identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03DA87E8FFE4FFCCF5CD8EC3BECCFAD3.text	03DA87E8FFE4FFCCF5CD8EC3BECCFAD3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Semanotus Mulsant 1839	<div><p>Semanotus Mulsant, 1839</p><p>Semanotus Mulsant, 1839: 54 Sympiezocera Lucas, 1853: cvi Xenodorum Marseul, 1856: 48 Hylotrupes LeConte, 1873: 296 Anocomis Casey, 1912: 271</p><p>Hemicallidium Casey, 1912: 273 Anacomis Leng, 1920: 275</p><p>Diagnosis. Members of this genus can be separated from other genera of the Callidiini by the following combination of characters: body moderately broad, convex to slightly flattened; antennae 11-segmented and varying from reaching about the middle of the elytra to surpassing elytral apex; antennomeres 3–10 apically widened with antennomeres 6–11 moderately flattened in cross section; pronotum usually wider than long, narrowed to pedunculate at base, laterally rounded to angulate, disk with dorsal callosities that are separated into 3 to 5 more or less distinct calli or fused in various configurations; prosternal process wide and expanded behind procoxae; femora slightly clavate; tarsal claws simple; apex of aedeagus divided into a flat plate-like dorsal lobe that is apically rounded and ventral lobe that is pointed to slightly aciculate; tegmen bilobed.</p><p>Hosts. Juniperus spp. (junipers), Sequoia spp. (redwoods), Libocedrus sp. (incense-cedar), Pseudotsuga sp. (Douglas-fir), Cupressus spp. (cypress), Thuja spp. (cedar), Picea spp. (spruces), Pinus spp. (pines), Abies spp. (firs).</p><p>Flower and Associated Vegetation Records. Chaemaecyparis sp. (cedar)</p><p>Distribution. Transcontinental in North America, from Alaska south to Texas; southern Mexico southeast through Guatemala and Honduras; in the Palaearctic from Algeria and Morocco, throughout Asia including the middle east, China, Japan, and Nepal, from most of continental Europe and the Scandinavian countries.</p><p>Remarks. This diverse genus is superficially similar to many genera within the Callidiini including Xylocrius, Hylotrupes, Callidium, Ropalopus, and Pyrrhidium in that they share a similar habitus and have a pronotum that is variously sculptured. They differ from these species in that the front coxae are divided by a narrow prosternal process, tarsal claws are simple, the femora only slightly clavate and apical antennomeres dorso-ventrally flattened.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA87E8FFE4FFCCF5CD8EC3BECCFAD3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James Hammond, H. E.;Williams, Daryl J.	James Hammond, H. E., Williams, Daryl J. (2013): Casey’s conundrum, a review of the genus Semanotus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Callidiini) in North America. Zootaxa 3670 (2): 101-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3670.2.1
03DA87E8FFE4FFCDF5CD8A9FBECDFA11.text	03DA87E8FFE4FFCDF5CD8A9FBECDFA11.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Semanotus	<div><p>Key to species of North American Semanotus</p><p>1. Pronotum goblet shaped, rounded laterally, constricted and sinuate near base forming a short, wide pedicel between pronotum and base of elytra (Fig 4A); meso- and metatibia of female without row of long, erect setae along outside lateral edge; elytra unicolorous metallic purple, blue or black; large species [length 12–30 mm]....................................... 2</p><p>- Pronotum rounded to angulate laterally, often constricted towards base but not forming a distinct pedicel between pronotum and base of elytra (Fig 4 B); meso- and metabia of female usually with distinct row of very long, erect setae along outside lateral edge; smaller species, often with elytra maculate with either spots or bands....................................3</p><p>2(1) Elytra metallic dark blue to purple (Fig 7 A); host cedars................................... S. amethystinus (LeConte)</p><p>- Elytra metallic black (Fig 7 B); host junipers.................................................. S. juniperi (Fisher)</p><p>3(1) Mandible with large median tooth on the molar surface (Fig. 4 C); labrum short and wide, rectangular (Fig. 4 C); elytra with a conspicuous, regular, moderately dense row of semi-erect to erect setae along suture extending from base to very near apex (Fig 4 E); outer angle of mandible forming an angle with base near 90o............................................ 4</p><p>- Mandible without median tooth (Fig. 4 D); labrum long and wide, usually trapezoidal (Fig. 4 D); elytra with a sparse row of semi-erect to erect setae along suture usually limited to basal ½ (Fig 4 F); outer angle of mandible forming an obtuse angle.. 