identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03DCB256FFFAFFD1FE022DCDDEA2FC40.text	03DCB256FFFAFFD1FE022DCDDEA2FC40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alona affinis (Leydig 1860)	<div><p>Alona affinis (Leydig, 1860)</p> <p>Several characteristics agree with the known morphology of the species: namely size 0.8 mm, valve height maximal in the middle; ocellus smaller than eye, labium with convex anterior margin; post-abdomen (Figure 8) broad, distally rounded, with 14–15 anal denticles, basal spine of post-abdominal claw with setae on concave margin. The position of the two main head pores clearly distinguishes A. affinis from the similar A. quadrangularis. This cosmopolitan species has recently been reported from the Falkland Islands (Brooks et al. 2005).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DCB256FFFAFFD1FE022DCDDEA2FC40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dartnall, Herbert J. G.;Hollwedel, Werner	Dartnall, Herbert J. G., Hollwedel, Werner (2007): A limnological reconnaissance of the Falkland Islands; with particular reference to the waterfleas (Arthropoda: Anomopoda). Journal of Natural History 41 (21 - 24): 1259-1300, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701401010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701401010
03DCB256FFFAFFD0FE352B73DBFCFE75.text	03DCB256FFFAFFD0FE352B73DBFCFE75.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alona guttata Sars 1862	<div><p>Alona guttata Sars, 1862</p> <p>Vávra (1900) found this species near Stanley but gave no description of his specimens, only stating ‘‘Die mir vorliegenden Exemplare stimmen mit der genannten Art überein’’. Smith and Sayers (1971) and Brooks et al. (2005) have also recorded this species from the Falkland Islands. Smirnov (1974) lists six subspecies, two of which are known from South America, namely A. guttata tuberculata whose valves and head are covered with pits, and A. guttata guttata, which is supposedly cosmopolitan. Our specimens were of average size, 0.45 mm (slightly larger than European specimens); valves with longitudinal lines; length:height51.5; antennules do not reach tip of rostrum; ocellus in the middle between tip of rostrum and eye, smaller than the latter; dorsal margin of post-abdomen variable, more curved than European specimens from Lake Dümmer, Germany (Hollwedel and Poltz 1985), 9–12 denticles with distally increasing length. Several of our specimens were noticeably different. They possessed a distally rounded post-abdomen and additionally bore two to three smaller denticles (Figure 9). These are referred to as Alona cf. guttata.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DCB256FFFAFFD0FE352B73DBFCFE75	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dartnall, Herbert J. G.;Hollwedel, Werner	Dartnall, Herbert J. G., Hollwedel, Werner (2007): A limnological reconnaissance of the Falkland Islands; with particular reference to the waterfleas (Arthropoda: Anomopoda). Journal of Natural History 41 (21 - 24): 1259-1300, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701401010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701401010
03DCB256FFFBFFD0FE3A2D78DEE2FCF1.text	03DCB256FFFBFFD0FE3A2D78DEE2FCF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alona weinecki Studer 1878	<div><p>Alona weinecki Studer, 1878</p> <p>Originally described from Kerguelen (Studer 1878), Rühe (1914) showed that Ekman’s (1905) Falkland Island record of Alona bukobensis v. subantarctica was in fact A. weinecki. Similarly, the records of A. rectangula from South Georgia and the South Orkney Islands (Dartnall and Heywood 1980) refer to A. weinecki (Paggi 1987; Frey 1988). It was then supposed that this species was restricted to the subantarctic islands, but Dumont and Martens (1996) have subsequently recorded it from Easter Island, and South Island, New Zealand. The morphology of the specimens examined in this study, especially the shape and armature of the post-abdomen (Figure 10) and size, 0.5 mm, corroborate that they do belong to this species.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DCB256FFFBFFD0FE3A2D78DEE2FCF1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dartnall, Herbert J. G.;Hollwedel, Werner	Dartnall, Herbert J. G., Hollwedel, Werner (2007): A limnological reconnaissance of the Falkland Islands; with particular reference to the waterfleas (Arthropoda: Anomopoda). Journal of Natural History 41 (21 - 24): 1259-1300, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701401010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701401010
