identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03DC87B7EF26FFBDFDA9FD73C8D7E5A0.text	03DC87B7EF26FFBDFDA9FD73C8D7E5A0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andinocopris Génier & Darling 2024	<div><p>Genus Andinocopris gen. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: DB47A9F1-784F-4431-A7AA-2044987EF94D</p><p>Type species</p><p>Pinotus achamas Harold, 1867, present designation.</p><p>Differential diagnosis</p><p>Dorsal ocular width greater than one quarter of interocular distance. Lateral pronotal carina and pronotal edge joined anteriorly and posteriorly, forming closed ellipse. Pronotal armament in the form of an overhanging ridge or bifurcating projection in large individuals of both sexes. Elytral stria 8 usually absent, remnant present on apical elytral hump and connected to stria five in some individuals of A. achamas (Fig. 62). Meso-metasternal suture posteriorly arcuate (Fig. 60). ♂ FLP endophallite sigmoidal, abruptly narrowing and inflecting medially (Figs 31–32).</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Andinocopris is a combination of the New Latin adjective ‘ andinus ’ and the Ancient Greek noun ‘κόπρος’ (‘ kópros ’). The former refers to the Andes, where the genus occurs at high elevations from Colombia to Peru, and the latter refers to its association with dung.</p><p>Description</p><p>Body length 20–34 mm. Anteroventral clypeal tooth, rather small, transverse and varying from truncated to acute in frontal view. Dorsal ocular width greater than one-quarter interocular distance. Anterior pronotal edge straight ( A. achamas) or slightly sinuous ( A. buckleyi) medially. Anterior pronotal membrane very wide laterally, transition between membrane and anterior edge of pronotum ill-defined medially. Anteromedial pronotal surface smooth. Lateral pronotal carina and pronotal edge joined anteriorly and posteriorly, forming closed carinated ellipse. Pronotal armament in large individuals of both sexes forming overhanging ridge or bifurcating projection; ventral surface of overhanging armament uneven. Anterior apex of prosternum broadly rounded. Underside of elytron with long semi-erected setae. Elytral stria 8 usually absent, remanent present on apical elytral hump and connected to stria five in some individuals of A. achamas . Hindwing with AP reduced (Figs 39–40). Meso-metasternal suture posteriorly arcuate (Fig. 60). Surface of median metasternal lobe convex, some individuals with shallow and narrow longitudinal sulcus; surface setigerous anterolaterally, impunctate or finely punctate throughout. Pygidial surface finely punctate. ♂ paramere tapering slightly in lateral view; apex blunt. FLP endophallite sigmoidal, narrowing and inflecting centrally.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Colombia, Ecuador, Peru.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC87B7EF26FFBDFDA9FD73C8D7E5A0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Génier, François;Darling, James D. G.	Génier, François, Darling, James D. G. (2024): Revision of the South American genera Andinocopris new genus and Homocopris Burmeister, 1846 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Homocoprini new tribe). European Journal of Taxonomy 925: 220-267, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2024.925.2465, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2465/10955
03DC87B7EF21FFB6FE0AFE97CC4AE159.text	03DC87B7EF21FFB6FE0AFE97CC4AE159.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andinocopris achamas (Harold 1867) Génier & Darling 2024	<div><p>Andinocopris achamas (Harold, 1867) gen. et comb. nov.</p><p>Figs 1–2, 13–14, 25, 31, 39, 46, 50, 60, 62, 65</p><p>Pinotus Achamas Harold, 1867: 99 (original description).</p><p>Pinotus Achamas — Harold 1869a: 130 (monograph); 1869b: 1009 (catalogue); 1880: 24 (distribution). — Gillet 1911: 59 (catalogue).</p><p>[ Pinotus] Achamas – Heyne 1900: 62 (diagnosis, distribution).</p><p>Pinotus (P.) Achamas – Luederwaldt 1929: 634; 1936: 207 (diagnosis, comment).</p><p>Pinotus achamas – Blackwelder 1944: 206 (checklist).</p><p>Dichotomius achamas – Amat et al. 1997: 195 (faunistic). — Escobar 2000: 208 (faunistic). — Medina et al. 2001: 138 (faunistic). — Pulido et al. 2007: 307 (faunistic).</p><p>Homocopris achamas – Vaz-de-Mello et al. 2010: 192 (new combination). — Martínez &amp; Lopera 2014: 66 (faunistic). — Moreno &amp; Molano 2016: 68 (ecology, faunistic). — Chamorro et al. 2018: 96 (distribution); 2019: 158 (catalogue, faunistic). — Casas et al. 2021: 321 (ecology).</p><p>Differential diagnosis</p><p>Body length 22–34 mm. Dorsal ocular width greater than one quarter of interocular distance. Lateral pronotal carina and pronotal edge joined anteriorly and posteriorly, forming closed ellipse. Pronotal ridge prominently projected in large individuals of either sex. Interstriae flat, minutely punctate. Meso-metasternal suture posteriorly arcuate. Visible abdominal ventrites 1–4, 6 laterally setose; ventrite 5 setose throughout. ♂ cephalic horn emerging from anterior clypeal surface, wide and gently tapering in anterior view, appearing flattened and curved in lateral view, length never exceeding maximum clypeal width.</p><p>Name-bearing type data</p><p>Lectotype ♂ (MNHN) (Fig. 50): “Achamas | Buq.” [handwritten on green paper]; “Columbia | P. | Achamas | Harold” [Harold’s handwriting on white paper with red border]; “Museum Paris | ex. Coll. | R. Oberthur” [on green card]; “WORLD | SCARAB. | DATABASE | WSD00035019” [barcode label]; “ LECTOTYPE ♂ | Pinotus | achamas | Harold, 1867 | des. Génier &amp; Darling, 2018” [red card]; “ Andinocopris | achamas | (Harold, 1867) | det. Génier &amp; Darling, 2018”. Present designation.</p><p>Type locality</p><p>Colombia (“Columbia”).</p><p>Type material</p><p>Lectotype (present designation)</p><p>COLOMBIA • ♂ (Fig. 50); “Achamas | Buq.” [handwritten on green paper]; “Columbia | P. | Achamas | Harold” [Harold’s handwriting on white paper with red border]; “Museum Paris | ex. Coll. | R. Oberthur” [on green card];“WORLD |SCARAB. |DATABASE |WSD00035019” [barcode label];“ LECTOTYPE ♂ | Pinotus | achamas | Harold, 1867 | des. Génier &amp; Darling, 2018” [red card]; “ Andinocopris | achamas | (Harold, 1867) | det. Génier &amp; Darling, 2018”; MNHN.</p><p>Paralectotypes (5 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀)</p><p>COLOMBIA • 1 ♀; [unspecified locality]; [no date]; Lebas; MNHN • 1 ♀; Bogotá; [4°39′ N, 74°5′ W]; [no date]; von Kirsch; MNHN • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; [no date]; [anonymous]; MNHN • 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (one of them alloreferent); [no date]; [anonymous]; MNHN .</p><p>Other material examined (79 ♂♂, 79 ♀♀)</p><p>COLOMBIA • 24 ♂♂, 23 ♀♀; [unspecified locality]; [no date]; [anonymous]; MNHN • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; [unspecified locality]; [no date]; Hogue; MNHN • 4 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; [unspecified locality]; [no date]; Felipe Ovalle Q.; AMNH • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; CMNC. – Boyacá • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Iguaque, Villa de Leiva; [5°40′ N, 73°28′ W]; 2800 m; 17 Jun. 1996; V. Malý; BDGC • 1 ♀; Muzo; [5°32′ N, 74°6′ W]; [no date]; [anonymous]; CPFA. – Cauca • 1 ♀; 11 mi E of Silvia; [2°40′30″ N, 76°18′00″ W]; 3048 m; 15 Jul. 1970; H. &amp; A. Howden; CMNC • 1 ♂; 12 km E of Silvia; [2°36′50″ N, 76°17′20″ W]; 3048 m; 15 Jul. 1970; J.M. Campbell; CNC • 1 ♀; 12 mi E of Silvia; [2°41′ N, 76°17′ W]; 3353 m; 16 Jul. 1970; H. and A. Howden; CNC • 1 ♀; 15 mi E of Silvia; [2°41′ N, 76°15′ W]; 3962 m; 16 Jul. 1970; H. and A. Howden; CMNC • 1 ♀; 16 km E of Silvia; [2°35′30″ N, 76°16′0″ W]; 2743 m; 22 Feb. 1970; H. Howden; CMNC • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Popayán; [2°26′ N, 76°37′ W]; 1899; Abbé Gaujon; MNHN • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Termales de San Juan de Pilimbalá, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.31334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=2.3402777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.31334/lat 2.3402777)">Parque Nacional Natural Puracé</a>; [2°20′25″ N, 76°18′48″ W]; 3 Apr. 1972; Bordón; CMD • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; 4 Jun. 1972; Bordón; BDGC. – Cundinamarca • 1 ♂; El Colegio; [4°34′51″ N, 74°26′33″ W]; 25 Mar. 1976; F. Chalumeau; CMNC • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; MNHN • 1 ♀; El Tabuzo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.9333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.166664/lat 4.9333334)">Subachoque</a>; [4°56′ N, 74°10′ W]; 2700 m; 15 Apr. 1995; A. Lopera; BDGC • 2 ♀♀; Fusagasugá; [4°21′ N, 74°22′ W]; [no date]; [anonymous]; CPFA • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; MNHN • 1 ♂; Girardot; [4°25′ N, 74°45′ W]; 29 Oct. 1969; A. Pouliquen; MNHN • 1 ♂; La Aguadita; [4°23′ N, 74°19′30″ W]; 1524 m; 7 Jul. 1970; H. and A. Howden; CMNC • 1 ♂; La Mesa; [4°37′45″ N, 74°27′40″ W]; [no date]; [anonymous]; MNHN • 1 ♀; Salto del Tequendama; [4°36′22″ N, 74°21′1″ W]; 27 Feb.–6 Mar. 1972; S. and J. Peck; forest, dung trap; CMNC • 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Sopó; [4°53′30″ N, 73°57′30″ W]; 2800 m; Sep. 1972; Martínez; CMNC • 1 ♂; Tequendama; [4°34′30″ N, 74°17′30″ W]; 2438 m; 6 Jul. 1970; H. and A. Howden; CMNC. – Distrito Capital • 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; 12 mi S of Bogotá; [4°23′20″ N, 74°8′34″ W]; 3048 m; 28 Feb.–6 Mar. 1972; S. and J. Peck; Eucalyptus plantation, dung trap; CMNC • 3 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CNC • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; above Bogotá; [4°39′ N, 74°5′ W]; 3048 m; 1877; O. Thieme; MNHN • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.083336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.083336/lat 4.65)">Bogotá</a>; [4°39′ N, 74°5′ W]; 1877; O. Thieme; MNHN • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 1914; E. Pehlke S.; NMPC • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; [no date]; [anonymous]; CNC • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; [no date]; [anonymous]; CPFA • 9 ♂♂, 10 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; [no date]; [anonymous]; MNHN • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; [no date]; [anonymous]; NMPC • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 1 Apr. 1928; T. Hallinan; AMNH • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-74.083336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -74.083336/lat 4.65)">Bogotá</a>; [4°39′ N, 74°5′ W]; 2865 m; 10 Oct. 1937; T. Hallinan; AMNH. – Huila • 1 ♀; Volcán Puracé; [2°15′ N, 76°21′ W]; 3400 m; 20 Nov. 1971; Bordón; CMNC. – Meta • 2 ♀♀; Villavicencio; [4°9′38″ N, 73°39′43″ W]; [no date]; [anonymous]; CPFA • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 1–26 May 1945; L. Richter; AMNH. – Norte de Santander • 1 ♂; 12 km S of Pamplona; [7°18′ N, 72°36′ W]; 3000 m; 9–13 May 1974; S. Peck; dung trap; CMNC • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 9–13 May 1974, S. Peck; CNC • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 9 May 1974; H. and A. Howden; CMNC • 1 ♀; 14 km SW of Pamplona; [7°25′30″ N, 72°42′0″ W]; 3500 m; 25 May 1974; H. and A. Howden; CMNC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Pamplona; [7°22′30″ N, 72°38′50″ W]; Apr. 1920; P. Rochereaux; MNHN • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.64722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.375" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.64722/lat 7.375)">Pamplona</a>; [7°22′30″ N, 72°38′50″ W]; 2300 m; 1921; P. Rochereaux; MNHN. – Tolima • 1 ♂; Honda; [5°12′ N, 74°44′ W]; [no date]; [anonymous]; CPFA • 1 ♂; Ibaqué; [4°26′N, 75°14′W]; [no date]; [anonymous]; MNHN. – Valle del Cauca • 1 ♂; Las Cruces; [3°30′ N, 76°40′ W]; [no date]; Maquanal; MNHN • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.51667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.4166667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.51667/lat 3.4166667)">Santiago de Cali</a>; [3°25′ N, 76°31′ W]; [no date]; [anonymous]; MNHN.</p><p>ECUADOR – Carchi • 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.71667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.78333336" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.71667/lat 0.78333336)">Tulcán</a>; [0°47′ N, 77°43′ W]; Nov. 1996; S. Pokorný; NMPC .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male lectotype (Figs 1, 13, 46) MEASUREMENTS. Body length 23.4 mm.</p><p>HEAD. Clypeal edge lacking teeth, slightly sinuous medially. Anteroventral clypeal tooth acute. Clypeal and genal surface rugose, clypeogenal suture well defined throughout. Posterior genal angle obtuse. Frons broad with shallow, irregular excavations. Dorsal ocular width greater than one-quarter interocular distance. Interocular surface smooth posteromedially. Cephalic horn emerging from anterior clypeal surface, wide and gently tapering in anterior view, appearing flattened and curved in lateral view, posteriorly merging with frontal surface, 6.1 mm in length (measured from horn apex to base of eye).</p><p>PROTHORAX. Carina along anterior pronotal edge broad medially, narrowing laterally. Anterolateral pronotal lobe smooth, sectioned posteriorly by abrupt shelf. Lateral pronotal carina and pronotal edge distinctly forking anteriorly then merging posteriorly, forming closed elongate carinated ellipse. Pronotal surface smooth anteriorly, transitioning posterolaterally into chagrined texture. Centrally raised ridge with lateral tubercles and sheer vertical anterior surface defined by uneven, rippled texture. Propleuron and prosternum broadly setose; with long (~ 2 mm) rufous setae. Anterior prosternal apex rounded.