taxonID	type	description	language	source
03DCF504FFFC9876FF392B43498DC339.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See the key above and Lelej & Krombein (2001). Diversity and Distribution. Three species are recognized, which occur in China, India, and Sri Lanka, respectively (Lelej 2005).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFC9876FF392B43498DC339.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus is included in our keys because of E. chinensis Lelej in Lelej and Krombein, 2001, known from males only in Yunnan, China. This species, or others, may eventually be found in northern Thailand, as well.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFC9876FF392AAC4875C142.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. See the key above and Brothers (2015). This is the only genus in the subfamily Rhopalomutillinae known from the Oriental region. Diversity and Distribution. Brothers (2015) lists five described species and mentions the existence of five undescribed species. This genus is widespread in the Afrotropical and Oriental regions. One additional species was described from China (Zhou et al. 2017).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFC9876FF392AAC4875C142.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Brothers (2015) mentioned that this genus occurs in Thailand but did not specify which species. Okayasu et al. (2018) illustrated a female of P. striganovae from Thailand. Two females of P. striganovae were collected (along with several of their putative males) with Malaise traps in Phethaburi Province during the 2018 expedition.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFF9875FF392CC94A97C30A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This is the only Southeast Asian genus to have T 1 elongate and petiolate. Additional useful features include the swollen mesonotum, the absence of a felt line on T 2, the presence of a felt line on S 2, and T 6 lacking a defined pygidium. Other useful characters are mentioned in Lelej (1996 b). MALE. See Lelej (1996 b). Diversity and Distribution. Eleven species are known. This genus is widespread in the Oriental region (Lelej 2005; Zhou et al. 2018 a) and two of the species reach the Palaearctic region in China (Lelej 2002).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFF9875FF392CC94A97C30A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Although O. vietnamica is the only species recorded from Thailand, the following species from surrounding countries are likely to be discovered there, eventually: O. chinensis (Zavattari, 1922), O. desponsa (Smith, 1855), O. krombeini Lelej, 1996, and O. sejugoides (Magretti, 1892).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFF9875FF392A2D4DE3C1FD.taxon	description	(Figs 2, 33 – 35)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFF9875FF392A2D4DE3C1FD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This is the only eastern Orientilla species with the head reddish-brown. Other useful features are mentioned in the original description by Lelej (1979). Body length 8.0 – 9.1 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFF9875FF392A2D4DE3C1FD.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype, ♀, VIETNAM, Nha-Trang, S [outh] Annam, V – IX. 1933, K. Davydoff [ZISP]. Other Material (9 ♀). MYANMAR (1 ♀ Museo Regionale Scienze Naturali, Torino, Italy). THAILAND: Chiang Mai, Doi Pui, 1200 – 1500 m, near Chiang Mai, 23. XII. 1997, Sk. Yamane (1 ♀ SKYC); Omkoi District, Dry dipterocarp forest, 17 o 50 ′ 49.9 ″ N 98 o 22 ′ 33.0 ″, 950 – 1010 m alt.: 10. IX. 2016, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); 27. VI. 2017, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); 28. VI. 2017, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); Khon Kaen, Khon Kaen, 15. X. 1972, M. Sato (1 ♀ EUM); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan, Baan Maka Nature Lodge, 12.840 o N 99.590 o E, 140 m, 22. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Ubon Ratchathani, Pha Taem National Park, wildflower field, 15 o 27.34 ' N 105 o 34.87 ' E, 232 m, Malaise trap, 18 – 25. XI. 2006, Sorawit and Thongdee, T 1060 (1 ♀ QSBG). VIETNAM, " Nha-Trang, S [outh] Annam, V – IX. 1933, K. Dubovikoff " [South Vietnam, Nha Trang] (1 ♀ IBSS).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFF9875FF392A2D4DE3C1FD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand (Phetchaburi, Ubon Ratchathani), Myanmar, and Vietnam.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFF9875FF392A2D4DE3C1FD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In Thailand, O. vietnamica Lelej, 1979 was initially recorded by Lelej (2005). Two additional Thai specimens of O. vietnamica were studied, including one collected in Phetchaburi in 2018.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFF9875FF392FFA4B3BC51D.taxon	description	(Figs 1, 29 – 32)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFF9875FF392FFA4B3BC51D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be separated from other Pherotilla by having the compound eye placed in a deep anterolateral furrow on the head. Other useful features were discussed by Lelej (2012). Body length 3.6 – 5.6 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFF9875FF392FFA4B3BC51D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype, ♀ South Vietnam, Cat Tien [National Park, Nam Cat Tien part, Dong Nai Province, 11 ° 26 ' N, 107 ° 26 ' E], 01 – 02.2004 [January – February, beginning of dry season], leg. A. E. Anichkin [ZISP]. Other Material (3 ♀). THAILAND: Kamphaeng Phet, Mae Wong National Park, stream, 16 o 2.43 ' N 99 o 13.99 ' E, 313 m, Malaise, 3 – 10. IX. 2007, Srilopien W., T 3704 [1 ♀ QSBG]; Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan, Baan Maka Nature Lodge, 12.840 o N 99.590 o E, 140 m, Malaise trap, 16 – 23. V. 2018, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFF9875FF392FFA4B3BC51D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand (Kamphaeng Phet, Phetchaburi *) and Vietnam (Dong Nai).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFF9875FF392FFA4B3BC51D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Two females were collected in Malaise traps in Phetchaburi Province. One of these females was still attached to a male in copula. The males of this and other mutillid species will be treated in an upcoming paper on new sex associations in Thai Mutillidae.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFE9874FF392FBC4A54C4AA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. The only eastern Oriental member of Myrmillinae. This genus has the mesopleural suture complete and connecting with mesonotal tubercle; inner margin of mandible with distinct tooth in basal third; T 1 with apicomedial setal spot that sometimes extends to the base of T 2; and T 2 with a thick apical setal or cuticular band. For additional diagnostic features, see Lelej (2002). MALE. See Lelej (2002). Diversity and Distribution. This genus includes 73 predominantly Oriental species (Lelej 2002, 2005; Terayama et al. 2011).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFE9874FF392FBC4A54C4AA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The majority of Oriental Myrmillinae, including all the known eastern Oriental Myrmillinae, belong to Bischoffitilla. Only B. lamellata (Mickel, 1933) was previously known from Thailand. The expeditions in 2017 and 2018 recovered B. lamellata and three other species of females in southern Thailand. Additional species from this diverse genus are likely to be recovered throughout Thailand. Older keys (e. g. Mickel 1935, Chen 1957) treat these species under the name Squamulotilla Bischoff, 1920.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFE9873FF392D9B487FC414.taxon	description	(Figs 36 – 38)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFE9873FF392D9B487FC414.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be immediately recognized by having the gena armed with a posterolateral tooth below the eye. Other useful features include: antennal tubercle unarmed; genal carina obscure; clypeus with weak middle tooth connected to apicolateral teeth by carina; mesopleural lamella longer than flagellar width, apically truncate; mesosomal dorsum with complete longitudinal carina; dorsoposterior propodeal row obscure, medial tooth usually distinct; posterior propodeal face reticulate; T 1 apicomedially and T 2 basomedially with white to golden spot; T 2 apically with complete transverse band of whitish to golden cuticle and / or setae; T 3 entirely clothed with whitish to golden setae; T 4 usually with medial white to golden setal spot; and T 5 usually with setae black medially. Body length 3 – 7 mm. MALE. See Barthélémy et al. (2018) ..	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFE9873FF392D9B487FC414.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Type material. CHINA, Guangdong, Canton [Guangzhou], Honan Island, W. E. Hoffmann (2 ♀ SYSM, paratypes of Squamulotilla lamellata Mickel, 1933). Other Material (49 ♀). THAILAND: Chiang Mai, Amphoe Fang, Nam Mae Kok, 10. I. 1989, Trautner and Geigenmüller, (1 ♀ IBSS); Kanchanaburi: Mueang Kanchanaburi, Mahogany plantation, 14.193 o N 99.363 o E, 130 m: 21. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Sai Yok, Prasat Mueang Sing Park, 14.040 o N 99.243 o E, 50 m: 19. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Thong Pha Phum, Vimarndin farm stay, 14.655 o N 98.521 o E, 200 m, 17 – 20. V. 2018, MKT (16 ♀ CSCA EMUS); Krabi: 12.4 km NNW Krabi, Oil palm farm, 8.193 o N 98.876 o E, 50 m: 29. III. 2017, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA); 3. IV. 2017, MKT (3 ♀ CSCA); 14 km NNE Krabi, Phnom Bencha Mountain Resort, 8.208 o N 98.937 o E, 80 m, 2. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); 19.5 km NW Krabi, 8.201 o N 98.751 o E, 10 m, 1. IV. 2017, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA); Nakhon Si Thammarat, 4.4 km N Hin Tok, Mountainside rubber farm, 8.303 o N 99.849 o E, 8. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Phetchabun, Khao Kho National Park, office, 16 o 39.55 ' N 101 o 8.134 ' E, 230 m, 2. VIII. 2006, Malaise trap, S. Chachumnan and S. Singtong, T 174 (1 ♀ QSBG); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan, Baan Maka Nature Lodge, 12.840 o N 99.590 o E, 140 m: 16. V. 2018, MKT (5 ♀ CSCA MIUP PSUC QSBG); 22 – 23. V. 2018, MKT (7 ♀ CSCA); Phuket, Phuket Island, 50 m, 7 o 47 ' N 98 o 19 ' E, 1. VIII. 1986, R. Hensen (1 ♀ RMNH); Songkhla: Hat Yai, Prince of Songkhla University, forest edge, 7.008 o N 100.508 o E, 40 m, 11 - 12. IV. 2017, MKT (5 ♀ CSCA); 27 km SW Hat Yai, Ton Nga Chang National Park, 200 m, 6 o 54 ' N 100 o 21 ' E, 24. VII. 1986, R. Hensen (1 ♀ RMNH); Trang, 0.5 km NE Palian, Orchard, 7.291 o N 99.858 o E, 6. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFE9873FF392D9B487FC414.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao), Vietnam, Thailand (Chiang Mai, Kanchanaburi, Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Phuket, Songkhla, Trang), Malaysia (Perak).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFE9873FF392D9B487FC414.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Bischoffitilla lamellata was included in Chen’s (1957) key to Chinese species and B. arundinacea was included in Mickel’s (1935) key to mutillids from Pacific Islands. This treatment is apparently the first to compare these taxa. These females differ from other Bischoffitilla in key features, most notably: the gena has a distinct tooth-like projection behind the eye, the mesopleural lamella is elongate and apically truncate, and T 3 has a complete band of white to golden setae. The comprehensive original descriptions of each species (Mickel 1933 b, Pagden 1934 a) were compared and they differ only in slight features of color or sculpture. Some of the apparent differences could be attributed to author interpretations of the same feature. Further, some individuals from the series of 18 specimens collected in Kanchanaburi differ from one another in greater magnitude than differences noted in the original descriptions for these taxa. We therefore treat B. arundinacea as a junior synonym of B. lamellata. The male of this wideaspread species was recently discovered and described in Hong Kong (Barthélémy et al. 2018).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFF99873FF392D0E4D26C3E5.taxon	description	(Figs 3, 39 – 41)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFF99873FF392D0E4D26C3E5.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by a unique combination of characters: the genal carina is distinct and serrate or wavy; clypeus is tridentate, with the basomedial tooth as large as the apicolateral teeth; the mesopleural lamella is short, but distinct; the dorsoposterior propodeal row is distinct and complete; the posterior propodeal face is reticulate; and T 3 – 5 each have a medial spot of whitish to golden setae. Other useful features include: antennal tubercle unarmed; mesosomal dorsum with complete, but sometimes weak, longitudinal carina; T 1 apicomedially and T 2 basomedially with white to golden spot; and T 2 apically with complete transverse band of whitish to golden cuticle and / or setae. Body length 4.5 – 9.5 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFF99873FF392D0E4D26C3E5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (26 ♀). THAILAND: Chiang Mai: Doi Suthep, 1000 m, 18 o 48 ' N 98 o 55 ' E, 5. VII. 1986, R. Hensen (1 ♀ RMNH); Omkoi District, Dry dipterocarp forest, 17 ° 50 ′ 49.9 ″ N 98 ° 22 ′ 33.0 ″, 950 – 1010 m alt., 25. VI. 2017, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); Kanchanaburi, Thong Pha Phum, Vimarndin farm stay, 14.655 o N 98.521 o E, 200 m, 17 – 20. V. 2018, MKT (5 ♀ CSCA); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan, Baan Maka Nature Lodge, 12.840 o N 99.590 o E, 140 m: 22 – 23. V. 2018, MKT (3 ♀ CSCA); Surat Thani, Khlong Sok, Khao Sok Jungle Huts, 8.909 o N 99.526 o E, 70 m: 14. V. 2018, MKT (9 ♀ CSCA EMUS MIUP QSBG); 25 – 26. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Our Jungle House resort, 8.908 o N 99.534 o E, 75 m, 25 – 27. V. 2018, MKT (7 ♀ CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFF99873FF392D0E4D26C3E5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand * (Chiang Mai, Kanchanaburi, Phetchaburi, Surat Thani), Malaysia (Perak).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFF99873FF392D0E4D26C3E5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was described from Peninsular Malaysia (Pagden 1934 a) and has been found in four Thai provinces. Using Chen’s (1957) key, this species would be identified as B. sauteri lingnani (Mickel, 1933), with which it may eventually be synonymized. The apparently diagnostic “ serrate genal carina ” varies within the series and can be found in other Bischoffitilla species, including B. cambrai sp. nov.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFF99872FF39295E4D30C2DF.taxon	description	(Figs 42 – 44)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFF99872FF39295E4D30C2DF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by having the dorsoposterior propodeal row is distinct laterally but without medial teeth. Other useful features include: the genal carina is distinct and serrate or wavy; the antennal tubercle is unarmed; the clypeus is bidentate, with the basomedial surface convex; the mesopleural lamella is short and weak; mesosomal dorsum with incomplete longitudinal carina; the posterior propodeal face is reticulate; T 1 apicomedially and T 2 basomedially with white to golden spot; and T 3 – 5 each have a medial spot of whitish to golden setae. Body length 4.5 – 11.5 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFF99872FF39295E4D30C2DF.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 6.9 mm. Coloration. Head black, except antennal scrobe, venter, clypeus, mandible, and antenna partly brown. Mesosoma and coxae brownish-red, other parts of legs variably darkened brown. Metasoma black, except T 1, T 6, and S 1 – 6 partly reddened and cuticle whitish yellow beneath setal patches of T 1 – 2. Lateral and ventral portions of head, mesosoma, and metasoma; legs; and T 6 with setae mostly silvery. Dorsum of head and mesosoma with black and silvery sparse setae. Metasomal dorsum with black setae, except having dense pale golden narrow patch apicomedially on T 1, broad entire transverse band on T 2, and medial spot on T 3 – 5. Head. Width behind eye 0.95 × mesosoma width. Frons, vertex, and gena punctures dense to confluent. Mandible apex obscure tridentate. Clypeus with apicolateral tooth distinct, medial lobe convex, densely punctate. Antennal scrobe with dorsal carina. Antennal tubercle smooth. Genal carina distinct wavy. F 1 2.8 × pedicel length, F 2 1.9 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Length 1.05 × width (at lateral mesonotal teeth). Dorsum of mesosoma with confluent longitudinal punctures, many transverse interspaces obliterated, leaving apparent carinae of various lengths. Side of mesosoma with scattered micropunctures with short setae. Mesopleural lamella short, but distinct. Humeral angle sharp. Ratio of width of humeral angle, anterior spiracle, lateral mesonotal tooth, propodeal spiracle, and widest point of propodeum 44: 40: 49: 44: 49. Mesosomal dorsum with longitudinal carina interrupted by punctures. Dorsoposterior propodeal row with three teeth on left side, two teeth on right side, obliterated medially. Metatibio-tarsal ratio 110: 65: 37: 21: 17: 15. Metasoma. Terga 1 – 5 with small dense punctures. S 1 without longitudinal carina. S 2 with basomedial longitudinal tubercle. T 2 felt line 0.35 × T 2 total length. T 6 convex, lacking pygidium, with longitudinal smooth apicomedial area. S 6 posterior margin rounded.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFF99872FF39295E4D30C2DF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♀, THAILAND, Surat Thani, Khlong Sok, Our Jungle House resort, 8.908 o N 99.534 o E, 75 m, 15. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA). Paratypes (14 ♀), THAILAND: Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep National Park, Monthatarn, 18.81 o N 98.94 o E, moist hardwood forest, 15. VII. 1996, R. R. Snelling and S. Sonthichai (1 ♀ EMUS); Surat Thani, Khlong Sok: Khao Sok Jungle Huts, 8.909 o N 99.526 o E, 70 m: 14. V. 2018, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA); 25 – 26. V. 2018, MKT (3 ♀ CSCA); Our Jungle House resort, 8.908 o N 99.534 o E, 75 m, 25 – 27. V. 2018, MKT (4 ♀ CSCA MIUP QSBG); Trat, Khao Saming, Chang Toon, Nong Bawn, 8 – 10. VII. 1968 (1 ♀ UCRC). VIETNAM, Lao Cai, Liem Phu, 300 – 650 m, 29. IX. 2006, K. Eguchi (1 ♀ SKYC); Tonkin, Bae Kan, 1907, P. Lembee, ex. coll. Oberthur (1 ♀ RBINS).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFF99872FF39295E4D30C2DF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand (Chiang Mai, Trat, Surat Thani) and Vietnam (Tonkin).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFF99872FF39295E4D30C2DF.taxon	etymology	Etymology. KAW is proud to name this species in honor of his friend and colleague Roberto A. Cambra, who shared vital tips for collecting mutillids in tropical habitats. Some of the species described herein may have remained undiscovered without his advice.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFF99872FF39295E4D30C2DF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In Chen’s (1957) treatment, this species keys to B. sauteri lingnani and can be separated from that species by having the dorsoposterior propodeal row incomplete medially. In Mickel’s (1935) key, it terminates at couplet 11 and can be recognized by laterally distinct dorsoposterior propodeal teeth.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFF89871FF392A444876C54E.taxon	description	(Figs 45 – 47)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFF89871FF392A444876C54E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by a unique combination of characters: the genal carina is simple; clypeus is bidentate, with the basomedial area shallowly concave; the mesopleural lamella is short, but distinct; the dorsoposterior propodeal row is distinct and complete; the posterior propodeal face is reticulate; and T 2 – 3 each have a broad medial whitish spot, while T 4 – 5 have the setae predominantly blackish. Other useful features include: antennal tubercle armed with smooth tubercle; mesosomal dorsum with complete, but sometimes weak, longitudinal carina; and T 1 apicomedially with white to golden spot not continuing to base of T 2. Body length 4.5 – 5.5 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFF89871FF392A444876C54E.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 5.3 mm. Coloration. Head black, except antennal scrobe, venter, clypeus, mandible, and antenna partly reddened. Mesosoma and coxae brownish-red, other parts of legs variably darkened brown. Metasoma black, except T 1 and S 1 – 6 partly reddened and whitish yellow beneath setal patches of T 1 – 2. Head, lateral and ventral portions of mesosoma and metasoma, legs, and T 6 with setae mostly silvery; vertex with denser more gold-tinted setae. Mesosomal dorsum with brown and silvery sparse setae. Metasomal dorsum with black setae, except having dense white narrow patch apicomedially on T 1 and broad transverse patches on T 2 and T 3. Head. Width behind eye subequal to mesosoma width. Frons, vertex, and gena punctures moderate to dense. Mandible apex obscure tridentate. Clypeus with apicolateral tooth distinct, medial lobe shallow concave, densely punctate. Antennal scrobe with dorsal carina. Antennal tubercle obscure tubercle. Genal carina present in posterior half, obliterated anteriorly. F 1 3.1 × pedicel length, F 2 2.0 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Length 1.2 × width (at lateral mesonotal teeth). Dorsum of mesosoma with confluent longitudinal punctures, many transverse interspaces obliterated, leaving apparent carinae of various lengths. Side of mesosoma micropunctate with dense short setae, lateral propodeal face with dense punctures. Mesopleural lamella short, but distinct. Humeral angle sharp. Ratio of width of humeral angle, anterior spiracle, lateral mesonotal tooth, propodeal spiracle, and widest point of propodeum 63: 59: 65: 57: 60. Mesosomal dorsum with complete longitudinal carina directed by various puncture edges. Dorsoposterior propodeal row with nine teeth, middle tooth largest. Metatibio-tarsal ratio 130: 65: 39: 30: 26: 23. Metasoma. Terga 1 – 5 with small dense punctures. S 1 without longitudinal carina. S 2 with weak basomedial longitudinal swelling. T 2 felt line 0.5 × T 2 total length. T 6 convex, lacking pygidium, setose throughout. S 6 posterior margin rounded.