identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03DDD91CEC4E51317B8AFAF0971EFE9A.text	03DDD91CEC4E51317B8AFAF0971EFE9A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnotus carapo subsp. madeirensis Craig, Crampton and Albert 2017	<div><p>Gymnotus carapo madeirensis Craig, Crampton and Albert, 2017:428</p><p>Figure 6A, Table 1</p><p>Description: Gymnotus carapo madeirensis differs from all sympatric members of the G. carapo clade on the following characters: one, large maximum adult body size (up to 360 mm TL vs. 237–275 mm TL in the G. carapo clade of the Upper Madeira; two, a color pattern consisting of 16–25, mode 24 obliquely-oriented dark bands with wavy, irregular margins from nape and to tip of caudal appendage vs. dark bands greater than twice width of pale bands in G. eyra and G. riberalta and anteriormost two to three pale interbands crescent-shaped in G. chaviro . Sexually monomorphic. Size up to 360 mm TL with adult body proportions attained at about 130 mm TL. Adult body shape subcylindrical with a mean ratio of body width to depth of 67%. Head length moderate, 17.8–27.5% total length. Snout length moderate, 32.3–34.9% head length. Mouth width narrow, 38.6–49.0% head length. Preanal distance long, 65.2–84.0% head length. Anal-fin long, 74.9–83.8% total length. Cycloid or ovoid scales present on entire post-cranial portion of body from nape to caudal appendage. Scales above lateral line intermediate, five to seven, mode seven. Scales over anal-fin pterygiophores large, with eight rows. Gape large, extending to or beyond posterior nares. Mouth position superior, lower jaw longer than upper, rictus decurved. Chin round in lateral, dorsal profiles, fleshy and bulbous with mental electroreceptive organ overlying lower jaw. Anterior narial pore partially or entirely included within gape, in small narial fold. Anterior nares large subequal to eye diameter. Eye below horizontal with mouth. Circumorbital series ovoid. Premaxilla with 11–16 (mode 14, n=10) teeth disposed in single row along outer margin, arrowhead shaped anteriorly, conical posteriorly. Curved median margin of premaxilla. Maxilla-palatine articulation near anterior tip of endopterygoid. Maxilla vertical, rod-shaped, narrow distally with a straight ventral margin, length equal to roughly width of four to six dentary teeth. Dentary with one row of 16–19 (mode 17, n=4) teeth, two to four arrowhead shaped anteriorly, all others conical posteriorly. Posterodorsal and posteroventral dentary processes abut at midlength. Dentary posteroventral process nearly as long as posterodorsal, narrow distally. Dentary ventral margin lamella narrow, depth less than posterior process. Dentary anteroventral margin rounded in lateral view, without a hook. Mandible long, extended, length greater than twice depth. Retroarticular with an arched lamella posteriorly forming a small canal, posterior margin square. Anguloarticular process long, extending beyond ventral margin of dentary. Metapterygoid superior and inferior portions approximately equal in size, ascending process robust, long, base shorter than length, curved, tip simple. Hyomandibular trigeminal canals connected. Dorsal region of hyomandibula with four lateral foramenae, supraorbital and infraorbital nerves divided. Posterior lateral line fenestra contacting posterodorsal margin of hyomandibula. Preopercle with anteroventral notch, posterodorsal laterosensory ramus with two superficial pores, margin of medial shelf entire, median shelf large, more than half width of symplectic. Interopercle dorsal margin ascending process broad. Opercle dorsal margin straight to slightly convex, its posterior margin smooth. Opercular posterior margin entirely smooth. Subopercle dorsal margin concave. Cranial fontanels closed in juveniles and adults. Frontal shape narrow, width at fourth infraorbital less than that of parietal, anterior margin of straight, continuous with margins of adjacent roofing bones, postorbital process broad, more than two times width of supraorbital canal. Lateral ethmoid unossified. Parietal rectangular, length less than width. Parasphenoid anteroventral portion robust, extending ventral to lateral margin of parasphenoid, posterior processes narrow. Prootic foramen Vp separate from V2-3 +VII. Adductor mandibula undivided at insertion, intermuscular bones absent. All basibranchials unossified. Gill rakers not contacting gill bar.</p><p>Cleithrum narrow, ventral margin straight, anterior limb long, more than one-point-eight times ascending limb, deeply incised on its anteroventral margin, without large facet for insertion of muscle from supracleithrum. Postcleithrum thin, discoid or sickle shaped. Body cavity of moderate length, with 32–36 precaudal vertebrae, mode 33, n=41. Rib 5 robust along its entire extent, less than three times width of rib 6. Displaced hemal spines absent. Length anal-fin pterygiophores equal to or longer than hemal spines. Pectoral fin intermediate, with 13–16 rays, mode 13. Anal fin of moderate length, with 210–268 rays, median 228. Single hypaxial electric organ, extending along entire ventral margin of body with three to four rows of electroplates near caudal insertion of anal fin.</p><p>Color in Alcohol: Body ground color tan ventrally grading to darker brown dorsally in adults, pale yellow throughout in smaller specimens. Bands variable in number among individuals and in shape and arrangement within individuals, uncorrelated with sex. Adults (TL&gt; 200 mm TL) with 16–25 (mode 24, n=8) obliquelyoriented, chocolate-colored bands with wavy, irregular margins on lateral surface from nape and to tip of caudal appendage, occurring singly or as band-pairs (increasingly divided and irregular with size). Band-interband contrast increases ventrally and caudally, fades with growth (juveniles&gt; 150 mm TL with distinct margins, specimens 200–300 mm TL faintly banded, and some specimens over 250 mm TL unbanded except very faintly in posterior one third of body). Band-interband contrast increases ventrally and caudally, fades with growth (juveniles with distinct margins, adults faintly banded, some specimens over 250 mm TL unbanded except very faintly in posterior one third of body). Bands may be divided dorsally or ventrally to form X - or inverted Y -shaped patterns. Pale inter-bands roughly one third width of dark bands at mid-body. Head never banded, characterized by dense speckling dorsally fading to pale yellow ventrally. Numerous chromatophores speckled over branchiostegal membranes and ventral surface of head. Pectoral-fin rays brown, interradial membranes hyaline. Anterior 80% of anal fin membrane dark brown, gray or black, posterior 20% translucent.