5</p><p>4(3) Elytra relatively short and stout (EL/EW = 1.98–2.18 female, 2.03–2.11 male (95% confidence)); antennae subequal to elytral length in female and&gt;1.4X as long as elytral length in male (TA/EL = 0.97–1.03 female, 95% confidence; 1.48–1.58 male, 95% confidence); male antennomeres 8–11 relatively long and narrow (A8L/A8W = 3.18–3.52; A9L/A9W = 3.57–3.86;</p><p>A10L/A10W = 3.37–3.67; A11L/A11W = 4.67–5.26, all with 95% confidence); pro- and mesotibia expanded and globose-triangular at apex; female pro- and mesotibia apex with dense brush of long silver setae which partially obscures base of tibial spurs (Fig 4 G)......................................................................... S. litigiosus (Casey) - Elytra relatively long and narrow (EL/EW = 2.16–2.54 female, 2.17–2.27 male (95% confidence)); antennae shorter than elytral length in female and &lt;1.4X as long as elytra in male (TA/EL = 0.89–0.95 female, 95% confidence; 1.33–1.43 male, 95% confidence); male antennomeres 8–11 relatively short and wide (A8L/A8W = 2.89–3.15; A9L/A9W = 3.17–3.53; A10L/ A10W = 2.89–3.27; A11L/A11W = 4.19–4.63, all with 95% confidence); pro- and mesotibia not especially expanded, sometimes somewhat triangular in shape; female pro- and mesotibia apex with brush of yellow setae which does not obscure base of tibial spurs (Fig 4 H)................................................................... S. terminatus (Casey)</p><p>5(3) Scutellum glabrous, or with very few, very minute, punctures that are inconspicuous (Fig. 5A); frons around antennal insertion sparsely punctate (Fig 5A); mandibles large and plate-like, very wide near base (Fig 5 B).............. S. australis Giesbert</p><p>- Scutellum with obvious punctures, pubescence, or other forms of sculpture (Fig 5 C); frons around antennal insertions densely punctate; mandibles not especially wide at base.............................................................. 6</p><p>6(5) Femora nearly cylindrical (Fig. 5 D), ventrally with pubescence greatly reduced, sparse; disk of elytra with pubescence inconspicuous, fine, sparse, recumbent; antennae and legs uniformly reddish-brown; elytra with a sparse row of semi-erect to erect setae along suture extending from base to apical ¼; dark brown with 2 pairs of pale yellow transversely oval spots (Fig 9 B).................................................................................... S. japonicus Lacordaire</p><p>- Femora short, stout, sinuate, distinctly clavate (Fig. 5 E), ventrally with pubescence moderately dense; disk of elytra with pubescence conspicuous, moderately coarse, moderately dense, recumbent, decumbent, and/or semi-erect; antennae and legs ranging in color from unicolor black to orange, to bicolored; elytra with semi-erect to erect setae along suture limited to basal ½; elytra ranging from yellow to orange, with apex black and one pair of median spots (sometimes humeri black as well) or basal 1/3 orange to red and apical 2/3 black (Figs 12, 13)..................................................... 7</p><p>7(6) Disk of elytra with 2 distinct colors of pubescence, pale pubescence in pale areas of the elytra and dark pubescence in dark maculate areas of the elytra (Fig 5 F); punctures in maculate areas of elytra dense, contrasting with punctures in paler areas which are more widely separate; ground color of elytra usually pale yellow........................ S. ligneus (Fabricius)</p><p>- Disk of elytra with only dark pubescence, regardless of the ground color of the elytra (Fig 5 G); punctures more or less evenly distributed across elytra; ground color of the elytra usually orange to red.......................................... 8</p><p>8(7) Antennomeres 1–3, as well as the thoracic and abdominal sternites, covered with long, coarse, semi-erect to decumbent pale setae that partially obscures surface (Fig 6A,B); antennomeres proportionally short (Fig 6A); elytral humeri with pale strip of pubescence which often extends posteriorly to about ½ elytra length (Fig 6 C); legs and antennae usually black; elytral pubescence very coarse, decumbent to recumbent, obscuring elytra surface somewhat, often surface appearing dusky grey............................................................................................ S. conformis (Casey)</p><p>- Antennomeres 1–3, as well as the thoracic and abdominal sternites, covered with short to long, fine, semi-erect pale setae that does not obscure surface (Fig 6 D,E); antennomeres proportionally longer (Fig 6 D); elytral humeri often with a few scattered pale setae that are usually limited to basal ¼ (Fig 6 F); legs and antennae usually somewhat bicolored; elytral pubescence fine, semi-erect to decumbent, elytral surface not obscured, usually appearing shiny........................... S. amplus …9</p><p>9(8) Elytra with basal 1/3 orange to red and apical 2/3 black (Fig 15 A); antennae and legs usually entirely black........................................................................................... S. amplus sequoiae (Van Dyke)</p><p>- Elytra not as above, either orange with black apex and one pair of black median spots, or with base and humeri black and one pair of large median black spots; antennae and legs often bicolored, antennomere 1 usually dark, contrasting with paler antennomeres 2–11; femora usually dark, contrasting with paler tibia and tarsus....................................... 10</p><p>10(9) Elytral base and humeri black; elytral humeri extending posteriorly to about ½ of elytral length making elytra appear long, narrow and convex (Fig 13 B)........................................................... S. amplus basalis (Casey)</p><p>- Elytral base orange, humeri usually orange; elytral humeri extending posteriorly to only about ¼ length of elytral making elytra appear shorter, wider and flat (Fig 13 A)........................................... S. amplus amplus (Casey)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA87E8FFE4FFCDF5CD8A9FBECDFA11	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James Hammond, H. E.;Williams, Daryl J.	James Hammond, H. E., Williams, Daryl J. (2013): Casey’s conundrum, a review of the genus Semanotus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Callidiini) in North America. Zootaxa 3670 (2): 101-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3670.2.1