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFF89871FF392A444876C54E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♀, Kanchanaburi, Thong Pha Phum, Vimarndin farm stay, 14.655 o N 98.521 o E, 200 m, 17 – 20. V. 2018, MKT (CSCA). Paratypes (2 ♀), Same data as Holotype (2 ♀ CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFF89871FF392A444876C54E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand (Kanchanaburi).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFF89871FF392A444876C54E.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named for the Tokay Gecko, Gekko gecko (Linnaeus, 1758), ต ๊ กแก ุ in Thai, a charismatic lizard species found throughout southeastern Asia. Treat as a noun in apposition.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFF89871FF392A444876C54E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In Chen’s (1957) treatment, this species keys to B. sauteri lingnani and can be separated from that species by having T 4 – 5 with the setae mostly black and without a medial golden setal spots. In Mickel’s (1935) treatment, it keys to B. malica (Zavattari 1913) or B. opipara (Zavattari 1913), depending on how one scores the presence of lateral mesosomal teeth; B. tokay sp. nov. can be recognized by having T 3 with a large transverse white setal patch.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFB9871FF392B4349AEC3AD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. In the Oriental and Palaearctic regions, this is the only mutilline genus with a transverse row of teeth on the propodeum and with the disc of T 2 lacking setal spots. This genus is separated from similar Afrotropical genera by having T 1 as broad as the propodeum and having the gena not armed with a dentate carina. MALE. See Nonveiller (1979) and Lelej (2005). Diversity and Distribution. Three species are recognized: C. caeca (Radoszkowski, 1879), which is widespread in the Palaearctic; C. porcella (Turner, 1911) from India and Sri Lanka; and C. guangdongensis Lelej, 1992, which is known from China and Thailand.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFB9871FF392B4349AEC3AD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The Chinese and Thai species, C. guangdongensis, is the only one presently known from females only.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFB9870FF392A964DFCC7F1.taxon	description	(Figs 4, 48 – 51)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFB9870FF392A964DFCC7F1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be most easily separated from other Ctenotilla by having the apical T 2 band of silvery setae medially divided by black setae. Other useful characters were listed by Lelej (1992). Body length 5.5 – 8.5 mm. MALE. To be described in an upcoming paper.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFB9870FF392A964DFCC7F1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. CHINA, Guangdong, Chebaling, 21. VI. 1990, A. S. Lelej (1 ♀ Paratype IBSS). Other material (26 ♀). LAOS, Ban Houaykong, 18 – 30. IV. 1999, O. Šauša (1 ♂ IBSS); Bolikhamsay Province, Ban Phone Kham environs, 200 – 300 m, 18 o 19 ' N 104 o 0 8 ' E, 23 – 29. V. 2011, M. Brancucci, M. Geiser, D. Hauck, Z. Kraus, A. Phantala, and E. Vongphachan (2 ♀ RHMB). THAILAND: Chiang Mai, Chiang Mai Botanical Garden, QSBG, 18.8955 o N 98.8636 o E, Malaise trap, 11 – 25. VII. 2013, M. Hauser (1 ♀ 1 ♂ in copula CSCA); Omkoi District, Dry dipterocarp forest, 17 ° 50 ′ 49.9 ″ N 98 ° 22 ′ 33.0 ″, 950 – 1010 m alt.: 8. VI. 2017, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); 19. VI. 2017, R. (1 ♀ EUM); 20. VI. 2017, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); Kanchanaburi, Thong Pha Phum, Vimarndin farm stay, 14.655 o N 98.521 o E, 200 m, 17 – 20. V. 2018, MKT (17 ♀ 1 ♂ CSCA EMUS MIUP PSUC QSBG); Loei, 50 km SW Loei, 1000 m, 17 o 20 ' N 101 o 20 ' E, 14. VIII. 1986, R. Hensen (1 ♀ RMNH); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan, Baan Maka Nature Lodge, 12.840 o N 99.590 o E, 140 m: 16. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFB9870FF392A964DFCC7F1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cambodia *, China (Guangdong), Thailand (Chiang Mai, Kanchanaburi, Loei, Phetchaburi), Vietnam *, and Laos *.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFB9870FF392A964DFCC7F1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In Lelej’s (2005) catalog, this species was known from China and Thailand only, but according to comments by B. Petersen, the putative male for this species was also found in Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Thailand. Our examination of females of C. guangdongensis from Cambodia and Vietnam supports Petersen’s hypothesis. We aim to describe this male in an upcoming treatment of males from Thailand.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFA9870FF3929E74A82C178.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. See the key above and Lelej (1995). MALE. See Lelej (1995 b). Diversity and Distribution. Four Chinese species and two species from Malaysia, including A. neaera (Mickel 1935; Fig. 6).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFA9870FF3929E74A82C178.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Although we did not examine any southern Thai species of Andreimyrme, this rare genus is included in our keys because of its broad distribution in southeast Asia (Lelej 2005).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFA9870FF392D324AD9C56F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. In the eastern Oriental region, this is the only mutilline genus with a transverse row of teeth on the propodeum and with the disc of T 2 having two laterally-situated setal spots. Other useful diagnostic features are mentioned in Lelej et al. (2017) MALE. See Lelej et al. (2017). Diversity and Distribution. Eight Oriental species, three of these: Z. angkorensis Williams 2017 (in Lelej et al. 2017), Z. pycnopyga Chen, 1957, and Z. saepes (Chen, 1957), are known from Thailand.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFA9870FF392D324AD9C56F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus was recently reviewed by Lelej et al. (2017).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFA9870FF392CD54AE2C3E7.taxon	description	(Figs 5, 52 – 55)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFA9870FF392CD54AE2C3E7.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. The following characters are useful for diagnosis: the head is black, the scape and legs are mostly orange-brown, the pale T 2 spots are separated by roughly their own diameter, and the pygidium is mostly smooth with a few punctures. Body length 7 – 10 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFA9870FF392CD54AE2C3E7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (10 ♀). THAILAND: Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan, Baan Maka Nature Lodge, 12.840 o N 99.590 o E, 140 m: 22 – 23. V. 2018, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA); Surat Thani, Khlong Sok: Khao Sok Jungle Huts, 8.909 o N 99.526 o E, 70 m: 14. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); 25 – 26. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Our Jungle House resort, 8.908 o N 99.534 o E, 75 m, 25 – 27. V. 2018, MKT (6 ♀ CSCA EMUS).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFA9870FF392CD54AE2C3E7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cambodia, China (Fujian, Guangdong), and Thailand (Chaiyaphum, Phetchaburi, Surat Thani).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFFA9870FF392CD54AE2C3E7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The specimens we collected in Surat Thani represent the new southernmost distribution for this species that was, until recently, known only from Southeast China.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE5986FFF392FFA4872C7FE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. In the eastern Oriental Region, this genus is recognized by having T 6 convex with a quasipygidium that is defined by obscure lateral carinae. Other useful features are mentioned by Lelej (1995 b). MALE. See Lelej (1995 b). Diversity and Distribution. Fourteen Oriental species are recognized in Ephucilla (Lelej 2005).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE5986FFF392FFA4872C7FE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus is easily confused with Sinotilla, because the lateral pygidial carinae are easily overlooked. In fact, two of the species were initially placed in Sinotilla (Lelej 2005). Structurally, females are similar to Indratilla Lelej, 1993 from Sri Lanka, but that genus always has T 1 and T 2 each with two apical whitish setal spots.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE5986FFF392D244820C16E.taxon	description	(Figs 7, 68 – 70)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE5986FFF392D244820C16E.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. The following features are diagnostic for E. viet: the clypeus has a basomedial tooth, F 2 is as long as F 1, the head is predominantly black, the mesosoma is broadest in the pronotum and narrowest in the propodeum, the scutellar scale indistinct and subtriangular, T 2 lacks a basomedial spot of whitish setae, T 2 has a narrow apical band of white setae, T 3 is entirely covered with white setae, and the metasoma is black without a metallic hue. Body length 5 mm. MALE. Unknown. Extended Diagnosis. FEMALE. Body length 5 mm. Coloration. Head black, except gena and frons reddened, and clypeus, mandible, scape, pedicel, and F 1 largely orange-brown. Mesosoma and legs red-brown, femora and tibiae darkened apically. Metasoma black, except T 1 and S 1 partly reddened. Body setae generally sparse and silvery, except vertex and mesosomal dorsum with scattered silver and erect blackish setae; T 2 disc, T 4, and T 5 setae dense black; and T 2 apex, T 3 entirely, and T 6 with dense whitish silver setae. Head. Width behind eye 1.05 × mesosoma width. Frons, vertex, and gena punctures dense to confluent. Mandible apex bidentate. Clypeus with entire transverse lamella; basomedial portion with distinct smooth tubercle. Antennal scrobe with dorsal and lateral carina. Antennal tubercle smooth. Genal carina simple, connected with hypostomal carina. F 1 1.6 × pedicel length, F 2 1.6 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Length 1.1 × width. Dorsum of mesosoma with coarse confluent punctures. Side of mesosoma with scattered micropunctures with short setae, ventral portion of meso- and metapleuron transversely striate. Mesopleural lamella absent. Humeral carina distinct. Ratio of width of humeral angle, anterior spiracle, midpoint of mesonotum, propodeal spiracle, and midpoint of propodeum 55: 56: 54: 50: 45. Scutellar scale indistinct, subtriangular. Posterior propodeal face reticulate. Lateral and posterior propodeal faces separated by wavy subdentate carina. Metatibio-tarsal ratio 26: 10: 8: 5: 4: 3. Metasoma. Terga 1 – 5 with small dense punctures, sparser on T 1, larger on T 2. S 1 with long simple longitudinal carina. T 2 felt line 0.27 × T 2 total length. T 6 convex, apical half with indistinct lateral carina, mostly smooth. S 6 posterior margin bidentate.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE5986FFF392D244820C16E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♀, VIETNAM, Quang Ninh, Island Dong Kho [21 ° 06 ' N, 107 ° 36 ' E], 20. III. 1987, V. Kuznetsov (IBSS). Other Material (3 ♀). THAILAND: Chiang Mai, Omkoi District, Dry dipterocarp forest, 17 ° 50 ′ 49.9 ″ N 98 ° 22 ′ 33.0 ″, 950 – 1010 m alt., 23. VI. 2017, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); Phetchaburi, found in van during transit, 24. V. 2018 (1 ♀ CSCA); VIETNAM, Vinh Phu, Tam Dao, 20. V. 1995, E. Sugonyaev (1 ♀ ZISP).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE5986FFF392D244820C16E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Malaysia (Pahang), Thailand * (Chiang Mai, Phetchaburi), Vietnam (Quang Ninh, Vinh Phuc).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE5986FFF392D244820C16E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The unique Southern Thai specimen was found by NT on May 24; it was crawling on his leg in the van while we were travelling from Baan Maka in Phetchaburi to the Khao Sok area in Surat Thani. We suspect that this wasp crawled onto our luggage while we packed up collecting equipment in Baan Maka on May 23, 2018, but cannot be sure.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE4986DFF392DD04D76C7A1.taxon	description	(Figs 8, 77 – 81)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE4986DFF392DD04D76C7A1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species has the vertex with a patch of silvery setae; the scape and legs largely reddened; the mesonotum with anterolateral patches of dense white setae, the T 2 disc with three horizontally aligned setal spots, the middle spot more yellow-tinted or obliterated; the apical margin of T 2 with black setae only; the T 2 felt line with silver to golden setae; T 4 with lateral patches of silvery setae; and the pygidium elongate ovate with moderately-spaced striae and the apex smooth. Body length 4 – 6 mm. MALE. See Lelej (1996 a).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE4986DFF392DD04D76C7A1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype, Ƌ, MALAYSIA, Kuala Lumpur, 24. V. 1936, H. T. Pagden (Selangor Museum, Kuala Lumpur). Other Material (46 ♀). MALAYSIA, Pinang, Telok Bahang, 13 – 16. II. 1993, T. and M. Thomas (1 ♀ RMNH). THAILAND: Chiang Mai, Omkoi District, Dry dipterocarp forest, 17 ° 50 ' 49.9 " N 98 ° 22 ′ 33.0 ″, 950 – 1010 m alt.: 23. VI. 2017, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); 24. VI. 2017, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); 7. VII. 2017, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); 9. VIII. 2017, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); Rim Pa Huay Tong, 18.542 o N 98.954 o E, 250 m, Malaise trap at edge of mixed deciduous forest, S. Sonthichai: 10 – 20. IX. 1997 (1 ♀ EMUS); 20 – 30. IV. 1997 (1 ♀ EMUS); Kanchanaburi: Lam Ta Pen River, 5 km NW Lat Ya, 7 – 8. IV, 13 – 16. IV. 1989, W. Pulawski, (2 ♂ CASC); Thong Pha Phum, Vimarndin farm stay, 14.655 o N 98.521 o E, 200 m, 17 – 20. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Khonkaen, Nam Pong National Park, office, 16 o 37.341 ' N 102 o 34.467 ' E, 324 m, 5 – 12. VII. 2006, K. Jaidee, T 115 (1 ♀ QSBG); Krabi, 14 km NNE Krabi, Phnom Bencha Mountain Resort, 8.208 o N 98.937 o E, 80 m, 2. IV. 2017, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA); Nakhon Nayok, Khao Yai National Park, office, 14 o 24.619 ' N 101 o 22.778 ' E, 10. VII. 2006, pan trap, P. Sandao, T 139 (1 ♀ QSBG); Nakhon Si Thammarat, 4.4 km N Hin Tok, Mountainside rubber farm, 8.303 o N 99.849 o E, 8. IV. 2017, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA EMUS); Phatthalung, 2.4 km S Ban Na, Farm, 7.543 o N 99.883 o E, 50 m: 5. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); 10. IV. 2017, MKT (5 ♀ CSCA); 6. IV. 2017, MKT (7 ♀ CSCA MIUP PSUC QSBG); Songkhla, Hat Yai, Prince of Songkhla University, forest edge, 7.008 o N 100.508 o E, 40 m, 11 – 12. IV. 2017, MKT (7 ♀ CSCA); Surat Thani, Khlong Sok: Khao Sok Jungle Huts, 8.909 o N 99.526 o E, 70 m: 14. V. 2018, MKT (9 ♀ CSCA); 25 – 26. V. 2018, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA); Our Jungle House resort, 8.908 o N 99.534 o E, 75 m, 25 – 27. V. 2018, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA); Trang: Huai Yot, Land of 88 Dragons, Khao Kop, 7.807 o N 99.572 o E, 4. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); 0.5 km NE Palian, Orchard, 7.291 o N 99.858 o E, 6. IV. 2017, MKT (4 ♀ CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE4986DFF392DD04D76C7A1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur, Penang, Selangor), Thailand (Chiang Mai, Kanchanaburi, Khonkaen, Krabi, Nakhon Nayok, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phatthalung, Songkhla, Surat Thani, Trang), Laos.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE4986DFF392DD04D76C7A1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In the description by Pagden (1949) this species is mentioned as having anterolateral patches of white setae on the mesonotum. These patches vary in intensity (Figs 77, 78) but seem to be present in all the Thai specimens we observed. Differentiating them from M. bicristata (Chen, 1957), then, is now difficult, as the presence of these spots is the primary diagnostic feature of M. bicristata in the only key to species (Lelej 1996 a). According to the description (Chen 1957), M. bicristata has the lateral and medial spots on the disc of T 2 concolorous pale golden, while all the M. athalia specimens have the lateral spots silvery and the medial spot golden (Fig. 77) or obliterated (Fig. 78). Molecular studies or comparisons of the ♂ s will be needed to determine whether M. athalia and M. bicristata truly are distinct species. Some individuals of M. athalia and M. puttasoki, sp. nov., tend to have the medial spot of T 2 obliterated and replaced by black setae. This makes them the only Smicromyrmini specimens to have T 2 marked with two lateral setal spots, the diagnostic feature for Trogaspidiini. To our knowledge, none of the Trogaspidiini have anterolateral white mesonotal spots like these two Mickelomyrme species. Also, the T 2 spots are located at the extreme lateral margins of T 2, while most Trogaspidiini have the spots more centrally oriented.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE7986DFF392D624873C33D.taxon	description	(Figs 82, 83)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE7986DFF392D624873C33D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species has the vertex with a patch of silvery setae; the scape and legs largely reddened; the mesonotum without anterolateral patches of white setae, the T 2 disc with three horizontally aligned setal spots, the middle spot more yellow-tinted; the apical margin of T 2 with black setae only; the T 2 felt line with silver to golden setae; T 4 with lateral patches of silvery setae; and the pygidium elongate ovate with moderately-spaced striae and the apex smooth. Body length 4.5 – 5 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE7986DFF392D624873C33D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♀, North Vietnam, Prov. Quang Ninh, II. Phong Vong, 20 ° 47 ' N, 107 ° 25 ' E, 185 m, open glade with rare grass (former drill Square), 10. X. 1990, V. Kuznetsov (ZISP). Paratypes, same locality, 9 – 10. X. 1990, V. Kuznetsov (2 ♀ IBSS). Other Material (4 ♀). THAILAND: Krabi, 14 km NNE Krabi, Phnom Bencha Mountain Resort, 8.208 o N 98.937 o E, 80 m, 2. IV. 2017, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA); Phatthalung, 2.4 km S Ban Na, Farm, 7.543 o N 99.883 o E, 50 m, 6. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Songkhla, Hat Yai, Prince of Songkhla University, forest edge, 7.008 o N 100.508 o E, 40 m, 11 – 12. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE7986DFF392D624873C33D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Laos. Thailand * (Krabi, Phatthalung, Songkhla), Vietnam (Quang Ninh).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE7986DFF392D624873C33D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is nearly identical to M. athalia. Lelej (1996 a) separated it from M. athalia by differences in size and punctation, but few specimens were available. After examining the large series of M. athalia mentioned above, we found that these features were not adequate to differentiate these taxa. The absence of white setal mesonotal patches seems to be the most reliable way to differentiate these species, but this trait is also subject to vary in intensity (Figs 77, 78). It seems likely that M. kuznetsovi may be eventually recognized as a synonym of M. athalia.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE7986CFF392AE74B55C20F.taxon	description	(Figs 84, 85)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE7986CFF392AE74B55C20F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species has the vertex clothed mostly with silver or golden setae; the scape and legs largely reddened; the mesonotum without anterolateral patches of white setae, the T 2 disc with three horizontally aligned silver to golden setal spots; the apical margin of T 2 with an apical whitish setal band; the T 2 felt line with silver to golden setae; T 4 with the setae mostly black; and the pygidium elongate ovate with moderately-spaced striae and the apex smooth. Body length 3.5 – 6.5 mm. MALE. See Lelej (1996 a), as M. yunnanensis.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE7986CFF392AE74B55C20F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (95 ♀). LAOS, Attapeu Province, Thong Kai Ohk, Ban Kachung environs, 1200 – 1450 m, 15 o 0 1 ' N 107 o 26 ' E, 10 – 24. VI. 2011, M. Brancucci, M. Geiser, D. Hauck, Z. Kraus, A. Phantala, and E. Vongphachan (4 ♀ RHMB); Bolikhamsay Province, Ban Phone Kham environs, 200 – 300 m, 18 o 19 ' N 104 o 0 8 ' E, 23 – 29. V. 2011, M. Brancucci, M. Geiser, D. Hauck, Z. Kraus, A. Phantala, and E. Vongphachan (2 ♀ RHMB). THAILAND: Chaiyaphum, Tat Tone National Park, near stream, 15 o 58.771 ' N 102 o 2.397 ' E, 305 m, 19 – 26. VII. 2006, T. Jarupham and O. Budsawong, T 224 (1 ♀ QSBG); Chiang Mai, Omkoi District, Dry dipterocarp forest, 17 ° 50 ′ 49.9 ″ N 98 ° 22 ′ 33.0 ″, 950 – 1010 m alt.: 19. VI. 2017, R. Mizuno (2 ♀ EUM); VI. 2017, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); Lampang, Chae Son National Park, nursery, 18 o 49.851 ' N 99 o 28.122 ' E, 485 m, 1 – 7. XI. 2007, B. Kwunnui and A. Sukpeng, T 2818 (1 ♀ QSBG); Kanchanaburi, Thong Pha Phum, Vimarndin farm stay, 14.655 o N 98.521 o E, 200 m, 17 – 20. V. 2018, MKT (4 ♀ CSCA); Krabi: 12.4 km NNW Krabi, Oil palm farm, 8.193 o N 98.876 o E, 50 m: 1. IV. 2017, MKT (3 ♀ CSCA); 3. IV. 2017, MKT (11 ♀ CSCA); 14 km NNE Krabi, Phnom Bencha Mountain Resort, 8.208 o N 98.937 o E, 80 m, 2. IV. 2017, MKT (4 ♀ CSCA EMUS); Phatthalung, 2.4 km S Ban Na, Farm, 7.543 o N 99.883 o E, 50 m: 5. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); 10. IV. 2017, MKT (4 ♀ CSCA); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan, Baan Maka Nature Lodge, 12.840 o N 99.590 o E, 140 m, 22 – 23. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Songkhla, Hat Yai, Prince of Songkhla University, forest edge, 7.008 o N 100.508 o E, 40 m, 11 – 12. IV. 2017, MKT (53 ♀ CSCA MIUP PSUC QSBG); Surat Thani, Khlong Sok, Khao Sok Jungle Huts, 8.909 o N 99.526 o E, 70 m: 14. V. 2018, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA); 25 – 26. V. 2018, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA); Trang, Trang (1 ♀ EUM). VIETNAM: Dong Nai, Cat Tien National Park, bird trail, 100 m, 15 – 20. V. 2007, Malaise trap, C. v. Achterberg and R. de Vries (1 ♀ RMNH).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE7986CFF392AE74B55C20F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand (Chaiyaphum, Chiang Mai, Kanchanaburi, Krabi, Lampang, Phatthalung, Songkhla, Surat Thani, Trang), Vietnam (Dong Nai) *.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE7986CFF392AE74B55C20F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Mickelomyrme yunnanensis was one of the most commonly encountered mutillids in Southeast Asia; we examined nearly 100 ♀ from China, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam. We could not find any significant differences between the description of M. pusillaeformis by Hammer and that of M. yunnanensis by Lelej. The type locality of M. pusillaeformis “ Mergui, Myanmar ”, is geographically close to many localities where M. yunnanensis females were collected. We therefore consider M. yunnanensis as a junior synonym of M. pusillaeformis, comb. nov. Although the authors previously thought this species belonged to Mickelomyrme, it was maintained as Smicromyrme pusillaeformis in Okayasu et al. (2018), because that was not the appropriate forum for publishing the new synonymy and combination.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE6986BFF392B344A6FC4DE.taxon	description	(Figs 86 – 91)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE6986BFF392B344A6FC4DE.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be separated from other Mickelomyrme by having a triangular pygidium with many striae reaching the apical margin. The following traits are also useful for diagnosis: the pronotum has an anteromedial black patch dorsally; the mesonotum has anterolateral patches of dense white setae; the mesosoma has a transverse sulcus anterior and posterior to the wide arcuate scutellar scale; the T 2 apex has black setae only; the T 3 and T 4 setal bands have orange-brown cuticle beneath them; and T 4 has lateral patches of dense whitish setae. Body length 3.5 – 5.5 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE6986BFF392B344A6FC4DE.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 5.5 mm. Coloration. Head black, except antennal tubercle, malar space, clypeus, mandible, scape, pedicel, F 1, and base of F 2 – 8 largely orange-brown. Mesosoma and legs orange-brown, except pronotum dorsomedially, femoral and tibial apices, and tarsi brown to black. Metasoma black, except T 1, S 1, areas beneath dense white setal patches of T 2 – 4, most of S 2, and S 6 medially reddened. Body setae generally sparse and silvery, except frons and mesosomal dorsum with scattered golden and erect blackish setae; T 2 disc, T 2 apex, and T 3 – 5 medially setae dense black; anterolateral patch on mesonotum, T 2 disc lateral ovate spot, and T 3 – 4 laterally with dense whitish silver setae; and T 2 basomedial spot pale golden. Head. Width behind eye subequal to mesosoma width. Frons, vertex, and gena punctures large, mostly separated. Mandible apex apparently unidentate. Clypeus with transverse entire carina; basomedial portion with narrow v-shaped tooth-like carina. Antennal scrobe with dorsal carina basally, obliterated laterally. Antennal tubercle smooth. Genal carina obliterated. F 1 1.6 × pedicel length, F 2 1.4 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Length 1.1 × width. Dorsum of mesosoma with coarse confluent punctures. Side of mesosoma with scattered micropunctures with short setae, ventral portion of meso- and metapleuron obscured by dense setae, propodeal side mostly smooth. Mesopleural lamella absent. Humeral carina obliterated dorsally. Ratio of width of humeral angle, anterior spiracle, narrowest point of mesonotum, propodeal spiracle, and widest point of propodeum 62: 69: 58: 62: 63. Scutellar scale transverse arculate, ~ 7 punctures wide, with transverse wavy carina anterior and posterior to scale. Posterior propodeal face reticulate. Lateral and posterior propodeal faces not separated by carina. Metatibio-tarsal ratio 55: 26: 15: 12: 10: 9. Metasoma. Terga 1 – 5 with small dense punctures, sparser on T 1. S 1 with simple longitudinal carina. T 2 felt line 0.45 × T 2 total length. T 6 with broad triangular pygidium, narrowing to apex; with posteriorly diverging striae (~ 25 near base), most reaching posterior margin. S 6 posterior margin narrow emarginate.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE6986BFF392B344A6FC4DE.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♀, THAILAND, Kanchanaburi, Thong Pha Phum, Vimarndin farm stay, 14.655 o N 98.521 o E, 200 m, 17 – 20. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA). Paratypes (9 ♀), THAILAND, Kanchanaburi: Sai Yok, Prasat Mueang Sing Park, 14.040 o N 99.243 o E, 50 m, 19. V. 2018, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA); Same data as Holotype (7 ♀ CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE6986BFF392B344A6FC4DE.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand (Kanchanaburi).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE6986BFF392B344A6FC4DE.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named for the expedition’s driver and fellow modkhong collector, Somphong Puttasok. Treat as a noun in apposition.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE6986BFF392B344A6FC4DE.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In having the white anterolateral mesonotal setal patches, this species is similar to M. athalia and M. bicristata. The shared tendency of M. athalia and M. puttasoki to have the median T 2 spot obliterated makes them even more difficult to separate. The pygidium of M. puttasoki, however, is very different from all other Mickelomyrme, being broadly triangular with dense nearly complete striae (Fig. 91). This species varies in color; the vertex, the mesosomal sides, the posterior propodeal face, and S 2 can vary from entirely black, to extensively darkened brown, to entirely orange-brown (Figs 86 – 90).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE1986AFF392C474BF9C7F8.taxon	description	(Figs 92 – 94)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE1986AFF392C474BF9C7F8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be separated from other Mickelomyrme by the unique coloration: the head is uniform orange-brown and the T 2 disc has a large oval medial spot composed of golden setae over orange cuticle. The following traits are also useful for diagnosis: the pronotum has an anteromedial black patch dorsally; the mesonotum has anterolateral patches of dense white setae; the mesosoma has a transverse sulcus anterior and posterior to the wide arcuate scutellar scale; the T 2 apex has black setae only; T 4 has lateral patches of dense whitish setae; and the pygidium is elongate oval with many striae reaching the apical margin. Body length 4.0 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE1986AFF392C474BF9C7F8.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 4.0 mm. Coloration. Head orange-brown, except mandible apex and flagellum largely blackish. Mesosoma and legs orange-brown, except pronotum dorsomedially, lateral pronotal face, mesopleuron, posterior propodeal face, femoral and tibial apices, and tarsi brown to black. Metasoma black, except S 1, T 1, S 2, T 2 medial ovate patch, and T 2 laterally reddened. Body setae generally sparse and silvery, except frons and mesosomal dorsum with scattered golden and erect blackish setae; T 2 disc, T 2 apex, and T 3 – 5 medially setae dense black; anterolateral patch on mesonotum, T 2 disc lateral ovate spot, and T 3 – 5 laterally with dense whitish silver setae; and T 2 basomedial spot orange-golden. Head. Width behind eye subequal to mesosoma width. Frons, vertex, and gena punctures large, mostly separated. Mandible apex apparently unidentate. Clypeus with transverse entire carina; basomedial portion with narrow u-shaped tooth-like carina. Antennal scrobe with weak dorsal carina basally, obliterated laterally. Antennal tubercle smooth. Genal carina obliterated. F 1 1.7 × pedicel length, F 2 1.4 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Length 1.15 × width. Dorsum of mesosoma with coarse confluent punctures. Side of mesosoma with scattered micropunctures with short setae, ventral portion of meso- and metapleuron obscured by dense setae, propodeal side mostly smooth. Mesopleural lamella absent. Humeral carina obliterated dorsally. Ratio of width of humeral angle, anterior spiracle, narrowest point of mesonotum, propodeal spiracle, and widest point of propodeum 55: 60: 53: 55: 55. Scutellar scale transverse arcuate, ~ 7 punctures wide, with transverse wavy carina anterior and posterior to scale. Posterior propodeal face reticulate, with many interspaces obliterated leaving scattered apparent lateral carinae. Lateral and posterior propodeal faces not separated by carina. Metatibio-tarsal ratio 50: 25: 15: 12: 9: 8. Metasoma. Terga 1 – 5 with small dense punctures, sparser on T 1. S 1 with simple longitudinal carina. T 2 felt line 0.45 × T 2 total length. T 6 with long oval pygidium; with sub-parallel striae (~ 17 near midpoint), some reaching posterior margin. S 6 posterior margin narrow emarginate.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE1986AFF392C474BF9C7F8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♀, THAILAND, Kanchanaburi, Sai Yok, Prasat Mueang Sing Park, 14.040 o N 99.243 o E, 50 m, 19. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE1986AFF392C474BF9C7F8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand (Kanchanaburi).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE1986AFF392C474BF9C7F8.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This specific epithet comes from the Japanese “ kinguri ”, golden chestnut. Named in part for the golden-orange oval-shaped mark on T 2. KAW also names this cute red-headed species for his lovely wife, Kristy Leigh Williams, whose Japanese nickname was Kinguri, because of her beautiful red hair.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE1986AFF392C474BF9C7F8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is apparently the only eastern Oriental Smicromyrmini to have its T 2 spot composed of orange cuticle. In the Palaearctic region, this occurs in Nuristanilla Lelej in Lelej & Kabakov, 1980, and in the Afrotropical region, a few species currently placed in Smicromyrme have this trait. The overall morphology of M. kinguri, however, is consistent with Mickelomyrme and especially similar to M. puttasoki. Because the sole representative of M. kinguri was collected alongside two females of M. puttasoki, and that species shows variation in color, we initially thought they were conspecific. In addition to color differences, however, the pygidium of these species is significantly different (Figs 91, 94).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE0986AFF392CB048DEC0A1.taxon	description	(Figs 9, 95 – 97)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE0986AFF392CB048DEC0A1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species has: the dorsum of the head with mostly black setae (Fig. 77); the antennae and legs variably brown, not purely black; the scutellar scale as wide as long; the mesosomal side with a patch of dense silvery to golden setae ventrally; an apical white setal band on T 2 that is medially expanded and anteriorly truncate or emarginate (Fig. 77); T 6 with silvery setae basally (Fig. 79); and the pygidium with parallel striae, some of which reach the apical margin (Fig. 79). Body length 6.8 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE0986AFF392CB048DEC0A1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (7 ♀). THAILAND: Chiang Mai, Omkoi District, Dry dipterocarp forest, 17 ° 50 ′ 49.9 ″ N 98 ° 22 ′ 33.0 ″, 950 – 1010 m alt.: 19. VI. 2017, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); 20. VI. 2017, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); 23. VI. 2017, R. Mizuno (2 ♀ EUM); Sisaket, 60 km W Ubon Ratchathani, 100 m, 13. XII. 1988, Trautner & Geigenmüller (2 ♀ IBSS); Trang, Nam Tok Ton Prew Khao Chong, 135 m, 7 o 32 ' 32 " N 99 o 47 ' 34 " E, 6. II. 2005, D. Yanega (1 ♀ UCRC).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE0986AFF392CB048DEC0A1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Myanmar, Thailand * (Chiang Mai, Sisaket, Trang).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE0986AFF392CB048DEC0A1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In Lelej’s (1995 a) review, this keys out to N. tenasserimica (Magretti, 1892). In 2005, however, Lelej determined that Mutilla tenasserimica was a different species that rather belonged to Smicromyrme. The specimen we examined accords with Magretti’s (1892) description of Mutilla conjungenda, which was transferred to Nemka by Lelej (2005).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE09869FF3928624829C6F4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This genus is separated from the other Smicromyrmini by having the lengths of F 1 and F 2 subequal, the mesosoma parallel-sided or posteriorly widened, the scutellar scale obliterated, and T 6 completely lacking a defined pygidium. MALE. See Lelej (2005). Diversity and Distribution. Five species are recognized from India and Sri Lanka (Lelej 2005). The new species described below is the first record of this genus in the eastern Oriental region.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE09869FF3928624829C6F4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus is similar to Promecilla André, 1902, but has the mesosoma more robust and has F 1 and F 2 short and subequal in length. The species described below is the first one to be recognized from the eastern Oriental region.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE39869FF392E2E4C35C01C.taxon	description	(Figs 10, 56 – 58)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE39869FF392E2E4C35C01C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species has the head and metasoma black, without any metallic hue; the mesosoma parallel-sided and having a dark streak on the posterior face; T 2 disc with a well-defined white setal patch basomedially; and T 3 entirely clothed with white setae. Body length 3 – 4.5 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE39869FF392E2E4C35C01C.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 4.5 mm. Coloration. Head black, except antennal tubercle, mandible, scape, and pedicel largely orange-brown. Mesosoma, coxae, and femoral bases orange-brown, except mesopleuron, posterior propodeal face, femoral apices, tibiae, and tarsi brown to black. Metasoma black, except S 1 reddened and T 2 – 3 yellow-brown beneath white setal markings. Body setae generally sparse and silvery, except vertex and mesosomal dorsum with scattered silver and erect blackish setae; T 2 disc, T 4, and T 5 setae dense black; and T 2 basomedial spot, T 2 apex, T 3 entirely, and T 6 basal tuft with dense whitish silver setae. Head. Width behind eye 1.1 × mesosoma width. Frons, vertex, and gena punctures dense to confluent. Mandible apex tridentate. Clypeus with transverse truncate lamella; basomedial portion convex, densely punctate, with obscure longitudinal carina basally. Antennal scrobe with dorsal carina. Antennal tubercle smooth. Genal carina obscure, forming raised tooth with hypostomal carina. F 1 1.4 × pedicel length, F 2 1.4 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Length 1.1 × width. Dorsum of mesosoma with coarse confluent punctures. Side of mesosoma with scattered micropunctures with short setae, ventral portion of meso- and metapleuron weakly transverse striate, posterior portion of propodeal side with obscure reticulations. Mesopleural lamella absent. Humeral carina distinct, arcuate. Ratio of width of humeral angle, anterior spiracle, narrowest point of mesonotum, propodeal spiracle, and widest point of propodeum 55: 58: 54: 57: 57. Scutellar scale obliterated. Posterior propodeal face reticulate. Lateral and posterior propodeal faces separated by interrupted wavy carina. Metatibio-tarsal ratio 80: 37: 23: 17: 11: 9. Metasoma. Terga 1 – 5 with small dense punctures, sparser on T 1, confluent on T 2. S 1 with long simple longitudinal carina. T 2 felt line 0.2 × T 2 total length. T 6 convex, mostly smooth. S 6 posterior margin bidentate.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE39869FF392E2E4C35C01C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♀, THAILAND, Songkhla, Hat Yai, Prince of Songkhla University, forest edge, 7.008 o N 100.508 o E, 40 m, 11 – 12. IV. 2017, MKT (CSCA). Paratypes (2 ♀), Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan, Baan Maka Nature Lodge, 12.840 o N 99.590 o E, 140 m, 16. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Songkhla, Hat Yai, Prince of Songkhla University, forest edge, 7.008 o N 100.508 o E, 40 m, 11 – 12. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE39869FF392E2E4C35C01C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand (Phetchaburi, Songkhla)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE39869FF392E2E4C35C01C.taxon	etymology	Etymology. KAW is happy to name this species for co-author and type collector, Rufeah Malee. Treat as a noun in apposition.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE39869FF392E2E4C35C01C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The occurrence of this genus in Thailand is initially surprising, as it was formerly known from India and Sri Lanka only. Other mutillid genera (Eosmicromyrmilla, Kurzenkotilla, Orientilla), however, are diverse and predominantly found in India and Sri Lanka, but have one or two species reaching mainland Southeast Asia.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE39868FF3929014826C6FB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This genus is recognized by having a distinct scutellar scale and having the pygidium sides narrowed basally. In other features, this widespread and diverse genus shows considerable variation. MALE. See Lelej (1995 b). Diversity and Distribution. Roughly 50 species are known, mostly from the Palaearctic, though many of the Afrotropical members of Smicromyrme Thomson, 1870 will likely be transferred to Physetopoda in the future. Physeotopoda thai Lelej, 1995 is the only species known from southeast Asia.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE39868FF3929014826C6FB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The only eastern Oriental species in this genus is P. thai Lelej, 1995. Its color pattern, with four setal spots on T 2, is similar to P. punctata (Latreille, 1792) and some other Palaearctic species. Two species that we treat below in Smicromyrme, S. lochius and S. borkenti, have a similar pygidium to Physetopoda (Figs 82, 85), but have the scutellar scale reduced or obliterated. As yet, no males of Physetopoda are known from Thailand. Discovery of sex associations or molecular phylogenetics will be vital for confirming the genus placement of P. thai, S. lochius, and S. borkenti.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE29868FF392E2E4CE5C09B.taxon	description	(Figs 11, 71 – 76)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE29868FF392E2E4CE5C09B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by its T 2 pattern, which has one basomedial spot, one apicomedial spot, and two apicolateral spots. Other useful diagnostic features include: the clypeus has a basomedial tooth; the vertex has a transverse patch of silver to golden setae; the mesosoma is longer than wide; the scutellar scale is posteriorly rounded and surrounded by scattered tubercles; and the pygidium is smooth. Body length 3.5 – 7.5 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE29868FF392E2E4CE5C09B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (150 ♀). LAOS, Bolikhamsay Province, Ban Phone Kham environs, 200 – 300 m, 18 o 19 ' N 104 o 0 8 ' E, 2317 o 20 ' N 101 o 20 ' E, 23 – 29. V. 2011, M. Brancucci, M. Geiser, D. Hauck, Z. Kraus, A. Phantala, and E. Vongphachan (1 ♀ RHMB). MYANMAR, Northeast, Sadon, 1200 m, 28. VI – 5. VII, Malaise trap (2 ♀ RMNH). THAILAND: Chiang Mai, Rim Pa Huay Tong, 18.542 o N 98.954 o E, 250 m, 10 – 20. VIII. 1997, Malaise trap in field at edge of mixed deciduous forest, S. Sonthichai (1 ♀ EMUS); Krabi, 14 km NNE Krabi, Phnom Bencha Mountain Resort, 8.208 o N 98.937 o E, 80 m, 2. IV. 2017, MKT (5 ♀ CSCA); Loei, Phu Ruea National Park, Rong huay hin gao, 17 o 29.943 ' N 101 o 20.456 ' E, 1184 m, litter sample, 19 – 22. X. 2006, N. Jarochenai, T 627 (1 ♀ QSBG); Nakhon Ratchasima, Sakaerat, env [irons] res [earch] centre, 15. IX. 2001, K. Eguchi (2 ♀ SKYC); Nakhon Si Thammarat, 4.4 km N Hin Tok, Mountainside rubber farm, 8.303 o N 99.849 o E, 7 – 8. IV. 2017, MKT (5 ♀ CSCA); Phatthalung, 2.4 km S Ban Na, Farm, 7.543 o N 99.883 o E, 50 m, 10. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Phetchabun, Nam Nao National Park, Forest Checkpoint, 16 o 43.695 ' N 101 o 33.797 ' E, 921 m, pan traps, 26 – 27. X. 2006, N. Hongyothi, T 1006 (1 ♀ QSBG); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan, Baan Maka Nature Lodge, 12.840 o N 99.590 o E, 140 m: 16. V. 2018, MKT (5 ♀ CSCA); 22 – 23. V. 2018, MKT (10 ♀ CSCA); Sakon Nakhon, Phu Phan National Park, behing Huay Wien Prai Forest Unit, 17 o 0 6.847 ' N 104 o 0 0.302 ' E, 376 m, pan traps, 2 – 3. VIII. 2006, V. Khongnara, T 496 (1 ♀ QSBG); Songkhla, Hat Yai, Prince of Songkhla University, forest edge, 7.008 o N 100.508 o E, 40 m, 11 – 12. IV. 2017, MKT (98 ♀ CSCA EMUS MIUP PSUC QSBG); Surat Thani, Khlong Sok: Khao Sok Jungle Huts, 8.909 o N 99.526 o E, 70 m: 14. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); 25 – 26. V. 2018, MKT (12 ♀ CSCA); Our Jungle House resort, 8.908 o N 99.534 o E, 75 m, 25 – 27. V. 2018, MKT (3 ♀ CSCA); Ubon Ratchathani, Pha Taem National Park, 15 o 31.985 ' N 105 o 35.774 ' E, 155 m, pan traps, 10 – 11. IX. 2006, M. Sai-ngam, T 886 (1 ♀ QSBG).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE29868FF392E2E4CE5C09B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Laos *, Myanmar *, Thailand (Chiang Mai, Krabi, Loei, Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phatthalung, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Sakhon Nakhon, Songkhla, Surat Thani, Ubon Ratchathani).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE29868FF392E2E4CE5C09B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was described based on a single specimen from Chiang Mai; nearly 150 specimens have since been examined, allowing us to discuss intraspecific variation for this interesting species. The mesosoma varies from uniform reddish (Figs 71, 72) to largely infuscated dorsally and posteriorly (Fig. 73). The metasomal setal spots vary from bright golden (Fig. 71) to pale whitish gray (Fig. 72). The shape of the posterior T 2 spot varies from a nearly equilateral triangle (Fig. 72) to broadly obtuse triangle (Fig. 73). There can be a medial setal spot on T 3 (Figs 72, 73) or T 3 can lack such a medial spot (Fig. 71). The body length varies from 3.5 to 7.5 mm.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE29867FF3929894983C78B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. See the key above and Lelej (1995 b). MALE. See Lelej (1985, 1995 b). Diversity and Distribution. There are 27 species recognized (Bischoff 1920; Lelej 2002, 2005), including P. philippinensis Lelej, 2005 (Fig. 12) from the Philippines and nearly half of these occurring in India.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE29867FF3929894983C78B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Some species, like P. decora were formerly included in Sinotilla. In most keys, Promecilla females are separated from Sinotilla because they lack a scutellar scale. This trait can be deceptively difficult to score because the scutellar scale size is variable in genera that do possess a scale (like Sinotilla) and sometimes a confluence of puncture intervals can form an apparent scale in genera that shouldn’t possess one (like Promecilla). In these cases, the best hope for accurate genus assignment is to discover the sex association, as males of Promecilla and Sinotilla differ in antennal and genitalic morphology, and the male of P. decora described by Pagden, clearly belongs to Promecilla. Discovery of new sex associations might lead to changes in the genus assignments proposed in this research, but that will facilitate more accurate genus limits and diagnoses for these wasps.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFED9867FF392EBE4DD8C3B6.taxon	description	(Figs 12, 65 – 67)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFED9867FF392EBE4DD8C3B6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by having the dorsal face of the pronotum with a lateral tooth, T 2 with a basomedial whitish spot, having the sculpture of T 2 with dense small punctures, and the metasoma dark metallic blue. Body length 4 – 7 mm. MALE. See Pagden (1949).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFED9867FF392EBE4DD8C3B6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (9 ♀). MALAYSIA, Kelantan, 12 km E border Kelantan-Perak, 24. VII. 1992, C. W. and L. B. O’Brien (1 ♀ CASC). THAILAND: Krabi, 14 km NNE Krabi, Phnom Bencha Mountain Resort, 8.208 o N 98.937 o E, 80 m, 2. IV. 2017, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA); Nakhon Si Thammarat, 4.4 km N Hin Tok, Mountainside rubber farm, 8.303 o N 99.849 o E, 7. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Phatthalung, 2.4 km S Ban Na, Farm, 7.543 o N 99.883 o E, 50 m, 5. IV. 2017, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA QSBG); Phetchabun, Khao Kho National Park, 16 o 39.549 ' N 101 o 0 8.198 ' E, 168 m, 9 - 10. I. 2007, pan trap, S. Chachumnan and S. Singtong, T 1387 (1 ♀ QSBG); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan, Baan Maka Nature Lodge, 12.840 o N 99.590 o E, 140 m, 22 – 23. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Surat Thani, Khlong Sok, Khao Sok Jungle Huts, 8.909 o N 99.526 o E, 70 m, 14. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFED9867FF392EBE4DD8C3B6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Yunnan), Thailand (Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phatthalung, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, and Surat Thani), Myanmar, Malaysia (Kelantan, Pulau Pinang, Kuala Lumpur), and Indonesia (Java).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFED9867FF392EBE4DD8C3B6.taxon	biology_ecology	Host. Reared from nests of a widely distributed, mud-daubing solitary wasp Pison argentatum Shuckard, 1838 (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) (Pagden 1934 b), which is also known as a hunter of both web-building and non-webbuilding spiders of Salticidae, Araneidae, Lycosidae and Oxyopidae (Starr 2004). Pagden (1934 b) mentioned that this species probably attacks other species of Pison as well.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFED9867FF392EBE4DD8C3B6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The metallic blue metasomal color is less distinct than in Sinotilla cyaneiventris. The evenly convex T 2 with smaller and finer punctures is useful for separating this species from S. belokobylskiji.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFED9867FF39296C48D5C181.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This genus can be recognized by having the mesosoma with a scutellar scale and T 6 convex without any trace of a defined pygidium. Other useful features are discussed by Okayasu (2017). MALE. See Lelej (1995 b). Diversity and Distribution. This genus includes 21 species in the eastern Oriental region (Okayasu 2017, Okayasu et al. 2018).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFED9867FF39296C48D5C181.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The females of this genus were recently reviewed by Okayasu (2017). The species treated here, including two newly recorded from Thailand, were identified using his keys. In minor features, they differ from other specimens of those taxa. Comparison of larger series or discovery of the males could necessitate that these be described as new species.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEC9866FF392FFA4D14C536.taxon	description	(Figs 59 – 61)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEC9866FF392FFA4D14C536.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species has a distinct scutellar scale, T 2 medially depressed with large coarse confluent punctures, T 2 with a large spot of dense whitish setae medially, S 2 – 3 with bands of whitish setae, and the metasoma black. Body length 4.5 – 11 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEC9866FF392FFA4D14C536.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype, ♀, VIETNAM, Vinh Phu, Tam Dao, 1000 m, forest, 10. XI. 1990, S. Belokobylskij (ZISP). Other Material (7 ♀). THAILAND: Chiang Mai, Omkoi District, Dry dipterocarp forest, 17 ° 50 ' 49.9 " N 98 ° 22 ' 33.0 ", 950 – 1010 m alt., 12. IX. 2016, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); 14. XII. 2016, R. Mizuno (2 ♀ EUM); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan, Baan Maka Nature Lodge, 12.840 o N 99.590 o E, 140 m: 16. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); 22 – 23. V. 2018, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA); Songkhla, Hat Yai, Prince of Songkhla University, forest edge, 7.008 o N 100.508 o E, 40 m, 11 – 12. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEC9866FF392FFA4D14C536.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand * (Chiang Mai, Phetchaburi, Songkhla) and Vietnam.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEC9866FF392FFA4D14C536.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type of S. belokobylskiji from Vietnam is diagnosed as having a rather broad scutellar scale (Lelej 1995; Okayasu 2017), unlike the specimens treated here. In other species, however, like Mickelomyrme athalia, scutellar scale width seems to vary intraspecifically. We hypothesize that the specimens listed above belong to S. belokobylskiji, but future analyses may recognize them as a distinct species.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEC9866FF392CEF4B22C00D.taxon	description	(Figs 13, 62 – 64)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEC9866FF392CEF4B22C00D.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species has the length of F 1 subequal to F 2; T 1 orange-brown without a whitish band; T 2 without a basal spot of whitish setae, and the metasoma bright metallic purple. Body length 4 mm. MALE. See Chen (1957).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEC9866FF392CEF4B22C00D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (2 ♀). THAILAND, Kanchanaburi, Thong Pha Phum, Vimarndin farm stay, 14.655 o N 98.521 o E, 200 m, 17 – 20. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Phetchabun, Khao Kho National Park, Thanthip waterfall, 16 o 39.087 ' N 101 o 0 7.777 ' E, 210 m, 5 – 12. IX. 2006, Malaise trap, S. Chachumnan and S. Singtong, T 589 (1 ♀ QSBG).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEC9866FF392CEF4B22C00D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Hebei, Shanxi, Neimenggu, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Yunnan) and Thailand * (Kanchanaburi, Phetchabun).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEC9866FF392CEF4B22C00D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is widespread in China; the lone specimen we collected in Kanchanaburi represents the new southernmost distribution record.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEF9865FF392EBE4824C259.taxon	description	(Figs 14, 101 – 103)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEF9865FF392EBE4824C259.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species has the head and metasoma black, the mesosoma and legs orange-brown, the mandible apparently unidentate, the scutellar scale distinct and surrounded by scattered tubercles, a single basomedial spot the T 2 disc, T 2 apically and T 3 entirely each with a dense white setal band, and the pygidium elongate trapezoidal with striae in the basal half. Body length 5.5 – 8.5 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEF9865FF392EBE4824C259.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (2 ♀). THAILAND: Satun, 30 km NE Satun, Thaleban N. P., 200 m, 6 o 41 ' N 100 o 11 ' E, 26. VII. 1986, R. Hensen (1 ♀ RMNH); Trang, Na Yong District, Peninsular Botanic Garden (Khao Chong), 26. III. 2005, T. Kurihara (1 ♀ EUM).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEF9865FF392EBE4824C259.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Malaysia (Pulau Pinang, Sarawak) and Thailand * (Satun, Trang).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEF9865FF392EBE4824C259.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The pygidium of this species is elongate trapezoidal, with the basal margins converging basally, which is a primary diagnostic feature of Physetopoda. This species has a smaller scutellar scale and longer mesosoma than typical Palaearctic Physetopoda. No males of that genus, however, have been found in Malaysia. Therefore, we maintain the status of this taxon within Smicromyrme, but anticipate that this could change with additional data.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEF9864FF392BCA4AFDC7FB.taxon	description	(Figs 104 – 106)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEF9864FF392BCA4AFDC7FB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species has unique coloration in Southeast Asia, wherein the mesosoma is black except for the orange-brown dorsal face. The head is entirely black, the legs are entirely orange, the metasoma is mostly black with a single basomedial spot on the T 2 disc. The scutellar scale is broadly arcuate and the pygidium is elongate oval with sparse striae and the apex smooth. Body length 3.4 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEF9864FF392BCA4AFDC7FB.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 3.4 mm. Coloration. Head black-brown, except frons, mandible, clypeus, and antenna largely orange-brown. Mesosoma black-brown, except dorsum orange-brown and legs pale orange. Metasoma black, except T 1, S 1, T 2 apically, T 3, and S 2 – 6 red-brown to yellow-brown. Body setae generally sparse and silvery, except vertex, mesosomal dorsum, T 2, and T 4 – 5 with blackish setae; and T 1 apex, T 2 basomedial spot, T 2 apex, T 3 entirely, and T 6 basolaterally with dense whitish silver setae. Head. Width behind eye 0.95 × mesosoma width. Frons, vertex, and gena with separated punctures. Mandible apex obscurely tridentate. Clypeus with narrow transverse medially-emarginate lamella; basomedial portion with carinae forming acute triangle. Antennal scrobe without dorsal carina. Antennal tubercle smooth. Genal carina obliterated. F 1 1.2 × pedicel length, F 2 1.2 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Length 0.95 × width. Dorsum of mesosoma with coarse confluent punctures. Side of mesosoma with scattered moderate punctures with long setae, interspaces mostly smooth, propodeal side with distinct reticulations posteriorly. Mesopleural lamella absent. Humeral carina simple, rounded dorsally. Ratio of width of humeral angle, anterior spiracle, narrowest point of mesonotum, propodeal spiracle, and midpoint of propodeum 42: 46: 45: 46: 45. Scutellar scale transverse arculate, ~ 9 punctures wide, with transverse wavy carina anterior and posterior to scale. Posterior propodeal face reticulate. Lateral and posterior propodeal faces not separated by carina. Metatibio-tarsal ratio 45: 25: 18: 15: 12: 9. Metasoma. Terga 1 – 5 with small separated punctures, sparser on T 1. S 1 with simple longitudinal carina. T 2 felt line 0.4 × T 2 total length. T 6 with long ovate pygidium; with parallel striae (16 at widest point), posterior quarter smooth. S 6 posterior margin bidentate.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEF9864FF392BCA4AFDC7FB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♀, THAILAND, Kanchanaburi, Mueang Kanchanaburi, Phalad waterfall, 14.24 o N 99.34 o E, 180 m, 21. V. 2018, MKT (CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEF9864FF392BCA4AFDC7FB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Known only from the type locality in Thailand (Kanchanaburi).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEF9864FF392BCA4AFDC7FB.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named after the Sun Bear, Helarctos malayanus (Raffles, 1821), one of two bear species native to Southeast Asia, and for all the other bears around the World. Treat as a noun in apposition.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEF9864FF392BCA4AFDC7FB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. With its broad scutellar scale and pygidium shape and sculpture, this species is structurally similar to Mickelomyrme. We treat it as a member of Smicromyrme because T 2 has only one medial setal spot. Discovery of the male could provide greater confidence in the genus placement.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEE9864FF392D294AC3C138.taxon	description	(Figs 98 – 100)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEE9864FF392D294AC3C138.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: the mandible is narrow tridentate, the mesosoma lacks a scutellar scale, and the pygidium is elongate trapezoidal. Body length 4.5 – 7 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEE9864FF392D294AC3C138.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 6.6 mm. Coloration. Head black, except antennal tubercle, mandible, scape, and pedicel largely orange-brown. Mesosoma, coxae, and femoral bases orange-brown, femoral apices, tibiae, and tarsi brown to black. Metasoma reddish black, except T 2 apex yellow-brown. Body setae generally sparse and silvery, except vertex and mesosomal dorsum with scattered silver to golden and erect blackish setae; T 2 disc, T 4, and T 5 setae dense black; and T 2 basomedial spot, T 2 apex, T 3 entirely, and T 6 basal tuft with dense whitish silver setae. Head. Width behind eye 0.9 × mesosoma width. Frons, vertex, and gena punctures confluent. Mandible apex narrow tridentate. Clypeus with transverse medially emarginate lamella; basomedial portion with sharp narrow tubercle. Antennal scrobe with arcuate dorsal carina extending nearly to mandible base. Antennal tubercle smooth. Genal carina distinct, forming tooth at hypostomal carina junction. F 1 1.7 × pedicel length, F 2 1.5 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Length 1.2 × width. Dorsum of mesosoma with coarse confluent punctures. Side of mesosoma with scattered micropunctures with dense short setae. Mesopleural lamella absent. Humeral carina distinct. Ratio of width of humeral angle, anterior spiracle, narrowest point of mesonotum, propodeal spiracle, and midpoint of propodeum 68: 71: 65: 69: 68. Scutellar scale obliterated. Posterior propodeal face reticulate. Lateral and posterior propodeal faces not separated by carina. Metatibio-tarsal ratio 40: 16: 11: 8: 6: 6. Metasoma. T 1 anterior face smooth, posterior with large punctures and dense setae. T 2 – 5 with small dense to confluent punctures. S 1 with simple longitudinal carina. T 2 felt line 0.3 × T 2 total length. T 6 with long sub-trapezoidal pygidium, widest subapically; with 15 striae at midpoint, few reaching posterior margin laterally. S 6 posterior margin bidentate.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEE9864FF392D294AC3C138.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♀, THAILAND, Krabi, 14 km NNE Krabi, Phnom Bencha Mountain Resort, 8.208 o N 98.937 o E, 80 m: 2. IV. 2017, MKT (CSCA). Paratypes (8 ♀), THAILAND: Krabi, 14 km NNE Krabi, Phnom Bencha Mountain Resort, 8.208 o N 98.937 o E, 80 m, 3. IV. 2017, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA); Nakhon Si Thammarat, 4.4 km N Hin Tok, Mountainside rubber farm, 8.303 o N 99.849 o E, 7 – 8. IV. 2017, MKT (5 ♀ CSCA QSBG); Trang, Trang, 50 m, 7 o 33 ' N 99 o 36 ' E, 27. VII. 1986, R. Hensen (1 ♀ RMNH).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEE9864FF392D294AC3C138.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand (Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Trang).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEE9864FF392D294AC3C138.taxon	etymology	Etymology. KAW is happy to name this species for dipterist coauthor Chris Borkent, who organized the expeditions and helped to collect many of the mutillid specimens treated here.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEE9864FF392D294AC3C138.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In having a defined pygidium and lacking a scutellar scale, this species could arguably be placed in Andreimyrme. The mandible, however, is more slender than Andreimyrme and males of that genus have not been found in southern Thailand. We therefore prefer to treat this species as Smicromyrme until additional data are available. The pygidium of this species is similar to that of S. lochius.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE99863FF392FFA49B5C523.taxon	description	(Figs 107 – 110)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE99863FF392FFA49B5C523.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species the mesosoma longer than broad; the scutellar scale distinct and surrounded by scattered tubercles; the T 2 disc with three spots, the lateral spots disposed posterior to the medial spot; the T 2 apex with a white to golden medially expanded band; T 3 with the setae entirely white to golden; T 4 – 5 with the setae mostly black; and the pygidium elongate ovate with moderately-spaced striae and the apex smooth. Body length 4 – 5.5 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE99863FF392FFA49B5C523.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (9 ♀). THAILAND: Chiang Mai: Road 1013, km 34, 1. VI. 1999, C. W. and L. B. O’Brien (1 ♀ CASC); Omkoi District, Dry dipterocarp forest, 17 ° 50 ′ 49.9 ″ N 98 ° 22 ′ 33.0 ″, 950 – 1010 m alt.: 24. IX. 2016, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); 20. VI. 2017, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); Kanchanaburi, Thong Pha Phum, Vimarndin farm stay, 14.655 o N 98.521 o E, 200 m, 17 – 20. V. 2018, MKT (6 ♀ CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE99863FF392FFA49B5C523.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Fujian, Jiangxi, Taiwan), Laos, Thailand * (Chiang Mai, Kanchanaburi), and Vietnam (North).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE99863FF392FFA49B5C523.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Okayasu (2018) synonymized the subspecies S. t. latisquamula Chen, 1957 with the nominotypical form.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE99862FF392CE14C11C7DF.taxon	description	(Figs 111 – 114)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE99862FF392CE14C11C7DF.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species the mesosoma longer than broad; the scutellar scale distinct and surrounded by scattered tubercles; the T 2 disc with three spots, the lateral spots disposed posterior to the medial spot; the T 2 apex with a white to golden medially expanded band; T 3 with the setae entirely white to golden; T 4 – 5 with the setae mostly black; and the pygidium elongate ovate with many dense striae that reach the apex. Body length 6 – 8.5 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE99862FF392CE14C11C7DF.