03DCB256FFFBFFD0FEBB2CFCDDE5FB5E.text	03DCB256FFFBFFD0FEBB2CFCDDE5FB5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bosmina (Neobosmina) chilensis (Daday 1902)	<div><p>Bosmina (Neobosmina) chilensis (Daday, 1902)</p> <p>Vávra (1900) reported this species (as Bosmina obtusirostris) from a locality near Stanley. Deevey and Deevey (1971) and Korínek (1971) considered B. chilensis and B. hagmanni to be synonyms, but Paggi (1979) concluded that they are different species and documented separate distributions, and the occurrence of B. chilensis on the Falkland Islands. It is quite distinct from the other small anomopodans found there (Figure 11). The females averaged 0.6 mm. The position of the lateral head pore (Figure 12) and the serrations on the dorsal side of the mucro are morphological characteristics of the subgenus Neobosmina (Lieder 1983; U. Leider, personal communication).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DCB256FFFBFFD0FEBB2CFCDDE5FB5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dartnall, Herbert J. G.;Hollwedel, Werner	Dartnall, Herbert J. G., Hollwedel, Werner (2007): A limnological reconnaissance of the Falkland Islands; with particular reference to the waterfleas (Arthropoda: Anomopoda). Journal of Natural History 41 (21 - 24): 1259-1300, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701401010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701401010
03DCB256FFF8FFD3FE4F2DB1DCFAFC4A.text	03DCB256FFF8FFD3FE4F2DB1DCFAFC4A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Camptocercus aloniceps Ekman 1900	<div><p>Camptocercus aloniceps Ekman, 1900</p> <p>Originally reported from Patagonia (Ekman 1900), this species has also been recorded from South Georgia (Pesta 1928; Dartnall 2005a) so its presence on the Falkland Islands is not surprising. Our female specimens (0.6 mm) conform with Ekman’s description exhibiting the main characteristics that separate C. aloniceps from the other congeners: head keel and denticles on the postero-ventral corner of the valve absent, dots between longitudinal lines of the valves, concave side of post-abdominal claw with a basal spine and a row of small spines with a long one nearly in the middle of the claw (Figure 13).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DCB256FFF8FFD3FE4F2DB1DCFAFC4A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dartnall, Herbert J. G.;Hollwedel, Werner	Dartnall, Herbert J. G., Hollwedel, Werner (2007): A limnological reconnaissance of the Falkland Islands; with particular reference to the waterfleas (Arthropoda: Anomopoda). Journal of Natural History 41 (21 - 24): 1259-1300, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701401010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701401010
03DCB256FFF9FFD2FE632B64DB71FA64.text	03DCB256FFF9FFD2FE632B64DB71FA64.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard 1894	<div><p>Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard, 1894</p> <p>Although Ceriodaphnia dubia is regarded as a cosmopolitan (Alonso 1996) or polytypic species (Flössner 2000), it has not been previously reported from the Falkland Islands nor indeed from any of the subantarctic islands. The species is closely related to C. quadrangula, with which it has often been confused (Flössner 1972).</p> <p>Female: size of adults 0.7–0.85 mm, valves broad oval, head separated by deep notch, post-abdomen before anal teeth slightly concave. The distinctive feature is a row of small spines, one-third of which are longer, on the concave margin of the post-abdominal claw, visible under high magnification on most of our specimens. The specimens from Pebble Island represent a polymorph population, have a proximal pecten comprising 13–14 denticles twice the length of the spines and becoming shorter distally (Figure 14). The variability of this characteristic has been confirmed (D. Berner, personal communication).</p> <p>Male: size 0.55 mm, valves dorsally not oval, posterior-dorsal angle pointed, antennulae rather long, post-abdomen similar to female, claw with setules, but no pecten.</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DCB256FFF9FFD2FE632B64DB71FA64	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dartnall, Herbert J. G.;Hollwedel, Werner	Dartnall, Herbert J. G., Hollwedel, Werner (2007): A limnological reconnaissance of the Falkland Islands; with particular reference to the waterfleas (Arthropoda: Anomopoda). Journal of Natural History 41 (21 - 24): 1259-1300, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701401010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701401010