03DA87E8FFE5FFD3F5CD8923B9A0FDF9.text	03DA87E8FFE5FFD3F5CD8923B9A0FDF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Semanotus amethystinus (LeConte 1853) LeConte 1853	<div><p>Semanotus amethystinus (LeConte, 1853)</p><p>(Figs 4A, 7 A, 8, 16A; Map 1)</p><p>Physocnemum amethystimum LeConte, 1853: 234</p><p>Material examined. 131 males, 159 females.</p><p>Holotype. Female (MCZ), examined; labelled “ S. amethystinus /(Lec.)// Type /3829 [Red label]”.</p><p>Diagnosis. This species can be separated from other species of Semanotus by the following combination of characters: head, thorax and abdomen black, elytra metallic dark blue to purple; pronotum goblet shaped, broadly round laterally, with basal stalk forming a short pedicel between pronotum and elytra; antennae short, usually ≤1/2 elytra length in both sexes; antennomeres 1, 3–5 long and narrow,&gt; 2X as long as wide, especially in male; elytra minutely punctate, slightly rugulose near base; wing vein r3 very short; wing vein RP very short or obsolete; tibia with long, erect setae (“flying hairs”) greatly reduced in males, absent in females; basal apophysis of abdominal sternum VIII long, longer than the length of one lateral sclerite; basal apophysis of spiculum ventrale short, ~ 2X length of lateral apophysis; ventral lobe of aedeagus apically sinuate and pointed, dorsal lobe of aedeagus narrowly rounded.</p><p>Hosts. Libocedrus decurrens Torr. (incense-cedar), Thuja plicata Donn (western redcedar).</p><p>Flower and Associated Vegetation Records. Chaemaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl. (Port Orford cedar), Pinus sp. (pine), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas-fir).</p><p>Distribution. Primarily a west coast species, from Washington to southern California, with a few records from high elevation localities in Wyoming, Utah and Colorado.</p><p>Remarks. This species seems to get transported around in lumber, as there is a record from Alaska emerging from pine 2 x2 ’s, and a record from New York emerging from cedar wood, however, there is no evidence that suggests that this species is established in these areas.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA87E8FFE5FFD3F5CD8923B9A0FDF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James Hammond, H. E.;Williams, Daryl J.	James Hammond, H. E., Williams, Daryl J. (2013): Casey’s conundrum, a review of the genus Semanotus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Callidiini) in North America. Zootaxa 3670 (2): 101-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3670.2.1
03DA87E8FFFBFFD3F5CD8DE3BFB5F9A7.text	03DA87E8FFFBFFD3F5CD8DE3BFB5F9A7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Semanotus juniperi (Fisher 1915) Fisher 1915	<div><p>Semanotus juniperi (Fisher, 1915)</p><p>(Fig 7 B, 16B; Map 2)</p><p>Hylotrupes juniperi Fisher, 1915: 77</p><p>Material examined. 37 males, 44 females.</p><p>Holotype. Male (USNM), examined; labelled “SantaCata/lina Mts/Ariz// Dec. 1/14 //Edmonston/WDColr// Juniperus /pachyphloca//12698/Hopk. U.S. //3// Hylotrupes / juniperi /Fisher/W.S.F.// Type /No.19129/ U.S. N.M. [Red label]”.</p><p>Diagnosis. This species can be separated from other species of Semanotus by the following combination of characters: color black; pronotum broadly round, with basal stalk forming a short pedicel between pronotum and elytra; antennae long, usually&gt;1/2 elytra length in male, ≥1/2 elytral length in female; antennomeres 1, 3–5 short and stout, ~ 2X as long as wide, especially in male; elytra minutely punctate, moderately rugulose near base; wing vein r3 long; wing vein RP long; tibia with long, erect setae (“flying hairs”) greatly reduced in males, absent in females; basal apophysis of abdominal sternum VIII short, about the length of one lateral sclerite; basal apophysis of spiculum ventrale long, ~2.5X length of lateral apophysis; ventral lobe of aedeagus apically broadly rounded and evenly constricted, dorsal lobe of aedeagus broadly rounded.</p><p>Hosts. Juniperus osteosperma (=utahensis) (Torr.) Little (Utah juniper), J. deppeana (=pachyphloea) Steud. (alligator juniper).</p><p>Flower and Associated Vegetation Records. Thuja sp. (cedar).</p><p>Distribution. High elevation or arid areas of California, Idaho, Nevada, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas.</p><p>Remarks. This species is structurally similar to S. amethystinus; however, we noted several minor differences in wing venation and genitalia. This species also appears to breed in junipers rather than in cedars.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA87E8FFFBFFD3F5CD8DE3BFB5F9A7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James Hammond, H. E.;Williams, Daryl J.	James Hammond, H. E., Williams, Daryl J. (2013): Casey’s conundrum, a review of the genus Semanotus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Callidiini) in North America. Zootaxa 3670 (2): 101-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3670.2.1