</p><p>Materials Examined: Bolivia: UF 82191, 187 mm, Santa Cruz, Río Guaporé, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-60.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -60.583332/lat -17.3)">Río San Pablo</a>, Río San Diablo, Velasco, 71 km N. San José de Chiquitos (17°18’S, 60°35’W) ; UF 82211 (2), 196–205 mm, same locality as UF 82191; UF 82345 (3) 111–360 mm, Santa Cruz, Río Jorge, W. of Warnes, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-63.21&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.570002" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -63.21/lat -17.570002)">Río Piray</a> (17°34’12”S, 63°12’36”W) ; UF 82470 (2), 170–218 mm, Beni, Río Mamoré, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.88333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.88333/lat -14.633333)">Río Ibaré</a>, Cercado, Arroyo San Javier (14°38’S, 64°53’W) ; UF 82485, 360 mm, Beni, Río Mamoré, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.466666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.933334/lat -14.466666)">Río Ibaré</a>, Cercado, 20 km N San Javier (14°28’S, 64°56’W) ; UF 82510, 241 mm, Beni, Río Mamoré, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.933334/lat -14.4)">Río Ibaré</a>, Cercado, 25 km N San Javier (14°24’S, 64°56’W) ; UMMZ 66433 (2), 215–331 mm, Beni, Río Beni, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.96667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.96667/lat -13.95)">Lago Rogoagua</a> (13°57’S, 66°58’W) ; UMSS 0 6962, 108 mm, Beni, Río Madeira, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.080635&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.823061" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.080635/lat -10.823061)">Arroyo Tres Cuchillas</a> (10°49’23.02”S, 66°4’50.300” W) ; UMSS 0 6963, 121 mm, same locality as UMSS 06962; UMSS 0 6964, 174 mm, same locality as UMSS 06962; UMSS 0 6964, 177 mm, Beni, Río Madeira, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.080635&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.823061" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.080635/lat -10.823061)">Arroyo Tres Cuchillas</a> (10°49’23.02”S, 66°4’50.30”W) ; UMSS 0 6965, 145 mm, same locality as UMSS 06962; UMSS 0 6966, 179 mm, same locality as UMSS 06962; UMSS 0 6969, 302 mm, same locality as UMSS 06962; UMSS 0 6970, 119 mm, same locality as UMSS 06962; UMSS 0 6977, 202 mm, Río Beni aff. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.09967&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.0281105" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.09967/lat -11.0281105)">Río Madeira</a> (11°01’41.20”S, 66°5’58.80”W) . Peru: MUSM 60285 (holotype), 227 mm TL, Puno, Sandia, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.516666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.683334/lat -13.516666)">Río Candamo</a> (13°31’S, 069°41’W) ; MUSM 60286 (2; paratypes), 101–121 mm TL, same locality as MUSM 60285.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DDD91CEC4E51317B8AFAF0971EFE9A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Craig, Jack M.;Correa-Roldán, Vanessa;Ortega, Hernán;Crampton, William G. R.;Albert, James S.	Craig, Jack M., Correa-Roldán, Vanessa, Ortega, Hernán, Crampton, William G. R., Albert, James S. (2018): Revision of Gymnotus (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) from the Upper Madeira Basin of Bolivia and Peru, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 4413 (1): 111-132, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4413.1.3
03DDD91CEC4C513E7B8AFE1F9258FBCA.text	03DDD91CEC4C513E7B8AFE1F9258FBCA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnotus chaviro Maxime & Albert 2009	<div><p>Gymnotus chaviro Maxime &amp; Albert, 2009</p><p>Figure 6B, Table 1</p><p>Diagnosis: Gymnotus chaviro differs from all sympatric members of the G. carapo clade on a color pattern consisting of 17–29 (mode 20, n=100) dark gray bands with irregular, wavy margins approximately as wide as pale interbands, 2–3 of the anteriormost five pale interbands with both margins crescent-shaped vs. margins of anteriormost interbands straight or curved in parallel in the G. carapo clade of the Upper Madeira.</p><p>Description: Sexually monomorphic. Size up to 275 mm TL with adult body proportions attained at about 120 mm TL. Adult body shape subcylindrical with a mean ratio of body width to depth of 77%. Head length moderate, 8.8–11.7% total length. Snout length moderate, 31.4–39.8% head length. Mouth width intermediate, 35.5–57.8% head length. Preanal distance long, 67.8–99.4% head length. Anal-fin long, 76.5–84.3% total length. Cycloid or ovoid scales present on entire post-cranial portion of body from nape to caudal appendage. Scales above lateral line intermediate, five to nine, mode eight. Scales over anal-fin pterygiophores large, with 12–13, mode 12 rows. Gape small, never extending beyond posterior nares. Mouth position superior, lower jaw longer than upper, rictus decurved. Chin round in lateral, dorsal profiles, fleshy and bulbous with mental electroreceptive organ overlying lower jaw. Anterior narial pore partially or entirely included within gape, in small narial fold, pipe shaped. Anterior nares small, its diameter four to five times less than that of eye. Eye below horizontal with mouth. Circumorbital series ovoid. Premaxilla with 14 teeth in two rows, and curved median margin. Curved median margin of premaxilla. Maxilla-palatine articulation near anterior tip of endopterygoid. Maxilla vertical, rod-shaped, narrow distally with a straight ventral margin, length equal to roughly width of seven to nine dentary teeth. Dentary with 14 arrowhead-shaped teeth anteriorly in outer row and 10 in an anterior inner tooth patch. Posterodorsal and posteroventral dentary processes abut at midlength. Dentary posteroventral process shorter than posterodorsal, narrow distally. Dentary ventral margin lamella wide, depth greater than posterior process. Dentary anteroventral margin rounded in lateral view, without a hook. Mandible long, extended, length greater than twice depth. Retroarticular with an arched lamella posteriorly forming a small canal, posterior margin square. Anguloarticular process long, extending beyond ventral margin of dentary. Metapterygoid superior and inferior portions approximately equal in size, ascending process robust, long, base shorter than length, curved, tip simple. Hyomandibular trigeminal canals connected. Dorsal region of hyomandibula with four lateral foramenae, supraorbital and infraorbital