03DCB256FFF9FFD5FE54296FDC80FC66.text	03DCB256FFF9FFD5FE54296FDC80FC66.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chydorus sphaericus (O. F. Muller 1785)	<div><p>Chydorus sphaericus (O. F. Müller, 1785)</p> <p>This species is supposedly cosmopolitan (Smirnov 1996) but is most probably a species group. It has been recorded from the Falkland Islands (Vávra 1900; Ekman 1905) and from several of the subantarctic islands (Frey 1993). Dartnall and Heywood (1980) recorded C. sphaericoides Sars, 1909 from the Falklands, a species name that Frey (1993) ascribed to C. sphaericus, whereas Smirnov (1996) believes it to be a synonym of C. patagonicus Ekman, 1900, a species recently reported from Macquarie Island (Dartnall et al. 2005). Our specimens are most probably C. sphaericus as suggested by the variable labral plate which in some specimens has an elongated and rounded tip, while in those from the Brown Pond are bent posteriorly. The post-abdomen is short and broad with 9–11 denticles, though two specimens from Moody Brook has 13 denticles. Ekman (1905) noted several similarities between the females of C. sphaericus and C. patagonicus. We did not find any males in the samples that would enable us to verify the diagnosis. Both C. sphaericoides and C. sphaericus have been reported from the Falkland Islands by Smith and Sayers (1971).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DCB256FFF9FFD5FE54296FDC80FC66	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dartnall, Herbert J. G.;Hollwedel, Werner	Dartnall, Herbert J. G., Hollwedel, Werner (2007): A limnological reconnaissance of the Falkland Islands; with particular reference to the waterfleas (Arthropoda: Anomopoda). Journal of Natural History 41 (21 - 24): 1259-1300, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701401010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701401010
03DCB256FFFEFFD4FE8F2B69DB60FA44.text	03DCB256FFFEFFD4FE8F2B69DB60FA44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) dadayana Paggi 1999	<div><p>Daphnia (Ctenodaphnia) dadayana Paggi, 1999</p> <p>Daphnia dadayana is restricted to non-tropical South America where it is regarded as endemic (Villalobos 1994), and has not been previously recorded from the Falkland Islands.</p> <p>Adult female: 2.5–3.25 mm; valves oval with a depression between head and dorsal margin. The latter and posterior half of ventral margin with small denticles, the central third of inner ventral margin with a row of longer setae directed inward and posteriorly. Shell spine short or completely reduced. Head high, anterior rounded, ventral margin straight or slightly concave; rostrum pointed, antennulae do not reach the tip of rostrum; ocellus extremely small. First abdominal process double the length of the second, the former curved anteriorly and covered with setules, the latter curved posteriorly and thinly covered with setules, the third and fourth processes are small protruberances. Postabdomen (Figure 15) long and broad, narrowing distally, dorsal margin slightly concave with 16–19 post-anal denticles, post-abdominal claw stout with two pectens, a proximal one with seven to nine smaller denticles, and a distal one with 9–12 longer denticles (Figure 16).</p> <p>Juvenile female: ventral margin of valves broadly rounded, the whole length covered with denticles, dorsal margin straight, and denticulate, passing over a dorsally directed shell spine, nearly as long as body. Ventral margin of head equally convex, no rostrum, eye near the margin, ocellus not visible; head bearing a rounded horn directed obliquely backward (Figure 17), as in Daday de Dées’s illustration (1902, Table 12, Figure 9) and Paggi’s drawing (1999, p. 32, Figure 45). Villalobos (1994) mentions that some of her juvenile specimens from South America have ‘‘a little helmet’’. A similar horn seems to occur in other species. Rane (1986) describes and illustrates juveniles of Daphnia sarojae Rane with a helmet that is similar to the Falkland D. dadayana, but note that Sharma and Sharma (1990) believe Daphnia sarojae to be a helmeted morphotype of D. lumholtzi.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DCB256FFFEFFD4FE8F2B69DB60FA44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dartnall, Herbert J. G.;Hollwedel, Werner	Dartnall, Herbert J. G., Hollwedel, Werner (2007): A limnological reconnaissance of the Falkland Islands; with particular reference to the waterfleas (Arthropoda: Anomopoda). Journal of Natural History 41 (21 - 24): 1259-1300, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701401010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701401010