03DA87E8FFFBFFD0F5CD8902B938FD01.text	03DA87E8FFFBFFD0F5CD8902B938FD01.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Semanotus litigiosus (Casey 1891) Casey 1891	<div><p>Semanotus litigiosus (Casey, 1891)</p><p>(Figs 4 C,E,G, 9A, 10, 16H; Map 3)</p><p>Hylotrupes litigiosus Casey, 1891: 25</p><p>Material examined. 139 males, 176 females, 53 sex undetermined.</p><p>Holotype. Male (USNM), examined; labelled “Cal.// CASEY /bequest/1925//litigiosa Csy [hand written]// TYPE USNM /35920 [Red label]”.</p><p>Diagnosis. This species can be separated from other species of Semanotus by the following combination of characters: color dark brown to black, rarely with antennomeres 4–11 light brown; elytra ranging from completely dark to having 2 pairs of pale yellow transversely oval spots or wide bands; mandible with large median tooth; elytra with one or multiple rows of dense medium to long, semi-erect to erect, golden setae, extending along suture from base to very near apex; labrum rectangular, short and wide; fore legs relatively short, femur equal in length to tibia; protibia, especially in males, distinctly triangular in lateral view; pro- and mesotibial apices expanded, somewhat globular, with dense brush of long setae that often obscures tibial spurs, especially in females; elytra short and wide; antennae long, usually as long or longer than length of elytra; apical antennomeres 8–11 long and narrow in males; male genitalia with tegmen apophyses cylindrical and somewhat flattened, basal ring is often broadly joined, emarginate or widely separated.</p><p>Hosts. Abies concolor (Gord. &amp; Glend.) Lindl. (white fir), A. grandis (Dougl.) Lindl. (grand fir), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir).</p><p>Flower and Associated Vegetation Records. Pinus sp. (pine), Picea sp. (spruce).</p><p>Distribution. Pacific coast, from British Columbia to southern California.</p><p>Remarks. The type specimen of this species has been damaged by dermestids ( Coleoptera: Dermestidae) and most of the abdomen is missing, however, the specimen is still distinguishable as a male by its antennae and profemora. This species tends to be overall larger, the elytra tend to be shorter and stouter, the antennae longer, and the front and middle tibia of different shape than the following species. This is strictly a western species and is found only west of the Rocky Mountains.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA87E8FFFBFFD0F5CD8902B938FD01	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James Hammond, H. E.;Williams, Daryl J.	James Hammond, H. E., Williams, Daryl J. (2013): Casey’s conundrum, a review of the genus Semanotus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Callidiini) in North America. Zootaxa 3670 (2): 101-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3670.2.1
03DA87E8FFF8FFD0F5CD8DABB8EAF80A.text	03DA87E8FFF8FFD0F5CD8DABB8EAF80A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Semanotus terminatus (Casey 1912) Casey 1912	<div><p>Semanotus terminatus (Casey, 1912), new status</p><p>(Figs 4 H, 11, 16I,J; Map 4)</p><p>Anocomis terminata Casey, 1912: 274 Anocomis canadensis Casey, 1924: 238</p><p>Material examined. 356 males, 320 females, 22 sex undetermined.</p><p>Holotype. Female (USNM), examined; labelled “Me.// CASEY /bequest/1925// terminata Csy [hand written]// TYPE USNM /35921 [Red label]”.</p><p>Diagnosis. This species can be separated from other species of Semanotus by the following combination of characters: head, prothorax and abdomen dark brown; antennae light to dark brown, often with antennomere 1 darker; legs ranging in color from reddish-brown to dark brown, sometimes with femora contrastingly darker; elytra light to dark brown, sometimes with faint pale maculation; mandible with acute median tooth; elytra with one or multiple rows of dense medium to long, semi-erect to erect, golden setae, extending along suture from base to very near apex; labrum rectangular, short and wide; protibia narrow, not distinctly enlarged at apex; tibial apices with short sparse setae which do not obscure tibial spurs; elytra long and narrow; antennae short, usually distinctly shorter than elytral length in female; apical antennomeres 8–11 shorter and wider in males; male genitalia with tegmen apophyses cylindrical but slightly inflated apically, bulbous; tegmen basal ring is narrowly joined.</p><p>Hosts. Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. (black spruce), Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (white spruce), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir), Larix sp. (tamarack).</p><p>Flower and Associated Vegetation Records. Abies concolor (white fir), Pinus contorta Dougl. (lodgepole pine), P. ponderosae Laws. (ponderosa pine), Larix sp., Salix sp.</p><p>Distribution. Transcontinental and higher elevation sites, from Alaska to Nova Scotia, south to Colorado.</p><p>Remarks. The mandible in the type specimen A. canadensis has only a remnant of the median mandibular tooth, with wear marks visible on the molar surface of the mandible.</p><p>This species is very similar to S. litigiosus, however, the overall habitus is longer and narrower, is often lighter colored and usually smaller in size. The elytral sutural flying hairs in this species tend to be longer, giving the elytra a somewhat pubescent keeled appearance. Eastern forms are relatively easy to separate as they tend to be smaller and more dull brown in color. In the west, this species is often larger than eastern forms, and is confused with teneral or lighter colored specimens of S. a. basalis due to the elytra sometimes having lighter banded or spotted areas of color, however the characters in the key should separate the two species.</p><p>There is a distinct population of this species in higher elevations of Wyoming and Colorado. The antennae tend to be longer in this population, but the elytra still tends to be longer and narrower and the coloration is more similar to eastern forms. Some specimens also have unusual bi-colored femora.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA87E8FFF8FFD0F5CD8DABB8EAF80A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James Hammond, H. E.;Williams, Daryl J.	James Hammond, H. E., Williams, Daryl J. (2013): Casey’s conundrum, a review of the genus Semanotus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Callidiini) in North America. Zootaxa 3670 (2): 101-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3670.2.1