</p><p>ELYTRA (Fig. 46). Matt overall. Striae 1–6 widest anteriorly; narrowing posteriorly. Eighth stria absent on lateral declivity, exclusively appearing along posterior declivity. Ninth stria effaced along anterior quarter of elytral length. Interstriae flat, minutely punctate.</p><p>HINDWING (Fig. 39). Membrane edge between AP and AA sinuous. AP vein reduced.</p><p>VENTRITES. Meso-metasternal suture posteriorly arcuate (Fig. 60). Surface of median metasternal lobe broadly smooth and convex, with lateral setigerous punctation and shallow median sulcus. Lateral metasternal lobe densely setose. Visible abdominal ventrites 1–4, 6 laterally setose; ventrite 5 setose throughout. Pygidium finely punctate.</p><p>PROTHORACIC LEGS. Anterior and posterior surfaces of profemur with dense row of long setae. Ventral profemoral surface finely punctate, lacking setae. Protibia with three distinct teeth, proximal one indistinct. Protibial forespur straight; apex slightly tapering inward.</p><p>MESOTHORACIC LEGS. Posterior surface of mesotrochanter with dense tuft of long rufous setae. Anterior and posterior surfaces of mesofemur with dense row of long rufous setae. Outer surface of mesotibia serrate. Width at mesotibial apex one-third mesotibial length.</p><p>METATHORACIC LEGS. Posterior surface of metatrochanter with dense tuft of long rufous setae. Anterior and posterior edges of metafemur with dense row of long rufous setae. Outer edge of metatibia serrate. Width at metatibial apex one-quarter metatibial length.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA. Aedeagus missing from lectotype. Description of male genitalia based on a similarly developed Colombian male specimen collected from an unspecified locality by Felipe Ovalle, Q (Ac. 33501) deposited in the CMNC (specimen ID = WSD00035003). Aedeagus length: 5.5 mm. Medially and laterally paired endophallite of genital segment broad, contiguous. Paramere (Fig. 25) horizontally flattened, gently tapered, apex broad and slightly inclined. FLP endophallite (Fig. 31) sigmoidal; broad distally, narrowing and inflecting centrally.</p><p>Female alloreferent (paralectotype MNHN) (Figs 2, 14)</p><p>Similar to male lectotype with the following exceptions: body length 24.5 mm. Cephalic horn low, truncated, 3.1 mm in length. Anterolateral pronotal lobe surface feebly granulate, continuous with lateral pronotal surface. Central pronotal ridge prominently overhanging, with deep anterior excavation. Posterolateral and posterior pronotal surface uniformly granulate.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Body length 18–34 mm. Cephalic horn minute and conical in females and small males. Central pronotal ridge atrophied and slightly overhanging in poorly developed specimens of either sex. Elytra matt to glossy overall.</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 65)</p><p>High elevation (2300–3960 m) in the Colombian and northern Ecuadorian Andes.</p><p>Natural history</p><p>No data except for a single specimen collected in an unspecified type of forest and eight specimens collected in a Eucalyptus L’Hér. plantation, all using dung traps.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Despite the similarities between Andinocopris achamas and A. buckleyi (i.e., genital structure), the unique armament and body size of A. achamas distinguishes it from both Homocopris and A. buckleyi .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC87B7EF21FFB6FE0AFE97CC4AE159	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Génier, François;Darling, James D. G.	Génier, François, Darling, James D. G. (2024): Revision of the South American genera Andinocopris new genus and Homocopris Burmeister, 1846 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Homocoprini new tribe). European Journal of Taxonomy 925: 220-267, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2024.925.2465, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2465/10955
03DC87B7EF2DFFB3FE63FCCACBC2E31D.text	03DC87B7EF2DFFB3FE63FCCACBC2E31D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Andinocopris buckleyi (Waterhouse 1891) Génier & Darling 2024	<div><p>Andinocopris buckleyi (Waterhouse, 1891) gen. et comb. nov.</p><p>Figs 3–4, 15–16, 26, 32, 40, 42, 51, 65</p><p>Pinotus Buckleyi Waterhouse, 1891: 359 (original description).</p><p>[ Pinotus] simulator Luederwaldt, 1936: 209 (original description).</p><p>Pinotus Buckleyi – Gillet 1911: 59 (catalogue).</p><p>Pinotus (P.) Buckleyi – Luederwaldt 1929: 652 (monograph).</p><p>Pinotus (P.) buckleyi – Luederwaldt 1936: 208 (diagnosis, distribution).</p><p>Pinotus buckleyi – Blackwelder 1944: 206 (checklist).</p><p>Dichotomius simulator – Vulcano &amp; Pereira 1967: 584 (distribution, identification key).</p><p>Homocopris buckleyi – Vaz-de-Mello et al. 2010: 192 (new combination). — Chamorro et al. 2018: 96 (distribution); 2019: 159 (catalogue, faunistic).</p><p>Dichotomius buckleyi – Saavedra et al. 2017: 111 (faunistic).</p><p>Differential diagnosis</p><p>Body length 15–20 mm. Dorsal ocular width greater than one quarter of interocular distance. Lateral pronotal carina and pronotal edge distinctly forking anteriorly then merging posteriorly, forming a closed carinated ellipse. Interstriae convex and impunctate. Meso-metasternal suture posteriorly arcuate. Visible abdominal ventrites laterally setose. ♂ cephalic horn emerging centrally from clypeofrontal surface, parallel-sided with horizontal apex, curved throughout, flattened apically and length up to twice the interocular distance.</p><p>Name-bearing type data</p><p>Pinotus buckleyi Waterhouse: holotype ♂ (BMNH) (Fig. 51): “Chiguin | -da | 80.14” [handwritten]; “Type” [white disc with red border]; “ Pinotus | Buckleyi | (Type) Waterh.” [handwritten].</p><p>Pinotus simulator Luederwaldt: holotype, by monotypy, ♂ (BMNH) (Fig. 56): “Amazon”; “Degand”; “17140” [handwritten]; “Fry Coll. | 1905-100”; “ Copr. | simulator ” [handwritten]; “ Pinotus ♀ | Buckleyi Wat. ? | illegible | Lüderw. det. 1934” [Luederwaldt’s handwriting]; “ HOLOTYPE ” [black border on red card]; “WORLD | SCARAB. | DATABASE | WSD00001803” [barcode label]; “ Homocopris | buckleyi ♂ | dét. F. Génier, 2008” [partly handwritten]; “ Pinotus Holot | simulator Lued. | des. F. Vaz-de-Mello, 2011” [partly handwritten]. The number ‘17140 corresponds in Fry’s notebooks in BMNH to ‘ Copris, Brazil, Upper Amazon, Degand’ (M.V.L. Barclay pers. comm.).</p><p>Type locality</p><p>Pinotus buckleyi: Chiguinda, Morona-Santiago, Ecuador; Pinotus simulator: Amazonas.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype of Pinotus buckleyi</p><p>ECUADOR • ♂; Morona-Santiago, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.683334/lat -3.3)">Chiguinda</a>; [3°18′ S, 78°41′ W]; [no date]; Buckley ”; BMNH.</p><p>Holotype of Pinotus simulator</p><p>UNSPECIFIED COUNTRY • ♂; Amazon; [no date]; Degand; BMNH.</p><p>Material examined (16 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀)</p><p>ECUADOR • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; [unspecified locality]; [no date]; Buckley; BMNH • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; MNHN. – Loja • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.6666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.26667/lat -3.6666667)">Bosque Natural Huashapamba</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.6666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.26667/lat -3.6666667)">Saraguro</a>; [3°40′ S, 79°16′ W]; 2920 m; 10 Dec.2005; [anonymous]; CEMT • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.19334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.9916668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.19334/lat -3.9916668)">Loja</a>; [3°59′30″ S, 79°11′36″ W]; [no date]: Abbé Gaujon; CMNC • 6 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀ (one of these was used for the descriptions of both sexes); same collection data as for preceding; MNHN. – Pastaza • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.48333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.7333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.48333/lat -1.7333333)">Sarayacu</a>; [1°44′ S, 77°29′ W]; 1879; Buckley; MNHN.</p><p>PERU – La Libertad • 1 ♀; Cumpang, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-76.98333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-8.333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -76.98333/lat -8.333333)">above [Río] Uctubamba on trail to Ongón</a>; [8°20′ S, 76°59′ W]; 2625 m; 16 Oct. 1979; J.L. Barkley; cloud forest; BDGC . – Piura • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.71667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.71667/lat -4.633333)">Ayabaca</a>; [4°38′ S, 79°43′ W]; 3000 m; Jan. 2016; Roja and Gonzales; CMD • 1 ♂; Provincia de Ayacaba, Bosque de Chin Chin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.65806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.9997225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.65806/lat -4.9997225)">San Juan</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.65806&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.9997225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.65806/lat -4.9997225)">Distrito de Pacaipampa</a>; [4°59′59″ S, 79°39′29″ W]; 3055 m; 16 Apr. 2009; D. Saavedra; cloud forest, bovine dung; CEMT • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; PMOC • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Bosque de Ramos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.461945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.701111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.461945/lat -4.701111)">Comunidad Campesina de Samanga del Sector Espíndola</a>; [4°42′4″ S, 79°27′43″ W]; 2834 m; 16 Feb. 2009; D. Saavedra; cloud forest, pitfall trap: fish; CEMT • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 27 May 2009; D. Saavedra; cloud forest, pitfall trap: fish; CEMT .</p><p>Description</p><p>The holotype was previously studied, but is not available for a detailed description.</p><p>Male specimen (Figs 3, 15, 26, 32, 40, 42)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Body length 16.4 mm.</p><p>HEAD. Clypeal edge broadly arcuate, lacking teeth. Anteroventral clypeal tooth acute. Clypeal and genal surface rugose, clypeogenal suture ill-defined. Posterior genal angle obtuse. Frontal surface reduced, smooth. Dorsal ocular width greater than one-quarter interocular distance. Interocular surface smooth. Cephalic horn emerging centrally from clypeofrontal surface, parallel-sided with quadrate apex, curved throughout, apically flattened, 5.7 mm in length.</p><p>PROTHORAX. Carina along anterior pronotal edge broad medially, narrowing laterally. Anterolateral pronotal lobe smooth, sectioned posteriorly by abrupt shelf. Lateral pronotal carina and pronotal edge distinctly forking anteriorly then merging posteriorly, forming closed carinated ellipse. Pronotal surface smooth anteriorly, transitioning posterolaterally into chagrined texture. Centrally raised projection bifurcated with deeply excavated anteroventral surface defined by uneven texture. Propleuron and prosternum broadly setose; with long (~ 1 mm) dark setae. Anterior prosternal apex rounded.</p><p>ELYTRA. Glossy overall. Striae 1–6 widest anteriorly; narrowing posteriorly. Elytral stria eighth absent. Elytral striae nine absent on basal sixth. Interstriae convex, impunctate.</p><p>HINDWING (Fig. 40). Membrane edge between AP and AA lobed. AP vein reduced.</p><p>VENTRITES. Meso-metasternal suture posteriorly arcuate. Surface of median metasternal lobe (Fig. 42) finely punctate and convex, with scarce setigerous punctation along mesocoxae. Lateral metasternal lobe densely setose. Visible abdominal ventrites 1–6 laterally setose. Pygidium finely punctate.</p><p>PROTHORACIC LEGS. Anterior and posterior surface of profemur with dense row of long dark setae. Ventral profemoral surface finely punctate, lacking setae. Protibia with four distinct teeth. Protibial forespur straight with apex tapering inward.</p><p>MESOTHORACIC LEGS. Posterior surface of mesotrochanter with dense tuft of long rufous setae. Anterior and posterior surface of mesofemur with dense row of long dark setae. Outer surface of mesotibia serrate. Width at mesotibial apex one-third mesotibial length.</p><p>METATHORACIC LEGS. Posterior surface of metatrochanter with tuft of long dark setae. Anterior and posterior surface of metafemur with dense row of long dark setae. Outer surface of metatibia serrate. Width at metatibial apex one-quarter metatibial length.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA. Aedeagus length: 3.6 mm. Medially and laterally paired sclerites of genital segment broad, ill-defined. Paramere (Fig.26) laterally flattened, gently tapered; apex broad and slightly inclined with ventral tooth. FLP endophallite (Fig. 32) sigmoidal; broad distally, narrowing and inflecting centrally.</p><p>Female specimen (Figs 4, 16)</p><p>Similar to male with the following exceptions: body length 14.7 mm. Clypeal edge slightly sinuous medially. Clypeofrontal carina bi-tuberculate, with width equivalent to dorsal ocular width. Anterolateral pronotal lobe surface smooth, immediately transitioning to fused granulate texture posteriorly. Central pronotal ridge slightly overhanging, with lateral tubercles and shallow anterior excavation. Posterolateral and posterior pronotal surface chagrined.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Body length 15–20 mm. Clypeal teeth absent or round and indistinct. Cephalic horn acute in small males; less than 1 mm in length. Pronotal armament in small males limited to notched anterior ridge. Pronotal ridge lacking lateral tubercles in small females.</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 65)</p><p>High elevation (2625–3055 m) in the Ecuadorian and northern Peruvian Andes. The single record from “Amazon” is based on an historical specimen, the holotype of Pinotus simulator Luederwaldt with vague data (see Max Barclay pers. com., comment below).</p><p>Natural history</p><p>Specimens with data were collected in cloud forest using pitfall traps baited with fish and in bovine dung.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>In the original description of Pinotus simulator, Luederwaldt (1936) describes the type specimen as “seeming atrophied, perhaps belonging to [ P. buckleyi]”. Luederwaldt goes on to describe the cephalic and pronotal armament of the specimen as “a small quadrate hump” in place of a long cephalic horn, and a “small sinuous carina” instead of a large bifurcating pronotal projection. We suspected Luederwaldt was referring to a poorly developed male representative of A. buckleyi . Upon examination of photographs of the specimen in question, we have confirmed this to be the case; the external morphology of P. simulator matches a typical small male of A. buckleyi in all respects, and the name is therefore considered a new junior synonym of A. buckleyi .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC87B7EF2DFFB3FE63FCCACBC2E31D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Génier, François;Darling, James D. G.	Génier, François, Darling, James D. G. (2024): Revision of the South American genera Andinocopris new genus and Homocopris Burmeister, 1846 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Homocoprini new tribe). European Journal of Taxonomy 925: 220-267, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2024.925.2465, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2465/10955
