identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03DC776A9122FFA4FCF52E9094C7C057.text	03DC776A9122FFA4FCF52E9094C7C057.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachelolophos quadrinucleatus Yan & Xu & Al-Farraj & Al-Rasheid & Song 2016	<div><p>TRACHELOLOPHOS QUADRINUCLEATUS SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 2, 3; TABLE 1)</p> <p>Diagnosis: Body size in vivo 1100–1400 × 25–40 μm; 14–25 and 26–40 somatic kineties on head and trunk, respectively; single nuclear group composed of three or four macronuclei and two micronuclei; glabrous stripe narrow, corresponding to area occupied by two somatic kineties; cortical granules colourless and about 0.5 μm in diameter.</p> <p>Type locality: A mangrove wetland on <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.42722&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=21.16111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.42722/lat 21.16111)">Techeng island</a>, Zhanjiang, China (21°09′40″N, 110°25′38″E), where the water temperature was 26 °C and salinity about 25‰ (Fig. 1C).</p> <p>Type specimens: A protargol-impregnated slide containing the holotype specimen marked with an ink circle is deposited in the Laboratory of Protozoology, Ocean University of China, China (No. YY2012112308). One paratype slide is deposited in the Natural History Museum, London, UK, with registration number NHMUK 2015.9.15.1.</p> <p>Etymology: The species-group name quadrinucleatus reflects the fact that this organism usually possesses four macronuclei.</p> <p>Description: Fully extended cells about 1300 × 35 μm in vivo; body flexible and contractile (Figs 2A–C, 3A– D). Cell distinctly tripartite, with neck, tail and trunk regions (Figs 2A–C, 3A–C). Head conspicuously claviform; tail wedge-shaped (Figs 2A, D, 3A, F). Body colour dark brown at low magnification due to multiple refractile inclusions, with several food vacuoles containing ingested algae (Figs 2D, G, 3E, F). Single nuclear group located in centre of trunk, containing three or four macronuclei, 7–10 μm in diameter, and two micronuclei, 2–4 μm in diameter (Figs 2G, 3E, H, I). Colourless cortical granules, c. 0.5 μm in diameter, scattered between ciliary rows, which are not found in glabrous stripe (Figs 2F, 3G). Locomotion by gliding between sand grains and organic debris.</p> <p>Cell surface densely ciliated with unciliated zone, glabrous stripe, about as wide as two somatic kineties (Figs 2I, J, 3J–M). Entire infraciliature consisting of dikinetids. About 18 and 35 somatic kineties on head and trunk, respectively, with cilia c. 13 μm long. Anterior and posterior secant system formed on left side of glabrous stripe where some kineties abut to bristle kinety (Figs 2H, J, 3K, M). Oral infraciliature consisting of uninterrupted circumoral kinety with cilia about 5 μm long and roundish patch of disordered dikinetids in centre of oral cavity with cilia forming conspicuous tuft (Figs 2E, H, 3K, L).</p> <p>Comparison: Since the genus Trachelolophos was established by Foissner &amp; Dragesco (1996b), only the following two species have been reported.</p> <p>Trachelolophos filum (Dragesco &amp; Dragesco-Kernéis, 1986) resembles the new species in the number of somatic kineties on trunk. Although there is no in vivo information available for this species, it clearly differs from our new species in possessing more macronuclei (6–30 forming a strand vs. three or four macronuclei forming a single nuclear group) (Foissner &amp; Dragesco, 1996b).</p> <p>Trachelolophos gigas Foissner &amp; Dragesco, 1996 has a similar body shape to the new form, but can be distinguished from the latter by having a larger size (2000 μm vs. 1100–1400 μm), a conspicuously higher number of somatic kineties on the trunk (52–71 vs. 26–40) and many more macronuclei (17–33 macronuclei forming a strand vs. three or four macronuclei forming a nuclear group) (Foissner &amp; Dragesco, 1996b).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC776A9122FFA4FCF52E9094C7C057	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yan, Ying;Xu, Yuan;Al-Farraj, Saleh A.;Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S.;Song, Weibo	Yan, Ying, Xu, Yuan, Al-Farraj, Saleh A., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Song, Weibo (2016): Morphology and phylogeny of three trachelocercids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with description of two new species and insight into the evolution of the family Trachelocercidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177 (2): 306-319, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12364, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12364