nerves divided. Posterior lateral line fenestra contacting posterodorsal margin of hyomandibula. Preopercle with anteroventral notch, posterodorsal laterosensory ramus with two superficial pores, margin of medial shelf entire, median shelf large, more than half width of symplectic. Interopercle dorsal margin ascending process broad. Subopercle dorsal margin concave. Opercle dorsal margin straight to slightly convex, its posterior margin smooth. Opercular posterior margin entirely smooth. Cranial fontanels closed in juveniles and adults. Frontal shape broad, width at fourth infraorbital greater than that of parietal, anterior margin of straight, continuous with margins of adjacent roofing bones, postorbital process narrow, less than two times width of supraorbital canal. Lateral ethmoid unossified. Parietal rectangular, length less than width. Parasphenoid anteroventral portion robust, extending ventral to lateral margin of parasphenoid, posterior processes narrow. Prootic foramen Vp separate from V2-3 +VII. Adductor mandibula undivided at insertion, intermusculars absent. All basibranchials unossified. Gill rakers not contacting gill bar.</p><p>Cleithrum narrow, ventral margin straight, anterior limb long, more than one-point-eight times ascending limb, deeply incised on its anteroventral margin, without large facet for insertion of muscle from supracleithrum. Postcleithrum thin, discoid or sickle shaped. Body cavity of moderate length, with 35–38 precaudal vertebrae, mode=37, n=4. Rib 5 robust along its entire extent, less than three times width of rib 6. Displaced hemal spines absent. Length anal-fin pterygiophores equal to or longer than hemal spines. Pectoral fin large, with 16–19 rays, mode 19. Anal fin long, with 212–280 rays, mode 270. Lateral-line variable, seven to 23 ventral rami, mode eight. Lateral-line dorsal rami absent in adults. Single hypaxial electric organ, extending along entire ventral margin of body with four rows of electroplates near caudal insertion of anal fin.</p><p>Color in Alcohol: Body ground color dark, chocolate brown. Bands variable in number among individuals and in shape and arrangement within individuals, uncorrelated with sex. Adults (TL&gt; 90 mm TL) with 17–29 (mode 20, n=100) oblique pigment gray bands with irregular, wavy margins on lateral surface extending from nape and pectoral-fin base to tip of caudal appendage, oriented vertically to obliquely in an antero-ventral to postero-dorsal diagonal. Dark bands approximately as wide as pale interbands, thinner anteriorly. Majority of dark bands paired with pale intraband. Most bands poorly divided with no sharp contrast; intraband formed by less density of pigments at the middle of the band. Greatest pigment density at band margins, sharper caudally. Three to four dark bands meet at ventral midline anterior to anal-fin origin. Two to three of the anteriormost five pale interbands crescent-shaped. Bands above lateral line continuous on anterior half of body, not visible against ground color at dorsal midline. More regularly-arrayed pigment bands, sharper contrast in juveniles. Head never banded, characterized by dense speckling dorsally fading to pale yellow ventrally. Pectoral and anal fins with uniform light gray rays and interradial membranes. Anal fin with pale zone caudally.</p><p>Materials Examined: Peru, Madre de Dios: MUSM 1406, 127 mm TL, Parque Nacional Manú, Quebrada Pakitza, Aguajal ; MUSM 1759 (2), 142–150 mm TL, Puerto Maldonado, river near Tambopata, Cochachica; MUSM 21405, 138 mm TL; MUSM 22731 (10), 143–210 mm TL, Madre de Dios drainage; MUSM 16662, 325 mm TL, Tambopata, Madre de Dios drainage, Lago Copamanu . Peru, Ucayali: MUSM 33715 (holotype), 233 mm TL, Alto Yuruá, Quebrada Dos y medio, small terra firme stream ~two km NW of Breu (09°31’10.50”S, 072°45’45.30”W); MUSM 33714 (40, paratypes), 95–275 mm TL, same locality as MUSM 33715; FMNH 118274 (10, paratypes), 134–179 mm TL, same locality as MUSM 33715; CAS 227893 (10, paratypes), 123–150 mm TL, same locality as MUSM 33715; MCZ 168419 (10, paratypes), 115–160 mm TL, same locality as MUSM 33715; MCP 43880 (10, paratypes), 116–164 mm TL, same locality as MUSM 33715; MZUSP 103035 (10, paratypes), 130–217 mm TL, same locality as MUSM 33715; AMNH 248884 (10, paratypes), 104–180 mm TL, same locality as MUSM 33715 .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DDD91CEC4C513E7B8AFE1F9258FBCA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Craig, Jack M.;Correa-Roldán, Vanessa;Ortega, Hernán;Crampton, William G. R.;Albert, James S.	Craig, Jack M., Correa-Roldán, Vanessa, Ortega, Hernán, Crampton, William G. R., Albert, James S. (2018): Revision of Gymnotus (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) from the Upper Madeira Basin of Bolivia and Peru, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 4413 (1): 111-132, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4413.1.3
03DDD91CEC43513F7B8AFBD29119F855.text	03DDD91CEC43513F7B8AFBD29119F855.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnotus coropinae Hoedeman 1962	<div><p>Gymnotus coropinae Hoedeman, 1962</p><p>Figure 6C, Table 1</p><p>G. anguillaris in part: Nijssen and Isbrücker, 1968</p><p>Diagnosis: Gymnotus coropinae is the only representative of the G. coatesi clade sensu Tagliacollo et al. (2016) present in the Upper Madeira, and can be easily differentiated from members of the G. carapo clade on the following characters: one, small maximum adult body size up to 135 mm TL in the G. coropinae of the Upper Madeira, vs. large (237–360 mm TL) in the G. carapo clade of the Upper Madeira; two, single laterosensory pore in the posterior corner of the preopercle vs. two in the G. carapo clade of the Upper Madeira; three, teeth all small and needle shaped teeth, vs. two to seven arrowhead-shaped in the G. carapo clade of the Upper Madeira; four, cylindrical body profile, vs. laterally-compressed in the G. carapo clade of the Upper Madeira.