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 7.3 mm. Coloration. Head black, except mandible and scape largely orange-brown. Mesosoma, coxae, and femoral bases orange-brown, except mesopleuron, posterior propodeal face, femoral apices, tibiae, and tarsi brown to black. Metasoma black, except S 1 reddened and T 2 – 3 yellow-brown beneath white setal markings. Body setae generally sparse and pale golden, except frons, vertex, and mesosomal dorsum with scattered silver and erect blackish setae; T 2 disc, T 4, and T 5 setae dense black; and vertex posteriorly, T 2 basomedial and lateral circular spots, T 2 apex, T 3 entirely, and T 6 lateral tuft with dense pale golden setae. Head. Width behind eye subequal to mesosoma width. Frons, vertex, and gena punctures tightly confluent. Mandible apex apparently unidentate. Clypeus with obscure transverse carina; basomedial portion with sharp flat tubercle. Antennal scrobe with distinct dorsal carina. Antennal tubercle smooth. Genal carina obscure, not reaching hypostomal carina. F 1 2.0 × pedicel length, F 2 1.6 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Length 1.25 × width. Dorsum of mesosoma with small coarse confluent punctures. Side of mesosoma with scattered micropunctures with short setae. Mesopleural lamella a simple carina. Humeral carina distinct. Ratio of width of humeral angle, anterior spiracle, narrowest point of mesonotum, propodeal spiracle, and widest point of propodeum 86: 89: 80: 85: 90. Scutellar scale trunctate, ~ 4 punctures wide, surrounded by scattered tubercles. Posterior propodeal face reticulate with many interspaces obliterated and corners raised to tubercles. Lateral and posterior propodeal faces not separated by carina. Metatibio-tarsal ratio 70: 40: 23: 15: 13: 13. Metasoma. Terga 1 – 5 with small dense to confluent punctures, sparser on T 1. S 1 with simple longitudinal carina. T 2 felt line 0.55 × T 2 total length. T 6 with long ovate pygidium; with parallel striae (~ 25 at midpoint) mostly reaching apex. S 6 posterior margin bidentate.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE99862FF392CE14C11C7DF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♀, THAILAND, Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan, Baan Maka Nature Lodge, 12.840 o N 99.590 o E, 140 m, 22. V. 2018, MKT (CSCA). Paratypes (12 ♀), THAILAND: Chiang Mai: Doi Suthep, 1000 m, 18 o 48 ' N 98 o 55 ' E, 5. VII. 1986, R. Hensen (1 ♀ RMNH); Doi Suthep Pui National Park, 4. VII. 1981, G. Gordh (1 ♀ UCRC); Kanchanaburi, Thong Pha Phum, Vimarndin farm stay, 14.655 o N 98.521 o E, 200 m, 17 – 20. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Krabi, 14 km NNE Krabi, Phnom Bencha Mountain Resort, 8.208 o N 98.937 o E, 80 m, 2. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan, Baan Maka Nature Lodge, 12.840 o N 99.590 o E, 140 m: 16. V. 2018, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA); 22 – 23. V. 2018, MKT (6 ♀ CSCA PSUC QSBG).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE99862FF392CE14C11C7DF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand (Chiang Mai, Kanchanaburi, Krabi, Phetchaburi).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE99862FF392CE14C11C7DF.taxon	etymology	Etymology. KAW is happy to name this species for his co-author and friend, Narit Thaochan, who collected some of the paratypes and made these expeditions possible with his translating and planning.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE99862FF392CE14C11C7DF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is larger and has tighter coarser punctures than S. triguttatus. This is especially apparent in the pygidium, which is densely striate (Fig. 113 vs. Fig. 109). The setal markings of the vertex and metasoma (Fig. 111) are also denser than those seen in S. triguttatus (Fig. 107). This species has frequently been misidentified as S. triguttatus and additional specimens are likely to be found in museum series of that species.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE89862FF392DD64D33C25B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. Immediately recognizable by the large red-brown head, small eyes, laterally swollen mesonotum, and dense elongate setae covering the body. See Lelej and Krombein (1999) for additional traits. MALE. Unknown. Diversity and Distribution. One species from northern Thailand.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE89862FF392DD64D33C25B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Cockerellidia sohmi (Cockerell, 1928) (Fig. 15) is known only from the unique type collected in an uncertain locality of northern Thailand: “ Siam near Mecatin ”. It is similar to the following genus, Karlidia Lelej in Lelej & Krombein, 1999, which was described in the same publication. The most recent phylogenetic reconstruction (Brothers & Lelej 2017) indicates that Cockerellidia and Karlidia belong to the subtribe Ephutina of the tribe Mutillini in subfamily Mutillinae, rather than Sphaeropthalminae. The unknown males of these genera are likely to be confused with Odontomutilla Ashmead, 1899 or Yamanetilla Lelej, 1996.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE89862FF392BC948F5C026.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. Immediately recognizable by the small black head, moderate eyes, laterally swollen mesonotum, and dense elongate setae covering the body. See Lelej and Krombein (1999) for additional traits. MALE. Unknown. Diversity and Distribution. One species from northern Thailand and Myanmar *.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE89862FF392BC948F5C026.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Karlidia peterseni Lelej in Lelej & Krombein, 1999 (Fig. 16) was described from nearly 30 specimens collected in October 1979 in the Doi Suther-Pui National Park in Chiang Mai, Thailand. We have subsequently examined one additional female from the Doi Suther-Pui park collected in March 1958 (BPBM) and 16 ♀ from the Kayin State of Myanmar [Tenasserim, Sukli, 75 km E of Moulmein, 600 m, 27 – 31. X. 1934, Malaise trap (FSCA, RMNH)].	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE89861FF3929114B78C6D8.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. In the Oriental region, females of Odontomutilla can be recognized by having the mesonotum laterally expanded, having T 1 broadly disciform, having short and simple body setae, and having the T 2 felt line forming an ovate densely-setose pit. MALE. Oriental males of Odontomutilla can be recognized by having the mesoscutellum bidentate posteriorly, the propodeum postero-lateral angle angulate or dentate, and T 1 broadly disciform. Both sexes of Odontomutilla are larger-bodied (8 – 18 mm) than the structurally similar Yamanetilla (6 – 9 mm). Diversity and Distribution. Over 100 species are recognized in this genus, occurring in the Afrotropical, Oriental, and Australasian regions (Bischoff 1920, Krombein 1971, Lelej 2005).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFE89861FF3929114B78C6D8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Two species of Odontomutilla have been recorded from Thailand: O. cordigera (Sichel & Radoszkowski, 1869) and O. uranioides Mickel, 1933 (Fig. 18), but neither is known from southern Thailand (Lelej 2005, Okayasu et al. 2018).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEB9861FF392CEB4C1DC274.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. In the Oriental region, this genus is unique in having the mesosomal sides parallel, T 1 broad, and the T 2 disc marked with two setal spots. See Lelej (2005) for additional diagnostic features. MALE. Unknown. Diversity and Distribution. Two species from India, one from Afghanistan, and one, K. annamensis Lelej, 2005 (Fig. 17) from Laos, Vietnam, and Thailand (Chiang Mai).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEB9861FF392CEB4C1DC274.taxon	discussion	Remarks. We have seen five Thai specimens of K. annamensis from Chiang Mai Province (EMUS, EUM).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEB9861FF392BAE4B33C0F2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. In the Oriental and eastern Palaearctic regions, this genus is unique in having the mesosomal sides parallel, T 1 broad, and the T 2 disc with uniform black setae. Other diagnostic features include: mandible unarmed ventrally, head usually broader than mesosoma, mesosomal width equal to or narrower than pronotum in dorsal view, and T 6 lacking defined pygidial plate. MALE. In the Oriental region, males can be separated from other Mutillinae by having the mandible unarmed ventrally, the clypeus with a medial projection, the tegula elongate, the mesoscutellum unarmed, T 1 broad, S 7 tuberculate or carinate, and the paramere with a ventral brush of long setae. Diversity and Distribution. Over 60 species are currently placed in the genus Mutilla, mostly from the Afrotropical and Palaearctic regions (Bischoff 1920, Lelej 2002). No females have been found in the southern Oriental region; M. harmandi André, 1898 is the only male found in Thailand.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEB9861FF392BAE4B33C0F2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Females of Mutilla are included in the key to genera above, even though the only southeast Asian species, M. harmandi is known from males only. Because Mutilla are generally large and conspicuous insects, it seems likely that M. harmandi might be eventually associated with a female from a different genus, and subsequently transferred out of Mutilla.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEB9860FF3928EC4DDFC430.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This genus has the procoxa armed with a tooth or smooth tubercle (Fig. 118), the scutellar scale present; the propodeum broader than the pronotum; the T 2 disc with two pale lateral spots; T 3 and T 4 each with pale setal bands; and the pygidium defined, but not striate or entirely rugose. MALE. See Lelej (1996 c). Diversity and Distribution. Four Oriental species are recognized (Lelej 2005, Lelej & van Harten 2006), three are discussed below and one, E. ekka (Nurse, 1902), occurs in India.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEB9860FF3928EC4DDFC430.taxon	discussion	Remarks. By having flattened and setose metacoxae in the male, this genus is similar to Vanhartenidia Lelej in Lelej & van Harten, 2006. In fact, one of the previously recognized Eotrogaspidia species, V. dives (Smith, 1855) was transferred into Vanhartenidia (Lelej & van Harten 2006). An interesting similarity in females of these genera is that the procoxa is armed with a tooth in both genera, although various other trogaspidiine genera have a similar tooth, including Wallacidia and many species within Trogaspidia itself. In males, there are distinct genitalic differences between these genera and in females they can be separated by the coarsely sculpted pygidium of Vanhartenidia that has the lateral carina expanded apically (Lelej & van Harten 2006), while Eotrogaspidia have weaker pygidium sculpture and lateral carina (Figs 117, 121).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEA9860FF392DF24D26C063.taxon	description	(Figs 20, 119 – 121)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEA9860FF392DF24D26C063.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. Eotrogaspidia auroguttata (Smith, 1855) has the procoxa armed with a sharp sub-punctate tubercle; the legs entirely black; well-defined large pale golden setal spots on the T 2 disc; the setal bands of T 3 and T 4 interrupted (Fig. 119); the pygidium ovate with the posterior half smooth and anterior half weakly rugose (Fig. 121). Body length 4.5 – 7.5 mm. MALE. See Chen (1957).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEA9860FF392DF24D26C063.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (22 ♀). INDONESIA, Java: Bandoeng, 700 m, various dates in 1940, J. Olthof (1 ♀ 13 ♂ RMNH); G. Megamendoeng, 700 m, IV – VI. 1936, M. A. Lieftinck (1 ♀ 1 ♂ RMNH); additional localities on Java, mostly handwritten (13 ♀ 12 ♂). THAILAND: Krabi: 12.4 km NNW Krabi, Oil palm farm, 8.193 o N 98.876 o E, 50 m, 29. III. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); 14 km NNE Krabi, Phnom Bencha Mountain Resort, 8.208 o N 98.937 o E, 80 m: 31. III. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); 2. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ 1 ♂ CSCA); Phuket: Patong Beach, 5 – 9. III. 1986, T. and M. Simon Thomas (2 ♀ RMNH); Phuket Island, 50 m, 7 o 47 ' N 98 o 19 ' E, 1. VIII. 1986, R. Hensen (2 ♀ RMNH).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEA9860FF392DF24D26C063.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Hunan, Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Taiwan, Sichuan), Indonesia * (Java), Thailand (Chaiyaphum, Chiang Mai, Kanchanaburi, Krabi, Phuket, Sakhon Nakhon), Vietnam (Dak Lak).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEA9860FF392DF24D26C063.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is one of the most widespread mutillids in the Oriental region, newly recognized from Java and southern Thailand. It can be readily separated from the other eastern Oriental Eotrogaspidia species by the apically smooth pygidium (pygidium microreticulate throughout in E. amans and E. oryzae).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEA985FFF3929A14BF9C289.taxon	description	(Figs 115 – 118)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEA985FFF3929A14BF9C289.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. Eotrogaspidia amans (André, 1909) and E. oryzae (Pagden, 1934) are recognized in the eastern Oriental Region by the sub-convex microreticulate pygidium (Fig. 117). Other useful features include the entirely black legs (except the orange coxae, Fig. 116), the procoxa with a smooth rounded tubercle (Fig. 118), the large size and sparse setae of the spots on the T 2 disc, and the entire pale setal bands of T 3 and T 4 (Fig. 115). Eotrogaspidia oryzae differs from E. amans by having the T 2 spots obscurely defined and the lateral pygidial carinae sub-parallel apically (further explained below). Body length 5 – 7 mm. MALE. See Pagden (1934 a) and Mickel (1935).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEA985FFF3929A14BF9C289.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (5 ♀). THAILAND: Chiang Mai, 18.70 o N 98.78 o E, Mae Wand Dist., Ban Sop Huai Yao, 440 m, 16. VII. 1996, agric. area (1 ♀ EMUS); Khon Kaen, Nampong, 11. X. 1972, M. Sato (1 ♀ EUM); Prachaub Khiri Khan, Khao Sam Roi Yot NP: 102 o 9.02 ' N 99 o 58.30 ' E, Malaise trap, 15 – 22. II. 2009, Yai Amnad, T 4193 (1 ♀ QSBG); 102 o 8.75 ' N 99 o 57.94 ' E, Malaise trap, 17 – 24. V. 2009, Yai Amnad, T 4831 (1 ♀ QSBG). VIETNAM, Hanoi, park, 8. X. 1990, leg. S. Belokobylskij (1 ♀ IBSS).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEA985FFF3929A14BF9C289.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Malaysia (Perak), Thailand * (Chiang Mai, Khon Kaen, Prachaub Khiri Khan), Vietnam * (Hanoi).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFEA985FFF3929A14BF9C289.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pagden (1949) treated E. oryzae as a subspecies of E. amans because he examined the male genitalia and could not find any differences, but he did not mention female traits. Mickel (1935) had separated these females based on the “ distinctness ” of the spots on the T 2 disc, with the spots being described as distinct in E. amans (André, 1909) and obsolete in E. oryzae. In actuality, this trait reflects a difference in the density and orientation of pale setae anterior and lateral to the setal spots. In E. amans from Java and surrounding islands in Indonesia, such pale setae are sparse, and all are erect, making the smooth cuticle easily observed in dorsal view. In E. oryzae from mainland Southeast Asia, these setae are moderately spaced, and most are sub-appressed, obscuring one’s view of the shining cuticle beneath. Further, although the pygidium of these species is similarly weakly defined and microreticulate, the pygidium of E. amans from Java has coarser microreticulationsand the lateral carinae convergent posteriorly, giving a sub-ovate appearance, while that of E. oryzae from mainland southeast Asia has finer microreticulationsthat are sometimes partially obliterated and the lateral pygidial carinae basically parallel-sided, giving the pygidium a sup-pentagonal shape (Fig. 117). Subspecies are generally unnecessary in modern taxonomy; although these structural differences are difficult to define, and few specimens were available, we hypothesize that they do serve to differentiate the mainland E. oryzae from the Indonesian E. amans and therefore revise E. oryzae to the species level.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD5985FFF392BBA498AC0E4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This genus can be separated from other Oriental mutillids by the following combination of characters: propodeum narrower than or as broad as pronotum; scutellar scale distinct; T 2 disc with two laterally disposed white to golden setal spots; T 2 apex with narrow band of appressed white to golden setae; pygidium defined by lateral carinae and usually entirely smooth. The pygidium of Krombeinidia is usually narrower and more convex than Petersenidia. MALE. See Lelej (1996 c). Diversity and Distribution. This genus includes 24 species and is widespread in the Oriental region (Lelej 2005).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD5985FFF392BBA498AC0E4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is the most diverse genus of the former tribe Petersenidiini (Trogaspidiini with males having symmetrical penis valves) in Southeast Asia with Krombeinidia meeungensis (Cockerell, 1928) being the only described species known from Thailand. The females are difficult to separate from Petersenidia, although the males can be reliably separated with genitalic features. Because the species described below are known from females only, molecular data or sex associations may eventually provide evidence to transfer them into different genera.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD5985EFF3928594C17C08C.taxon	description	(Figs 125 – 127)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD5985EFF3928594C17C08C.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. The following combination of characters is diagnostic: pronotum broader than propodeum, mesosoma uniformly orange, legs partly orange, metasoma entirely black, T 2 sculpture coarse, T 2 disc spots moderately large and separated by less than spot diameter; pale golden T 2 and T 3 bands interrupted or subinterrupted by black or brown setae, and pygidium smooth. Body length 5.4 – 6.2 mm. MALE. Unknown. Extended diagnosis. FEMALE. Body length 5.4 mm. Coloration. Head black, except antennal tubercle, mandible, and scape partly red-brown. Mesosoma, coxae, and femoral bases orange-brown, femoral apices, tibiae, and tarsi blackish. Metasoma black, except T 1, S 1, and T 6 dark red-brown, T 2 and T 3 apex obscure yellow-brown beneath white setal bands. Body setae generally sparse and silvery, except frons and mesosomal dorsum with erect mostly blackish setae; T 2 disc, T 4, and T 5 setae dense black; and vertex, T 2 disc lateral spots, T 2 apical band, T 3 entirely, and T 6 basal tuft with dense pale golden setae; T 2 lateral spot diameter 1.2 × distance between spots; T 2 apical band interrupted medially with black setae and T 3 band sub-interrupted with sparse brown setae. Head. Width behind eye 1.1 × mesosoma width. Frons, vertex, and gena punctures coarse confluent. Mandible apex narrow apparently unidentate. Clypeus apically bidentate; basomedial portion with sharp narrow tubercle. Antennal scrobe with arcuate dorsal carina and straight lateral carina. Antennal tubercle with fine punctures and transverse ridges. Genal carina distinct, forming small tooth at hypostomal carina and merging posteriorly with occipital carina. F 1 2.1 × pedicel length, F 2 1.6 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Length 1.1 × width. Dorsum of mesosoma with coarse confluent punctures; lateral tooth separating dorsal and lateral pronotal faces, weak carina separating dorsal and lateral faces of mesonotum. Side of mesosoma with dense micropunctures and short setae. Mesopleural lamella an obscure interrupted carina. Humeral carina simple, sharp dorsally. Ratio of width of humeral angle, anterior spiracle, narrowest point of mesonotum, propodeal spiracle, and midpoint of propodeum 45: 49: 39: 42: 43. Scutellar scale sub-truncate posteriorly, ~ 3 punctures wide, surrounded by scattered tubercles. Posterior propodeal face reticulate with some interspaces reduced, forming apparent striae and tubercles. Lateral and posterior propodeal faces separated by row of weak teeth. Metatibio-tarsal ratio 60: 25: 18: 13: 10: 10. Metasoma. T 1 anterior face with separated punctures, posterior with confluent punctures. T 2 disc with coarse separated ovate pits, interspaces densely micropunctate and setose; with obscure transverse arcuate depression in apical half. T 3 – 5 and S 3 – 5 with small dense punctures. S 1 with longitudinal lamella, highest posteriorly. S 2 with dense coarse punctures, interspaces smooth. T 2 felt line 0.2 × T 2 total length. T 6 with long sub-ovate pygidium, widest subapically with lateral carina obliterated in posterior third; smooth throughout. S 6 posterior margin bidentate.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD5985EFF3928594C17C08C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (6 ♀). THAILAND: Chiang Mai, Omkoi District, Dry dipterocarp forest, 17 ° 50 ′ 49.9 ″ N 98 ° 22 ′ 33.0 ″, 950 – 1010 m alt., 21. VI. 2017, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); Kanchanaburi: Khuean Srinagarindra National Park, 14 o 29.97 ' N 98 o 53.05 ' E, Malaise trap, 9 – 16. IV. 2009, Boonam and Phumarin, T 4793 (1 ♀ QSBG); Thong Pha Phum, Vimarndin farm stay, 14.655 o N 98.521 o E, 200 m, 17 – 20. V. 2018, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA); Nakon Ratchasima, Sakaerat lowland, forest, 9 – 10. VII. 1999, Sk. Yamane (2 ♀ SKYC); Phatthalung, 2.4 km S Ban Na, Farm, 7.543 o N 99.883 o E, 50 m, 10. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD5985EFF3928594C17C08C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand (Chiang Mai, Nan, Kanchanaburi, Nakon Ratchasima, Phatthalung).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD5985EFF3928594C17C08C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In sculpture and overall body shape this species is similar to K. baanmaka. This species, described by Cockerell (1928), has not been included in any keys. In Chen’s (1957) key, this species terminates at couplet 8 of the Smicromyrme key, because the apical T 2 band is interrupted and the S 1 carina is medially notched once. In Mickel’s (1935) key, it keys to Petersenidia psecas (Mickel, 1935), which is known only from Borneo and lacks the apical setal band of T 2. The identification of K. meeungensis was possible after examination of three females from South China (Yunnan); two of them were identified by late B. Petersen who studied the type of Cockerell.