03DA87E8FFFEFFD7F5CD8B1AB8D1FE0A.text	03DA87E8FFFEFFD7F5CD8B1AB8D1FE0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Semanotus conformis (Casey 1912) Casey 1912	<div><p>Semanotus conformis (Casey, 1912), new status</p><p>(Figs 6A,B,C, 12B, 16D; Map 6)</p><p>Anocomis ampla conformis Casey, 1924: 236 Anocomis ampla arizonae Casey, 1924: 236</p><p>Material examined. 94 males, 117 females.</p><p>Holotype. Female (USNM), examined; labelled “Tom Spalding [half cut off]/ IV-11-23 /Vineyard. Ut// CASEY / bequest/1925// TYPE USNM /35916 [Red label]// conformis /Casey [Hand written]”.</p><p>Diagnosis. This species can be separated from other species of Semanotus by the following combination of characters: color dark brown to black, rarely with tibia, tarsi and basal antennomeres lighter, rarely abdomen orange; elytra yellow (rarely) to orange (usually) except for black maculation on the humeri, one pair of median moderate to large black spots and apical 1/3 of elytra; elytral pubescence entirely dark, coarse, decumbent to recumbent, obscuring the surface somewhat making the elytra appear somewhat dusky grey; elytral humeri with patch of long, decumbent white setae which extends along humeri from base to about middle of elytra; overall antennal length short, especially in female; antennomeres 1–3 short, with dense field of contrasting pale colored setae on anterior surface; clypeus deeply impressed and curved or with medially acute posterior margin, which forms a ‘Y’ shape with median frons groove; ventral pubescence white to grey, semi-erect to decumbent, coarse, long, dense, surface of ventrites usually obscured.</p><p>Hosts. Juniperus osteosperma (=utahensis) (Utah juniper), J. occidentalis Hook. (western juniper), Cupressus sp.</p><p>Flower and associated vegetation records. Juniperus deppeana (alligator juniper), J. scopulorum Sarg. (Rocky Mountain juniper), Sequoia sp., Thuja sp.</p><p>Distribution. Higher elevation and xeric south-western environments of Idaho, Oregon, California, Utah, Arizona, Nevada, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico.</p><p>Remarks. This species is probably the most difficult of all Semanotus to identify as it can be easily confused with S. a. basalis, as they share a similar coloration. The ground color of this species is often duller with a matte finish that may be due to a thicker wax layer on the cuticle to assist with dessication in hot environments (however, no significant microsculpture was noted). Whereas, most specimens of S. amplus tend to have a very shiny, lustrous appearance. The females of this species have notably shorter antennae, which barely reach the middle of the elytra. The ventral pubescence is very dense usually obscuring the sternites. Antennomeres 1–3 have a distinct area of long, white, semi-erect to decumbent setae especially on the dorsal surface, whereas most specimens of S. amplus have shorter, white, decumbent setae that encircle the antennomeres. The elytral punctation of S. conformis also tends to be less foveate and more widely separated than S. amplus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA87E8FFFEFFD7F5CD8B1AB8D1FE0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James Hammond, H. E.;Williams, Daryl J.	James Hammond, H. E., Williams, Daryl J. (2013): Casey’s conundrum, a review of the genus Semanotus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Callidiini) in North America. Zootaxa 3670 (2): 101-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3670.2.1
03DA87E8FFFEFFD6F5CD8FC0BF5FFC5F.text	03DA87E8FFFEFFD6F5CD8FC0BF5FFC5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Semanotus ligneus (Fabricius 1787) Fabricius 1787	<div><p>Semanotus ligneus (Fabricius, 1787)</p><p>(Figs 4 B,D, 5F, 12A, 16C; Map 5)</p><p>Callidium ligneum Fabricius, 1787: 153</p><p>Callidium russicum Stephens, 1831: 248, plate XXII fig. 2 Callidium nicolas White, 1855: 321</p><p>Anocomis lignea parvicollis Casey, 1912: 272</p><p>Material examined. 401 males, 380 females, 121 sex undetermined.</p><p>Holotype. Male (ZMUC), examined; labelled “// ZMUC 00022367”.</p><p>Diagnosis. This species can be separated from other species of Semanotus by the following combination of characters: color dark brown to black; elytra pale yellow except for black maculation in the form of one pair of medium sized spots and apical 1/3 of elytra, rarely with spots enlarged basally to form an oblong ‘tongue-like’ longitudinal band; mandible without median tooth; elytral punctation and pubescence distinct: pale setae restricted to pale areas where the punctation is larger and more widely separated, and dark setae restricted to dark areas where the punctation is smaller, and almost contiguous (in the rare case when the basal area of the elytra is dark, the pubescence remains pale), pubescence semi-erect to decumbent; elytra with erect setae along suture usually only in basal ½; ventral pubescence white to grey, semi-erect to decumbent, fine, sparse, surface of ventrites not obscured.