</p><p>Description: Sexually monomorphic. Size up to 162 mm TL with adult body proportions attained at 90–120 mm TL. Adult body shape subcylindrical with a mean ratio of body width to depth of 75%. Head length moderate, 7.9–11.6% total length. Snout length moderate, 29.3–34.5% head length. Mouth width intermediate, 33.2–46.1% head length. Preanal distance long, 88.4–120.3% head length. Anal-fin intermediate, 70.6–84.2% total length. Cycloid or ovoid scales present on entire post-cranial portion of body from nape to caudal appendage. Scales above lateral line intermediate, seven to eight, mode seven. Gape moderate, extending three quarters distance from anterior tip of snout to posterior nares. Mouth position superior, lower jaw longer than upper, rictus decurved. Chin round in lateral, dorsal profiles, fleshy and bulbous with mental electroreceptive organ overlying lower jaw. Anterior narial pore partially or entirely included within gape, pipe-shaped. Anterior nares large, half diameter of eye. Eye below horizontal with mouth. Circumorbital series ovoid. Anterior margin of ethmoid region rounded. Premaxilla with 11–12 (mode 12, n=2) teeth disposed in single row along outer margin, and four to five (mode five, n=2) in inner row. Outer row teeth large and needle shaped, inner teeth short and needle shaped, no arrowhead shaped teeth present. Curved median margin of premaxilla. Maxilla-palatine articulation near anterior tip of endopterygoid. Maxilla vertical, rod-shaped, broad distally with a straight ventral margin, length equal to roughly width of four to six dentary teeth. Dentary with outer row of 19–21 (mode 21, n=2) teeth, and inner row of 10–12 (mode 11, n=2), none arrowhead shaped. Outer row with one to 10 slender recurved needle-shaped teeth anteriorly, those posteriorly larger and less slender. Inner tooth row extending about two-thirds along the tooth-bearing portion of dentary bone. Teeth longer, more needle-shaped and closer-spaced anteriorly. Posterodorsal and posteroventral dentary processes abut at midlength. Dentary posteroventral process nearly as long as posterodorsal, narrow distally. Dentary ventral margin lamella wide, depth greater than posterior process. Dentary anteroventral margin rounded in lateral view, without a hook. Mandible long, extended, length greater than twice depth. Anguloarticular process long, extending beyond ventral margin of dentary. Retroarticular with an arched lamella posteriorly forming a small canal, posterior margin square. Metapterygoid superior and inferior portions approximately equal in size, ascending process robust, long, base shorter than length, curved, tip complex. Posterior lateral line fenestra contacting posterodorsal margin of hyomandibula. Preopercle with anteroventral notch, posterodorsal laterosensory ramus with two superficial pores, margin of medial shelf entire, median shelf small, less than half width of symplectic. Interopercle dorsal margin ascending process broad. Opercle dorsal margin straight to slightly convex, its posterior margin smooth. Opercular posterior margin entirely smooth. Subopercle dorsal margin concave. Cranial fontanels closed in juveniles and adults. Frontal shape broad, width at fourth infraorbital greater than that of parietal, anterior margin of straight, continuous with margins of adjacent roofing bones, postorbital process narrow, less than two times width of supraorbital canal. Adductor mandibula undivided at insertion, intermusculars absent. All basibranchials unossified. Gill rakers not contacting gill bar.</p><p>Cleithrum very narrow, ventral margin straight, anterior limb long, more than one-point-eight times ascending limb, deeply incised on its anteroventral margin, without large facet for insertion of muscle from supracleithrum. Postcleithrum thin, discoid or sickle shaped. Rib 5 robust along its entire extent, less than three times width of rib 6. Displaced hemal spines absent. Length anal-fin pterygiophores equal to or longer than hemal spines. Pectoral fin intermediate, with 13–14 rays, mode 13. Anal fin of moderate length, with 210–230 rays, mode 230. Single hypaxial electric organ, extending along entire ventral margin of body with 3 rows of electroplates near caudal insertion of anal fin.</p><p>Color in alcohol: Ground color dark brown in adults and juveniles. four to 20 (median 17, n =6) white or cream bands on lateral surface. In anterior one to two thirds of body of adults, bands absent, restricted to the ventral part of the lateral surface such that the dark interbands fuse into a uniform dark coloration anteriorly, or highly reduced in width. More anterior bands may extend onto dorsal part of lateral surface, but never meet bands from the other side of body. Pale bands with high-contrast margins, dark ground color, extending to mid-dorsum along posterior one quarter of body. Two to three pale bands posterior to last anal-fin ray. Pale bands never completely divided, but fainter coloration in middle of posterior-most three to six bands. Pale bands oriented vertically or obliquely in anterior-inferior to posterior-superior orientation. Pale bands irregular in shape, width, arrangement, both on and among individuals. Pale bands narrow and shorten anteriorly, only rarely extending to midline anteriorly. No pale bands meet on ventral midline, between anus and anal-fin origin. Area between pale bands infrequently marked by cream colored patch near ventral margin of anal-fin pterygiophores, especially posteriorly. Pale bands of juveniles resemble adults, sometimes extend further dorsally in anterior portion of body. Head never banded, characterized by dense speckling dorsally fading to pale yellow ventrally. Pectoral-fin rays dark brown, inter-radial membranes hyaline. Anal-fin membrane charcoal gray anteriorly, black posteriorly. No unpigmented patch at the caudal end.</p><p>Material Examined: Peru, Madre de Dios: MUSM 17596 (3), 90–112 mm TL, Río Madre de Dios (12°36’S, 069°11’W); MUSM 20146, 76 mm TL, Río Madre de Dios, Río Los Amigos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.07056&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.576667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.07056/lat -12.576667)">Parque Nacional Manu</a> (12°34’36”S, 070°04’14"W) ; MUSM 20264 (8), 50–118, Rio Los Amigos, CRA, Quebrada Moro Blanco, abajo Aguajal; MUSM 20272, 140 mm TL, Tambopata, Tambopata National Reserve, nr. Explorer’s Inn (12°50’12.01’S, 069°17’38.12’W) ; MUSM 3013, 105 mm TL, Río Tambopata, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.183334/lat -12.733334)">Cochachica</a> (~ 12°44’S, 069°11’W) ; MUSM 4176, 81 mm TL, same locality as MUSM 3013; MUSM 4503 (2), 66–70 mm TL, Río Tambopata, cuenca del Río Heath, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.733334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.183334/lat -12.733334)">Quebrada San Antonio</a> (~ 12°44’S, 69°11’W) ; MUSM 535 (13), 79–136 mm TL; MUSM 7594, 76 mm TL; USNM 264102 (2), 112–114 mm TL, Río Tambopata, nr. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.29195&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.841666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.29195/lat -12.841666)">Cochachica</a> (~ 12°50’30”S, 069°17’31”W) ; USNM 264108 (2), 117–121 mm TL, Río Tambopata, nr. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.827778" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.3/lat -12.827778)">Río la Torre</a> (~ 12°49’40”S, 069°18’00”W) ; USNM 366207 (3), 86–142 mm TL, Río Tambopata, nr. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.270836&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.829166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.270836/lat -12.829166)">Cochachica</a> (~ 12°49’45”S, 069°16’15”W) ; USNM 366208, 97 mm TL, Río Tambopata, nr. <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.3/lat -12.833333)">Río la Torre</a> (12°50’S, 069°18’W) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DDD91CEC43513F7B8AFBD29119F855	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Craig, Jack M.;Correa-Roldán, Vanessa;Ortega, Hernán;Crampton, William G. R.;Albert, James S.	Craig, Jack M., Correa-Roldán, Vanessa, Ortega, Hernán, Crampton, William G. R., Albert, James S. (2018): Revision of Gymnotus (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) from the Upper Madeira Basin of Bolivia and Peru, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 4413 (1): 111-132, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4413.1.3
03DDD91CEC4051387B8AF985918DFE0B.text	03DDD91CEC4051387B8AF985918DFE0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnotus eyra Craig & Correa-Roldán & Ortega & Crampton & Albert 2018	<div><p>Gymnotus eyra n. sp.</p><p>Figure 6D, Table 2</p><p>Holotype: MUSM 60276, 122, Peru, Madre de Dios, Manu, Cuenca <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.109886&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.560184" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.109886/lat -12.560184)">Río Los Amigos</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.109886&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.560184" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.109886/lat -12.560184)">Aguajal</a> cicra <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.109886&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.560184" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.109886/lat -12.560184)">Pozo Pedro</a> (12°33.611’S, 070°06.593’W), coll. By Max Hidalgo, 05/07/2002.</p><p>Paratypes: MUSM 21404 (5), 51–119, same date and locality as MUSM 60276.</p><p>Nontypes: Bolivia, Beni: AUM 23644, 152 mm TL, Rio Beni, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.183334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.116667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.183334/lat -11.116667)">Rio Madeira</a> drainage, 26 km SSW of Riberalta (11°07’00”S, 066°11’00”W) ; INHS 37119 (5), 94–176 mm TL, Rio Beni, Rio Madeira drainage, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.216576&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.7923" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.216576/lat -14.7923)">Cuneta</a> (borrow pit) 3 km E Estac. (14°47’32.28”S, 066°12’59.69”W) . Peru, Madre de Dios: MUSM 14021, 185 mm TL, Manu, Rio Madre de Dios, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.28333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.28333/lat -11.95)">Quebrada Pachija</a> (11°57’S, 071°17’W) ; MUSM 19993 (2), 132–148 mm TL, Manu, Rio Madre de Dios, Los Amigos, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.01&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.01/lat -12.55)">Aguajal</a> (12°33’00”S, 070°00’36”W) ; MUSM 2 1388 (6), 67–132 mm TL, Cuenca <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.1/lat -12.55)">Rio Los Amigos</a>, cerca Aguajal, Pozo Pedro (12°33’00”S, 070°06’00”W) ; MUSM 21778, 147 mm TL, Madre de Dios, Tambopata, Cuenca Río Madre de Dios, Aguajal, Aguas Negras, Pozo Santa Elena . Peru, Cusco: MUSM 36141 (2), 199–254 mm TL, La Convención, Echarate, Rio Urubamba Basin, Rio Parotori, Quebrada Piriabindeni (11°46’59.88”S, 073°05’60.00”W).</p><p>Diagnosis: Gymnotus eyra is morphologically similar to G. mamiraua, but differs on the following characters: one, fewer pectoral-fin rays (P1R 10–13, mode 11 vs. 12–16, mode 15 in G. mamiraua); two, fewer ventral lateralline rami (VLR 10–15, mode 13 vs. 16–18, median 17 in G. mamiraua). Gymnotus eyra further differs from other members of the G. carapo clade from the Upper Madeira ( G. c. madeirensis, G. chaviro and G. riberalta) on the following characters: one, a color pattern (shared with G. mamiraua) consisting of pale bands narrow, less than one third width of dark bands, sharp band margins, and pale bands extending to dorsal mid-line; two, few, larger scales over the anal-fin pterygiophores (APS six to eight, mode seven vs. eight to 13, mode 12 in other G. carapo clade from the Upper Madeira); three, few pored lateral-line scales before the first ventral lateral-line ramus (PLR 30–41, median 39 vs. 40–61, median 50 in other G. carapo clade from the Upper Madeira). Gymnotus eyra further differs from other members of the G. carapo clade throughout the Neotropics in possessing a color pattern (similar to G. mamiraua) consisting of pale bands less than one fifth width of dark bands, sharp band margins, and pale bands extending to dorsal mid-line vs. bands interrupted into patches anterodorsally, with silver, blue or green metallic countershading on dorsum of adults of G. arapaima, dark bands lost in large adults (&gt; 250 mm TL) of G. ardilai, small, rounded dark spots over entire body except posterior 20% of some specimens of G. bahianus, bands faint or absent in all specimens of G. chimarrao, one to three inverted Y -shaped dark bands posteriorly and pale bands not reaching above lateral line in anterior two thirds of body of G. choco, bands faint or absent from 80% of dorsum in all specimens, and narrow pale bands (less than one fifth width of dark bands) which never extend above lateral line on anterior half of body in G. pantanal, pale bands wider than dark bands in G. sylvius, narrow pale interbands (less than one third width of dark bands) extending above lateral line and often to dorsal midline in G. ucamara .