03DC776A9123FFA2FCCC2B1F97FAC12D.text	03DC776A9123FFA2FCCC2B1F97FAC12D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trachelolophos binucleatus Yan & Xu & Al-Farraj & Al-Rasheid & Song 2016	<div><p>TRACHELOLOPHOS BINUCLEATUS SP. NOV.</p> <p>(FIGS 4, 5; TABLE 1)</p> <p>Diagnosis: Body size in vivo 500–1000 × 25–35 μm; 9–19 and 17–26 somatic kineties on head and trunk, respectively; single nuclear group composed of two or three macronuclei and one micronucleus; narrow glabrous stripe, corresponding to area occupied by two somatic kineties; cortical granules colourless and about 0.5 μm in diameter.</p> <p>Type locality: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.216385&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.92917" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.216385/lat 35.92917)">The</a> intertidal zone of a bathing beach in Qingdao, China (35°55′45″N, 120°12′59″E), where the water temperature was 16 °C and salinity about 33‰ (Fig. 1A).</p> <p>Type specimens: A protargol-impregnated slide containing the holotype specimen marked with an ink circle is deposited in the Laboratory of Protozoology, Ocean University of China, China (No. YY2013052403). One paratype slide is deposited in the Natural History Museum, London, UK, with registration number NHMUK 2015.9.15.2.</p> <p>Etymology: The species-group name binucleatus reflects the fact that this organism usually has two macronuclei.</p> <p>Description: Fully extended cells about 700 × 30 μm in vivo; body flexible and flattened ribbon-like with claviform head and pointed tail (Figs 4A–C, 5A–C). Body colour dark at low magnification with neck and tail portion transparent due to packed inclusions (Figs 4A, D, 5A, D). Single nuclear group located in centre of trunk, containing two or three macronuclei, 7–10 μm in diameter, and one micronucleus, 3–6 μm in diameter (Figs 4A, D, I, 5D, G, H). Colourless cortical granules, c. 0.5 μm in diameter, arranged in line between ciliary rows and scattered in glabrous stripe (Figs 4F, 5E, F). Locomotion by gliding between sand grains and organic debris.</p> <p>Cell surface densely ciliated with unciliated zone, glabrous stripe, about as wide as two somatic kineties (Figs 4F, H, 5J, M). Entire infraciliature consisting of dikinetids with cilia c. 10 μm long (Figs 4H, I, 5G). About 14 and 19 somatic kineties on head and trunk, respectively. Anterior and posterior secant system formed on left side of glabrous stripe where some kineties abut to bristle kinety (Figs 4F, H, 5J, M). Oral infraciliature consisting of uninterrupted circumoral kinety and conspicuous ciliary tuft located in centre of oral cavity (Figs 4F, G, 3I, L).</p> <p>Comparison: Similar to Trachelolophos quadrinucleatus sp. nov., the current new species should be compared with its known congeners.</p> <p>All measurements in μm. Abbreviations: CV, coefficient of variation (%); Ma, macronuclei; Mi, micronuclei; NG, nuclear groups; SD, standard deviation; SK, somatic kineties; N, number of specimens.</p> <p>Trachelolophos filum can be separated from the new species by having more somatic kineties on the trunk (26–35 vs. 17–26) and more macronuclei (6–30 forming a strand vs. two or three forming a nuclear group) (Foissner &amp; Dragesco, 1996b).</p> <p>Trachelolophos gigas differs from T. binucleatus sp. nov. in possessing a longer body length (2000 μm vs. 500–1000 μm), more somatic kineties on the trunk (52– 71 vs. 17–26) and more macronuclei (17–33 macronuclei forming a strand vs. two or three forming a nuclear group) (Foissner &amp; Dragesco, 1996b).</p> <p>Trachelolophos binucleatus sp. nov. differs from T. quadrinucleatus sp. nov. (above) in having far fewer somatic kineties on the trunk (17–26 vs. 26– 40) and fewer macronuclei (two or three vs. three or four).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC776A9123FFA2FCCC2B1F97FAC12D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yan, Ying;Xu, Yuan;Al-Farraj, Saleh A.;Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S.;Song, Weibo	Yan, Ying, Xu, Yuan, Al-Farraj, Saleh A., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Song, Weibo (2016): Morphology and phylogeny of three trachelocercids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with description of two new species and insight into the evolution of the family Trachelocercidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177 (2): 306-319, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12364, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12364
03DC776A9125FFAFFCCC28C89636C05F.text	03DC776A9125FFAFFCCC28C89636C05F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tracheloraphis DRAGESCO 1960	<div><p>GENUS TRACHELORAPHIS DRAGESCO, 1960</p> <p>TRACHELORAPHIS SIMILIS RAIKOV &amp; KOVALEVA, 1968</p> <p>(FIGS 6, 7; TABLE 1)</p> <p>This species was reported by Raikov &amp; Kovaleva (1968) and no redescriptions have been made since then. Furthermore, in the original report it was insufficiently described and no details about the live morphology, or drawings, are available. Hence, an improved definition and a redescription, based mainly on the Chinese population, are presented here.</p> <p>Improved diagnosis: Body size in vivo 800–1500 × 20– 40 μm; 13–16 and 18–21 somatic kineties on head and trunk, respectively; two nuclear groups, each of which is composed of about four macronuclei and two micronuclei; glabrous stripe corresponding to area occupied by five or six somatic kineties; cortical granules yellowish and c. 0.5 μm in diameter.</p> <p>Deposition of voucher material: A voucher slide with protargol-impregnated specimens is deposited in the Laboratory of Protozoology, Ocean University of China (No. YY2012121301).