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD4985DFF3929B14D54C33F.taxon	description	(Figs 128 – 130)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD4985DFF3929B14D54C33F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. Having the first and third metasomal segments bright orange and having the pygidium shagreened are apparently unique among Krombeinidia species. Other diagnostic features include: pronotum as broad as propodeum, legs black, T 2 sculpture weak, T 2 disc spots moderate and separated by slightly more than spot diameter, pale golden T 2 band narrow and interrupted, and pale golden T 3 band entire. Body length 5.6 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD4985DFF3929B14D54C33F.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 5.6 mm. Coloration. Head black, except mandible with orange patch. Mesosoma, meso-, and metacoxae orange, remainder of legs black. Metasoma black, except T 1, S 1, T 3, and S 3 orange. Body setae generally sparse and silvery, except frons and mesosomal dorsum with erect blackish setae; T 1 apex, T 2 disc, T 4, and T 5 setae dense black; and T 2 disc lateral spots, T 2 apical band, T 3 entirely, and T 6 basal tuft with dense pale golden setae; T 2 lateral spot diameter 0.9 × distance between spots; T 2 apical band interrupted medially with black setae and T 3 band entire. Head. Width behind eye 1.1 × mesosoma width. Frons and vertex punctures coarse confluent; gena punctures coarse, separated, with interspaces dense micropunctate. Mandible apex bidentate, inner tooth large. Clypeus apically with medially-interrupted laterally-downcurved transverse lamella; basomedial portion with broad flat tubercle. Antennal scrobe with arcuate dorsal carina and straight lateral carina. Antennal tubercle with punctures and few transverse ridges. Genal carina distinct and connected posteriorly with occipital carina, obliterated anteriorly. F 1 2.4 × pedicel length, F 2 1.3 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Length 1.1 × width. Dorsum of mesosoma with coarse confluent punctures; weak interrupted carina separating dorsal and lateral faces of pronotum and mesonotum. Side of mesosoma with dense micropunctures and short setae. Mesopleural lamella an obscure carina. Humeral carina simple. Ratio of width of humeral angle, anterior spiracle, narrowest point of mesonotum, propodeal spiracle, and midpoint of propodeum 50: 54: 44: 50: 49. Scutellar scale rounded posteriorly, ~ 2 punctures wide, surrounded by few interconnected tubercles. Posterior propodeal face reticulate with some interspaces reduced, forming apparent striae and short tubercles. Lateral and posterior propodeal faces separated by row of teeth. Metatibio-tarsal ratio 50: 20: 13: 10: 8: 9. Metasoma. T 1 anterior face with separated punctures, posterior with confluent punctures. T 2 disc with separated moderate shallow punctures, interspaces densely micropunctate and setose; with obscure transverse arcuate depression in apical half. T 3 – 5 and S 3 – 5 with small dense punctures. S 1 with blunt anterior tubercle separated from posterior short longitudinal lamella. S 2 with separated shallow punctures, interspaces micropunctate and microsetose. T 2 felt line 0.4 × T 2 total length. T 6 with long sub-ovate pygidium, widest sub-apically with lateral carina obliterated in posterior half; shagreened to microreticulate throughout. S 6 posterior margin bidentate.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD4985DFF3929B14D54C33F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♀, THAILAND, Kanchanaburi, Thong Pha Phum, Vimarndin farm stay, 14.655 o N 98.521 o E, 200 m, 17 – 20. V. 2018, MKT (CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD4985DFF3929B14D54C33F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand (Kanchanaburi).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD4985DFF3929B14D54C33F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Latin agricola, “ farmer ”, in reference to the type locality, the Vimarndin organic farm.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD4985DFF3929B14D54C33F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In Chen’s (1957) key, this species terminates at couplet 12 of the Smicromyrme key, because it has a posterior setal band on T 2 but has the S 1 carina interrupted. In Mickel’s (1935) key, it terminates at couplet 13 of the Timulla (Trogaspidia) key in having the T 2 apical band interrupted and the T 3 cuticle orange. In having T 3 with orange cuticle and the pygidium shagreened, this species differs from other known Krombeinidia. Molecular studies or discovery of the male might change the genus placement of this species.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD7985CFF392AE44C6BC5A2.taxon	description	(Figs 131 – 133)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD7985CFF392AE44C6BC5A2.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. The following combination of characters is diagnostic: mesosoma uniform orange-brown, pronotum as broad as propodeum, legs black, metasoma entirely black, T 2 sculpture weak, T 2 disc spots large and separated by less than spot diameter, pale golden T 2 band broad and bilobed, pale golden T 3 band entire, and pygidium smooth. Body length 5.4 – 5.8 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD7985CFF392AE44C6BC5A2.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 5.1 mm. Coloration. Head black, except antennal tubercle, clypeus, and mandible partly red-brown. Mesosoma and coxae orange, posterior propodeal face and remainder of legs blackened. Metasoma black, except T 1 basally dark red and S 1 orange. Body setae generally sparse and silvery, except frons and mesosomal dorsum with interspersed erect silvery and blackish setae; T 2 disc, T 4, and T 5 setae dense black; and vertex, T 1 apex, T 2 disc lateral spots, T 2 apical band, T 3 entirely, and T 6 basal tuft with dense pale golden setae; T 2 lateral spot diameter 1.2 × distance between spots; T 2 apical band broadly bilobed and T 3 band entire. Head. Width behind eye 1.1 × mesosoma width. Frons, vertex, and gena punctures dense to confluent. Mandible apex apparently unidentate. Clypeus apically bidentate, lateral tooth a broad triangular lamella; basomedial portion with robust tubercle. Antennal scrobe with nearly straight dorsal carina and straight lateral carina. Antennal tubercle with sparse punctures and setae. Genal carina weak, obscured by punctures and setae. F 1 2.1 × pedicel length, F 2 1.5 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Length 1.1 × width. Dorsum of mesosoma with coarse confluent punctures; weak interrupted carina separating dorsal and lateral faces of mesonotum. Side of mesosoma with dense micropunctures and short setae. Mesopleural lamella an obscure interrupted carina. Humeral carina simple. Ratio of width of humeral angle, anterior spiracle, narrowest point of mesonotum, propodeal spiracle, and midpoint of propodeum 64: 69: 63: 68: 69. Scutellar scale rounded posteriorly, ~ 3 punctures wide, surrounded by few interconnected tubercles. Posterior propodeal face reticulate with some interspaces reduced, forming short tubercles. Lateral and posterior propodeal faces separated by row of teeth. Metatibio-tarsal ratio 48: 19: 14: 9: 8: 8. Metasoma. T 1 anterior face with separated punctures, posterior with confluent punctures. T 2 disc with separated moderate shallow punctures, interspaces densely micropunctate and setose; evenly convex. S 2 with separated punctures, denser laterally, interspaces smooth to shagreened. T 3 – 5 and S 3 – 5 with small dense punctures. S 1 with longitudinal lamella with raised apparent tooth medially. T 2 felt line 0.3 × T 2 total length. T 6 with long sub-ovate pygidium, widest sub-apically with lateral carina obliterated in posterior third; smooth throughout. S 6 posterior margin bidentate.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD7985CFF392AE44C6BC5A2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♀, THAILAND, Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan, Baan Maka Nature Lodge, 12.840 o N 99.590 o E, 140 m, 16. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA). Paratype (1 female), same locality, 23. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD7985CFF392AE44C6BC5A2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand (Phetchaburi).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD7985CFF392AE44C6BC5A2.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Thai “ ชาง ้, chang ”, elephant, Thailand’s national animal. Treat as a noun in apposition.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD7985CFF392AE44C6BC5A2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In sculpture and body shape, this species is more similar to K. agricola than the other Krombeinidia females. In Chen’s (1957) key, this species terminates at couplet 8 of the Smicromyrme key, because the apical T 2 band is broad and the S 1 carina is bi-interrupted and medially raised. In Mickel’s (1935) key, it terminates at couplet 6 of the Timulla (Trogaspidia) key in having the pygidium smooth and the legs entirely black.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD6985BFF392B634A39C412.taxon	description	(Figs 21, 134 – 136)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD6985BFF392B634A39C412.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. The following combination of characters is diagnostic: pronotum broader than propodeum, propodeum with posterior black patch, legs largely orange, metasoma entirely black, T 2 sculpture coarse, T 2 disc spots moderate and separated by approximate spot diameter, pale golden T 2 and T 3 bands interrupted by black setae, and pygidium smooth. Body length 4.8 – 5.3 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD6985BFF392B634A39C412.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 5.3 mm. Coloration. Head black, except antennal tubercle, scape, and mandible orange-brown. Mesosoma and legs orange, except femoral apices blackened. Metasoma black, except T 1 basally and S 1 orange-brown. Body setae generally sparse and silvery, except frons and mesosomal dorsum with interspersed erect silvery and blackish setae; T 2 disc, T 4, and T 5 setae dense black; and vertex, T 2 disc lateral spots, T 2 apical band, T 3 entirely, and T 6 basal tuft with dense pale golden setae; T 2 lateral spot diameter subequal to distance between spots; T 2 apical band and T 3 band interrupted with black setae. Head. Width behind eye subequal to mesosoma width. Frons, vertex, and gena punctures narrow coarse confluent. Mandible apex apparently unidentate. Clypeus apically bidentate, lateral tooth a broad triangular lamella; basomedial portion with robust tubercle. Antennal scrobe with arcuate dorsal carina and straight lateral carina. Antennal tubercle mostly smooth. Genal carina obscure, forming small tooth at hypostomal carina and extending posteriorly to occipital carina. F 1 2.2 × pedicel length, F 2 1.4 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Length 1.1 × width. Dorsum of mesosoma with coarse confluent punctures; interrupted carina separating dorsal and lateral faces of mesonotum. Side of mesosoma with dense micropunctures and short setae. Mesopleural lamella an obscure interrputed carina. Humeral carina strongest dorsally. Ratio of width of humeral angle, anterior spiracle, narrowest point of mesonotum, propodeal spiracle, and midpoint of propodeum 68: 73: 65: 69: 70. Scutellar scale rounded posteriorly, ~ 1.5 punctures wide, surrounded by scattered tubercles. Posterior propodeal face reticulate with many interspaces obliterated forming tubercles. Lateral and posterior propodeal faces separated by row of teeth. Metatibio-tarsal ratio 55: 24: 15: 13: 6: 6. Metasoma. T 1 anterior face with dense punctures, posterior with confluent punctures. T 2 disc with coarse separated ovate pits, interspaces densely micropunctate and setose; with obscure transverse arcuate depression in apical half. T 3 – 5 and S 3 – 5 with small dense punctures. S 1 with longitudinal lamella, shallow emarginate medially. S 2 with coarse punctures, interspaces smooth. T 2 felt line 0.3 × T 2 total length. T 6 with long sub-ovate pygidium, widest sub-apically with lateral carina obliterated in posterior third; smooth throughout. S 6 posterior margin truncate.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD6985BFF392B634A39C412.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♀, Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan, Baan Maka Nature Lodge, 12.840 o N 99.590 o E, 140 m: 22 – 23. V. 2018, MKT (CSCA). Paratype (1 female), same data as Holotype (1 ♀ CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD6985BFF392B634A39C412.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand (Phetchaburi).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD6985BFF392B634A39C412.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named for the type locality, Baan Maka Nature Lodge. Many thanks to Ian Dugdale and Pujapa Phretsi for their hospitality and for maintaining this great natural habitat. Treat as a noun in apposition.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD6985BFF392B634A39C412.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In sculpture and overall body shape this species is similar to K. meeungensis. In Chen’s (1957) key, this species terminates at couplet 8 of the Smicromyrme key, because the apical T 2 band is interrupted and the S 1 carina is medially notched once. In Mickel’s (1935) key, it keys to Petersenidia psecas (Mickel, 1935), which is known only from Borneo and lacks the apical setal band of T 2.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD1985BFF392D134844C5A4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. Unknown. MALE. See Lelej (1996). Diversity and Distribution. The only species, N. bataviana (André, 1909) is known from China (Hainan, Guangxi, Guangdong), Indonesia (Java), Vietnam (Hanoi), and Thailand (Chiang Mai, Chumpae, Kanchanaburi, Loei, and Mae Hong Son)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD1985BFF392D134844C5A4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In Thailand, this is the only genus to be known from males only. Based on its suspected phylogenetic affinities, perhaps it will eventually be associated with a female currently placed in Krombeinidia or Trogaspidia.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD1985BFF392C9E4A28C35B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. The following combination of characters separates Orientidia from other Oriental mutillid genera: the scutellar scale is present; the T 2 disc has two laterally situated setal spots; and T 6 lacks a defined pygidium. Other diagnostic features are listed by Lelej (1996 c). MALE. See Lelej (1996 c). Diversity and Distribution. Seven eastern Oriental species are recognized (Lelej 2005).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD1985BFF392C9E4A28C35B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Nearly 60 ♀ of Orientidia were collected during the 2017 and 2018 expeditions. This genus was most commonly encountered at forest edges or vegetated plantations. More than any other females, Orientidia were found crawling on vegetation above ground, which makes sense given their undefined pygidium (a trait associated with attacking above-ground cavity nesting hosts).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD1985AFF392AC94825C281.taxon	description	(Figs 22, 137 – 138)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD1985AFF392AC94825C281.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. The following combination of characters is diagnostic: pronotum broader than propodeum; mesosoma uniform orange; scutellar scale rounded posteriorly, ~ 2 punctures wide; legs partly orange; metasoma entirely black; T 2 sculpture coarse; T 2 disc spots moderate and separated by approximate spot diameter; T 2 and T 3 bands interrupted medially by black setae; and T 6 without pygidium. Body length 3.5 – 6.5 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD1985AFF392AC94825C281.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 4.4 mm. Coloration. Head black, except frons ventrally, antennal tubercle, mandible, clypeus, scape, and pedicel orange-brown. Mesosoma and legs orange-brown, femoral and tibial apices darkened. Metasoma black, except S 1 orange, and T 1 and S 2 partly red-brown. Body setae generally sparse and silvery, except frons and mesosomal dorsum with sub-erect mostly red-brown setae; T 2 disc, T 4, and T 5 setae dense black; and vertex, T 2 disc lateral spots, T 2 apical band, T 3 entirely, and T 6 basal tuft with dense pale golden setae; T 2 lateral spot diameter 1.1 × distance between spots; T 2 apical band and T 3 band narrowly interrupted medially with black setae. Head. Width behind eye subequal to mesosoma width. Frons, vertex, and gena punctures confluent. Mandible apex narrow bidentate. Clypeus apically bidentate, teeth connected by weak transverse lamella; basomedial portion with weak flat tubercle. Antennal scrobe with arcuate dorsal carina nearly continuous to mandible base. Antennal tubercle with weak punctures and sparse setae. Genal carina obscure, forming small tooth at hypostomal carina and extending posteriorly to occipital carina. F 1 2.0 × pedicel length, F 2 1.4 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Length subequal to width. Dorsum of mesosoma with coarse confluent punctures; wavy carina separating dorsal and lateral faces of pronotum and mesonotum. Side of mesosoma with dense micropunctures and short setae. Mesopleural lamella an obscure interrupted carina. Humeral carina weak, complete. Ratio of width of humeral angle, anterior spiracle, narrowest point of mesonotum, propodeal spiracle, and midpoint of propodeum 48: 55: 44: 48: 51. Scutellar scale sub-truncate posteriorly, ~ 2 punctures wide, surrounded by scattered tubercles. Posterior propodeal face reticulate with many interspaces obliterated leaving tubercles. Lateral and posterior propodeal faces separated by row of teeth. Metatibio-tarsal ratio 42: 18: 13: 9: 8: 8. Metasoma. T 1 anterior face with dense punctures, posterior with confluent punctures. T 2 disc with separated ovate pits, interspaces densely micropunctate and setose; with obscure transverse arcuate depression in apical half. T 3 – 5 and S 3 – 5 with small dense punctures. S 1 with longitudinal lamella, shallow emarginate medially. S 2 with sparse punctures, interspaces smooth. T 2 felt line 0.3 × T 2 total length. T 6 convex without any trace of pygidium. S 6 posterior margin rounded.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD1985AFF392AC94825C281.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♀, THAILAND, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 4.4 km N Hin Tok, Mountainside rubber farm, 8.303 o N 99.849 o E, 8. IV. 2017, MKT (CSCA). Paratypes (27 ♀). THAILAND: Chiang Mai, Doi Inthanon National Park, 18.44 o N 98.60 o E, 600 m, 11. VII. 1996, R. R. Snelling and S. Sonthichai (1 ♀ EMUS); Krabi, 14 km NNE Krabi, Phnom Bencha Mountain Resort, 8.208 o N 98.937 o E, 80 m, 2. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Nakhon Si Thammarat, 4.4 km N Hin Tok, Mountainside rubber farm, 8.303 o N 99.849 o E, 7 – 8. IV. 2017, MKT (21 ♀ CSCA EMUS MIUP PSUC QSBG); Surat Thani, Khlong Sok, Khao Sok Jungle Huts, 8.909 o N 99.526 o E, 70 m: 14. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); 25 – 26. V. 2018, MKT (3 ♀ CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD1985AFF392AC94825C281.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand (Chiang Mai, Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Surat Thani).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD1985AFF392AC94825C281.taxon	etymology	Etymology. We are proud to name this species after Donald G. Manley for his many contributions to velvet ant taxonomy and systematics.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD1985AFF392AC94825C281.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In Chen’s (1957) key, this species terminates at couplet 3 of the Smicromyrme key, because the clypeus is entire and the T 2 disc spots are well-defined and subcircular. In Mickel’s (1935) key, it keys to Petersenidia psecas (Mickel, 1935), which is known only from Borneo, has a defined pygidium, and lacks an apical T 2 band.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD09859FF392B834D93C20F.taxon	description	(Figs 139 – 140)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD09859FF392B834D93C20F.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This is apparently the only Orientidia species with the scutellar scale narrow and spine-like. The following characters may also be useful for identification: pronotum broader than propodeum, mesosoma uniform orange, legs largely orange, metasoma entirely black, T 2 sculpture coarse, T 2 disc spots small and separated by more than spot diameter, T 2 and T 3 bands entire, and T 6 without pygidium. Body length 4 – 8 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD09859FF392B834D93C20F.