03DCB256FFFFFFD7FE3C2A8FDDF7FB9A.text	03DCB256FFFFFFD7FE3C2A8FDDF7FB9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Daphnia pulex Leydig 1860	<div><p>Daphnia pulex Leydig, 1860</p> <p>Although Ekman (1905) emphasized the similarities between the specimens he found on the Falkland Islands with Daphnia obtusa from Tierra del Fuego by Vávra (1900), our specimens are definitely D. pulex, not D. obtusa.</p> <p>Female: 1.42–1.65 mm, valves broad and oval, dorsal and ventral margin with denticles, inner ventral margin without setae, shell spine short or absent, all juveniles with spines; ventral margin of head concave; antennulae do not reach tip of rostrum. Post-abdominal claw with a pecten of eight to nine denticles.</p> <p>Juvenile male: 0.62–0.95 mm; anterior ventral margin with long spines; rostrum short; antennulae nearly as long as flagellum, not on a curved projection. Second abdominal projection relatively short, not reaching the root of abdominal setae; dorsal margin of postabdomen straight as in D. obtusa. Daphnia pulex was reported from the Falkland Islands by both Smith and Sayers (1971) and Brooks et al. (2005). According to Benzie (2005) the occurrence of D. pulex in South America is doubtful, suggesting our specimens may belong to a different species. This needs clarification.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DCB256FFFFFFD7FE3C2A8FDDF7FB9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dartnall, Herbert J. G.;Hollwedel, Werner	Dartnall, Herbert J. G., Hollwedel, Werner (2007): A limnological reconnaissance of the Falkland Islands; with particular reference to the waterfleas (Arthropoda: Anomopoda). Journal of Natural History 41 (21 - 24): 1259-1300, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701401010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701401010
03DCB256FFFCFFD7FE562B45DDA0F902.text	03DCB256FFFCFFD7FE562B45DDA0F902.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ilyocryptus brevidentatus Ekman 1905	<div><p>Ilyocryptus brevidentatus Ekman, 1905</p> <p>Originally described from the Falkland Islands and South Georgia (Ekman 1905), this species has subsequently been recorded many times from South Georgia (Sars 1909; Dartnall and Heywood 1980; Hansson et al. 1996; Dartnall 2005a) as well as from the South Orkney Islands (Heywood 1967, 1970; Heywood et al. 1979; McInnes and Ellis- Evans 1990). Kotov et al. (2002) published a redescription of the species, recording it from the southern-most portion of Argentina and Chile. The specific name refers to the short denticles of the secondary armament of the post-anal section of the post-abdomen. In our specimens these denticles are slightly longer than those of both Ekman’s and Sars’ illustrations, with their tip reaching beyond the post-abdominal margin (Figure 18), as shown by Kotov et al. (2002, Figures 41–43). They are of different lengths, proximally four small ones curved proximally, followed by two groups of 5 + 3 long ones; between these and the post-abdominal claw is a row of setae. The preanal section of the post-abdomen bears 19 denticles; the first three proximal ones are somewhat longer, the next 11 are of medium size followed by five long ones, the last three of which are the shortest, post-anal portion with two short and seven long denticles. Adult females are 0.65 mm long. Although Verkhov (1993) states I. brevidentatus is an inhabitant of the southern circum-polar district, Green (1981) lists it from tropical South America.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DCB256FFFCFFD7FE562B45DDA0F902	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dartnall, Herbert J. G.;Hollwedel, Werner	Dartnall, Herbert J. G., Hollwedel, Werner (2007): A limnological reconnaissance of the Falkland Islands; with particular reference to the waterfleas (Arthropoda: Anomopoda). Journal of Natural History 41 (21 - 24): 1259-1300, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701401010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701401010