</p><p>Description: Sexually monomorphic. Size up to 185 mm TL with adult body proportions attained at about 110 mm TL. Adult body shape subcylindrical with a mean ratio of body width to depth of 55%. Body profile slender, body depth 85.4–114.5% total length. Head length moderate, 9.6–12.3% total length. Snout length moderate, 32.0– 40.0% head length. Mouth width narrow, 30.9–43.9% head length. Preanal distance long, 61.3–84.5% head length. Anal-fin long, 78.5–84.4% total length. Cycloid or ovoid scales present on entire post-cranial portion of body from nape to caudal appendage. Scales above lateral line intermediate, four to six, mode 5. Scales over anal-fin pterygiophores large, with six to eight, mode seven rows. Gape large, extending to or beyond posterior nares. Mouth position superior, lower jaw longer than upper, rictus decurved. Chin round in lateral, dorsal profiles, fleshy and bulbous with mental electroreceptive organ overlying lower jaw. Anterior narial pore partially or entirely included within gape, in small narial fold. Anterior nares small, its diameter less than that of eye. Eye below horizontal with mouth. Circumorbital series ovoid. Premaxilla with 16 teeth disposed in single row along outer margin. Curved median margin of premaxilla. Maxilla-palatine articulation near anterior tip of endopterygoid. Maxilla vertical, rod-shaped, narrow distally with a straight ventral margin, length equal to roughly width of 4–6 dentary teeth. Dentary with one row of 15 teeth, four to five arrowhead shaped anteriorly. Dentary posteroventral process nearly as long as posterodorsal, narrow distally. Dentary ventral margin lamella narrow, depth less than posterior process. Dentary anteroventral margin rounded in lateral view, without a hook. Mandible long, extended, length greater than twice depth. Anguloarticular process long, extending beyond ventral margin of dentary. Retroarticular with an arched lamella posteriorly forming a small canal, posterior margin square. Metapterygoid superior and inferior portions approximately equal in size, ascending process robust, long, base shorter than length, curved, tip complex. Hyomandibular trigeminal canals connected. Dorsal region of hyomandibula with four lateral foramenae, supraorbital and infraorbital nerves divided. Posterior lateral line fenestra contacting posterodorsal margin of hyomandibula. Preopercle with anteroventral notch, posterodorsal laterosensory ramus with two superficial pores, margin of medial shelf entire, median shelf large, more than half width of symplectic. Interopercle dorsal margin ascending process broad. Opercle dorsal margin straight to slightly convex, its posterior margin smooth. Opercular posterior margin entirely smooth. Subopercle dorsal margin concave. Cranial fontanels closed in juveniles and adults. Frontal shape broad, width at fourth infraorbital less than that of parietal, anterior margin of straight, continuous with margins of adjacent roofing bones, postorbital process broad, more than two times width of supraorbital canal. Lateral ethmoid unossified. Parietal rectangular, length less than width. Parasphenoid anteroventral portion robust, extending ventral to lateral margin of parasphenoid, posterior processes narrow. Prootic foramen Vp separate from V2-3 +VII. Adductor mandibula undivided at insertion, intermusculars absent. All basibranchials unossified. Gill rakers not contacting gill bar.</p><p>Cleithrum narrow, ventral margin straight, anterior limb short, less than one-point-eight times ascending limb, deeply incised on its anteroventral margin, without large facet for insertion of muscle from supracleithrum. Postcleithrum thin, discoid or sickle-shaped. Body cavity of moderate length, with 34 precaudal vertebrae (n=1). Rib 5 robust along its entire extent, less than three times width of rib 6. Displaced hemal spines absent. Length anal-fin pterygiophores equal to or longer than hemal spines. Pectoral fin narrow, with 10–13 rays, mode 11. Anal fin of moderate length, with 167–227 rays, median 193. Lateral-line variable, with 10–15 ventral rami, median 12. Lateral-line dorsal rami absent in adults. Single hypaxial electric organ, extending along entire ventral margin of body with three rows of electroplates near caudal insertion of anal fin.</p><p>Color in alcohol: Body ground color dark, chocolate brown. Bands variable in number among individuals and in shape and arrangement within individuals, uncorrelated with sex. Adults (TL&gt; 110 mm TL) with 16–23 (mode 20, n=16) obliquely-oriented, thin cream-colored bands located between tail tip and pectoral-fin base on lateral surface and onto dorsum, more regular in juveniles. Pale bands regular, sinuous and undivided, with sharp contrast between margins and ground color. Dark bands chocolate-brown in color, three times as wide as pale anteriorly, similar in width dorsoventrally, and wider caudally. Head chocolate-brown dorsally and on operculum, grading to lighter brown ventrally and on snout. Posteroventrally-oriented band at nape connected to anteriormost anteroventral pale band of body in many specimens. Pectoral and anal fins with dark rays and inter-radial membranes. Anal fin with pale zone caudally.</p><p>Etymology: Specific epithet derived from to the jaguarundi ( Herpailurus yagouaroundi), the red form of which is locally known as the “ eyra ”. The convention of naming Gymnotus for felids, which are often similarly nocturnal, predatory, banded or spotted, is shared with G. pantherinus, G. tigre and G. onca . Noun in apposition.</p><p>Habitats: Gymnotus eyra usually inhabits slowly-moving channels (caños) on forested floodplains, aguajales of the palm Mauritia flexuosa, and seasonally flooded savannahs, and is less commonly found in small, upland (non-floodplain) forest streams (quebradas).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DDD91CEC4051387B8AF985918DFE0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Craig, Jack M.;Correa-Roldán, Vanessa;Ortega, Hernán;Crampton, William G. R.;Albert, James S.	Craig, Jack M., Correa-Roldán, Vanessa, Ortega, Hernán, Crampton, William G. R., Albert, James S. (2018): Revision of Gymnotus (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) from the Upper Madeira Basin of Bolivia and Peru, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 4413 (1): 111-132, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4413.1.3