03DC87B7EF28FFAFFDF2FE0ECA25E331.text	03DC87B7EF28FFAFFDF2FE0ECA25E331.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homocopris Burmeister 1846	<div><p>Genus Homocopris Burmeister, 1846</p><p>[ Copris] ( Homocopris) Burmeister, 1846: [3] (original description).</p><p>[ Copris] ( Homocopris) – Lacordaire 1855: 97 (synonymy).</p><p>Homocopris – Harold 1869b: 1009 (synonym). — Heyne 1900: 62 (synonym). — Gillet 1911: 59 (synonym). — Lucas 1920: 333 (catalogue, synonym). — Blackwelder 1944: 206 (synonym). — Martínez 1959: 80 (synonym); 1987: 64 (synonym).— Woodruff 1973: 53 (synonym). — Ratcliffe 2002: 15 (synonym). — Smith 2003: 28 (synonym). — Vaz-de-Mello et al. 2010: 192 (new rank); 2011: 13 (identification key). — Sarmiento-Garcés &amp; Amat-García 2014: 25 (synonym). — Chamorro et al. 2018: 77 (identification key); 2019: 158 (catalogue, faunistic).</p><p>Type species</p><p>Copris torulosus Eschscholtz, 1822, by original monotypy.</p><p>Differential diagnosis</p><p>Dorsal ocular width subequal to one-sixth interocular distance. Lateral pronotal carina anteriorly joined with pronotal edge only anteriorly. Eighth elytral stria always absent. Meso-metasternal suture straight (Fig. 61). Posteromedial surface of metasternum deeply impressed. ♂ pronotal armament forming bilaterally paired tubercles along an inclined ridge in large individuals. FLP endophallite elongate and curved or reduced and rounded.</p><p>Description</p><p>Body length 12–22 mm. Anteroventral clypeal tooth rather broad. Dorsal ocular width subequal to one-sixth interocular distance. Anterior pronotal membrane rather wide, transition between membrane and anterior edge of pronotum well-defined throughout. Anterior pronotal edge sinuous medially. Anteromedial pronotal surface chagrined or rugose. Lateral pronotal carina and pronotal edge distinct anteriorly only. Anterior apex of prosternum acutely tipped. Underside of elytron with long semi-erected setae. Eighth elytral stria always absent. Hindwing AP entire, converging with J. Meso-metasternal suture straight. Surface of median metasternal lobe lacking setae, deeply impressed, with uneven texture. Pygidial surface coarsely punctate. ♂ pronotal armament forming bilaterally paired tubercles along inclined ridge in large individuals. Paramere in one of two forms: (1) sharply tapered and acutely tipped, with length equivalent to or greater than 2 mm, or (2) gently tapered and apically rounded, with length never exceeding 2 mm. FLP endophallite elongate and curved or reduced and rounded.</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Chilean and Argentinean Andes, and montane Atlantic Forest in southeast and south Brazil.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The description of Homocopris was published by Burmeister in Genera quaedam insectorum. Iconibus illustravit et descripsit. Volumen I. Continet tabulas XL. This work was issued in 10 fascicules from 1838 to 1846 (Bousquet 2016). The genus Copris in which Homocopris was described as a subgenus was treated on an unnumbered page in the last fascicule published (Hefte 10). Some authors have cited the date of publication of the genus as 1838–1846 (Martínez 1959) or as 1842 (Woodruff 1973; Smith 2003; Sarmiento-Garcés &amp; Amat-García 2014). However, all evidence supports a publication date between July and December 1846 (Bousquet 2016).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC87B7EF28FFAFFDF2FE0ECA25E331	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Génier, François;Darling, James D. G.	Génier, François, Darling, James D. G. (2024): Revision of the South American genera Andinocopris new genus and Homocopris Burmeister, 1846 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Homocoprini new tribe). European Journal of Taxonomy 925: 220-267, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2024.925.2465, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2465/10955
03DC87B7EF34FFAAFE23FEF2CDE9E40D.text	03DC87B7EF34FFAAFE23FEF2CDE9E40D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homocopris grossiorum Darling & Genier 2024	<div><p>Homocopris grossiorum Darling &amp; Génier sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A7F14F5E-EF36-4BAA-B81F-88BDBC8FFE4F</p><p>Figs 5–6, 17–18, 27, 33, 37, 43, 48, 66</p><p>Differential diagnosis</p><p>Dorsal ocular width subequal to one-sixth interocular distance; anterior pronotal edge tends to be medially indented; posterior pronotal surface uniformly punctate; elytral interstriae punctation tends to be invisible at 10 × magnification; metasternal depression divided anteriorly. ♂ pronotal ridge with a single medial pair of distinct tubercles in large individuals; paramere apex unevenly rounded, projecting dorsally; FLP endophallite reduced.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Grossiorum is the Latin plural genitive form of Grossi. This species is named in honour of Everardo and Paschoal Grossi, two avid Brazilian collectors and accomplished entomologists.</p><p>Name-bearing type data</p><p>Holotype ♂ (CEMT) (Fig. 52): “ BRASIL: Rio de Janeiro. | Itatiaia. PARNA Itatiaia. | 1700m. 22°25’5.5”S; | 44°38’6.7”W. Pitfall. | 23-26-xii-2011. | C Araújo &amp; R Andrade”; “WORLD | SCARAB. | DATABASE | WSD00035641” [barcode label]; “ HOLOTYPE ♂ | Homocopris | grossiorum | Des. Darling &amp; Génier, 2018“ [on red card with black border].</p><p>Type locality</p><p>Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, 22°25′05.5″ S, 43°38′06.7″ W, 1700 m, Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.</p><p>Type material (48 ♂♂, 19 ♀♀)</p><p>Holotype</p><p>BRASIL • ♂; “ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.63528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.418055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.63528/lat -22.418055)">Parque Nacional do Itatiaia</a>, Itatiaia, 1700 m [22°25′5″ S, 44°38′7″ W], 20.i.2012, mata atlántica, pitfall trap: human feces, C. Araújo ”; CEMT.</p><p>Allotype</p><p>BRASIL • ♀; same collection data as for holotype; CEMT.</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>BRAZIL • Minas Gerais • 1 ♂; Serra dos Côchos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.975002&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.391666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.975002/lat -22.391666)">Passa Quatro</a>; [22°23′30″ S, 44°58′30″ W]; 1460 m; 15 Jan. 1923; J. Zikán; CEMT • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 17 Feb. 1923; J. Zikán; CEMT. – Rio de Janeiro • 1 ♂; Itatiaia; [22°28′ S, 44°34′ W]; Jan. 1992; Celso Jr.; CEMT • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; Apr. 1992; C. Godinho; CEMT • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; Mar. 1990; [anonymous]; CEMT • 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; Jan. 1994; [anonymous]; CMD • 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; Feb. 1992; V. Allard; PMOC • 2 ♂♂; same locality as for preceding; 28 Feb. 1990; C. and D. Godinho; CEMT • 1 ♀; Itatiaia; [22°28′ S, 44°34′ W]; 1500 m; Feb. 1992; [anonymous]; PMOC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Macaé de Cima; [22°23′ S, 42°29′ W]; Mar. 2000; Vaz-de-Mello; CEMT • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; [no date]; E. and P. Grossi; CEMT • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; Apr. 2006; E. and P. Grossi; CEMT • 3 ♂♂; Macaé de Cima, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.383333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.483334/lat -22.383333)">Nova Friburgo</a>; [22°23′ S, 42°29′ W]; 1400 m; 15 Apr. 2007; E. and P. Grossi; CEMT • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; Mar. 2000; Lopes-Andrade, Gumier and Vaz-de-Mello; CEMT • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; Mar. 2006; Vaz-de-Mello and Grossi; CEMT • 2 ♀♀; Mury, 8 km E of Nova Friburgo; [22°21′49″ S, 42°33′7″ W]; 1150 m; 22 Jan. 2000; F. Génier &amp; S. Ide 2000-12; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.551945&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.363611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.551945/lat -22.363611)">quasi-primary mountain Atlantic Forest</a>, dung trap; CMNC • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 22 Jan. 2000; F. Génier and S. Ide 2000-13; quasi-primary mountain Atlantic Forest, dung trap; CMNC • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 22 Jan. 2000; F. Génier and S. Ide 2000-14; quasi-primary mountain Atlantic Forest, carrion trap; CMNC • 1 ♂; Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, Teresópolis; [22°27′.43″ S, 43°0′53.24″ W]; 1550 m; 16–18 Dec. 2014; C. Araújo and R. Andrade; pitfall trap; CEMT • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.01444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.452251" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.01444/lat -22.452251)">Teresópolis</a>; [22°27′8.1″ S, 43°0′51.98″ W]; 1650 m; 16–18 Dec. 2014; C. Araújo and R. Andrade; pitfall trap; CEMT • 1 ♂; Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.01567&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.453213" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.01567/lat -22.453213)">Teresópolis</a>; [22°27′11.56″ S, 43°0′56.41″ W]; 1680 m; 28–30 Jan. 2014; C. Araújo and R. Andrade; pitfall trap; CEMT • 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.01772&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.455362" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.01772/lat -22.455362)">Teresópolis</a>; [22°27′19.3″ S, 43°1′3.79″ W]; 1750 m; 16–18 Dec. 2014; C. Araújo and R. Andrade; pitfall trap; CEMT • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.566666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.566666/lat -22.466667)">Parque Nacional do Itatiaia</a>; [22°28′ S, 44°34′ W]; 4 Jan. 1991; [anonymous]; CEMT • 2 ♂♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.633053&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.421389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.633053/lat -22.421389)">Parque Nacional do Itatiaia</a>, Itatiaia; [22°25′17″ S, 44°37′59″ W]; 1600 m; 4. Jan. 1991; E. and P. Grossi; CEMT • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 23–26 Dec. 2011; C. Araújo and R. Andrade; pitfall trap; CEMT • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 20 Jan. 2012; C. Araújo; mata atlántica, pitfall trap: human feces; CEMT • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.635834&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.422222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.635834/lat -22.422222)">Parque Nacional do Itatiaia</a>, Itatiaia; [22°25′20″ S, 44°38′9″ W]; 1650 m; 20 Jan. 2012; C. Araújo; mata atlántica, pitfall trap: human feces; CEMT • 1 ♂; same collection data as for holotype; CEMT • 1 ♂; same locality as for holotype; 20 Jan. 2012; C. Araújo; mata atlántica, pitfall trap: human feces; CEMT • 2 ♂♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.643196&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.416971" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.643196/lat -22.416971)">Parque Nacional do Itatiaia</a>, Itatiaia; [22°25′1.1″ S, 44°38′35.5″ W]; 1850 m; 23–26 Dec. 2011; C. Araújo and R. Andrade; pitfall trap; CEMT • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-44.639862&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.41311" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -44.639862/lat -22.41311)">Parque Nacional do Itatiaia</a>, Itatiaia; [22°24′47.2″ S, 44°38′23.5″ W]; 1900 m; 23–26 Dec. 2011; C. Araújo and R. Andrade; pitfall trap; CEMT • 1 ♀ (paratype of Pinotus torulosus var. Minor Luederwaldt); Rio de Janeiro; BMNH. – São Paulo • 1 ♂; Campos do Jordão; [22°44′ S, 45°35′ W]; 20 Feb. 1999; E. A. Pereira; CEMT • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Campos do Jordão; [22°44′ S, 45°35′ W]; 1850 m; Jan. 2005; G.P. Almeida; CEMT • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.48&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.689999" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.48/lat -22.689999)">Horto Florestal de Campos do Jordão</a>; [22°41′24″ S, 45°28′48″ W]; 27 Dec. 1998; G.P. Almeida; CEMT • 2 ♂♂; [NO DATA]; [no date], [anonymous]”; MNHN.