identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03DCBB54FFA9B702FF4FF9BDFA17F92A.text	03DCBB54FFA9B702FF4FF9BDFA17F92A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Salviniaceae	<div><p>Key to the Bolivian genera of Salviniaceae</p> <p>1 Leaves 0.4–2 mm long, arranged in two overlapping rows, each 2-lobed with a greenish or reddish upper lobe and a membranaceous, translucent, submerged lobe.................................................................................................................................................... Azolla</p> <p>– Leaves 4–30 mm long, arranged in whorls of 3, 2 floating green leaves and 1 submerged leaf, lacking chlorophyll and finely divided (root-like)................................................................................................................................................................. Salvinia</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DCBB54FFA9B702FF4FF9BDFA17F92A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kessler, Michael;Smith, Alan R.	Kessler, Michael, Smith, Alan R. (2017): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XVI. Salviniaceae. Phytotaxa 329 (1): 97-100, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.9, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.9
03DCBB54FFA9B703FF4FF958FBA8FD41.text	03DCBB54FFA9B703FF4FF958FBA8FD41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Azolla Lam., Encycl.	<div><p>Azolla Lam., Encycl. 1(1): 343. 1783.</p> <p>Recognized by the small, alternate leaves 0.4–2 mm long, each 2-lobed with a greenish or reddish upper lobe and a membranaceous, translucent, submerged lobe. Most often mistaken for duckweed (Lemna L. and allies, Araceae) among which it frequently grows. It has megaspores with floating structures and microspores that are contained in 4-clumps (massulae) which often have hooked projecting structures (glochidia). Identification of species is based mainly on microscopic characters of these reproductive organs, whether the glochidia on the microsporangia are septate or not, megaspore surface ornamentation, zonation of the perine, and number of cells in epidermal trichomes (Fowler &amp; Stennet-Willson 1978, Perkins et al. 1985). Unfortunately, most specimens (&gt;70%) are sterile and cannot be reliably identified. Even if fertile material is available, species identification may not be possible with a dissecting microscope (40 × magnification); a compound microscope and even the scanning electron microscope may be necessary. Species boundaries are also unclear, and the number of species, their distribution, and ecology are unclear (Svenson 1944, Dunham 1986, Zimmermann et al. 1991, Saunders &amp; Fowler 1992, 1993, Evrard &amp; Van Hove 2004). We here apply a broad species concept, recognizing only two species in the Neotropics; four additional species occur in the Palaeotropics.</p> <p>Azolla is an ancient genus with a rich fossil record (e.g., Hall 1974, Foster &amp; Harris 1981), and estimated divergence times between species that are much older than usual among ferns (Reid et al. 2006, Metzgar et al. 2007). The spongy mesophyll of the leaves of Azolla contains colonies of the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae Strassburger, making this one of the economically and ecologically most important fern genera (Lumpkin &amp; Plucknett 1980, Watanabe &amp; van Hove 1996, Wagner 1997). Because of the resulting capability for nitrogen enrichment, Azolla is used to fertilize flooded rice fields (Talley &amp; Rains 1980), while also being used to extract nutrients from waste water (Forni et al. 2001). Perhaps most astonishingly, it is thought that a bloom of Azolla on the Arctic Ocean during the Eocene (about 49 million years ago), when this was still a warm ocean, led to such a depletion of atmospheric carbon dioxide as to reduce the greenhouse effect and thus trigger a global cooling phase (Brinkhuis et al. 2006, Speelman et al. 2009).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DCBB54FFA9B703FF4FF958FBA8FD41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kessler, Michael;Smith, Alan R.	Kessler, Michael, Smith, Alan R. (2017): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XVI. Salviniaceae. Phytotaxa 329 (1): 97-100, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.9, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.9
03DCBB54FFA8B703FF4FFD4BFA16FC60.text	03DCBB54FFA8B703FF4FFD4BFA16FC60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Azolla	<div><p>Key to the Bolivian species of Azolla</p> <p>1 Plants pinnately branched, 2–6 cm long; megaspores warty with raised angular bumps; largest hairs on upper leaf lobes unicellular.................................................................................................................................................................... A. filiculoides</p> <p>– Plants ± dichotomously branched, 0.5–2 cm long; megaspores pitted or not, lacking raised angular bumps; largest hairs on upper leaf lobe with 2 or more cells.................................................................................................................................... A. microphylla</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DCBB54FFA8B703FF4FFD4BFA16FC60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kessler, Michael;Smith, Alan R.	Kessler, Michael, Smith, Alan R. (2017): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XVI. Salviniaceae. Phytotaxa 329 (1): 97-100, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.9, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.9
03DCBB54FFA8B703FF4FF804FA16F7CD.text	03DCBB54FFA8B703FF4FF804FA16F7CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Salvinia	<div><p>Key to the Bolivian species of Salvinia</p> <p>1 Hairs at the apices of the papillae joined in a darkened knot at their tips; sporocarps stalked.................................... S. auriculata</p> <p>– Hairs at the apices of the papillae free; sporocarps sessile................................................................................................ S. minima</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DCBB54FFA8B703FF4FF804FA16F7CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kessler, Michael;Smith, Alan R.	Kessler, Michael, Smith, Alan R. (2017): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XVI. Salviniaceae. Phytotaxa 329 (1): 97-100, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.9, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.9
03DCBB54FFA8B703FF4FF9C3FB1AF890.text	03DCBB54FFA8B703FF4FF9C3FB1AF890.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Salvinia Seg., Fl. Veron.	<div><p>Salvinia Ség., Fl. Veron. 3: 52. 1754.</p> <p>Leaves 4–30 mm long, arranged in whorls of 3, with 2 leaves green, orbicular, and floating, and the third leaf root-like, lacking chlorophyll, pendent in the water, highly branched, and covered with trichomes. Some species may quickly form extensive floating mats that choke waterways, and can be serious pests (Mitchell 1972, Cilliers 1991, Coetzee et al. 2011). May be mistaken for young specimens of Pistia stratiotes L. (Araceae), which have their leaves clumped and emerging from the water. A taxonomically complex genus, and fertile specimens are rarely found. A pantropical genus of about 11 species, with about eight species in America (Herzog 1935, Weatherby 1937, de la Sota 1976, Forno 1983).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DCBB54FFA8B703FF4FF9C3FB1AF890	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Kessler, Michael;Smith, Alan R.	Kessler, Michael, Smith, Alan R. (2017): Prodromus of a fern flora for Bolivia. XVI. Salviniaceae. Phytotaxa 329 (1): 97-100, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.9, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.329.1.9