</p><p>Hosts. Thuja occidentalis L. (eastern white cedar), Cupressus sp., Juniperus sp.</p><p>Flower and Associated Vegetation Records. Pinus sp., Juniperus sp.</p><p>Distribution. Eastern Canada and USA, south to Oklahoma and eastern Texas.</p><p>Remarks. The current definition of S. ligneus as treated here is much more limited than the species concept of previous authors, as a number of subspecies have been removed from synonymy and have been given species status. The holotype of Anocomis lignea parvicollis is a smaller specimen of S. ligneus; it has yellow setae in the pale areas of the elytra and the elytra pale yellow which is typical of S. ligneus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA87E8FFFEFFD6F5CD8FC0BF5FFC5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James Hammond, H. E.;Williams, Daryl J.	James Hammond, H. E., Williams, Daryl J. (2013): Casey’s conundrum, a review of the genus Semanotus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Callidiini) in North America. Zootaxa 3670 (2): 101-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3670.2.1
03DA87E8FFFFFFD5F5CD8878B95CFE69.text	03DA87E8FFFFFFD5F5CD8878B95CFE69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Semanotus amplus (Casey 1912) Casey 1912	<div><p>Semanotus amplus (Casey, 1912), new status</p><p>Anocomis ampla Casey, 1912: 273</p><p>Holotype. Male (USNM), examined; labelled “Cal.// CASEY /bequest/1925// TYPE USNM /35913 (Red label)// ampla /Casey [Hand written]”.</p><p>Diagnosis. This species can be separated from other species of Semanotus by the following combination of characters: antennae relatively long (3: usually reaching to at least ¾ elytra, often attaining or surpassing apex; Ƥ: usually reaching to at least mid-elytra), elytra ranging from completely black, completely orange, to various combinations of maculation, as either a median spot and dark apex or with base light and apical ½ dark; pubescence of elytra dark brown to black, decumbent; femoral club strongly globose clavate (3) to moderately clavate (Ƥ).</p><p>Hosts. Thuja plicata (western red cedar), Libocedrus decurrens (incense-cedar), Juniperus sp., Sequoia sempervirens (D. Don) Endl. (redwood).</p><p>Flower and Associated Vegetation Records. Pinus sp., Pseudotsuga sp., Chaemycparis nootkatensis (yellow cedar), Abies sp.</p><p>Distribution. West of the continental divide, from northern British Columbia to southern California.</p><p>Remarks. Phenotypically this species is highly variable across its range, and depends partly on host. Specimens reared from Libocedrus sp. tend to have a dark orange ground colour. Specimens reared from Cupressus sp. or Sequoia sp. tend to have a red ground colour. A series reared from Juniperus occidentalis near Redmond Oregon are small (&lt;9mm), have yellow elytral ground colour and brown legs and antennae, but retain the dark pubescence typical for S. amplus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA87E8FFFFFFD5F5CD8878B95CFE69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James Hammond, H. E.;Williams, Daryl J.	James Hammond, H. E., Williams, Daryl J. (2013): Casey’s conundrum, a review of the genus Semanotus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Callidiini) in North America. Zootaxa 3670 (2): 101-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3670.2.1
03DA87E8FFFDFFDBF5CD89F3B8FEFE69.text	03DA87E8FFFDFFDBF5CD89F3B8FEFE69.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Semanotus amplus subsp. amplus (Casey 1912) Casey 1912	<div><p>Semanotus amplus amplus (Casey, 1912), new status</p><p>(Figs 5 G, 6D,E,F, 13A, 14, 16E; Map 7)</p><p>Anocomis ampla angusta Casey, 1912: 273</p><p>Anocomis ampla obliviosa Casey, 1924: 237 Anocomis ampla terracensis Casey, 1924: 237</p><p>Material examined. 294 males, 253 females, 88 sex undetermined.</p><p>Diagnosis. This subspecies can be separated from other subspecies of S. amplus by the following combination of characters: head, pronotum, and abdomen dark brown to black; antennal scape light to dark brown, usually contrasting with remaining antennomeres which are light brown to orange; femur dark brown and contrasting with tibia and tarsomeres which are light brown to orange; elytra light to dark orange, rarely red, with small to medium round to ovoid median black spot, 1/3 of apex black; elytral disk pubescence unicolour black, somewhat decumbent; ventral body and leg pubescence white to grey, moderately dense and long, usually not dense enough to obscure surface; elytral base and humeral angle orange, humeral angle short, usually less than ¼ of elytra making the elytra appear flat and wide.</p><p>Hosts. Libocedrus decurrens (incense-cedar), Thuja plicata (western redcedar), Juniperus occidentalis (western juniper), J. scopulorum (Rocky Mountain juniper), Sequoia sp.</p><p>Flower and Associated Vegetation Records. Pinus sp., Chaemycparis nootkatensis (yellow cedar), Abies sp. Distribution. Southern California north to central British Columbia, Pacific Coast east to continental divide. Remarks. There seems to be a color cline in this subspecies, with southern populations tending to be lighter orange and northern populations becoming dark orange to almost red. Also, specimens from Libocedrus and Thuja tend to be dark orange with dark grey highlights, whereas, specimens from Juniper tend to be a lighter orange. In California this species may be bivoltine, as there appears to be two distinct adult activity periods, one from March to early May, and another from late August through to mid-September.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA87E8FFFDFFDBF5CD89F3B8FEFE69	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James Hammond, H. E.;Williams, Daryl J.	James Hammond, H. E., Williams, Daryl J. (2013): Casey’s conundrum, a review of the genus Semanotus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Callidiini) in North America. Zootaxa 3670 (2): 101-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3670.2.1
