Schiavo, Lo (2015): Revision of the Verrucaria elaeomelaena species complex and morphologically similar freshwater lichens (Verrucariaceae, Ascomycota). Phytotaxa 197 (3): 161-185, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.197.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.197.3.1
03DE4C72285764542DA873D648377618.taxon	description	Prothallus absent. Thallus smooth to uneven (“ bumpy ”), usually distinctly cracked at least around the perithecia (but not in thin thalli), light to dark brown or greyish, thin 15 – 64 μm, not subgelatinous, in anatomical sections air filled spaces surrounding the hyphae in parts of the thallus visible. Photobiont cells 6 – 10 μm, irregularly arranged in the thallus, never in vertical columns. Perithecia forming distinct projections 465 – 675 μm, covered in a thin thallus mantle or upper part of involucrellum exposed, exciple 200 – 260 μm wide, periphyses 20 – 40 μm, asci pyriform to obovate 60 – 105 × 23 – 45 μm, ascospores (22.5) 27.7 – 31.0 – 34.2 (38.5) × (6.0) 11.3 – 13.0 – 14.8 (16.4) μm lenght / width ratio of ascospores (1.8) 2.1 – 2.4 – 2.7 (4.0) [170 / 13]. Halonate perispore generally absent. Pycnidia not observed. Epitypification: The type of Thelotrema margaceum was collected by Wahlenberg in 1802, on irrigated rocks at the foot of a hill (now known as Komsa) by the town of Alta. The hill was visited in June 2010 by AO. Irrigated rocks were detected in only one place, and a small amount of material corresponding to the type material of T. margaceum was collected. Habitat and distribution: Verrucaria margacea is a sub-aquatic species which grows on temporarily inundated rocks at and in streams, on lake margins and on wet rocks, where it occurs in both fully sun exposed and shaded localities. Specimens from shaded habitats have thinner thalli compared to those from sun exposed sites and the external morphology of very thin thalli of these shade forms can be similar to V. elaeomelaena agg. Sequenced specimens of this taxon have been seen from Norway, Iceland, Finland, Germany and Wales. Based on its morphology the species seems to be widespread in Scandinavia, including Iceland with scattered outposts across at high elevations in Central and Western Europe mountain ranges. This taxon is reported from arctic to temperate areas in both hemispheres (eg. Thomson 1997, Breuss in Nash et al. 2001) as well as from tropical mountain ranges eg. in India (Singh & Sinha 2010) and Papua New Guinea (Aptroot 1998). Genetic barcoding is required to confirm if all these populations are part of the Verrucaria margacea complex and how many species can be distinguished within this group.? Syn.: Verrucaria leightonii Hepp Flechten Europas 95. Syntypes BM!, W!, M! Syntypes of Verrucaria leightonii are similar to V. margacea and all of them have elongated ascospores. The thallus surface is slightly smoother compared to the type of V. margacea but within the variation shown by other collections of V. margacea with near identical ITS sequences (eg. W 0971, W 1301). A confirmation of this taxon from the Alps requires sequenced material, but most of the historic collections of V. leightonii from this area fall in the morphological variation of V. margacea and we expect that this taxon will be verified when more sequences become available.	en	Schiavo, Lo (2015): Revision of the Verrucaria elaeomelaena species complex and morphologically similar freshwater lichens (Verrucariaceae, Ascomycota). Phytotaxa 197 (3): 161-185, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.197.3.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.197.3.1