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male holotype (Figs 5, 17, 27, 33, 37, 43, 48)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Body length 14.4 mm.</p><p>HEAD. Clypeus bidentate with broad, rounded teeth. Anteroventral clypeal process broad. Clypeal and genal surface rugose, clypeogenal suture demarcated by shallow notch. Posterior genal angle obtuse. Frontal surface reduced, smooth. Dorsal ocular width subequal to one-sixth interocular distance. Interocular surface medially smooth. Cephalic horn emerging centrally from clypeofrontal surface, tapering apically, gently curved, 3.6 mm in length.</p><p>PROTHORAX. Anterior pronotal edge medially indented. Lateral pronotal edge angular on anterior fourth in dorsal view. Anterior pronotal declivity surface (Fig. 48) with fine transverse rugosities. Centrally paired tubercles along transverse pronotal ridge distinct, lateral pair indistinct. Posterior pronotal surface uniformly punctate. Prosternal apex acutely tipped.</p><p>ELYTRA. Glossy overall. Striae 1–6 widest anteriorly; narrowing posteriorly. Third and fourth striae posteriorly joined. Eighth stria absent throughout. Ninth stria effaced along anterior quarter of elytral length. Interstriae convex, minutely punctate.</p><p>HINDWING. Membrane edge between AP and AA sinuous. AP vein entire, converging with J.</p><p>VENTRITES. Meso-metasternal suture straight. Surface of median metasternal lobe (Fig. 43) with uneven texture and deep, anteriorly divided impression. Lateral metasternal lobe densely setose. Fifth abdominal ventrite with sparse medial punctation. Pygidium coarsely punctate.</p><p>PROTHORACIC LEGS. Anterior and posterior surface of profemur with dense row of long dark setae. Ventral profemoral surface finely punctate, sparsely setose. Protibia with three distinct teeth. Protibial forespur apically tapered, curving inward.</p><p>MESOTHORACIC LEGS. Posterior surface of mesotrochanter with tuft of long dark setae. Anterior and posterior surface of mesofemur with sparse row of long dark setae. Outer surface of mesotibia serrate. Width at mesotibial apex one-third mesotibial length.</p><p>METATHORACIC LEGS. Posterior surface of metatrochanter with tuft of long dark setae. Anterior and posterior surface of metafemur with sparse row of long dark setae. Outer surface of metatibia serrate. Width at metatibial apex one-third metatibial length.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA. Aedeagus length: 2.8 mm. Medially paired sclerites of genital segment elongate (Fig. 37), subequal in length to lateral sclerites. Paramere (Fig. 27) laterally flattened, gently tapered with apex subtruncated, slightly projecting dorsally. FLP endophallite (Fig. 33) reduced, appearing rounded and truncated.</p><p>Female allotype (Figs 6, 18)</p><p>Similar to male with the following exceptions: Body length 12.6 mm. Clypeofrontal carina transverse, centrally raised. Interocular surface coarsely punctate. Anterior pronotal ridge low, followed by shallow concavity.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Body length 11–19 mm. Small males with medially projecting clypeofrontal ridge instead of cephalic horn. Anterior pronotal edge medially indented more often than evenly curved. Pronotal ridge in small males low, medially notched. Elytral interstriae minutely punctate (invisible at 10 ×) more often than finely punctate (visible at 10×).</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 66)</p><p>Serra dos Órgãos and Serra da Mantiqueira in the Brazilian states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, with recorded elevations between 1150 and 1900 m.</p><p>Natural history</p><p>Specimens with data were collected in Atlantic Forest and quasi-primary mountain Atlantic Forest. Most specimens were collected using pitfall traps with unspecified baits. A single specimen was collected in a carrion trap and three specimens were collected in pitfall traps baited with human faeces.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC87B7EF34FFAAFE23FEF2CDE9E40D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Génier, François;Darling, James D. G.	Génier, François, Darling, James D. G. (2024): Revision of the South American genera Andinocopris new genus and Homocopris Burmeister, 1846 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Homocoprini new tribe). European Journal of Taxonomy 925: 220-267, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2024.925.2465, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2465/10955
03DC87B7EF31FFA4FDD3F93EC874E695.text	03DC87B7EF31FFA4FDD3F93EC874E695.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homocopris punctatissimus (Curtis 1845)	<div><p>Homocopris punctatissimus (Curtis, 1845)</p><p>Figs 7–8, 19–20, 28, 34, 44, 67</p><p>Copris punctatissima Curtis, 1845: 444 (original description).</p><p>Copris punctatissima – Solier 1851: 60 (synonymy). — Harold 1869a: 133 (synonym). — Martínez 1959: 87 (synonym).</p><p>[ Copris] punctatissimus – Harold 1869b: 1011 (synonym). — Heyne 1900: 62 (synonym). — Gillet 1911: 62 (synonym). — Blackwelder 1944: 208 (synonym).</p><p>Copris punctatissimus – Reed 1876: 281 (synonym). — Bruch 1911: 187 (synonym).</p><p>Pinotus punctatissimus – Waterhouse 1891: 361 (diagnosis). — Luederwaldt 1929: 650 (synonym).</p><p>Copris Punctatissimus – Gutiérrez 1940: 277 (synonym).</p><p>Homocopris punctatissimus – González et al. 2015: 53 (bona species, ecology). — Rebolledo et al. 2017: 27 (distribution). — Tello et al. 2021: 139 (distribution). — Mondaca 2023: 222 (checklist, distribution, diagnosis, new combination).</p><p>Differential diagnosis</p><p>Dorsal ocular width subequal to one-sixth interocular distance; lateral pronotal edge broadly arcuate on anterior half in dorsal view; width of ellipse formed by lateral pronotal carina and pronotal edge approximately one-half the elliptical length; posterior pronotal surface chagrined; elytral interstriae punctation visible at 10 × magnification; metasternal depression entire, limited to posterior portion of median metasternal lobe. ♂ pronotal ridge with three sets of distinct bilaterally paired tubercles in large individuals; paramere apex acutely tipped; FLP endophallite heavily sclerotized, crescent-shaped, with one end rounded and the other toothed.</p><p>Name-bearing type data</p><p>Copris punctatissimus Curtis, holotype ♀ (BMNH): [recto] “Chil” [handwritten]; [verso] “ punctatissima | 63 Curt” [handwritten]; “63 | 49” [handwritten, white disc]; “Type” [disc with red border]; “ Copris Curt | punctatissima ”; [handwritten].</p><p>Type locality</p><p>Copris punctatissimus: Chile.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>CHILE • ♀; [recto] “Chil” [handwritten]; [verso] “ punctatissima | 63 Curt” [handwritten]; “63 | 49” [handwritten, white disc]; “Type” [disc with red border]; “ Copris Curt | punctatissima ”; [handwritten]; (BMNH).</p><p>Material examined (74 ♂♂, 64 ♀♀)</p><p>CHILE • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; [unspecified locality]; [no date]; [anonymous]; CAS • 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; CNC • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; CPFA • 23 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀; same collection data as for preceding; MNHN • 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; NMPC • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; [no date]; Clavareau; CAS. – Región de Los Lagos • 6 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; 10 km E of Puyehue; [40°41′ S, 72°18′ W]; 24 Jan. 1951; Ross and Michelbacher; CAS • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Aguas Calientes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.306946&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-40.738888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.306946/lat -40.738888)">Parque Nacional Puyehue</a>; [40°44′20″ S, 72°18′25″ W]; 600 m; 18 Dec. 1984 – 8 Feb. 1985; S. and J. Peck; Nothofagus forest, Malaise; CMNC • 2 ♂♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.883335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.816666/lat -41.883335)">Ancud</a>; [41°53′ S, 73°49′ W]; 30 May 1914; [anonymous]; CAS • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.70111&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.91389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.70111/lat -42.91389)">Chaitén</a>; [42°54′50″ S, 72°42′4″ W]; Dec. 1985; L. Peña; CMNC • 1 ♂; Dalcahue, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.652504&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.373055" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.652504/lat -42.373055)">Chiloé</a>; [42°22′23″ S, 73°39′9″ W]; Feb. 1952; Peña; CMNC • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.833336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.39167" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.833336/lat -41.39167)">Estaquilla</a>; [41°23′30″ S, 73°50′0″ W]; 17 Jan. 1977; J. Solervicens; MNHN • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.82139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.395" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.82139/lat -41.395)">Fundo El Mirador</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.82139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.395" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.82139/lat -41.395)">Río Chico</a>; [41°23′42″ S, 72°49′17″ W]; 14 Feb. 2008; V.M. Diéguez; CEMT • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.916664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.633335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.916664/lat -42.633335)">Isla Chiloé</a>; [42°38′ S, 73°55′ W]; [no date]; [anonymous]; MNHN • 5 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Los Derrumbes Forest Trail, Aguas Calientes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-40.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.3/lat -40.733334)">Parque Nacional Puyehue</a>; [40°44′ S, 72°18′ W]; 500 m; 20 Dec. 1984 – 8 Feb. 1985; S. and J. Peck; flight interception trap; CMNC • 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.46667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.46667/lat -41.4)">Los Muermos</a>; [41°24′ S, 73°28′ W]; 19 Jan. 1951; Ross and Michelbacher; forest; CAS • 4 ♂♂, 9 ♀♀; Pionero Forest Trail, Aguas Calientes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-40.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.3/lat -40.733334)">Parque Nacional Puyehue</a>; [40°44′ S, 72°18′ W]; 500 m; 20 Dec. 1984 – 6 Feb. 1985; S. and J. Peck; carrion trap; CMNC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.98333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.316666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.98333/lat -41.316666)">Puerto Varas</a>; [41°19′ S, 72°59′W]; [no date]; [anonymous]; NMPC • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-40.916668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.166664/lat -40.916668)">Purranque</a>; [40°55′ S, 73°10′ W]; Jan. 1951; [anonymous]; CAS. – Región de Los Ríos • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; 34 km WNW of La Union; [40°13′45″ S, 73°21′35″ W]; 700 m; 17 Dec. 1984 – 7 Feb.1985; S. and J. Peck; mixed evergreen forest, flight interception trap; CMNC • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.883335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.433334/lat -39.883335)">Corral</a>; [39°53′ S, 73°26′ W]; 20 Oct. 1913; R.H. Beck; CAS • 1 ♂ (alloreferent), 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.34167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.63889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.34167/lat -39.63889)">Panguipulli</a>; [39°38′20″ S, 72°20′30″ W]; Jan. 1943; Gutiérrez; CMNC • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; Jan. 1952; [anonymous]; CMNC • 4 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; Feb. 1942; Gutiérrez; CMNC • 2 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; 1927; [anonymous]; CAS • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.21667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.21667/lat -39.833332)">Valdivia</a>; [39°50′ S, 73°13′ W]; [no date]; [anonymous]; MNHN • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; NMPC. – Región de Valparaíso • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; Valparaíso; [33°4′ S, 71°36′ W]; [no date]; E.P. Reed; CAS. – Región del Biobío • 4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Concepción; [36°48′ S, 73°1′ W]; [no date]; Reed; CAS. – Región La Araucanía • 1 ♀; 30 km NE of Villarrica; [39°8′47″ S, 72°3′32″ W]; Jan. 1965; L. Peña; CAS • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; Dec. 1964; L. Peña; CAS • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 16–31 Dec. 1964; M. Rivera; CMNC • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 16–31 Dec. 1964; L. Peña; CAS • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.13333/lat -39.266666)">Boroa Central</a>, SE of Nueva Toltén; [39°16′ S, 73°8′ W]; 22 Jan. 2004; M. Snižek; NMPC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Campground, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.72425&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.1671" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.72425/lat -39.1671)">Parque Nacional Huerquehue</a>; [39°10.026′ S, 71°43.455′ W]; 785 m; Nov.