03DA87E8FFF3FFD8F5CD8908BE08FEBA.text	03DA87E8FFF3FFD8F5CD8908BE08FEBA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Semanotus amplus subsp. basalis (Casey 1924) Casey 1924	<div><p>Semanotus amplus basalis (Casey, 1924), new status</p><p>(Figs 13 B, 16F; Map 8)</p><p>Anocomis basalis Casey, 1924: 237</p><p>Semanotus ligneus thujae Van Dyke, 1927: 103</p><p>Material examined. 100 males, 111 females, 82 sex undetermined.</p><p>Diagnosis. This subspecies can be separated from other subspecies of S. amplus by the following combination of characters: elytral base and humeral angles darkened, humeral angle extending further along the length of the elytra (sometimes to near ½) which makes the elytra appear longer and more convex.</p><p>Hosts. Thuja plicata (western red cedar).</p><p>Flower and Associated Vegetation Records. Pseudotsuga sp., Chaemycparis nootkatensis (yellow cedar), Sequoia sp., Abies concolor (white fir), Libocedrus decurrens (incense-cedar).</p><p>Distribution. Northern British Columbia to central California.</p><p>Remarks. Populations of this subspecies are very similar in appearance to S. amplus amplus, and may be just a color variation. This subspecies is often confused with aberrant specimens of S. terminatus and S. conformis .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA87E8FFF3FFD8F5CD8908BE08FEBA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James Hammond, H. E.;Williams, Daryl J.	James Hammond, H. E., Williams, Daryl J. (2013): Casey’s conundrum, a review of the genus Semanotus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Callidiini) in North America. Zootaxa 3670 (2): 101-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3670.2.1
03DA87E8FFF1FFDFF5CD887ABBABFE52.text	03DA87E8FFF1FFDFF5CD887ABBABFE52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Semanotus amplus subsp. sequoiae (Van Dyke 1923) Van Dyke 1923	<div><p>Semanotus amplus sequoiae (Van Dyke, 1923), new status</p><p>(Figs 5 C,E, 15A, 16G; Map 9)</p><p>Semanotus ligneus sequoiae Van Dyke, 1923</p><p>Material examined. 91 males, 118 females.</p><p>Diagnosis. This subspecies can be separated from other subspecies of S. amplus by the following combination of characters: elytral disk usually distinctly bicolored with basal 1/3 light brown to red and apical 2/3 dark brown to black; elytral humeral angles usually light brown but occasionally markedly darkened similarly to S. a. basalis; antennae are dark brown to black.</p><p>Hosts. Sequoia sempervirens (redwood).</p><p>Flower and Associated Vegetation Records. Libocedrus decurrens (incense-cedar).</p><p>Distribution. California. One population located near Falls Church, Virginia (see Remarks).</p><p>Remarks. This subspecies tends to be the most characteristic form among subspecies of S. amplus . The coloration is fairly distinctive in that it ranges from completely black to the basal 1/3 of elytra orange to red and the apical 2/3 black. The legs and antennae generally are entirely black, however, there is variation in this character. The punctures in the apical ½ of the elytra tend to be closer together than in the basal pale area, with slightly more foveate punctures which gives the surface a somewhat wrinkled appearance.</p><p>We examined one series of specimens (9 males, 11 females) reared from Sequoia sempervirens, March 24, 1920, from Falls Church Virginia. The specimens all had the same Hopkins Number [Hopk. U.S. 16160a], however, there was no collector information. We presume that these specimens were either collected from a transplanted tree, nursery stock, arboretum, or a log, that originated from the west coast and was shipped to Virginia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA87E8FFF1FFDFF5CD887ABBABFE52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James Hammond, H. E.;Williams, Daryl J.	James Hammond, H. E., Williams, Daryl J. (2013): Casey’s conundrum, a review of the genus Semanotus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Callidiini) in North America. Zootaxa 3670 (2): 101-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3670.2.1