</p> <p>Redescription based on the Chinese population: Fully extended cells about 1200 × 30 μm in vivo; body flexible and contractile with cross-section elliptical; cell distinctly tripartite, with neck, tail and trunk regions (Figs 6A, 7A). Head conspicuously claviform; tail wedgeshaped (Figs 6A, B, 7A, C). Endoplasm greyish and opaque due to multiple refractile inclusions (Figs 6B, C, 7B–D). Two nuclear groups, each of which contains about four macronuclei, 9–15 μm in diameter, and two micronuclei, c. 4–5 μm in diameter (Figs 6A, C, H, 7B, G, I, J). Small yellowish cortical granules, c. 0.5 μm in diameter, distributed between ciliary rows and in glabrous stripe (Figs 6D, 7E, F). Locomotion by gliding between sand grains and organic debris.</p> <p>Cell surface densely ciliated with unciliated zone, glabrous stripe, about as wide as five or six somatic kineties (Figs 6E, G, H, 7G, H, L). Entire infraciliature consisting of dikinetids with cilia about 10 μm long (Figs 6G, H, 7G). About 15 and 19 somatic kineties on head and trunk, respectively. Anterior and posterior secant system formed on left side of glabrous stripe where some kineties abut to bristle kinety (Figs 6F, H, 7L). Oral ciliature consisting of circumoral kinety, which is interrupted by three inserted brosse kineties (Figs 6E–H, 7H, L).</p> <p>Remarks: Based on the original description given by Raikov &amp; Kovaleva (1968), this species has an elongated spindle-shaped body, a pointed tail that forms a slight hook and a glabrous stripe as wide as six kineties. Given these characteristics, this Guangzhou population corresponds well to the original report. Raikov &amp; Kovaleva (1968) describe Tracheloraphis similis as colourless but provide no information on its cortical granules. Based on our study, however, this species has yellowish cortical granules but they are so small (c. 0.5 μm in diameter) that the whole cell looks colourless at low magnification. The other minor differences between these two populations are the body length in vivo (600–800 μm vs. 800–1500 μm in Guangzhou population) and the number of somatic kineties (16 vs. 13–16 on head, 18–21 on trunk in Guangzhou population). These differences are probably populationdependent because these values overlap with each other. Consequently, we identified the Guangzhou isolate as a population of T. similis.</p> <p>MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY BASED ON SSU RRNA GENE SEQUENCES</p> <p>The length (bp), GC content and GenBank accession numbers of the two species are as follows: Trachelolophos quadrinucleatus sp. nov. – 1554, 47.04%, KT361660; Tracheloraphis similis – 1628, 47.91%, KT361661.</p> <p>The resulting topologies generated using ML and BI are generally concordant and thus only a single topology with support values generated from both analyses is presented (Fig. 8). As described in previous studies (Yan et al., 2013, 2015), the family Trachelocercidae is a monophyletic group (88% ML, 1.00 BI), being a sister clade to the family Kentrophoridae (87% ML, 1.00 BI). Within Trachelocercidae, the genus Apotrachelocerca occupies a basal position. The topology then separates into two clades: Kovalevaia and Trachelolophos form one clade with low support (22% ML, 0.52 BI), while Prototrachelocerca, Trachelocerca and Tracheloraphis form the other clade with high support (98% ML, 1.00 BI).</p> <p>Tracheloraphis and Trachelocerca are not monophyletic as Tracheloraphis similis branches sister to Prototrachelocerca with full support and three populations of Tracheloraphis huangi fall within the Trachelocerca clade. The SSU rRNA gene sequence of Tracheloraphis sp. (L31520) was reported by Hirt et al. (1995), but without information on the morphology. It was only when Foissner &amp; Dragesco (1996a) described the shape and structure of the oral ciliature that the generic classification based on morphology became clear. We therefore suggest that this sequence should be treated as a generic classification of an unknown environmental sequence within Trachelocercidae.</p> <p>With or without Tracheloraphis sp. (L31520), however, the hypothesis that Tracheloraphis is monophyletic is rejected by the AU test (P = 3e-033, &lt;0.05 or P = 5e- 004, &lt;0.05), while the hypothesis that Trachelocerca is monophyletic is not rejected (P = 0.209,&gt; 0.05). A fuller picture of the relationship between Trachelocerca and Tracheloraphis will only be possible once more phylogenetic analyses based on multiple genetic and morphogenetic studies become available. Thus, further research needs to be performed focusing on these aspects.</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC776A9125FFAFFCCC28C89636C05F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Yan, Ying;Xu, Yuan;Al-Farraj, Saleh A.;Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S.;Song, Weibo	Yan, Ying, Xu, Yuan, Al-Farraj, Saleh A., Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S., Song, Weibo (2016): Morphology and phylogeny of three trachelocercids (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Karyorelictea), with description of two new species and insight into the evolution of the family Trachelocercidae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 177 (2): 306-319, DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12364, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12364