–Dec. 2005; F. Ledezma Zúñiga; CMNC • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.233334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.35/lat -38.233334)">Victoria</a>; [38°14′ S, 72°21′ W]; [no date]; [anonymous]; NMPC. – Región Metropolitana de Santiago • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.233334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.35/lat -38.233334)">Santiago</a>; [33°29′ S, 70°39′ W]; [no date]; [anonymous]; CAS • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.483334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.65/lat -33.483334)">Santiago</a>; [33°29′ S, 70°39′ W]; [no date]; [anonymous]; MNHN .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male alloreferent specimen (Figs 7, 19, 28, 34, 44)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Body length 16.6 mm.</p><p>HEAD. Clypeus bidentate with broad, rounded teeth. Anteroventral clypeal tooth broad. Clypeal and genal surface rugose, demarcated by shallow notch along edge. Posterior genal angle obtuse. Frontal surface reduced, smooth. Dorsal ocular width subequal to one-sixth interocular distance. Interocular surface medially smooth. Cephalic horn emerging centrally from clypeofrontal surface, parallel sided, straight, 5.8 mm in length.</p><p>PROTHORAX. Anterior pronotal edge medially indented. Lateral pronotal edge broadly arcuate on anterior half in dorsal view. Anterolateral pronotal surface smooth, impunctate.Anterior inclined pronotal surface with irregular, fused rugosities. Pronotal ridge with three sets of distinct bilaterally paired tubercles. Posterior pronotal surface chagrined. Prosternal apex acutely tipped.</p><p>ELYTRA. Glossy overall. Striae 1-6 widest anteriorly; narrowing posteriorly. Third and fourth striae posteriorly joined. Eighth stria absent throughout. Ninth stria effaced along anterior quarter of elytral length. Interstriae convex, minutely punctate.</p><p>HINDWING. Membrane edge between AP and AA sinuous. AP vein entire, converging with J.</p><p>VENTRITES. Meso-metasternal suture straight. Median metasternal lobe (Fig. 44) with deep posteromedial impression; anterior surface convex. Lateral metasternal lobe sparsely setose. Fifth abdominal ventrite with dense medial punctation. Pygidium coarsely punctate.</p><p>PROTHORACIC LEGS. Anterior and posterior surfaces of profemur with sparse row of long dark setae. Ventral profemoral surface finely punctate. Protibia with three distinct teeth. Protibial forespur parallel-sided, curving downward apically.</p><p>MESOTHORACIC LEGS. Posterior surface of mesotrochanter with three dark setae. Anterior and posterior surface of mesofemur with sparse row of long dark setae. Outer surface of mesotibia serrate. Width at mesotibial apex one-third mesotibial length.</p><p>METATHORACIC LEGS. Posterior surface of metatrochanter with three dark setae. Anterior and posterior surface of metafemur with sparse row of long dark setae. Outer surface of metatibia serrate. Width at metatibial apex one-third metatibial length.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA. Aedeagus length: 4.6 mm. Medially paired sclerites of genital segment truncated. Paramere (Fig. 28) with apex acutely tipped. FLP endophallite (Fig. 34) heavily sclerotized, crescent-shaped, with one end rounded, another toothed.</p><p>Female (Figs 8, 20)</p><p>As male alloreferent with the following exceptions: body length 20.0 mm. Clypeal teeth deeply notched. Clypeofrontal carina transverse, centrally raised. Entire anterior pronotal surface with irregular, fused rugosities. Anterior pronotal ridge low, followed by shallow concavity. Protibial forespur straight throughout.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Body length 15–22 mm. Small males with medially projecting clypeofrontal ridge instead of cephalic horn. Pronotal ridge in small males low, medially notched. Large ♀♀ with bi-tubercular clypeofrontal.</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 67)</p><p>Chile in the Región de los Lagos, Región de Los Ríos, Región de Valparaíso, Región del Biobío, Región la Araucanía and Región Metropolitana de Santiago. Recorded elevations from 500 m to 785 m.</p><p>Natural history</p><p>Examined specimens with data were collected in unspecified forest type, mixed evergreen forest and Nothofagus Blume forest. Data for the material examined indicate that specimens were collected in pitfall traps baited with unspecified carrion and flight interception traps. A few specimens were collected in Malaise traps. No recorded trapping events from dung in the material examined, certainly due to a lack of data.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC87B7EF31FFA4FDD3F93EC874E695	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Génier, François;Darling, James D. G.	Génier, François, Darling, James D. G. (2024): Revision of the South American genera Andinocopris new genus and Homocopris Burmeister, 1846 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Homocoprini new tribe). European Journal of Taxonomy 925: 220-267, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2024.925.2465, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2465/10955
03DC87B7EF3FFF9CFDD4FA95CA81E31E.text	03DC87B7EF3FFF9CFDD4FA95CA81E31E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homocopris torulosus (Eschscholtz 1822)	<div><p>Homocopris torulosus (Eschscholtz, 1822)</p><p>Figs 9–10, 21–22, 29, 35, 38, 41, 45, 47, 49, 54, 61, 67</p><p>Copris torulosa Eschscholtz, 1822: 29 (original description).</p><p>Copris valdiviana Philippi, 1859: 661 (original description).</p><p>Pinotus torulosus var. minor Luederwaldt, 1925: 68 (original description) (uncertain status, see remarks below).</p><p>Pinotus Dahli Landin, 1955: 5 (original description) syn. nov.</p><p>Copris (Homocopris) torulosa – Burmeister 1846: [3] (mention).</p><p>Copris torulosa – Solier 1851: 60 (monograph).</p><p>Copris torulosus – Redtenbacher 1868: 55 (distribution).</p><p>Pinotus torulosus – Harold 1869a: 133 (monograph); 1869b: 1011 (catalogue). — Waterhouse 1891: 361 (comment). — Bruch 1911: 187 (catalogue). — Gillet 1911: 62 (catalogue). — Joseph 1929: 31 (nidification). — Gutiérrez 1940: 277 (monograph). — Pereira 1941: 267 (checklist). — Blackwelder 1944: 208 (checklist). — Lange 19476: 313 (misidentification).</p><p>[ Copris] valdivianus – Harold 1869b: 1011 (synonymy). — Heyne 1900: 62 (synonym). — Gillet 1911: 62 (synonym).</p><p>Copris valdivianus – Harold 1869a: 133 (synonym). — Reed 1876: 281 (synonym). — Bruch 1911: 187 (synonym).</p><p>[ Pinotus] torulosus – Reed 1876: 281 (catalogue). — Heyne 1900: 62 (diagnosis, distribution).</p><p>Pinotus valdivianus – Waterhouse 1891: 361 (comment).</p><p>Pinotus (P.) torulosus var. valdivianus – Luederwaldt 1929: 649 (monograph).</p><p>Pinotus torulosus var. Minor – Luederwaldt 1929:649 (monograph).— Gutiérrez1940: 280 (monograph). — Blackwelder 1944: 208 (checklist). — Mondaca 2023: 223 (synonym).</p><p>Pinotus (P.) torulosus – Luederwaldt 1929: 650 (monograph).</p><p>Pinotus torulosus var. valdivianus – Gutiérrez 1940: 279 (monograph). — Blackwelder 1944: 208 (checklist).</p><p>Pinotus torulosus minor – Lange 1947: 313 (biology, distribution).</p><p>Dichotomius (D.) torulosus – Martínez 1959: 87 (catalogue).</p><p>Dichotomius torulosus – Halffter &amp; Matthews 1966: 7 (biology). — Halffter 1977: 242 (nidification). — Halffter &amp; Edmonds 1982: 89 (biology). — Zunino 1983: 541 (classification). — Klemperer 1983: 61 (ecology). — Cabrera Walsh &amp; Gandolfo 1996: 586 (nidification).</p><p>[ Dichotomius (D.) torulosus] var. minor – Vaz-de-Mello 2000: 193 (checklist).</p><p>[ Dichotomius (D.) torulosus] var. valdivianus – Vaz-de-Mello 2000: 193 (checklist).</p><p>Homocopris torulosus – Vaz-de-Mello et al. 2010: 192 (new combination). — Jerez 2015: 1 (biology). — Ratcliffe et al. 2015: 197 (checklist). — González et al. 2015: 53 (ecology). — Tarasov &amp; Génier 2015: 21 (phylogeny). — Tarasov &amp; Dimitrov 2016: 7 (phylogeny). — Rebolledo et al. 2017: 27 (faunistic). — Tello et al. 2017: 61 (fossil); 2021: 139 (distribution). — Mondaca 2023: 223 (checklist, distribution).</p><p>Copris valdiviana – Mondaca 2023: 223 (synonymy).</p><p>Pinotus dahli – Mondaca 2023: 223 (synonym).</p><p>Differential diagnosis</p><p>Dorsal ocular width subequal to one-sixth interocular distance; lateral pronotal edge angular on anterior fourth in dorsal view; width of ellipse formed by lateral pronotal carina and edge approximately one third the elliptical length; posterior pronotal surface chagrined; elytral interstriae punctation visible at 10× magnification; metasternal depression entire, extending into anterior portion of median metasternal lobe. ♂ pronotal ridge with three sets of distinct bilaterally paired tubercles in large individuals; paramere apex acutely tipped; FLP endophallite elongate, bent, with internal angle adjacent to sclerotized extension.</p><p>Name-bearing type data</p><p>Copris torulosus Eschscholtz, neotype ♂, here designated (CMNC) (Fig. 54): “ CHILE: Malleco | 17kmWAngol, 800m | 8.XII.84 - 16.II.85 | S &amp; JPeck, FIT | mixed Nothofagus ”; “WORLD | SCARAB. | DATABASE | WSD00035423” [barcode label]; “Southern Neotropical Scarabs | database # AS2599338 | Homocopris torulosus | (Eschscholtz, 1822) ♂ | DET: A.B.T.Smith 2005“ [with black border]; “N E O T Y P E ♂ | Copris | torulosus | Eschscholtz, 1822 | des. Génier &amp; Darling, 2021” [on red card with black border.].</p><p>Pinotus torulosus var. minor Luederwaldt: no type material examined.</p><p>Pinotus dahli Landin, allotype ♂ (MZLU) (Fig. 57): “ Chile ” [handwritten]; “Allotypus” [red card with black border]; “ Pinotus Dahli m. | allotype ♂ | B. O. Landin det” [partly handwritten]; “Photo 2018 | by MZLU”; “MZLU | Type no | 2775:2” [partly red]; “MZLU | 2018 | 001” [green paper]; “ZML.2005 | 202” [green paper]; “WORLD | SCARAB. | DATABASE | WSD00035268” [barcode label]; “Southern Neotropical Scarabs | database # AS2607242 | Homocopris torulosus | (Eschscholtz, 1822) ♂ | DET: A.B.T.Smith 2006”; “ Homocopris ♂ | torulosus | (Eschscholtz, 1822) | det. Génier &amp; Darling, 2018”.</p><p>Type locality</p><p>17 km W Angol (800 m), Malleco, Chile.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Neotype of Copris torulosus (present designation)</p><p>CHILE • ♂ (Fig. 54); “ CHILE: Malleco | 17kmWAngol, 800m | 8.XII.84 - 16.II.85 | S &amp; JPeck, FIT | mixed Nothofagus ”; “WORLD | SCARAB. | DATABASE | WSD00035423” [barcode label]; “Southern Neotropical Scarabs | database # AS2599338 | Homocopris torulosus | (Eschscholtz, 1822) ♂ | DET: A.B.T.Smith 2005“ [with black border]; “N E O T Y P E ♂ | Copris | torulosus | Eschscholtz, 1822 | des. Génier &amp; Darling, 2021” [on red card with black border]; CMNC.</p><p>Allotype of Pinotus dahli CHILE • ♂ (Fig. 57); “Chile” [handwritten]; “Allotypus” [red card with black border]; “ Pinotus Dahli M. | allotype ♂ | B. O. Landin det” [partly handwritten]; “Photo 2018 | by MZLU”; “MZLU | Type no | 2775:2” [partly red]; “MZLU | 2018 | 001” [green paper]; “ ZML.2005 | 202” [green paper]; “WORLD | SCARAB. | DATABASE | WSD00035268” [barcode label]; “Southern Neotropical Scarabs | database # AS2607242 | Homocopris torulosus | (Eschscholtz, 1822) ♂ | DET: A.B.T.Smith 2006”; “ Homocopris ♂ | torulosus | (Eschscholtz, 1822) | det. Génier &amp; Darling, 2018”; MZLU.</p><p>Paratype de Pinotus dahli</p><p>CHILE • 1 ♀; same locality as for allotype; [no date]; [anonymous]; MZLU.</p><p>Other material examined (163 ♂♂, 206 ♀♀)</p><p>ARGENTINA – Río Negro • 1 ♂; El Bolsón; [41°58′ S, 71°32′ W]; Nov. 1967; [anonymous]; CPFA • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; [no date]; A. Kovács; NMPC • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 1956; A. Kovács; NMPC • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; Dec. 1956; [anonymous]; NMPC .