03DCB256FFFDFFC9FE802DD1DB62FF56.text	03DCB256FFFDFFC9FE802DD1DB62FF56.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Macrothrix hirsuticornis Norman and Brady 1867	<div><p>Macrothrix hirsuticornis Norman and Brady, 1867</p> <p>Recorded from the Falkland Islands as M. ciliata by Vávra (1900), and M. propinqua by Ekman (1905) and Sars (1909). We regularly encountered juvenile and fertile females. Our specimens averaged 0.62 mm, a similar size to that reported by Vávra but only half that of specimens from German islands in the southern North Sea (Hollwedel and Scharf 1988). Ekman’s (1905) specimen range was 0.85–0.92 mm. Sars (1909) points out that his M. propinqua (1.14 mm) from South Georgia has less curved antennulae which are ‘‘less densely hirsute’’, with a smaller ocellus nearer to the tip of the rostral projection. Both characteristics are found in our specimens (Figure 19). Smirnov (1992) states that no other distinctive differences are known and claims that those ‘‘features correspond with the present-day understanding of M. hirsuticornis ’’. The late David Frey considered all Antarctic identifications of Macrothrix hirsuticornis to be dubious as this is a boreal northern hemisphere species. A. A. Kotov (personal communication) thinks that the Falkland Island Macrothrix is Vávra’s M. ciliata, but it must be checked against Ekman’s Patagonian species M. oviformis to see which has priority as both species were described in 1900.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DCB256FFFDFFC9FE802DD1DB62FF56	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dartnall, Herbert J. G.;Hollwedel, Werner	Dartnall, Herbert J. G., Hollwedel, Werner (2007): A limnological reconnaissance of the Falkland Islands; with particular reference to the waterfleas (Arthropoda: Anomopoda). Journal of Natural History 41 (21 - 24): 1259-1300, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701401010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701401010
03DCB256FFE2FFC9FE012F99DCC5FE12.text	03DCB256FFE2FFC9FE012F99DCC5FE12.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paralona pigra (Sars 1861)	<div><p>Paralona pigra (Sars, 1861)</p> <p>This cosmopolitan species has been reported from the Falkland Islands (Brooks et al. 2005). It is identified by the long setae on the postero-ventral angle of the valves and the long denticles at the distal end of the post-abdomen (Figures 20, 21).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DCB256FFE2FFC9FE012F99DCC5FE12	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dartnall, Herbert J. G.;Hollwedel, Werner	Dartnall, Herbert J. G., Hollwedel, Werner (2007): A limnological reconnaissance of the Falkland Islands; with particular reference to the waterfleas (Arthropoda: Anomopoda). Journal of Natural History 41 (21 - 24): 1259-1300, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701401010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701401010
03DCB256FFE2FFCBFE792EDDDE62F902.text	03DCB256FFE2FFCBFE792EDDDE62F902.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pleuroxus scopuliferus Ekman 1900	<div><p>Pleuroxus scopuliferus Ekman, 1900</p> <p>This species, described from South America (Ekman 1900), was only found on Pebble Island. Kotov and Gololobova (2005) found Ekman’s (1900) type material in the Swedish Museum of Natural History and selected the lectotype of P. scopuliferus. Thanks to Frey’s (1993) study on Pleuroxus from the subantarctic islands we could easily identify our juvenile and parthenogenetic female specimens.</p> <p>Female: 0.6 mm, brown colour, valve with ridge, one denticle at the postero-ventral angle, rostrum longer than labrum, tip of rostrum rounded, anal and post-anal segments of post-abdomen equally long (Figure 22), but both longer than pre-anal region, postabdominal claw stout with two basal spines, the longer one nearly as long as width of claw, shorter one half as long.</p> <p>Copepoda: we found three calanoid, and three cyclopoid copepods. The calanoids include Parabroteas sarsi and two Boeckella spp., B. michaelseni and B. poppei, which were familiar from earlier studies on South Georgia (Dartnall 2005a) and the South Orkney Islands (Heywood et al. 1979, 1980). Parabroteas sarsi is a powerful swimmer that can avoid plankton nets and is probably more widespread on the Falkland Islands than suggested here.</p> <p>The specimens of Boeckella poppei, though ‘‘exceptionally variable so that one might suspect at least two species’’ are in fact conspecifics (Hessen et al. 1989; G. Boxshall, personal communication).</p> <p>Two cyclopoid copepods were identified in the field. One of these, a stream-dwelling species from Fox Bay, thought to be Tropocyclops meriodionalis, is sometimes treated as a subspecies of T. prasinus (G. Boxshall, personal communication). The other cyclopoid was subsequently determined to be two species including a larger Acanthocyclops michaelseni and a smaller Diacyclops sp. possibly D. (Acanthocyclops) mirnyi (G. Boxshall, personal communication, who considers the original descriptions of both taxa inadequate and in need of revision).