03DDD91CEC4551267B8AFDEF90E7FDC2.text	03DDD91CEC4551267B8AFDEF90E7FDC2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnotus riberalta Craig & Correa-Roldán & Ortega & Crampton & Albert 2018	<div><p>Gymnotus riberalta n. sp.</p><p>Figure 6E, Table 3</p><p>Holotype: CBF 10248, 199 mm TL, Bolivia, Beni, Riberalta, Rio Beni, Rio Madeira drainage, Rio Amazonas drainage, Arroyo near Lago de San Jose (10°54’47”S, 065°59’49”W), coll. William Crampton, 06/27/2008.</p><p>Paratypes: CBF 10243, 193 mm TL, same date and locality as CBF 10248; CBF 10244, 135 mm TL, same locality as CBF 10248; CBF 10245, 220 mm TL, same locality as CBF 10248; CBF 10246, 142 mm TL, same locality as CBF 10248; CBF 10247, 196 mm TL, same locality as CBF 10248; CBF 10249, 173 mm TL, same locality as CBF 10248; UMSS 7008, 138 mm TL, same locality as CBF 10248; UMSS 7009, 153 mm TL, same locality as CBF 10248; UMSS 7010, 200 mm TL, same locality as CBF 10248; UMSS 7011, 152 mm TL, same locality as CBF 10248; UMSS 7012, 237 mm TL, same locality as CBF 10248; UMSS 7013, 209 mm TL, same locality as CBF 10248; UMSS 7014, 247 mm TL, same locality as CBF 10248.</p><p>Nontypes: UMMZ 82146, 153 mm TL, Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Ñuflo de Chaves, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-62.02611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.131945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -62.02611/lat -16.131945)">Río Blanco</a> near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-62.02611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.131945" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -62.02611/lat -16.131945)">Concepción</a> (~ 16°07’55”S, 062°01’34”W) ; UMSS 0 7015, 194 mm TL, Brazil, Amazonas, Rio Beni, Rio Madeira drainage, stream near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.9856&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.902152" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.9856/lat -10.902152)">Porto Hamburgo</a> (10°54’7.75”S, 065°59’8.18”W) ; UMSS 0 7016, 216 mm TL, same locality as UMSS 07015; UMSS 0 7017 170 mm TL, same locality as UMSS 07015; UF 180238 (3), 187–267 mm TL, Bolivia, Beni, Riberalta, Rio Beni, Rio Madeira drainage, Rio Amazonas drainage, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.09417&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-11.031111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.09417/lat -11.031111)">Small Stream</a> near Puerto Hamburgo, Riberalta (11°01’52”S, 066°05’39”W, 147 m) .</p><p>Diagnosis: Gymnotus riberalta is morphologically similar to G. pantanal, but differs on the following characters: one, a narrow maximum body width (BW 53.3–72.0% TL, mean 61.2% TL vs. 71.5–76.7% TL, mean 73.7 TL in G. pantanal); two, a narrow mouth (MW 32.7–45.7% HL, mean 41.2% vs. 42.0–50.7% HL, mean 46.0% in G. pantanal); three, a narrower pectoral fin, possessing fewer rays (P1R 10–13, mode 13 vs. 14–18, mode 15 in G. pantanal); four, more anal-fin pterygiophore scales (APS 10–11, mode 10 vs. seven to eight, mode seven in G. pantanal). Gymnotus riberalta further differs from other members of the G. carapo clade throughout the Neotropics in possessing a color pattern (similar to G. pantanal) consisting of narrow pale bands less than one quarter width of dark bands, wavy band margins, pale bands exclusively on ventral portion of body anteriorly vs. bands interrupted into patches anterodorsally, with silver, blue or green metallic countershading on dorsum of adults of G. arapaima, dark bands lost in large adults (&gt; 250 mm TL) of G. ardilai, small, rounded dark spots over entire body except posterior 20% of some specimens of G. bahianus, bands faint or absent in all specimens of G. chimarrao, one to three inverted Y-shaped dark bands posteriorly and pale bands not reaching above lateral line in anterior two thirds of body of G. choco, bands broken into speckles throughout in G. diamantinensis, narrow pale bands (less than one fifth width of dark bands) with sharp margins, and pale bands extending fully to dorsal midline in G. mamiraua, pale bands wider than dark bands in G. sylvius, narrow pale interbands (less than one third width of dark bands) extending above lateral line and often to dorsal midline in G. ucamara .</p><p>Description: Sexually monomorphic. Size up to 302 mm TL with adult body proportions attained at about 150 mm TL. Adult body shape subcylindrical with a mean ratio of body width to depth of 65%. Body profile slender, body depth 81.1–102.1% total length. Head length moderate, 7.3–10.3% total length. Snout length moderate, 31.1– 37.3% head length. Mouth width narrow, 32.7–45.7% head length. Preanal distance long, 71.9–97.9% head length. Anal-fin long, 79.7–97.4% total length. Cycloid or ovoid scales present on entire post-cranial portion of body from nape to caudal appendage. Scales above lateral line intermediate, six to eight, mode six. Scales over anal-fin pterygiophores large, with 10–11, mode 10 rows. Gape large, extending to or beyond posterior nares. Mouth position superior, lower jaw longer than upper, rictus decurved. Chin round in lateral, dorsal profiles, fleshy and bulbous with mental electroreceptive organ overlying lower jaw. Anterior narial pore partially or entirely included within gape, in small narial fold. Anterior nares small, its diameter less than that of eye. Eye below horizontal with mouth. Circumorbital series ovoid. Premaxilla with 20 teeth disposed in two rows along outer margin, arrowhead shaped anteriorly, conical posteriorly. Curved median margin of premaxilla. Maxilla-palatine articulation near anterior tip of endopterygoid. Maxilla vertical, rod-shaped, narrow distally with a straight ventral margin, length equal to roughly width of four to six dentary teeth. Dentary with one row of 18 teeth, four arrowhead shaped anteriorly, all others conical posteriorly. Posterodorsal and posteroventral dentary processes abut at midlength. Dentary posteroventral process nearly as long as posterodorsal, narrow distally. Dentary ventral margin lamella narrow, depth less than posterior process. Dentary anteroventral margin rounded in lateral view, with a hook. Mandible long, extended, length greater than twice depth. Anguloarticular process long, extending beyond ventral margin of dentary. Retroarticular with an arched lamella posteriorly forming a small canal, posterior margin square. Metapterygoid superior and inferior portions approximately equal in size, ascending process robust, long, base shorter than length, curved, tip simple. Interopercle dorsal margin ascending process broad. Hyomandibular trigeminal canals connected. Dorsal region of hyomandibula with four lateral foramenae, supraorbital and infraorbital nerves connected. Posterodorsal laterosensory ramus of preopercle with single superficial pore. Preopercle with anteroventral notch, posterodorsal laterosensory ramus with two superficial pores, margin of medial shelf entire, median shelf large, more than half width of symplectic. Opercle dorsal margin straight to slightly convex, its posterior margin smooth. Opercular posterior margin entirely smooth. Subopercle dorsal margin concave. Cranial fontanels closed in juveniles and adults. Frontal shape narrow, width at fourth infraorbital less than that of parietal, anterior margin straight, continuous with margins of adjacent roofing bones, postorbital process broad, more than two times width of supraorbital canal. Lateral ethmoid unossified. Parietal rectangular, length less than width. Parasphenoid anteroventral portion reduced, extending ventral to lateral margin of parasphenoid, posterior processes robust. Prootic foramen Vp combined with V2-3 +VII. Adductor mandibula undivided at insertion, intermusculars absent. All basibranchials unossified. Gill rakers not contacting gill bar.