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 4.4 mm. Coloration. Head black, except antennal tubercle, mandible, scape, and pedicel largely orange-brown. Mesosoma, coxae, and femoral bases orange-brown, femoral apices, tibiae, and tarsi brown. Metasoma black, except T 1 and T 6 dark red-brown, and S 1 orange-brown. Body setae generally sparse and silvery, except frons and mesosomal dorsum with sub-erect mostly red-brown setae; T 2 disc, T 4, and T 5 setae dense black; and vertex, T 2 disc lateral spots, T 2 apical band, T 3 entirely, and T 6 basal tuft with dense pale golden setae; T 2 lateral spot diameter 0.8 × distance between spots; T 2 apical band and T 3 band entire. Head. Width behind eye 1.1 × mesosoma width. Frons, vertex, and gena punctures confluent. Mandible apex narrow bidentate. Clypeus apically weak bidentate, teeth connected by weak transverse lamella; basomedial portion with robust tubercle. Antennal scrobe with arcuate dorsal carina nearly continuous to mandible base. Antennal tubercle with weak punctures and sparse setae. Genal carina forming small tooth at hypostomal carina and extending posteriorly to occipital carina. F 1 1.8 × pedicel length, F 2 1.2 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Length subequal to width. Dorsum of mesosoma with confluent punctures; wavy carina separating dorsal and lateral faces of pronotum and mesonotum. Side of mesosoma with dense micropunctures and short setae. Mesopleural lamella an obscure carina. Humeral carina distinct, moderately expanded dorsally. Ratio of width of humeral angle, anterior spiracle, narrowest point of mesonotum, propodeal spiracle, and midpoint of propodeum 68: 78: 68: 71: 75. Scutellar scale sharp triangular, narrower than one puncture. Posterior propodeal face reticulate. Lateral and posterior propodeal faces separated by row of teeth. Metatibio-tarsal ratio 46: 19: 13: 8: 6: 6. Metasoma. T 1 anterior face with separated punctures, posterior with confluent punctures. T 2 disc with separated ovate pits, interspaces densely micropunctate and setose; with obscure transverse arcuate depression in apical half. T 3 – 5 and S 3 – 5 with small dense punctures. S 1 with longitudinal lamella, sub-interrupted with notch medially. S 2 with sparse punctures, interspaces smooth. T 2 felt line 0.3 × T 2 total length. T 6 convex without any trace of pygidium. S 6 posterior margin rounded.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD09859FF392B834D93C20F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♀, THAILAND, Songkhla, Hat Yai, Prince of Songkhla University, forest edge, 7.008 o N 100.508 o E, 40 m, 12. IV. 2017, MKT (CSCA). Paratypes (33 ♀), MALAYSIA, Kedah, Pantai Kok Pulau Langkawi, 6 o 22 ' N 99 o 42 ' E, 19 – 21. VI. 1996, S. L. Heydon and S. Fung (1 ♀ UCDC). THAILAND: Chiang Mai, Doi Suthep, near Chiang Mai, 500 – 700 m, 1. IV. 2006, Sk. Yamane (1 ♀ SKYC); 19. VIII. 1998, Sk. Yamane (1 ♀ SKYC); Kanchanaburi, Thong Pha Phum, Vimarndin farm stay, 14.655 o N 98.521 o E, 200 m, 17 – 20. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Nakhon Si Thammarat, 4.4 km N Hin Tok, Mountainside rubber farm, 8.303 o N 99.849 o E, 7. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Phatthalung, 2.4 km S Ban Na, Farm, 7.543 o N 99.883 o E, 50 m, 6. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Songkhla, Hat Yai, Prince of Songkhla University, forest edge, 7.008 o N 100.508 o E, 40 m, 11 – 12. IV. 2017, MKT (25 ♀ CSCA EMUS MIUP PSUC QSBG); Surat Thani, Khlong Sok: Khao Sok Jungle Huts, 8.909 o N 99.526 o E, 70 m, 25 – 26. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Our Jungle House resort, 8.908 o N 99.534 o E, 75 m, 25 – 27. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD09859FF392B834D93C20F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Malaysia (Kedah), Thailand (Chiang Mai, Kanchanaburi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phatthalung, Songkhla, Surat Thani).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD09859FF392B834D93C20F.taxon	etymology	Etymology. KAW is happy to name this species for the co-author and type collector, Kodeeyah Thoawan.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD09859FF392B834D93C20F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is unique in having a narrow spine-like scutellar scale. Its placement in Orientidia is somewhat tenuous and further study may necessitate transferring it to Promecidia or another genus.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD39859FF392B344A4FC3D9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. See the key above and the following papers: Lelej (1996 c) and Pagden (1949: treated as the Trogaspidia erato species-group). MALE. See Lelej (1996 c). Diversity and Distribution. Seven Oriental species are recognized, including P. hymalajensis (Radoszkowski, 1885) and P. mickeli (Pagden, 1949), which are known from Thailand.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD39859FF392B344A4FC3D9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus is rare, and although two species are known from Thailand, our expeditions did not recover any specimens. Pagdenidia mickeli is known from Peninsular Malaysia and southern Thailand, even though none were available for this study, we included it in the key to species from southern Thailand based on the description by Pagden (1949). The photographed specimen (Fig. 23) is from Chiang Mai Province and could be the unknown female of P. hymalajensis (Radoszkowski, 1885).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD39859FF39294B4D34C1FC.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This genus can be separated from other Oriental mutillids by the following combination of characters: propodeum narrower than or as broad as pronotum; scutellar scale distinct; T 2 disc with two laterally disposed white to golden setal spots; T 2 apex without pale setal band, at most with sparse fringe; pygidium defined by lateral carinae and usually entirely smooth. The pygidium of Petersenidia is usually wider and defined by stronger lateral carinae than Krombeinidia. MALE. See Lelej (1996 c). Diversity and Distribution. This is something of a dumping-ground genus for Trogaspidiini species with symmetrical penis valves. Lelej (2005) listed 21 species belonging to Petersenidia and 23 species doubtfully placed in the genus. Petersenidia is widespread in the Oriental region.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD39859FF39294B4D34C1FC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Like Krombeinidia, this large genus is more reliably defined by male morphology than female. We have used the absence of a white setal band at the apex of T 2 as the primary determinant for genus placement of the new species below. Eventual discovery of the males could disprove these hypotheses.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD29858FF392FFA4B0FC03B.taxon	description	(Figs 24, 141 – 142)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD29858FF392FFA4B0FC03B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. The following combination of characters is diagnostic: humeral angle sharply produced, pronotum broader than propodeum, mesosoma uniform orange, legs partly orange, metasoma entirely black, T 2 sculpture coarse, T 2 disc spots moderate and separated by approximate spot diameter, T 2 with sparse pale golden apical fringe, T 3 band entire, and pygidium smooth. Body length 6.4 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD29858FF392FFA4B0FC03B.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 6.4 mm. Coloration. Head black, except mandible base and scape orange, and clypeus, antennal tubercle, and base of flagellum largely orange-brown. Mesosoma, coxae, and femoral bases orange-brown, femoral apices, tibiae, and tarsi largely brown. Metasoma black, except T 6 dark redbrown and S 1 orange-brown. Body setae generally sparse and silvery, except frons and mesosomal dorsum with sub-erect golden and red-brown setae; T 2 disc, T 4, and T 5 setae dense black; and vertex, T 2 disc lateral spots, T 3 entirely, and T 6 basal tuft with dense pale golden setae; T 2 lateral spot diameter subequal to distance between spots, T 2 with sparse apical fringe of pale golden setae, and T 3 band entire. Head. Width behind eye subequal to mesosoma width. Frons, vertex, and gena punctures coarse confluent. Mandible apex narrow bidentate. Clypeus apically weak bidentate, teeth connected by weak transverse carina; basomedial portion with robust tubercle. Antennal scrobe with nearly flat dorsal carina and straight lateral carina. Antennal tubercle with scattered micropunctures. Genal carina distinct, forming tooth at hypostomal carina and extending posteriorly to occipital carina. F 1 3.0 × pedicel length, F 2 1.9 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Length subequal to width. Dorsum of mesosoma with coarse confluent punctures; wavy carina separating dorsal and lateral faces of pronotum and mesonotum. Side of mesosoma with dense micropunctures and short setae. Mesopleural lamella an obscure carina. Humeral carina distinct, anterolaterally expanded dorsally. Ratio of width of humeral angle, anterior spiracle, narrowest point of mesonotum, propodeal spiracle, and midpoint of propodeum 48: 49: 40: 43: 42. Scutellar scale truncate posteriorly, ~ 2 punctures wide, surrounded by scattered tubercles. Posterior propodeal face reticulate with many interspaces obliterated leaving apparent striae and tubercles. Lateral and posterior propodeal faces separated by row of teeth. Metatibio-tarsal ratio 54: 23: 15: 12: 9: 9. Metasoma. T 1 anterior face with separated punctures, posterior with confluent punctures. T 2 disc with deep coarse dense ovate pits, interspaces micropunctate and setose; with transverse depression in apical half. T 3 – 5 and S 3 – 5 with small dense punctures. S 1 with simple longitudinal lamella. S 2 with coarse dense punctures, interspaces smooth. T 2 felt line 0.3 × T 2 total length. T 6 with long sub-ovate pygidium, widest sub-apically with lateral carina obliterated in posterior half; smooth throughout. S 6 posterior margin truncate.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD29858FF392FFA4B0FC03B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♀, THAILAND, Trang, 18 km E Trang, Khao Chong N. P., 400 m, 7 o 34 ' N 99 o 49 ' E, 24. V. 1988, R. Hensen (RMNH). Paratype (1 female), THAILAND, Songkhla, Ton Nga Chang National Park, 24. VII. 1997, Sk. Yamane (1 ♀ SKYC).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD29858FF392FFA4B0FC03B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand (Songkhla, Trang).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD29858FF392FFA4B0FC03B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. From the Thai “ มดขนปก, modkhongpok ” or “ มดขน, modkhong ” for short, the local common name for Mutillidae.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD29858FF392FFA4B0FC03B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In Chen’s (1957) key, this species terminates at couplet 7 of the Smicromyrme key, because the pygidium is smooth and the S 1 carina is entire. In Mickel’s (1935) key, it keys to Petersenidia psecas (Mickel, 1935), which is known only from Borneo.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD29857FF3929E94D64C303.taxon	description	(Figs 143 – 144)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD29857FF3929E94D64C303.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. The following combination of characters is diagnostic: humeral angle weakly produced, pronotum broader than propodeum, mesosoma uniform orange, legs partly orange, metasoma entirely black, T 2 sculpture weak, T 2 disc spots small and separated by ~ 3 × spot diameter, T 2 with sparse white apical fringe, T 3 band entire, and pygidium smooth. Body length 5.4 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD29857FF3929E94D64C303.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 5.4 mm. Coloration. Head black, except antennal tubercle, mandible, scape, and clypeus largely red-brown, and venter of flagellum largely orange-brown. Mesosoma, coxae, and femoral bases orange-brown, femoral apices, tibiae, and tarsi blackish. Metasoma black, except T 1, S 1, and T 6 largely red-brown. Body setae generally sparse and silvery, except frons, vertex, and mesosomal dorsum with suberect blackish and red-brown setae; T 2 disc, T 4, and T 5 setae dense black; and T 2 disc lateral spots, T 3 entirely, and T 6 basal tuft with dense whitish-silver setae; T 2 lateral spot diameter 0.3 × distance between spots, T 2 with sparse apical fringe of pale silvery setae, and T 3 band entire. Head. Width behind eye 0.9 × mesosoma width. Frons, vertex, and gena punctures dense to confluent. Mandible apex apparently unidentate. Clypeus apically bidentate, teeth connected by transverse carina; basomedial portion with robust tubercle. Antennal scrobe with arcuate dorsal carina and straight lateral carina. Antennal tubercle with scattered micropunctures. Genal carina weak, forming small tooth at hypostomal carina and extending posteriorly to occipital carina. F 1 2.0 × pedicel length, F 2 1.5 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Length subequal to width. Dorsum of mesosoma with coarse confluent punctures; obscure interrupted carina separating dorsal and lateral faces of pronotum and mesonotum. Side of mesosoma with dense micropunctures and short setae. Mesopleural lamella an obscure carina. Humeral carina weak, complete. Ratio of width of humeral angle, anterior spiracle, narrowest point of mesonotum, propodeal spiracle, and midpoint of propodeum 70: 78: 70: 72: 73. Scutellar scale rounded posteriorly, ~ 2 punctures wide. Posterior propodeal face reticulate with many interspaces obliterated leaving apparent striae. Lateral and posterior propodeal faces separated by wavy carina with few short teeth. Metatibio-tarsal ratio 58: 24: 13: 10: 9: 10. Metasoma. T 1 anterior face with sparse punctures, posterior with confluent punctures. T 2 disc with moderate separated pits, interspaces micropunctate and setose; with obscure transverse depression in apical half. T 3 – 5 and S 3 – 5 with small dense punctures. S 1 with simple longitudinal lamella. S 2 with sparse punctures, interspaces smooth. T 2 felt line 0.3 × T 2 total length. T 6 with long sub-ovate pygidium, widest medially with lateral carina obliterated in posterior half; smooth throughout. S 6 posterior margin truncate.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD29857FF3929E94D64C303.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♀, THAILAND, Phatthalung, 2.4 km S Ban Na, Farm, 7.543 o N 99.883 o E, 50 m, 6. IV. 2017, MKT (CSCA). Paratypes (22 ♀), THAILAND, Chiang Mai, Doi Ang Khang, 1300 m, 21. VIII. 1998 (1 ♀ SKYC). VIETNAM: Vinh Phu, Tam Dao, forest, 10 – 15. XI. 1990, S. Belokobylskij (5 ♀ ZISP, IBSS); Ha Son Binh: Da Bac, Tuly, fores, 22 – 23. X. 1990, S. Belokobylskij (2 ♀ ZISP); Mai Chou, forest, 3. XI. 1 990, S. Belokobylskij (12 ♀ ZISP); Hoa Binh, Mai Chau, Pa Co Xa Linh, 20 ° 44 ' N 104 ° 55 ' E, 1120 m, 22 – 24. IV. 2002, S. Belokobylskij (1 ♀ ZISP); Quang Ninh, Baitu Long Islands, Dong Ho Il., 20. III. 1987, V. Kuznetsov (1 ♀ IBSS).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD29857FF3929E94D64C303.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand (Chiang Mai, Phatthalung), Vietnam (Ha Son Binh, Hoa Binh, Quang Ninh, Vinh Phu).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD29857FF3929E94D64C303.taxon	etymology	Etymology. KAW is happy to name this species for his co-author and friend, Arkady Lelej, for his contributions to this and many other mutillid research projects.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD29857FF3929E94D64C303.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In Chen’s (1957) key, this species terminates at couplet 7 of the Smicromyrme key, because the pygidium is smooth and the S 1 carina is entire. In Mickel’s (1935) key, it terminates at couplet 9 because the antenna is largely orange-brown and the genal punctures are moderately large.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDD9857FF392A0148FCC096.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. The following combination of characters separates Promecidia from other Oriental mutillid genera: the scutellar scale is absent; the T 2 disc has two laterally situated setal spots; and T 6 lacks a defined pygidium. Other diagnostic features are listed by Lelej et al. (2016). MALE. See Lelej et al. (2016). Diversity and Distribution. Eleven species are recognized in the eastern Oriental region (Lelej et al. 2016).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDD9857FF392A0148FCC096.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus was recently revised by Lelej et al. (2016). It is the only Oriental genus of Trogaspidiini to completely lack a scutellar scale but can be difficult to separate from Orientidia species with a small scale, like O. thoawanae, sp. nov.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDD9856FF39298F4C2EC4D4.taxon	description	(Figs 25, 145 – 146)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDD9856FF39298F4C2EC4D4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by the following combination of characters: the posterolateral propodeal margin is multi-dentate; the legs are almost entirely orange-brown; the metasoma is black; T 2 has a distinct apical band of whitish setae; the white setal band of T 3 is not interrupted with black setae; and T 4 – 5 have the setae mostly black. Body length 5.5 – 7 mm. MALE. To be described in an upcoming paper, likely P. birmanica (Dalla Torre, 1897).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDD9856FF39298F4C2EC4D4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (8 ♀). CAMBODIA, Siem Reap, Preah Kahn Temple, Malaise trap, 8 – 16. VI. 2005, I. Var (1 ♀ RBINS). THAILAND: Chiang Mai: Omkoi District, Dry dipterocarp forest, 17 ° 50 ′ 49.9 ″ N 98 ° 22 ′ 33.0 ″, 950 – 1010 m alt., 6. XI. 2016, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); Road 1013, km 34, 1. VI. 1999, C. W. and L. B. O’Brien (1 ♀ CASC); Kanchanaburi, Thong Pha Phum, Vimarndin farm stay, 14.655 o N 98.521 o E, 200 m, 17 – 20. V. 2018, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA); Krabi: 19.5 km NW Krabi, 8.201 o N 98.751 o E, 10 m, 1. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Nakhon Si Thammarat, 4.4 km N Hin Tok, Mountainside rubber farm, 8.303 o N 99.849 o E, 7. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan, Baan Maka Nature Lodge, 12.840 o N 99.590 o E, 140 m: 22 – 23. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ 1 ♂ in copula CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDD9856FF39298F4C2EC4D4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cambodia * (Siem Reap), Myanmar, Thailand (Chiang Mai, Kanchanaburi, Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phetchaburi), Vietnam (Dong Nai).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDD9856FF39298F4C2EC4D4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Based on overlapping distribution, Lelej et al. (2016) suggested that P. birmanica (Dalla Torre, 1897) might be the male of this species. A mating pair of P. ninnii was collected in Phetchaburi. The male keys out to P. birmanica, but careful examination with type material will be needed before proposing this synonymy.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDC9856FF392C494CEBC5FA.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. See the key above and Tu et al. (2015). MALE. See Tu et al. (2015). Diversity and Distribution. This genus includes five Chinese species (Tu et al. 2015).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDC9856FF392C494CEBC5FA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus was recently revised by Tu et al. (2015). It has not yet been discovered in Thailand, but its occurrence in southern China suggests that some of the species may eventually be found in northern Thailand.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDC9855FF39285E4DEBC03B.taxon	description	(Figs 147 – 151)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDC9855FF39285E4DEBC03B.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This is the only Trogaspidia species with the felt line produced to form an ovate seta-filled pit (Fig. 150). The following characters can aid in diagnosis: the legs are entirely black, the scutellar scale is obscurely rounded posteriorly and ~ 3 punctures wide, the T 1 fringe is predominantly black, the T 2 apex and T 3 each have a medially-interrupted band of golden setae, T 4 lacks a pale setal band, and the pygidium is sub-ovate with longitudinal wavy rugae basally and microreticulateapically. Body length 8 – 12 mm. MALE. Unknown.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDC9855FF39285E4DEBC03B.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 7.7 mm. Coloration. Head black, except antennal tubercle, mandible, and scape partly dark red-brown. Mesosoma orange-brown, legs black. Metasoma black. Body setae generally sparse and silvery, except frons and mesosomal dorsum with sub-erect golden, red-brown, and dark brown setae; T 2 disc, T 4, and T 5 setae dense black; and vertex, T 2 disc lateral spots, T 2 apical band, T 3 entirely, and T 6 basal tuft with dense pale golden setae; T 2 lateral spot diameter subequal to distance between spots; T 2 apical band and T 3 band interrupted medially with black setae. Head. Width behind eye 0.9 × mesosoma width. Frons, vertex, and gena punctures coarse confluent. Mandible apex apparently unidentate. Clypeus apically with two separated teeth; basomedial portion with obscure sharp tubercle. Antennal scrobe with distinct arcuate dorsal carina and straight lateral carina. Antennal tubercle with transverse ridges. Genal carina distinct anteriorly, obliterated posteriorly. F 1 2.5 × pedicel length, F 2 1.6 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Length 1.05 × width. Dorsum of mesosoma with moderate confluent punctures; wavy carina separating dorsal and lateral faces of pronotum and mesonotum. Side of mesosoma with dense micropunctures and short setae. Mesopleural lamella a dorsally sharper carina. Humeral carina low complete, sub-angular at dorsal angle. Ratio of width of humeral angle, anterior spiracle, narrowest point of mesonotum, propodeal spiracle, and midpoint of propodeum 68: 74: 68: 73: 77. Scutellar scale sub-angular posteriorly, as wide as one puncture. Posterior propodeal face reticulate with many interspaces obliterated leaving apparent striae and scattered tubercles. Lateral and posterior propodeal faces separated by interrupted cariniform row of short teeth. Metatibio-tarsal ratio 65: 27: 18: 13: 11: 13. Metasoma. T 1 anterior face with separated punctures, posterior with confluent punctures. T 2 disc with deep coarse pits, interspaces micropunctate and setose; with transverse depression in apical half. T 3 – 5 and S 3 – 5 with small dense punctures. S 1 with longitudinal lamella, notched sub-anteriorly, highest posteriorly. S 2 with sparse punctures, interspaces smooth. T 2 felt line forming a deep ovate pit, 0.3 × T 2 total length. T 6 with long sub-ovate pygidium, widest sub-apically with lateral carina obliterated in posterior quarter; with distinct longitudinal rugae and apex with small punctures. S 6 posterior margin bidentate.