</p> <p>Harpacticoida: a few small specimens were observed. These have been assigned to two (unidentified) Canthocamptidae one of which was also present at South Georgia (G. Boxshall, personal communication). Attheyella trigonura (Ekman) has been reported from the Falkland Islands (Ekman 1905; Pugh et al. 2002).</p> <p>Ostracoda: only one species, Newnhamia patagonica, a new record for the Falkland Islands, was observed.</p> <p>Amphipoda: freshwater amphipods were regularly encountered and were present at every location except Mount Pleasant. According to Stock and Platvoet (1991) four species are known from the Falkland Islands. Both Falklandella obtusa Schellenberg and Praefalklandella cuspidata (Schellenberg) are eyeless, colourless species and may be emergent-subterranean species though the former has been found in Moody Brook (Stock and Platvoet 1991). There are also two eyed species, Hyalella curvispina Shoemaker and Hyalella neomoma Stock and Platvoet. All specimens found in this survey were brown and eyed and thus ascribed to the genus Hyalella.</p> <p>Hexapoda. Diptera: unidentified specimens of a larval midge (Chironomidae) were regularly encountered from all locations except Sea Lion Island. A second species was recognized in the field from three Fox Bay locations. Weller (1975) recorded four families in his survey of Falkland Island ponds, while Brooks et al. (2005) consider there to be at least 15 species present from 12 taxa, though none were identified to species. These include carnivorous genera Ablabesyia, Macropelopia, and Apsectrotanypus; Parochlus, Podonomus, Podonomopsis, and Rheotanytarsus from cool water, the blood worms Chironomus, Phaenopsectra, and Parapsectrocladius, along with two Tanytarsini spp. and three Cricotopus.</p> <p>Trichoptera: two types of caddis fly larvae were recognized in the field: (1) those that make their protective tubes from reeds and other detritus pieces, and (2) a smaller larva with a transparent flattened cone-shaped tube, open at both ends. The reed-cased specimens comprise two Magellomyia spp., including M. appendiculata (Ulmer), with a uniformly coloured head and a slightly curved tube, and Magellomyia stenoptera Schmid, which has a banded head and straight tube. This distinction was not known at the time of the collection when specimens were pooled. The transparent-cased caddis is an Oxyethira spp. probably O. bidentata Mosely though both O. andina Kelley and/or O. vipera Kelley, known from southern Chile and Argentina, are also potential contenders (I. Wallace, P. Barnard and O. S. Flint Jr, personal communication). No caddis larvae were found on either Sea Lion or Pebble Islands.</p> <p>Coleoptera: two species of diving beetle were found, Lancetes falklandicus and a much smaller bidessine (G. Foster, personal communication). Both are powerful swimmers able to avoid slowly trawled plankton nets but were collected in hand nets and are probably more widespread than indicated.</p> <p>Hemiptera: unidentified specimens of waterboatman were observed at both Pebble Island and Fox Bay. These powerful swimmers can avoid nets and are probably more widespread than indicated. These records represent the first report of waterboatmen from the Falkland Islands.</p> <p>Chelicerata. Acarina: only two specimens were found, in the Felton Stream near Stanley and in a stream by the Hawk’s Nest Shanty pond. They have been identified as Soldanellonyx monardi Walter and Mucronothrus nasalis (Willmann), both of which are ‘‘cosmopolitan’’ freshwater species (P. J. A. Pugh, personal communication).</p> <p>Vertebrata</p> <p>Two species of fish were found in this survey, the Falkland Island minnow Galaxias maculates (Jenyns) and the Falkland Island trout Aplochiton zebra Jenyns. Both are diadromous though landlocked populations are known (McDowall et al. 2001). Neither was particularly common and solitary individuals were usually obtained in hand net sweeps but were noticeably absent from the very small water bodies around Stanley and from Sea Lion Island.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DCB256FFE2FFCBFE792EDDDE62F902	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Dartnall, Herbert J. G.;Hollwedel, Werner	Dartnall, Herbert J. G., Hollwedel, Werner (2007): A limnological reconnaissance of the Falkland Islands; with particular reference to the waterfleas (Arthropoda: Anomopoda). Journal of Natural History 41 (21 - 24): 1259-1300, DOI: 10.1080/00222930701401010, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222930701401010