</p><p>CHILE • 6 ♂♂, 1 ♀; [unspecified locality]; 1907; M.J. Rivera; MNHN • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; [no date]; M.J. Rivera; CMNC. – Región de Los Lagos • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; 11 km NW of Castro, Isla Chiloé; [42°24′ S, 73°51′ W]; 200 m; 27 Dec. 1984 – 1 Feb. 1985; S. and J. Peck; ravine second growth forest, carrion trap; CMNC • 1 ♂, 9 ♀♀; 13 km W of Entre Lagos; [40°37′30″ S, 72°44′0″ W]; 200 m; 21 Dec. 1984 – 8 Feb. 1985; S. and J. Peck; forest remnant, carrion trap; CMNC • 2 ♀♀; 34 km E of Puerto Montt, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.583336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-41.416668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.583336/lat -41.416668)">Lago Chapo</a>; [41°25′ S, 72°35′ W]; 300 m; 24 Dec. 1984 – 2 Feb. 1985; S. and J. Peck; second growth Nothofagus, carrion trap; CMNC • 1 ♂; Ahori Alto; 21–23 Feb. 1988; 70 m; L. Masner; CNC • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.174995&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-40.666668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.174995/lat -40.666668)">Repucura forest trail</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.174995&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-40.666668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.174995/lat -40.666668)">Anticura</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.174995&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-40.666668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.174995/lat -40.666668)">Parque Nacional Puyehue</a>; [40°40′ S, 72°10′30″ W]; 500 m; 19 Dec. 1984 – 6 Feb. 1985; S. and J. Peck; forest, carrion trap; CMNC • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.646385&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-42.716946" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.646385/lat -42.716946)">Terao</a>, 10 km S of Chonchi, Isla Chiloe; [42°43′1″ S, 73°38′47″ W]; 45 m; 12–13 Feb. 2005; [anonymous]; yellow pan trap; CMNC • 1 ♂; [unspecified locality]; 30 Jan. 2007; [anonymous]; CMD • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 10 Feb. 2007; [anonymous]; CMD. – Región de Los Ríos • 3 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; 34 km WNW of La Union; [40°13′45″ S, 73°21′35″ W]; 700 m; 17 Dec. 1984 – 7 Feb. 1985; S. and J. Peck; mixed evergreen forest, carrion trap; CMNC • 3 ♂♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.883335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.433334/lat -39.883335)">Corral</a>; [39°53′ S, 73°26′ W]; 14 Oct. 1913; R.H. Beck; CAS • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 16 Oct. 1913; R.H. Beck; CAS • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 20 Oct. 1913; R.H. Beck; CAS • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.34167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.63889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.34167/lat -39.63889)">Panguipulli</a>; [39°38′20″ S, 72°20′30″ W]; Jan. 1952: [anonymous]; CMNC • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 1927; [anonymous]; CAS • 2 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Valdivia; [39°50′ S, 73°13′ W]; [no date]; [anonymous]; MNHN. – Región del Biobío • 1 ♀; 4 km SE of Recinto; [36°52′ S, 71°36′ W]; 700 m; 17 Dec. 1976; H.F. Howden; CMNC • 2 ♀♀; 40 km E of San Carlos; [36°33′ S, 71°34′ W]; 24 Dec. 1950; Ross and Michelbacher; CAS • 5 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; 60 km SE od Chillan, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.55/lat -36.9)">Thermas Road</a>; [36°54′ S, 71°33′ W]; 1300 m; 7 Dec. 1984 – 19 Feb. 1985; S. and J. Peck; beech forest, flight interception trap; CMNC • 1 ♂; Arauco; [37°15′ S, 73°19′ W]; 15 Apr. 1965; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.316666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.316666/lat -37.25)">Sanfeliu</a>; CMNC • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.01667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.01667/lat -36.8)">Concepción</a>; [36°48′ S, 73°1′ W]; [no date]; [anonymous]; CAS • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Contulmo; [38°1′ S, 73°14′ W]; 28 Mar. 1940; D.S. Bullock; CAS • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 7 Jan. 1967; Sanfeliu; CNC • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 10 Feb. 1967; T. Cekalovic; CNC • 7 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; 10 Mar. 1969; Sanfeliu; CNC • 7 ♂♂, 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 20 Dec. 1969; T. Cekalovic; CNC • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.09167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.09167/lat -36.783333)">Hulpencillo</a>; [36°47′ S, 73°5′30″ W]; 20 Mar. 1964; T. Cekalovic; CNC • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.875" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.575/lat -36.875)">Invernada</a>; [36°52′30″ S, 71°34′30″ W]; Mar. 1970; L.E. Peña; PMOC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.666664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.666664/lat -36.9)">Las Trancas</a>; [36°54′ S, 71°40′ W]; 1 Feb. 1974; L.E. Peña; PMOC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Las Trancas, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.5/lat -36.9)">Curico</a>; [36°54′ S, 71°30′ W]; 1 Mar. 1979; L.E. Peña; CMNC • 1 ♂; Los Castaños, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.083336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.625" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.083336/lat -36.625)">Chillán</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.083336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.625" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.083336/lat -36.625)">El Carmen</a>; [36°37′30″ S, 72°5′0″ W]; 21 Nov. 2003; M. Snižek; NMPC • 1 ♂; Mulchén; [37°43′ S, 72°14′ W]; Jan. 1935; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.23333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.23333/lat -37.716667)">Gutiérrez</a>; CMNC • 2 ♂♂; same locality as for preceding; Dec. 1935; Gutiérrez; CMNC • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.73333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.73333/lat -36.8)">Recinto</a>; [36°48′ S, 71°44′ W]; 1 Mar. 1971; [anonymous]; CPFA • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Talcahuano; [36°45′ S, 73°6′ W]; 1841; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.1/lat -36.75)">Jacquinot</a>; MNHN. – Región del Maule • 1 ♂; Fundo Malcho, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.416664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-36.316666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.416664/lat -36.316666)">Cordillera Parral</a>; [36°19′ S, 71°25′ W]; Dec.1956; M. Rivera; CNC • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; May 1957; [anonymous]; CPFA • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 1 May 1957; [anonymous]; CPFA • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 11–20 Nov. 1964; M. Rivera; CNC • 2 ♀♀; Romehual, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.066666/lat -35.6)">Cordillera Parral</a>; 5–10 Nov. 1960; [anonymous]; CPFA • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.066666/lat -35.6)">Vilches Alto</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.066666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-35.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.066666/lat -35.6)">Talca</a>; [35°36′ S, 71°4′ W]; Dec. 1973; J. Valencia; CMNC. – Región La Araucanía • 2 ♂♂; 10 mi NE of Pucón; [39°15′30″ S, 71°46′0″ W]; 12 Jan. 1951; Ross and Michelbacher; CAS • 7 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; 11 km W of Angol; [37°49′30″ S, 72°47′0″ W]; 1000 m; 9 Dec. 1984 – 16 Feb. 1985; S. and J. Peck; boggy mixed forest remnant, carrion trap; CMNC • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; 15 km W of Victoria; [38°15′ S, 72°31′ W]; 200 m; 28–31 Dec. 1976; S. Peck; dung; BDGC • 6 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; 28–31 Dec. 1976; S. Peck; carrion; CMNC • 10 ♂♂, 27 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; 28–31 Dec. 1976; S. Peck; dung; CMNC • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 28–31 Dec. 1976; S. Peck; carrion; CNC • 21 ♂♂, 17 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; 28–31 Dec. 1976; S. Peck; dung; CNC • 2 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; 28 Dec. 1976; H.F. Howden; CNC • 1 ♀ (alloreferent of Copris torulosus), 5 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀; 17 km W of Angol; [37°48′ S, 72°51′30″ W]; 800 m; 8 Dec. 1984 – 16 Feb. 1985; S. and J. Peck; mixed Nothofagus, flight interception trap; CMNC • 2 ♀♀; 20 km E of Manzanar; [38°26′30″ S, 71°31′0″ W]; 1100 m; 19–25 Dec. 1976; S. Peck; dung; CNC • 1 ♂; 20 km E of Temuco; [38°46′ S, 72°22′ W]; 8 Jan. 1951; Ross and Michelbacher; CAS • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; 21 km NE of Pucón, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.816666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.183334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.816666/lat -39.183334)">Lago Caburga</a>; [39°11′ S, 71°49′ W]; 600 m; 15 Dec. 1984 – 10 Feb. 1985, S. and J. Peck; mixed forest remnant, flight interception trap; CMNC • 2 ♂♂, 1 ♀; 22 km E of Temuco; [38°40′ S, 72°15′30″ W]; Jun.–Jul. 1951; M.G. Smith; CAS • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 2 Jan. 1951; Ross and Michelbacher; CAS • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; 30 km NE of Villarrica; [39°8′47″ S, 72°3′32″ W]; Jan. 1965; L. Peña; CAS • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 16–31 Dec. 1964; L. Peña; CAS • 1 ♀; 4 km W of Victoria; [38°14′ S, 72°24′30″ W]; 300 m; 26–27 Dec. 1976; H.F. Howden; CNC • 3 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; 40 km W of Angol, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.00833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.825" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.00833/lat -37.825)">Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta</a>; [37°49’30″ S, 73°0′30″ W]; 1200– 1500 m; 9 Dec. 1984 – 17 Feb. 1985; S. &amp; J. Peck; flight interception trap; CMNC • 1 ♀; 6 km W of Curacautín; [38°25′ S, 71°58′ W]; 750 m; 12 Dec. 1984 – 16 Feb. 1985; S. and J. Peck; grazed Nothofagus remnant, carrion trap; CMNC • 1 ♀; 9 km S of Pucón, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.95833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.366665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.95833/lat -39.366665)">Parque Nacional Volcán Villarrica</a>; [39°22′ S, 71°57′30″ W]; 900 m; 15 Dec. 1984 – 10 Feb. 1985; S. and J. Peck; Nothofagus grove on ash, carrion trap; CMNC • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.98856&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.763535" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.98856/lat -37.763535)">along road near Río Picoiquén</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.98856&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.763535" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.98856/lat -37.763535)">Cotoco</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.98856&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.763535" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.98856/lat -37.763535)">Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta</a>; [37°45.812′ S, 72°59.314′ W]; 980 m; 15 Feb. 2004; A. Smith, M. Paulsen and J. Mondaca; CMNC • 1 ♀; Boroa Central, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.13333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.13333/lat -39.266666)">SE Nueva Toltén</a>; [39°16′ S, 73°8′ W]; 22 Jan. 2004; M. Snižek; NMPC • 1 ♀; Collipulli; [37°57′ S, 72°26′ W]; 15 Feb. 1967; Mendez; CNC • 1 ♀; Crest of Sierra Nahuelbuta, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.86667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.86667/lat -37.833332)">W of Angol</a>; [37°50′ S, 72°52′ W]; 1200 m; 13 Jan. 1951; [anonymous]; CAS • 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.433334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.88333/lat -38.433334)">Curacautín</a>; [38°26′ S, 71°53′ W]; 20 Jul. 1950; [anonymous]; CAS • 3 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; 7 Apr. 1971; P. Ramírez; CMNC • 3 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀; Flor del Lago, 15 km NE of Villarrica; [39°10′ S, 72°10′ W]; 300 m; 14 Dec. 1984 – 10 Feb. 1985; S. and J. Peck; Nothofagus forest, carrion trap; CMNC • 6 ♂♂, 13 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; 14 Dec. 1984 – 10 Feb. 1985; S. and J. Peck; Nothofagus forest, flight interception trap; CMNC • 1 ♀; Manzanar; [38°28.071′ S, 71°41.873′ W]; 800 m; 1–3 Feb. 2005; S. Bilý; NMPC • 8 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.166664/lat -38.016666)">Monumento Natural Contulmo</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.166664/lat -38.016666)">Purén</a>; [38°1′ S, 73°10′ W]; 350 m; 11 Dec. 1984 – 13 Feb. 1985; S. and J. Peck; mixed evergreen forest, flight interception trap; CMNC • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-73.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-37.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -73.0/lat -37.8)">Parque Nacional Nahuelbuta</a>; [37°48′ S, 73°0′ W]; 1200 m; 9 Sep. 1966; E.I. Schlinger and E.I. Erwin; Nothofagus and Araucaria association; CAS • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.266666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.96667/lat -39.266666)">Pucón</a>; [39°16′ S, 71°58′ W]; 9–16 Nov. 1989; S. A. Marshall; dung trap near lake; CMNC • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.61667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.866665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.61667/lat -38.866665)">Quepe</a>; [38°52′ S, 72°37′ W]; 31 Oct. 1965; T. Cekalovic; CNC • 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.691666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.866665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.691666/lat -38.866665)">S Melipeuco</a>; [38°52′ S, 71°41′30″ W]; 23 Jan. 2004; M. Snižek; NMPC • 4 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; Salto de la Princesa, 20 km E of Curacautín; [38°28′30″ S, 71°40′30″ W]; 1000 m; 12 Dec. 1984 – 16 Feb. 1985; S. and J. Peck; Nothofagus forest, flight interception trap; CMNC • 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.166664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.366665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.166664/lat -38.366665)">Selva Obscura</a>; [38°22′ S, 72°10′ W]; 6 Oct. 1967; C. Oyarzo; CNC • 2 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.1855&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.2333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.1855/lat -39.2333333)">Sendero Lemu Mau</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-43.1855&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.2333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -43.1855/lat -39.2333333)">Monumento Natural Contulmo</a>; [38°74′ S, 73°11.13′ W]; 410 m; 8–24 Dec. 2002; Thayer and Newton; (FMHD #2002-062); Nothofagus obliqua -Eucryphia cordifolia with fern and bamboo understory, carrion trap, octopus; CMNC • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.6/lat -38.75)">Temuco</a>; [38°45′ S, 72°36′ W]; Jan. 1906; [anonymous]; CAS • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; Jan. 2004; [anonymous]; CMD • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; Feb. 2002; [anonymous]; CMD • 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; 16 Nov. 1926; [anonymous]; CAS • 1 ♀; Termas del Río Blanco, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.61667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-39.108334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.61667/lat -39.108334)">Curacautín</a>; [39°6′30″ S, 71°37′0″ W]; 3 Feb. 2004; M. Snižek; NMPC • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-38.233334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.35/lat -38.233334)">Victoria</a>; [38°14′ S, 72°21′ W]; [no date]; [anonymous]; MNHN • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; [no date]; F. Schneider; NMPC.