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDC9855FF39285E4DEBC03B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♀, THAILAND, Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan, Baan Maka Nature Lodge, 12.840 o N 99.590 o E, 140 m, 16. V. 2018, MKT (CSCA). Paratypes (4 ♀), LAOS, Bolikhamsay Province, Ban Phone Kham environs, 200 – 300 m, 18 o 19 ' N 104 o 0 8 ' E, 2317 o 20 ' N 101 o 20 ' E, 23 – 29. V. 2011, M. Brancucci, M. Geiser, D. Hauck, Z. Kraus, A. Phantala, and E. Vongphachan (2 ♀ RHMB). MYANMAR, S. Shan, Taunggyi, 1. VIII – 22. IX. 1934, Malaise trap (1 ♀ RMNH); THAILAND, Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai, 300 m, 18 o 47 ' N 98 o 59 ' E, 4. VII. 1986, R. Hensen (1 ♀ RMNH); near Mae Saa, km 11 on Highway 1096, 600 m, 18 o 53 ' 58 " N 98 o 52 ' 27 " E, 24 – 25. V. 2000, D. Yanega (1 ♀ UCRC).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDC9855FF39285E4DEBC03B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Laos (Bolikhamsay), Myanmar (Shan), Thailand (Chiang Mai, Phetchaburi).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDC9855FF39285E4DEBC03B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. This species is named in honor of mutillid researcher and mentor to KAW, James P. Pitts, and loosely references the pit-like felt line of this species.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDC9855FF39285E4DEBC03B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The felt line of this species (Fig. 150) resembles that of many Oriental Odontomutilla species. The mesosomal shape and defined pygidium, however, clearly place this species in the Trogaspdiini. We chose to place it in Trogaspidia because that genus currently holds the greatest diversity and variability in the tribe, but the peculiarities of its felt line and pygidium (Fig. 151) suggest that this placement is tenuous.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDF9854FF3929E94AA3C0F6.taxon	description	(Figs 26, 161 – 164)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDF9854FF3929E94AA3C0F6.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by the following characters: the femora are orange basally, the scutellar scale is posteriorly rounded and ~ 3 – 5 punctures wide, the T 1 fringe is predominantly pale golden, the felt line on T 2 is simple, the T 2 apex lacks a pale setal band, T 3 and T 4 each have a medially interrupted band of pale golden setae, and the pygidium is broad with striae basally and smooth in the apical quarter. Body length 5 – 9 mm. MALE. To be described in an upcoming paper.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDF9854FF3929E94AA3C0F6.taxon	description	Description. FEMALE. Body length 9.0 mm. Coloration. Head black, except antennal tubercle, mandible, and scape partly dark red-brown. Mesosoma orange-brown, legs black, except femora mostly orange-brown. Metasoma black, except T 1 basally and S 1 dark red-brown. Body setae generally sparse and silvery, except frons and mesosomal dorsum with sub-erect golden and blackish setae; T 1 apex, T 2 disc, and T 5 setae dense black; and vertex, T 2 disc lateral spots, T 3 entirely, T 4 interrupted band, and T 6 basal tuft with dense pale golden setae; T 2 lateral spot diameter 1.3 × distance between spots; T 3 band entire, and T 4 band broadly interrupted medially with black setae. Head. Width behind eye subequal mesosoma width. Frons, vertex, and gena punctures coarse confluent. Mandible apex narrow bidentate. Clypeus with transverse emarginate carina, lateral angles sharp; basomedial portion with robust tubercle. Antennal scrobe with arcuate dorsal carina and obscure lateral carina. Antennal tubercle with rugae. Genal carina distinct posteriorly, apparently obliterated anteriorly; hypostomal carina with tooth. F 1 3.0 × pedicel length, F 2 1.8 × pedicel length. Mesosoma. Length 1.2 × width. Dorsum of mesosoma with coarse confluent punctures; wavy carina separating dorsal and lateral faces of mesonotum. Side of mesosoma with dense micropunctures and short setae. Mesopleural lamella a wavy carina. Humeral carina distinct, strongest at dorsal angle. Ratio of width of humeral angle, anterior spiracle, narrowest point of mesonotum, propodeal spiracle, and midpoint of propodeum 60: 65: 58: 61: 68. Scutellar scale rounded posteriorly, ~ 2 punctures wide. Posterior propodeal face reticulate with many interspaces obliterated leaving apparent striae and scattered tubercles. Lateral and posterior propodeal faces separated by row of short teeth. Metatibio-tarsal ratio 65: 29: 16: 13: 12: 12. Metasoma. T 1 anterior face with separated punctures, posterior with confluent punctures. T 2 disc with obscure sub-confluent pits, interspaces micropunctate and setose; with obscure transverse arcuate depression in apical half. T 3 – 5 and S 3 – 5 with small dense punctures. S 1 with longitudinal lamella, notched subanteriorly, highest posteriorly. S 2 with separated punctures, interspaces smooth. T 2 felt line forming a deep ovate pit, 0.3 × T 2 total length. T 6 with sub-ovate pygidium, widest sub-apically with lateral carina obliterated in posterior third; striate with apex smooth. S 6 posterior margin weak bidentate.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDF9854FF3929E94AA3C0F6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Holotype ♀, THAILAND, Krabi, 12.4 km NNW Krabi, Oil palm farm, 8.193 o N 98.876 o E, 50 m, 3. IV. 2017, MKT (CSCA). Paratypes (43 ♀; males listed below are not paratypes), LAOS, Attapeu Province, Thong Kai Ohk, Ban Kachung environs, 1200 – 1450 m, 15 o 0 1 ' N 107 o 26 ' E, 10 – 24. VI. 2011, M. Brancucci, M. Geiser, D. Hauck, Z. Kraus, A. Phantala, and E. Vongphachan (4 ♀ RHMB); MALAYSIA, Selangor: Klang Gates (up stream), 2. IV. 1963, M. A. Lieftinck (1 ♀ 1 ♂, in copula, RMNH); Ulu Gombok, 200 m, 16 – 17. III. 1963, M. A. Lieftinck (1 ♀ RMNH); THAILAND: Chiang Mai: Doi Suthep, 1 – 2. V. 1989, W. J. Pulawski (1 ♀ CASC); Tambon Su Thep, Chiang Mai University, Faculty of Agriculture, 18 ° 47 ' 36.1 " N 98 ° 57 ' 35.4 " E, 27. XII. 2016, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); Krabi: 12.4 km NNW Krabi, Oil palm farm, 8.193 o N 98.876 o E, 50 m: 29. III. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); 1. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); 3. IV. 2017, MKT (3 ♀ 5 ♂ CSCA EMUS); Nakhon Si Thammarat, 4.4 km N Hin Tok, Mountainside rubber farm, 8.303 o N 99.849 o E, 8. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ 1 ♂ CSCA); Phatthalung, 2.4 km S Ban Na, Farm, 7.543 o N 99.883 o E, 50 m: 5. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); 6. IV. 2017, MKT (3 ♀ 1 ♂ CSCA); Surat Thani, Khlong Sok: Khao Sok Jungle Huts, 8.909 o N 99.526 o E, 70 m: 14. V. 2018, MKT (4 ♀ CSCA); 25 – 26. V. 2018, MKT (10 ♀ CSCA MIUP PSUC QSBG); Our Jungle House resort, 8.908 o N 99.534 o E, 75 m, 25 – 27. V. 2018, MKT (11 ♀ 2 ♂ CSCA EMUS). Other material (3 ♀). THAILAND, Kanchanaburi, Thong Pha Phum, Vimarndin farm stay, 14.655 o N 98.521 o E, 200 m, 17 – 20. V. 2018, MKT (3 ♀ CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDF9854FF3929E94AA3C0F6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Malaysia (Selangor), Thailand (Chiang Mai, Kanchanaburi, Krabi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phatthalung, Surat Thani).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDF9854FF3929E94AA3C0F6.taxon	etymology	Etymology. KAW is happy to name this species in honor of Joseph S. Wilson, fellow mutillid researcher and colleague since we started graduate school together in 2005.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDF9854FF3929E94AA3C0F6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is a common species that is somewhat easily confused with T. pagdeni. A mating pair from Malaysia was examined (RMNH, UCRC) and males and females were collected in the same localities on the 2017 and 2018 expeditions. The male will be described in an upcoming treatment of Thai males with various sex associations. The females from Kanchanaburi have the humeral carina reduced; they were not treated as paratypes because future studies could reveal that they belong to a distinct species.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDE9853FF39282F4A6AC53A.taxon	description	(Figs 155 – 157)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDE9853FF39282F4A6AC53A.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by the following characters: the legs are entirely black, the scutellar scale is posteriorly rounded and ~ 3 punctures wide, the T 1 fringe is predominantly pale golden, the felt line on T 2 is simple, the T 2 apex lacks a pale setal band, T 3 and T 4 each have a medially interrupted band of pale golden setae, and the pygidium is narrow with irregular rugae basally and indistinct microreticulations apically. Body length 8 – 13 mm. MALE. See Mickel (1933 b).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDE9853FF39282F4A6AC53A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (3 ♀). THAILAND: Chiang Mai, Mae Fa Liang Univ. near office, 4. IX. 2004, P. Chen (1 ♀ RMNH); Krabi, 14 km NNE Krabi, Phnom Bencha Mountain Resort, 8.208 o N 98.937 o E, 80 m, 2. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Srisaket, Vil., Bang Maluu Kantaralak, 10. VIII. 1968 (1 ♀ UCRC).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDE9853FF39282F4A6AC53A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Anhui, Hebei, Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangsu, Zheijiang), Thailand * (Chiang Mai, Krabi, Si Sa Ket), Vietnam * (Ho Chi Minh).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDE9853FF39282F4A6AC53A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In China, the pygidial sculpture of this species varies from rugose to striate, so Chen (1957) keyed them out on the basis of the transversely concave pronotal collar. This character is difficult to interpret and is often impossible to score when the specimen’s head is tilted back and covering the pronotal collar. Perhaps a better way to describe this character is that the anterior sculpted portion of the pronotal collar is raised higher than the smooth posterior portion. In other species, like T. pagdeni, the sculpted and smooth portions of the pronotal collar are disposed on the same plane. In Thailand, we have only seen specimens with a rugose pygidium, so we focused on the rugose pygidium and black legs to recognize it here.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD99852FF392CEB4C61C4BD.taxon	description	(Figs 158 – 160)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD99852FF392CEB4C61C4BD.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by the following characters: the femora are orange basally, the scutellar scale is posteriorly rounded and ~ 3 – 5 punctures wide, the T 1 fringe is predominantly pale golden, the felt line on T 2 is simple, the T 2 apex lacks a pale setal band, T 3 and T 4 each have a medially interrupted band of pale golden setae, and the pygidium is narrow with irregular striae basally and smooth in the apical half. Body length 5.5 – 10 mm. MALE. See Mickel (1933 a).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD99852FF392CEB4C61C4BD.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Paratype of Timulla (Trogaspidia) pagdeni nodoa, ♀, CHINA, Hainan Island, Lin Fa Ling (Mt.), near Nodoa, 21. VII. 1929, Lingnan University Fifith Hainan Island Expedition (SYSM). Other Material (25 ♀). LAOS, Attapeu Province, Thong Kai Ohk, Ban Kachung environs, 1200 – 1450 m, 15 o 0 1 ' N 107 o 26 ' E, 10 – 24. VI. 2011, M. Brancucci, M. Geiser, D. Hauck, Z. Kraus, A. Phantala, and E. Vongphachan (1 ♀ RHMB); Bolikhamsay Province, Ban Phone Kham environs, 200 – 300 m, 18 o 19 ' N 104 o 0 8 ' E, 23 – 29. V. 2011, M. Brancucci, M. Geiser, D. Hauck, Z. Kraus, A. Phantala, and E. Vongphachan (1 ♀ RHMB). THAILAND: Chaiyaphum, Pa Hin Ngam National Park, ecotone between mix deciduous / dry dipterocarp, 15 o 38.132 ' N 101 o 23.922 ' E, 698 m, Malaise trap, 11 – 18. VIII. 2006, K. Sa-nog and B. Adnafai (1 ♀ QSBG); Chiang Mai, Omkoi District, Dry dipterocarp forest, 17 ° 50 ' 49.9 " N 98 ° 22 ' 33.0 ", 950 – 1010 m alt., 15. II. 2017, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); Kanchanaburi, Thong Pha Phum, Vimarndin farm stay, 14.655 o N 98.521 o E, 200 m, 17 – 20. V. 2018, MKT (4 ♀ 1 ♂ CSCA MIUP PSUC); Krabi: 12.4 km NNW Krabi, Oil palm farm, 8.193 o N 98.876 o E, 50 m: 29. III. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); 1. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ 1 ♂ CSCA); 3. IV. 2017, MKT (3 ♀ 1 ♂ CSCA); 14 km NNE Krabi, Phnom Bencha Mountain Resort, 8.208 o N 98.937 o E, 80 m, 30. III. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); 19.5 km NW Krabi, 8.201 o N 98.751 o E, 10 m, 1. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ 1 ♂ CSCA); Loei, Phu Kradueng National Park, 16 o 56.59 ' N 101 o 12.07 ' E, 273 m, Malaise trap, 5 – 12. IV. 2008, T. Phatai, T 5113 (1 ♀ QSBG); Mae Hong Son, 21 km SW Mae Sariang, 250 m, 18 o 0 2 ' 03 " N 97 o 53 ' 51 " E, 2. VI. 2000, D. Yanega (1 ♀ 1 ♂ in copula, UCRC); Phatthalung, 2.4 km S Ban Na, Farm, 7.543 o N 99.883 o E, 50 m: 6. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); 10. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Phetchabun, Khao Kho National Park, office, 16 o 39.55 ' N 101 o 8.12 ' E, 230 m, Malaise trap, 5 – 12. VII. 2006, S. Chachumnan and S. Singtong, T 165 (1 ♀ QSBG); Surat Thani, Khlong Sok, Khao Sok Jungle Huts, 8.909 o N 99.526 o E, 70 m: 14. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); 25 – 26. V. 2018, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA); Trang, 0.5 km NE Palian, Orchard, 7.291 o N 99.858 o E, 6. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ 1 ♂ CSCA).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD99852FF392CEB4C61C4BD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong), Laos * (Attapeu, Bolikhamsay), Malaysia (Selangor), Thailand * (Chaiyaphum, Chiang Mai, Kanchanaburi, Krabi, Loei, Mae Hong Son, Phatthalung, Phetchabun, Surat Thani, Trang).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD99852FF392CEB4C61C4BD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This common species broadly overlaps with T. wilsoni in distribution in Thailand. The females can be separated by the pygidium and T 1 fringe. The pygidial difference is significant, but difficult to quantify, while the T 1 fringe color is easy to describe, but becomes less functional in old or damaged specimens. The males of these species are both known, but will be described in an upcoming paper. They differ in metasomal coloration and structure of the penis valves. Trogaspidia pagdeni is currently subdivided into two subspecies (Mickel 1933 a), T. pagdeni pagdeni was described from peninsular Malaysia and T. pagdeni nodoa (Mickel, 1933) from China. The only differences that Mickel noted were the shade of setal markings in females. The discovery of this species in Thailand bridges the distribution gap between these forms and provides justification to synonymize these subspecies here.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD89852FF392C664D14C0EB.taxon	description	(Figs 152 – 154)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD89852FF392C664D14C0EB.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species can be recognized by the following characters: the legs are entirely black, the scutellar scale is transverse and ~ 3 punctures wide, the T 1 fringe is predominantly black, the felt line on T 2 is simple, the T 2 apex has a medially-interrupted band of pale golden setae, T 3 has an entire band of pale golden setae, T 4 lacks a pale setal band, and the pygidium is broad and striate nearly to the apex. Body length 9.5 – 11.5 mm. MALE. See Mickel (1933 b).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD89852FF392C664D14C0EB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. Type material. Paratype of Timulla (Trogaspidia) suspiciosa lingnani, ♂, CHINA, Hainan, Beggar Village, SW of Nodoa, 16. VII. 1929, Lingnan University Fifth Hainan Island Expedition (SYSM). Other material (9 ♀ and 3 males). LAOS, Attapeu Province, Thong Kai Ohk, Ban Kachung environs, 1200 – 1450 m, 15 o 0 1 ' N 107 o 26 ' E, 10 – 24. VI. 2011, M. Brancucci, M. Geiser, D. Hauck, Z. Kraus, A. Phantala, and E. Vongphachan (4 ♀ RHMB); Khammouan Province, Nakai-Nam Theun NPA, Ban Nav Vang environs, 600 – 750 m, 17 o 57 ' N 105 o 13 ' E, 18 – 21. V. 2012, M. Brancucci, M. Geiser, K. Phanthavong, and S. Xayalath (1 ♀ RHMB). THAILAND: Nakhon Si Thammarat, 4.4 km N Hin Tok, Mountainside rubber farm, 8.303 o N 99.849 o E, 8. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Satun, Tarutao Island, Ao Son, 15. III. 1993, G. R. Balmer (1 ♀ UCRC); Surat Thani, Khlong Sok: Khao Sok Jungle Huts, 8.909 o N 99.526 o E, 70 m: 14. V. 2018, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA); 25 – 26. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♂ CSCA); Our Jungle House resort, 8.908 o N 99.534 o E, 75 m, 25 – 27. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Khao Lak, 50 m, 8 o 54 ' 28 " N 98 o 31 ' 51 " E, 20 – 21. II. 2005, G. R. Balmer (1 ♀ 1 ♂ in copula, UCRC).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD89852FF392C664D14C0EB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China (Anhui, Fujian, Hainan, Jiangsu, Zheijiang), Laos * (Attapeu, Khammouan), Thailand * (Nakhon Si Thammarat, Satun, Surat Thani).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD89852FF392C664D14C0EB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was until now treated as a subspecies of T. sibylla (Smith, 1857) from Borneo and Indonesia. Females can readily be separated from T. sibylla and T. pendleburyi (Pagden, 1934) from peninsular Malaysia because those species lack the interrupted band of golden setae at the T 2 apex.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD89851FF39284C4A1BC6F4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. Females are separated from other trogaspidiine genera by having the pygidium irregularly rugose throughout. Other useful diagnostic features include the unarmed procoxa, presence of a scutellar scale, and the broadened propodeum. MALE. See Lelej (1996 c). Diversity and Distribution. This genus includes 23 Oriental species.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFD89851FF39284C4A1BC6F4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus was revised, as Timulla oculata, by O’Toole (1975). Each of the currently recognized species in the eastern Oriental region were formerly considered as subspecies of W. oculata. This genus was formerly treated under the name Radoszkowskius Ashmead, 1903.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDB9851FF392E2E48AAC364.taxon	description	(Figs 27, 122 – 124)	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDB9851FF392E2E48AAC364.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. This species has the spots of T 2 large and longitudinally ovate, T 3 with an uninterrupted golden setal band; and T 4 with lateral bands of golden setae. Body length 9 – 17 mm. MALE. See O’Toole (1975).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDB9851FF392E2E48AAC364.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined (15 ♀). CAMBODIA, Siem Reap: Angkor Thom, VIII. 2006, D. R. Jump (1 ♀ RBINS); Phnom Bakheng, X. 2006, D. R. Jump (1 ♀ RBINS); LAOS, Bolikhamsay Province, Ban Phone Kham environs, 200 – 300 m, 18 o 19 ' N 104 o 0 8 ' E, 23 – 29. V. 2011, M. Brancucci, M. Geiser, D. Hauck, Z. Kraus, A. Phantala, and E. Vongphachan (4 ♀ RHMB). THAILAND: Chiang Mai, Tambon Su Thep, Chiang Mai University, Faculty of Agriculture, 18 ° 47 ' 36.1 " N 98 ° 57 ' 35.4 " E, 4. VI. 2017, R. Mizuno (1 ♀ EUM); Kanchanaburi, Thong Pha Phum, Vimarndin farm stay, 14.655 o N 98.521 o E, 200 m, 17 – 20. V. 2018, MKT (2 ♀ 1 ♂ CSCA MIUP); Krabi: 12.4 km NNW Krabi, Oil palm farm, 8.193 o N 98.876 o E, 50 m: 29. III. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); 1. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); 14 km NNE Krabi, Phnom Bencha Mountain Resort, 8.208 o N 98.937 o E, 80 m, 2. IV. 2017, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Phetchaburi, Kaeng Krachan, Baan Maka Nature Lodge, 12.840 o N 99.590 o E, 140 m: 23. V. 2018, MKT (1 ♀ CSCA); Surat Thani, Khlong Sok, Khao Sok Jungle Huts, 8.909 o N 99.526 o E, 70 m, 14. V. 2018, MKT (2 ♀ CSCA PSUC).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDB9851FF392E2E48AAC364.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cambodia * (Siem Reap), China (Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Hebei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Laos (Bolikhamsay), Malaysia (Malay Peninsula), Myanmar, Thailand (Chaiyaphum, Chiang Mai, Kanchanaburi, Khon Kaen, Krabi, Lampang, Loei, Phetchabun, Phetchaburi, Sakhon Nakhon, Surat Thani, Tak), and Vietnam (Tonkin, Vinh Phuc, Yen Tu).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDB9851FF392E2E48AAC364.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is widespread in China and throughout mainland southeast Asia. In northern Thailand, W. mandersi (Cameron, 1897) may eventually be recognized and in the extreme South, W. singapora (Mickel, 1935) might be discovered.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDB9851FF392AD94862C0C3.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis. FEMALE. See the key above and Zhou et al. (2018 b). MALE. See Zhou et al. (2018 b). Diversity and Distribution. Four species known from China, Nepal, and Vietnam, including Z. gutrunae (Zavattari, 1913) from Taiwan (Fig. 28).	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
03DCF504FFDB9851FF392AD94862C0C3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus was recently revised by Zhou et al. (2018 b). It has not yet been discovered in Thailand, but its occurrence in Vietnam and southern China suggests that Z. xuzaifui Zhou et al., 2018 might also occur in Thailand.	en	Williams, Kevin A., Lelej, Arkady S., Okayasu, Juriya, Borkent, Christopher J., Malee, Rufeah, Thoawan, Kodeeyah, Thaochan, Narit (2019): The female velvet ants (aka modkhong) of southern Thailand (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), with a key to the genera of southeast Asia. Zootaxa 4602 (1): 1-69, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2669927