03DA87E8FFF7FFE3F5CD881ABA94FF72.text	03DA87E8FFF7FFE3F5CD881ABA94FF72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Semanotus australis Giesbert 1993	<div><p>Semanotus australis Giesbert, 1993</p><p>(Figs 5A,B, 15B)</p><p>Semanotus australis Giesbert, 1993: 146 Material examined. 10 males, 10 females.</p><p>Allotype. Female, bicolored form (EMEC), examined; labelled “ Guatemala, El Progresso/Los Albores, 5200’/ May 7–8, 1991 /E. Giesbert, coll.//ALLOTYPE/ SEMANOTUS / AUSTRALIS /GIESBERT [Red label]//U.C. Berkeley/EMEC 69,727”.</p><p>Paratypes. Series of 9 males (1 black, 7 bicolored, 1 maculate), 9 females (7 bicolored, 2 maculate) (FSCA), examined; labelled “ Guatemala, El Progresso/Los Albores, 5200’/ May 7–8, 1991 /E. Giesbert, coll.// PARATYPE / Semanotus / australis Giesbert [Yellow label]”.</p><p>Diagnosis. This species can be separated from other species of Semanotus by the following combination of characters: head and prothorax black, abdomen ranging from orange to black; elytra with three distinct color forms: entirely black, basal 1/3 pale yellow to orange and apical 2/3 black, entirely yellow with a single median circular to oval black spot; elytra with a distinct row of erect, medium length setae along suture that extends from base to apical ¼; mandibles plate-like, wide at base; antennae long, extending past elytral apex, antennomere 4 longer than antennomere 3, especially in males; head with punctures sparse, separated by ~0.5– 1 X puncture diameter, shallow; antennal insertion very sparsely, shallowly, punctate to impunctate; gena behind eye sparsely punctate and slightly rugose posteriorly; pronotal disk with five large, impunctate callosities; pronotal disk with punctures sparse, separated by 0.5–1.5X diameter, shallow and non-carinate; pronotum with median area of apical margin very sparsely punctate to impunctate; lateral pronotal pubescence of two types: long, sparse, erect, fine hairs, and short, sparse, decumbent fine hairs; scutellum smooth to very sparsely, minutely punctate; elytral punctation non-foveate, surface of elytra appearing smooth and shiny.</p><p>Hosts. “…taken from log of Cupressus lusitanica Miller which had been felled the previous year. Based on number of exit holes observed on the log, a large emergence had taken place…” (Giesbert 1993).</p><p>Flower and Associated Vegetation Records. Datura sp. (Angel’s trumpets) (Giesbert 1993), Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean), label data.</p><p>Distribution. South-central Mexico, southeast to Guatemala and Honduras.</p><p>Remarks. The allotype of this species is housed at the Essig Museum (EMEC) and not at the California Academy of Sciences (CAS) as was published in Giesbert (1993), and the Florida State Collection of Arthropods (FSAC) has a series of paratypes. The holotype (a male) is listed as being at the CAS, however, this species is not listed in the primary type catalogue database. A male specimen of the melanic form of this species has been intercepted by APHIS in Pharr County, Texas on fruit of Phaseolus vulgaris from Honduras (label data, USNM).</p><p>Coloration in this species is highly variable, ranging from all black, to bicolored, to maculate with no noticeable differences in morphology.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA87E8FFF7FFE3F5CD881ABA94FF72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James Hammond, H. E.;Williams, Daryl J.	James Hammond, H. E., Williams, Daryl J. (2013): Casey’s conundrum, a review of the genus Semanotus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Callidiini) in North America. Zootaxa 3670 (2): 101-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3670.2.1
03DA87E8FFCBFFE0F5CD89B0B8EFFD49.text	03DA87E8FFCBFFE0F5CD89B0B8EFFD49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Semanotus japonicus (Lacordaire 1869) Lacordaire 1869	<div><p>Semanotus japonicus (Lacordaire, 1869)</p><p>(Figs 5 D, 9B)</p><p>Sympiezocera japonicus Lacordaire, 1869: 47</p><p>Material examined. 2 males, 1 female.</p><p>Holotype. Male (MNMH), examined; labelled “Cordifer Zarnina [hand written in pencil]/Thoms/Cap.// MUSEUM PARIS / COLL. J. THOMSON/1952”.</p><p>Diagnosis. This species can be separated from other species of Semanotus by the following combination of characters: head and prothorax dark brown; antennae, legs and abdomen reddish-brown; elytra dark brown with 2 pairs of transversely oval yellow spots; elytra with an indistinct, sparsely distributed, row of semi-erect, medium length setae along suture, that extends from base to apical ¼; pronotum with 5 large, impunctate calluses, the basal 3 often joined to form a trident-shaped callus; all three femora long, very weakly clavate to almost cylindrical; elytral disk pubescence present but inconspicuous, medium length, very fine, decumbent to recumbent; ventral pubescence semi-erect to decumbent, moderately dense, medium to short in length, not obscuring ventrites; scutellum densely, minutely punctured; mandibles lacking median tooth.</p><p>Hosts. Cryptomeria japonica (L.F.) D. Don (Japanese cedar), Chamaecyparis obtusa (Siebold &amp; Zucc.) Endl. (Japanese cypress) (Ito &amp; Kobayashi 1993).</p><p>Flower and associated vegetation records. Unknown.</p><p>Distribution. East Asia, Japan, Taiwan, China.</p><p>Remarks. This species superficially resembles S. litigiosus, however, it lacks the median mandibular tooth, the row of setae along the elytral suture are more sparse and rather indistinct, the legs are much longer and much less clavate, and the appendages and abdomen are much lighter in color, contrasting with the head and prothorax.</p><p>A single specimen of this species was intercepted in British Columbia from a wooden box containing mandarin oranges from Japan, and was sent to the United States for identification.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DA87E8FFCBFFE0F5CD89B0B8EFFD49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	James Hammond, H. E.;Williams, Daryl J.	James Hammond, H. E., Williams, Daryl J. (2013): Casey’s conundrum, a review of the genus Semanotus Mulsant (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae: Callidiini) in North America. Zootaxa 3670 (2): 101-136, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3670.2.1