</p><p>Description</p><p>Male neotype (Figs 9, 21, 29, 35, 38, 47, 49)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Body length 13.9 mm.</p><p>HEAD. Clypeus bidentate with broad, rounded teeth. Anteroventral clypeal tooth broad. Clypeal and genal surface rugose, clypeogenal suture demarcated by shallow notch. Posterior genal angle obtuse. Frontal surface reduced, smooth. Dorsal ocular width subequal to one-sixth interocular distance. Interocular surface medially smooth. Cephalic horn emerging centrally from clypeofrontal surface, tapering apically, straight, 2.9 mm in length.</p><p>PROTHORAX. Anterior pronotal edge medially indented. Lateral pronotal edge angular on anterior fourth in dorsal view. Anterolateral pronotal lobe surface with irregular transverse rugulae. Anterior pronotal declivity surface (Fig. 49) with transverse irregular, fused punctures. Pronotal ridge with three sets of distinct bilaterally paired tubercles. Posterior pronotal surface chagrined. Prosternal apex acutely tipped.</p><p>ELYTRA (Fig. 47). Glossy overall. Striae 1–6 widest anteriorly; narrowing posteriorly. Third and fourth striae posteriorly joined. Eighth stria absent throughout. Ninth stria effaced along anterior quarter of elytral length. Interstriae convex, minutely punctate.</p><p>HINDWING (Fig. 41). Membrane edge between AP and AA sinuous. AP vein entire, converging with J.</p><p>VENTRITES. Meso-metasternal suture straight. Median lobe of metasternum (Fig. 45) with deep impression extending throughout the entire length. Lateral metasternal lobe sparsely setose. Fifth abdominal ventrite with dense medial punctation. Pygidium coarsely punctate.</p><p>PROTHORACIC LEGS. Anterior and posterior surfaces of profemur with sparse row of long dark setae. Ventral profemoral surface finely punctate. Protibia with three distinct teeth. Protibial forespur parallel-sided, curving downward apically.</p><p>MESOTHORACIC LEGS. Posterior surface of mesotrochanter with three dark setae. Anterior and posterior surfaces of mesofemur with sparse row of long dark setae. Outer surface of mesotibia serrate. Width at mesotibial apex one-third mesotibial length.</p><p>METATHORACIC LEGS. Posterior surface of metatrochanter with three dark setae. Anterior and posterior surfaces of metafemur with sparse row of long dark setae. Outer surface of metatibia serrate. Width at metatibial apex one-third metatibial length.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA. Aedeagus length: 4.1 mm. Medially paired sclerites of genital segment short (Fig. 38). Paramere (Fig. 29) with apex acutely tipped. FLP endophallite (Fig. 35) elongate, bent, with internal angle adjacent to sclerotized extension.</p><p>Female alloreferent specimen (Figs 10, 22)</p><p>Similar to male with the following exceptions: clypeal teeth separated by V-shaped notch. Clypeofrontal carina width one-third interocular distance. Entire anterior pronotal surface with irregular, fused rugosities. Anterior pronotal ridge low, followed by shallow concavity. Protibial forespur apex sharply tapered, curving inward.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Body length 13–20 mm. Small males with medially projecting clypeofrontal ridge instead of cephalic horn. Pronotal ridge in small males low, medially notched.</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 67)</p><p>Chile in Región de los Lagos, Región de Los Ríos, Región de Valparaíso, Región del Biobío, Región del Maule, Región la Araucanía, Región Metropolitana de Santiago) and Argentina (Río Negro). Recorded elevations vary from 45 m to 1500 m. Rebolledo et al. (2017) report an elevation range from 0 m to 2000 m.</p><p>Natural history</p><p>Examined specimens were collected in beech forest, boggy mixed forest remnants, forest remnants, grazed Nothofagus remnants, mixed evergreen forest, mixed forest remnants, mixed Nothofagus, Nothofagus and Araucaria Juss. association, Nothofagus forest, Nothofagus grove on ash, Nothofagus obliqua –Eucryphia cordifolia with fern and bamboo understorey, second growth ravine forest and second growth Nothofagus . Attracted to pitfall traps baited with unspecified carrion and octopus carrion, unspecified dung and flight interception traps. A single specimen collected in a yellow pan trap.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Copris valdivianus Philippi, 1859 was described from an unspecified number of male and female syntypes. This name was synonymized by Harold (1869a) under Pinotus torulosus (= H. torulosus), which he also considered a senior synonym of Copris punctatissimus . Luederwaldt (1929) later treated C. valdivianus as a variety of P. torulosus . José Mondaca recently published a checklist of Scarabaeoidea of Chile (Mondaca 2023) in which C. valdivianus is synonymized with H. torulosus . This synonymy is based on a putative male syntype deposited in the Paris Museum. “It is very probable that the specimen from Paris is the syntype of C. valdiviana since the specimen studied by Philippi is not found in the MNNC- Santiago. It is also not in the Prague Museum which also has some types of Philippi. It is probable that the possible syntype reached the Paris Museum through Philibert Germain. The locality written on the original label agrees with what was indicated by Philippi in the original publication and the spelling printed on the original label also agrees with that of the author of the species, therefore this only known specimen closest to the syntype that we have available.” (José Mondaca pers. com.).</p><p>The type material of Pinotus dahli Landin, 1956 (holotype ♀, allotype ♂) was studied. We were unable to find any differences supporting the validity of this species. We therefore propose the following new synonymy, the second epithet being valid: Pinotus dahli Landin, 1956 = Homocopris torulosus (Eschscholtz, 1822) syn. nov.</p><p>We were unable to study type material of Pinotus torulosus var. minor Luederwaldt, 1925 . Gutiérrez (1940) state that two males and four females from Chile and a single male specimen from Espírito Santo, Brazil, are deposited in the MZSP. The syntype series is probably a mixed series of H. torulosus and H. grossiorum if properly labelled. We have requested images of these syntypes, and we should be able to confirm the synonymy with H. torulosus once we obtain them.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC87B7EF3FFF9CFDD4FA95CA81E31E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Génier, François;Darling, James D. G.	Génier, François, Darling, James D. G. (2024): Revision of the South American genera Andinocopris new genus and Homocopris Burmeister, 1846 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Homocoprini new tribe). European Journal of Taxonomy 925: 220-267, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2024.925.2465, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2465/10955
03DC87B7EF07FF99FE30FE0ECC4CE761.text	03DC87B7EF07FF99FE30FE0ECC4CE761.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homocopris williami Darling & Genier 2024	<div><p>Homocopris williami Darling &amp; Génier sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 94FAF15A-7945-460D-BF15-69FB3D05CBD0</p><p>Figs 11–12, 23–24, 30, 36, 55, 66</p><p>Pinotus torulosus – Lange 1947: 313 (distribution).</p><p>Differential diagnosis</p><p>Dorsal ocular width subequal to one-sixth interocular distance; anteromedial pronotal edge curvature tends to be continuous; posterior pronotal surface uniformly punctate; elytral interstriae punctation tends to be visible at 10 × magnification; metasternal depression divided anteriorly. ♂ pronotal ridge with two sets of distinct bilaterally paired tubercles in large individuals; paramere apex evenly rounded; FLP endophallite elongate, with two indentations along right edge.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>Williami is the Latin singular genitive form of William. This species is named in honour of the second author’s brother, William Darling.</p><p>Name-bearing type data</p><p>Holotype ♂ (MZSP) (Fig. 55): “ BRASIL: SÃO PAULO | 50km SE Mogi das Cruzes | Serra do Mar, Est. Biol. | Boracéia, 800-900m, 28-30. | IV.1997, F. Génier &amp; S. Ide | ex. carrion trap, cloud forest”; “ WORLD | SCARAB. | DATABASE | WSD00035694” [barcode label]; “ HOLOTYPE ♂ | Homocopris | williami | Des. Darling &amp; Génier, 2018” [on red card with black border].</p><p>Type locality</p><p>Estação Biológica de Boracéia, 23°38′55″ S, 45°52′20″ W, 800–900 m, Salesópolis, Serra do Mar Mountains, São Paulo, Brazil.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype</p><p>BRASIL • ♂ (Fig. 55); São Paulo, Salesópolis, Estação Biológica de Boracéia, 50 km SE of Mogi das Cruzes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.87222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.648611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.87222/lat -23.648611)">Serra do Mar</a>; [23°38′55″ S, 45°52′20″ W]; 800–900 m; 28–30 Apr. 1997; F. Génier and S. Ide; cloud forest, dung trap; MZSP.</p><p>Allotype</p><p>BRASIL • ♀; same collection data as for holotype; MZSP.</p><p>Other material examined (55 ♂♂, 32 ♀♀)</p><p>Paratypes</p><p>BRAZIL – Rio de Janeiro • 5 ♂♂; Nova Friburgo, Upper Macaé River (“ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-42.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-22.383333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -42.466667/lat -22.383333)">Haut Rio Macaé</a> ”); [22°23′ S, 42°28′ W]; Apr. 1884; P. Germain; MNHN • 1 ♂; unspecified locality]: [no date]; [anonymous]; MNHN . – Rio Grande do Sul • 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.6/lat -28.783333)">Nova Prata</a>; [28°47′ S, 51°36′ W]; 30 Sep. 2001; C. Arioli; CEMT • 1 ♂, 4 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.579166&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.446943" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.579166/lat -29.446943)">São Francisco de Paula</a>; [29°26′49″ S, 50°34′45″ W]; 14 Jan. 2008; L. Audino; human dung; CEMT . – Santa Catarina • 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.341667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.625/lat -28.341667)">Bom Jardim da Serra</a>; [28°20′30″ S, 49°37′30″ W]; Dec. 2001; C. Arioli; CEMT • 3 ♂♂; same locality as for preceding; Jan. 2002; C. Arioli; CEMT • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 28 Dec. 2001; C. Arioli; CEMT • 4 ♀♀; same locality as for preceding; 3 Jan. 2002; C. Arioli; CEMT • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-51.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.383333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -51.2/lat -27.383333)">Campos Novo</a>; [27°23′ S, 51°12′ W]; Feb. 2011; R.C. Campos; pitfall trap; CEMT • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; Feb. 2013; R.C. Campos; pitfall trap; CEMT • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-50.316666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-26.716667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -50.316666/lat -26.716667)">Monte Castelo</a>; [26°43′ S, 50°19′ W]; 881 m; 6 Aug. 2012; A.L. Brandl; mata nativa, pitfall trap; CEMT • 1 ♂; Seara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-52.383335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.183332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -52.383335/lat -27.183332)">Nova Teutônia</a>; [27°11′ S, 52°23′ W]; [no date]; F. Plaumann; CAS • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; Jun.; F. Plaumann; CAS • 2 ♂♂; same locality as for preceding; Sep.; F. Plaumann; CAS • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; Nov.; F. Plaumann; CAS • 1 ♂; same collection data for preceding; GHCM • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-27.983334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.583332/lat -27.983334)">Urubici</a>; [27°59′ S, 49°35′ W]; 25 Nov. 2012; J.A. Bogoni; pitfall trap; CEMT • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.630833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.139166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.630833/lat -28.139166)">Urubici</a>; [28°8′21″ S, 49°37′51″ W]; 1300 m; 17 Dec. 2015; P.G. da Silva; pitfall trap: human feces; CEMT • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.630276&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-28.158888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.630276/lat -28.158888)">Urubici</a>; [28°9′32″ S, 49°37′49″ W]; 1600 m; 20 Nov. 2015; P.G. da Silva; pitfall trap: human feces; CEMT • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 17 Dec. 2015; P.G. da Silva; pitfall trap: human feces; CEMT • 2 ♂♂; same locality as for preceding; 23 Apr. 2016; P.G. da Silva; pitfall trap: human feces; CEMT . – São Paulo • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; CEMT • 8 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same locality as for holotype; 28–30 Apr. 1997, F. Génier and S. Ide; cloud forest, carrion trap; CMNC • 12 ♂♂, 8 ♀♀; same locality as for holotype; 28–30 Apr. 1997; F. Génier and S. Ide; cloud forest, dung trap; CMNC • 1 ♂; same locality as for holotype; 28–30 Apr. 1997; F. Génier and S. Ide; cloud forest, feces trap; CMNC • 1 ♀; Salesópolis, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-45.87222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.648611" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -45.87222/lat -23.648611)">Estação Biológica de Boracéia</a>; [23°38′55″ S, 45°52′20″ W]; 22 Sep. 1965; [anonymous]; CEMT • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 6 Oct. 1965; [anonymous]; dung; CEMT • 1 ♀; same locality as for preceding; 21 Sep. 2012; A. Díaz; Atlantic Forest, human feces; CEMT • 1 ♂; Santo André, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-46.