</p><p>Cleithrum narrow, ventral margin straight, anterior limb long, more than 1.8 times ascending limb, without large facet for insertion of muscle from supracleithrum. Postcleithrum thin, discoid or sickle-shaped. Body cavity of moderate length, with 35 precaudal vertebrae, mode=35, n=2. Rib 5 robust along its entire extent, less than three times width of rib 6. Displaced hemal spines absent. Length anal-fin pterygiophores equal to or longer than hemal spines. Pectoral fin narrow, with 10–13 rays, mode 13 rays. Anal fin of moderate length, with 169–239 rays, median 202. Lateral-line variable, with 10–16 ventral rami, mode 13. Lateral-line dorsal rami absent in adults. Single hypaxial electric organ, extending along entire ventral margin of body with three rows of electroplates near caudal insertion of anal fin.</p><p>Color in alcohol: Body ground color dark, chocolate brown. Bands variable in number among individuals and in shape and arrangement within individuals, uncorrelated with sex. Juveniles (TL &lt;150 mm TL) and some adults (TL&gt; 150 mm TL) with 22–27 (mode 24, n=9) obliquely-oriented, thin cream-colored bands with wavy, irregular margins ventrolaterally located between tail tip and pectoral-fin base. Pale bands infrequently branched, and very rarely extend above lateral line on anterior half of body. Dark bands chocolate-brown in color, four times as wide as pale anteriorly and forming inverted Y-shapes posteriorly. Interband contrast greatest in juveniles and ventrally to caudally in adults. Anterior 80% of dorsum with very faint or absent banding in specimens of all sizes. Head ground color chocolate brown dorsally grading to lighter brown ventrally. Ventral surface of head and branchiostegal membranes speckled. Pectoral fin with brown or gray rays, hyaline inter-radial membranes. Analfin membrane uniformly light brown or gray.</p><p>Ecology: All specimens were captured in small terra firme rainforest streams with sandy beds and dense emergent aquatic vegetation. Water chemistry parameters were as follows: conductivity 6.8–8.2, pH 5.2–5.5, temperature 22.2–25.0 °C, Dissolved Oxygen 3.4–4.2 mg ̇l -1.</p><p>Electric Organ Discharge: The EOD waveforms of G. riberalta were previously described by Crampton et al. (2013) as “ Gymnotus n. sp. ALT”. The head-to-tail EOD waveform (sensu Waddell et al. (2016)) of this species is tetraphasic with a dominant P1–P2 phase flanked by a lower voltage negative P0 phase (Figure 7), following the nomenclature of Crampton et al. (2011). A positive P3 phase after P0 is invariably absent. This EOD waveform conforms to the ht-EOD category “2” of Crampton et al. (2013). The peak power frequency (PPF) of the EOD ranged from 0.946–1.597 kHz, mean=1.158, standard deviation (SD)=0.151 kHz, with no significant disparity between males (0.946–1.597 kHz, mean=1.148 kHz, SD=0.152 kHz, n=13 recorded specimens) and females (0.976–1.292 kHz, mean=1.12 kHz, SD=0.110 kHz, n=7) (two-tailed t-Test p=0.81).</p><p>Resting (daytime) pulse rates (1 minute averages) are reported for G. riberalta in the range 33.9–51.9 Hz, mean 41.9 Hz, SD=5.5 (n= 18 specimens) and active (nighttime) pulse rates in the range 44.7–77.1 Hz, mean 3.2 Hz, SD=7.8 (n=19) (two-tailed t-Test night&gt; day, p=7.2 x 10-11). No sex disparity was observed in the mean resting pulse rates (females=40.7 Hz, n=8; males=42.8 Hz, n=10; two-tailed t-Test, p=0.45) and mean active pulse rates (females=62.0 Hz, n=7; males=63.8 Hz, n=12; two-tailed t-Test, p=0.62).</p><p>Etymology: Specific epithet derived from the city of Riberalta in the Beni Department of Bolivia, where the type series was collected. Noun in apposition.</p><p>Habitats: Gymnotus riberalta inhabits slowly-moving channels (caños) on forested floodplains and aquatic vegetation at the margins of oxbow lakes on seasonally flooded savannahs.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DDD91CEC4551267B8AFDEF90E7FDC2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Craig, Jack M.;Correa-Roldán, Vanessa;Ortega, Hernán;Crampton, William G. R.;Albert, James S.	Craig, Jack M., Correa-Roldán, Vanessa, Ortega, Hernán, Crampton, William G. R., Albert, James S. (2018): Revision of Gymnotus (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) from the Upper Madeira Basin of Bolivia and Peru, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 4413 (1): 111-132, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4413.1.3
03DDD91CEC5A51277B8AFB44969BF9EA.text	03DDD91CEC5A51277B8AFB44969BF9EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gymnotus Craig & Correa-Roldán & Ortega & Crampton & Albert 2018	<div><p>Key to the Gymnotus of the Upper Madeira based on external morphology</p><p>1a. Single laterosensory pore in the posterior corner of the preopercle, cylindrical body profile................. G. coropinae .</p><p>1b. Two laterosensory pores in the posterior corner of the preopercle, laterally-compressed body profile................... 2.</p><p>2a. Two to three of the anteriormost five pale interbands with both margins crescent-shaped..................... G. chaviro .</p><p>2b. Margins of all pale interbands straight or curved in parallel.................................................... 3.</p><p>3a. Long, shallow head; pale interbands greater than two-thirds width of dark bands....................... G. c. madeirensis .</p><p>3b. hort, deep head; pale bands less than two-thirds width of dark bands............................................ 4.</p><p>4a. Laterally compressed body......................................................................... G. eyra .</p><p>4b. Sub-cylindrical body.......................................................................... G. riberalta .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DDD91CEC5A51277B8AFB44969BF9EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Craig, Jack M.;Correa-Roldán, Vanessa;Ortega, Hernán;Crampton, William G. R.;Albert, James S.	Craig, Jack M., Correa-Roldán, Vanessa, Ortega, Hernán, Crampton, William G. R., Albert, James S. (2018): Revision of Gymnotus (Gymnotiformes: Gymnotidae) from the Upper Madeira Basin of Bolivia and Peru, with descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 4413 (1): 111-132, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4413.1.3