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-23.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -46.3/lat -23.783333)">Estação Biológica do Alto da Serra</a>; [23°47′ S, 46°18′ W]; Apr. 1926; [anonymous]; MZSP • 1 ♂; São Miguel Arcanjo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.994167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.066387" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.994167/lat -24.066387)">Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho</a>; [24°3′59″ S, 47°59′39″ W]; 580 m; 13 May 2012; M. Boutefeu; Tapirus feces; CEMT • 1 ♂; same locality as for preceding; 15 May 2012; M. Boutefeu; Tapirus feces; CEMT • 1 ♂; São Miguel Arcanjo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.97889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.06111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.97889/lat -24.06111)">Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho</a>; [24°3′40″ S, 47°58′44″ W]; 806 m; 29 Jan. 2012; E. Bovy (1); human feces; CEMT • 3 ♀♀; São Miguel Arcanjo, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-47.97889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.062777" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -47.97889/lat -24.062777)">Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho</a>; [24°3′46″ S, 47°58′44″ W]; 823 m; 29 Jan. 2012; E. Bovy (2); human feces; CEMT • 2 ♂♂; [no date]; [anonymous]; MNHN .</p><p>Description</p><p>Male holotype (Figs 11, 23, 30, 36)</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. Body length 15.1 mm.</p><p>HEAD. Clypeus bidentate with broad, rounded teeth. Anteroventral clypeal tooth broad. Clypeal and genal surface rugose, clypeogenal suture demarcated by shallow notch. Posterior genal angle obtuse. Frontal surface reduced, smooth. Dorsal ocular width subequal to one-sixth interocular distance. Interocular surface medially smooth. Cephalic horn emerging centrally from clypeofrontal surface, tapering apically, gently curved, 4.7 mm in length.</p><p>PROTHORAX. Anteromedial pronotal edge curvature continuous. Lateral pronotal edge angular on anterior fourth in dorsal view. Anterior inclined pronotal surface with fine, transverse rugosities. Pronotal ridge with two sets of distinct bilaterally paired tubercles. Posterior pronotal surface uniformly punctate. Prosternal apex acutely tipped.</p><p>ELYTRA. Glossy overall. Striae 1–6 widest anteriorly; narrowing posteriorly. Third and fourth striae posteriorly joined. Eighth stria absent throughout. Ninth stria effaced along anterior quarter of elytral length. Interstriae convex, finely punctate.</p><p>HINDWING. Membrane edge between AP and AA sinuous. AP vein entire, converging with J.</p><p>VENTRITES. Meso-metasternal suture straight. Surface of median metasternal lobe with uneven texture and deep, anteriorly divided impression. Lateral metasternal lobe densely setose. Fifth abdominal ventrite with sparse medial punctation. Pygidium coarsely punctate.</p><p>PROTHORACIC LEGS. Anterior and posterior surfaces of profemur with dense row of long dark setae. Ventral profemoral surface finely punctate, sparsely setose. Protibia with three distinct teeth. Protibial forespur apically tapered, curving inward.</p><p>MESOTHORACIC LEGS. Posterior surface of mesotrochanter with tuft of long dark setae. Anterior and posterior surfaces of mesofemur with sparse row of long dark setae. Outer surface of mesotibia serrate. Width at mesotibial apex one-third mesotibial length.</p><p>METATHORACIC LEGS. Posterior surface of metatrochanter with tuft of long dark setae. Anterior and posterior surfaces of metafemur with sparse row of long dark setae. Outer surface of metatibia serrate. Width at metatibial apex one-third metatibial length.</p><p>MALE GENITALIA. Aedeagus length: 3.5 mm. Medially paired sclerites of genital segment elongate, subequal in length to lateral sclerites. Paramere (Fig. 30) laterally flattened, slightly tapering from base to apex with apex evenly rounded. FLP endophallite (Fig. 36) elongate with two indentations along right edge.</p><p>Female allotype (Figs 12, 24)</p><p>Similar to male with the following exceptions: Body length 14.3 mm. Clypeofrontal carina transverse, centrally raised. Interocular surface chagrined. Anterior pronotal ridge low, followed by shallow concavity.</p><p>Variation</p><p>Body length 13–19 mm. Small males with medially projecting clypeofrontal ridge instead of cephalic horn. Anteromedial pronotal edge evenly curved more often than indented. Pronotal ridge in small males low, medially notched. Elytral interstriae finely punctate (visible at 10 ×) more often than minutely punctate (invisible at 10 ×).</p><p>Distribution (Fig. 66)</p><p>Serra do Mar and Serra Geral Mountains in the Brazilian states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul, with recorded elevations from 800 to 1600 m.</p><p>Natural history</p><p>Specimens with data were collected in cloud and sub-montane Atlantic Forest. Some specimens came to carrion and dung traps, pitfall traps baited with human faeces and faeces of Tapirus Brisson, 1762 at elevations between 580 m and 1600 m.</p><p>Identification key to species of Homocopris Burmeister, 1846 and Andinocopris gen. nov.</p><p>1 Dorsal ocular width greater than one quarter of interocular distance; lateral pronotal carina and pronotal edge joined anteriorly and posteriorly, forming a closed ellipse in lateral view (Figs 13– 16); meso-metasternal suture posteriorly arcuate between mesocoxae (Fig. 60). Metasternum broadly flat (Fig. 42), some individuals with a narrow and shallow longitudinal sulcus. ♂ pronotal armament forming an overhanging ridge or bifurcating projection in large individuals (Figs 13, 15). Colombia, Ecuador, Peru .............................................................................................. Andinocopris gen. nov. 2</p><p>– Dorsal ocular width approximately one sixth of interocular distance; lateral pronotal carina and pronotal edge only joined anteriorly, forming an open ellipse in lateral view (Figs 17–24); meso-metasternal suture approximately straight between median coxae (Fig. 61); metasternum with a large median depression (Figs 43–45). ♂ pronotal armament forming bilaterally paired tubercles along an inclined ridge in large individuals (Figs 5, 7, 9, 11). Chile, Argentina, Brazil .................... .......................................................................................................... Homocopris Burmeister, 1846 3</p><p>2. Elytral interstriae flat (Fig. 46). Fifth abdominal ventrite with dense setigerous punctation. Body length: 20–34 mm. Colombia, Ecuador (Carchi) .................................... A. achamas (Harold, 1867)</p><p>– Elytral interstriae slightly convex. Fifth abdominal ventrite smooth. Body length: 15–20 mm. Ecuador, Peru .................................................................................... A. buckleyi (Waterhouse, 1891)</p><p>3. Posterior pronotal surface uniformly punctate. Metasternal impression divided anteriorly (Fig. 43). ♂ anterior inclined pronotal surface with fine, transverse rugosities (Fig. 48); one or two sets of bilaterally paired tubercles transversely spread along pronotal ridge in large individuals (Figs 5, 11); paramere apex broad, rounded (Figs 27, 30). Brazil ........................................................................ 4</p><p>– Posterior pronotal surface unevenly punctate-rugulate (Fig. 49). Metasternal impression entire (Figs 44–45). ♂ anterior inclined pronotal surface with irregular, fused rugosities (Fig. 49); three sets of bilaterally paired tubercles transversely spread along pronotal ridge in large individuals (Figs 7, 9); paramere apex acutely tipped (Figs 28–29). Argentina (Río Negro), Chile .................. 5</p><p>4. Anterior pronotal edge tends to be medially indented. Elytral interstriae punctation tends not to be visible at 10× magnification. ♂ pronotal ridge with a single medial pair of distinct tubercles in large individuals (Fig. 5). Paramere apex unevenly rounded, projecting dorsally (Fig. 27). FLP endophallite reduced (Fig. 33). Brazil (Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo) ................................................. ........................................................................................... H. grossiorum Darling &amp; Génier sp. nov.</p><p>– Anterior pronotal edge evenly curved. Elytral interstriae punctation tends to be visible at 10 × magnification. ♂ pronotal ridge with two pairs of distinct tubercles in large individuals (Fig. 11). Paramere apex evenly rounded (Fig. 30). FLP endophallite elongate (Fig. 36). Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul) ... H. williami Darling &amp; Génier sp. nov.</p><p>5. Lateral pronotal edge angular on anterior fourth in dorsal view (Figs 9–10); width of ellipse formed by lateral pronotal carina and edge approximately one third the elliptical length (Figs 21–22). Metasternal depression extending into anterior portion of median metasternal lobe (Fig. 45). ♂ cephalic horn length never exceeding interocular distance. FLP endophallite elongate, bent, with internal angle adjacent to sclerotized extension (Fig. 35). Argentina (Río Negro), Chile ........................................ ........................................................................................................ H. torulosus (Eschscholtz, 1822)</p><p>– Lateral pronotal edge broadly arcuate on anterior half in dorsal view (Figs 7–8); width of ellipse formed by lateral pronotal carina and edge approximately one-half the elliptical length (Figs 19– 20). Metasternal depression limited to posterior portion of median metasternal lobe(Fig.44). ♂ cephalic horn length up to twice the interocular distance in large individuals; FLP endophallite crescent-shaped, with one end rounded and the other toothed (Fig. 34). Chile ........ H. punctatissimus (Curtis, 1845)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC87B7EF07FF99FE30FE0ECC4CE761	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Génier, François;Darling, James D. G.	Génier, François, Darling, James D. G. (2024): Revision of the South American genera Andinocopris new genus and Homocopris Burmeister, 1846 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Homocoprini new tribe). European Journal of Taxonomy 925: 220-267, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2024.925.2465, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2465/10955
03DC87B7EF0CFF94FD43FA55CA4BE011.text	03DC87B7EF0CFF94FD43FA55CA4BE011.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Homocoprini Génier & Darling 2024	<div><p>Homocoprini tribe nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A86B4671-86B5-41A2-B468-611826BCD7C9</p><p>Type genus</p><p>Homocopris Burmeister, 1846, present designation.</p><p>Differential diagnosis</p><p>The only group of Scarabaeinae with a lateral pronotal carina combined with a setose elytral underside.</p><p>Description</p><p>Typical tunneler overall body shape. Size moderate to large; secondary sexual characters present and located on dorsum of head and pronotum; integument rather thin and flexible; antennal club elongate oval, symmetrical; internal surface of first segment of antennal club pubescent; distal edge of epipharynx straight; anterior pronotal membrane covering entire width of head insertion; lateral pronotal declivity with a strong carina connected to the lateral pronotal edge anteriorly, surface between carina and lateral edge flat and upright (slightly concave and overlapping only in A. achamas); posterior portion of pronotal lateral edge at most slightly sinuate; elytra with eight visible striae, stria eight absent or vestigial in some specimens of A. achamas (Fig. 62), stria 9 absent on basal fifth, distinct from stria 10 throughout; elytral internal surfaces with long semi erected setae; tarsal claws present; meso and metatibiae with four edges in mid cross section, expanding from base to apex and lacking transverse ridges on external surface; hindwings with AA3 connected to Cu and RP1 narrow and sharply defined throughout; apodeme of metasternalmetacoxal membrane present; unguinotarsal axillary lamellae present; medial endophallite absent.</p><p>Genera included</p><p>Andinocopris gen. nov. and Homocopris Burmeister, 1846 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC87B7EF0CFF94FD43FA55CA4BE011	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Génier, François;Darling, James D. G.	Génier, François, Darling, James D. G. (2024): Revision of the South American genera Andinocopris new genus and Homocopris Burmeister, 1846 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Homocoprini new tribe). European Journal of Taxonomy 925: 220-267, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2024.925.2465, URL: https://europeanjournaloftaxonomy.eu/index.php/ejt/article/download/2465/10955
