taxonID	type	description	language	source
03DB7745584E5B4CFCDE6992FAF9FD30.taxon	description	(Figs 1; 2; 3; 4)	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
03DB7745584E5B4CFCDE6992FAF9FD30.taxon	diagnosis	Tovomita maxima sp. nov. is similar to T. speciosa Ducke by the large and coriaceous leaves and large floral buds. The species can be distinguished by the floral bud and outer pair of sepals apiculate (vs rounded in T. speciosa), the presence of bracteoles forming a calyptra around the floral bud or dichasium (vs absent in T. speciosa); and higher number of stamens in T. maxima (74 - many vs c. 50 stamens in T. speciosa). Regarding staminate flowers, T. maxima sp. nov. is unique in the genus both by its exceptionally large (145), and unusually variable number of stamens (74 - 145).	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
03DB7745584E5B4CFCDE6992FAF9FD30.taxon	materials_examined	TYPUS. — French Guiana. Montagne des Chevaux, parcelle SPP, tree SPP- 624,4 ° 41 ’ N, 52 ° 22 ’ W, ♂ fl., 11. XI. 2009, Sabatier & Fonty 5595 (holo-, CAY [CAY 112114!]).	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
03DB7745584E5B4CFCDE6992FAF9FD30.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The specific epithet refers to the large size of this species, as well as its high number of stamens.	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
03DB7745584E5B4CFCDE6992FAF9FD30.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — T. maxima sp. nov. was collected in northern and southern French Guiana, in southern Guyana and in the Brazilian state of Amazonas in upper Solimões River.	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
03DB7745584E5B4CFCDE6992FAF9FD30.taxon	biology_ecology	HABITAT. — The new species was found in terra firme forest from sea level to around 1000 m a. s. l. Precipitations on the different localities vary from 2000 mm in southern French Guiana to 4000 mm for the most rainy localities in northern French Guiana, which makes T. maxima sp. nov. a fairly ubiquitous species in terms of water requirements. PHENOLOGY. — Staminate flowers have been observed in October and November, staminate floral buds in August and December, (one) pistillate flower in April. Fruits were collected in January and March.	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
03DB7745584E5B4CFCDE6992FAF9FD30.taxon	conservation	CONSERVATION STATUS. — The studied specimens come from twelve different localities, eight in French Guiana, three in southern Guyana and one in the Brazilian state of Amazonas in upper Solimões River. Based on these collections, the estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is 228 815 km ² and the area of occupancy (AOO) is 44 km ². Among the 94 000 trees censused in the GUYADIV network (Engel 2015), 65 individuals were identified as T. maxima sp. nov. The localities where this new species has been collected or identified in the field are not directly threatened by human activities. Tovomita maxima sp. nov. is thus classified as Least Concern (LC) according to IUCN Red List criteria (IUCN 2012). However, this status must be considered with caution as it is a rare species whose survival and regeneration capacities could be affected by ongoing climate changes (Phillips et al. 2008; Esquivel-Muelbert et al. 2018; Gomes et al. 2019).	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
03DB7745584E5B4CFCDE6992FAF9FD30.taxon	discussion	AFFINITIES. — In Tovomita maxima sp. nov., large leaves resemble those of T. speciosa, a species known from the Brazilian states of Pará and Amapá (Marinho 2020). However, the leaves of T. maxima sp. nov. have a longer petiole and the base of the lamina is attenuate vs cuneate in T. speciosa. Floral buds and outer pair of sepals are apiculate (vs rounded in T. speciosa), the bracteoles form a calyptra while they are absent in T. speciosa; and the stamens are much more numerous (74 - many vs c. 50 in T. speciosa). In French Guiana, T. gazelii Poncy & Offroy is the most similar species with its large, long-petioled leaves, its apiculate floral buds and its numerous stamens (90 - 100). However, this species is easily distinguished by its fruit covered with woody protrusions (a unique feature in Tovomita), its chartaceous leaves (vs coriaceous in T. maxima sp. nov.) and its remarkable cone of prop roots that can reach 3 m high.	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
03DB7745584E5B4CFCDE6992FAF9FD30.taxon	materials_examined	OTHER MATERIAL STUDIED. — French Guiana. Montagnes de la Trinité, zone sud, Bassin de la Mana, 400 m, 4 ° 34 ’ N, 53 ° 21 ’ W, fr., 15. I. 1998, Granville & Crozier 13646 (B, BRIT, CAY [CAY 004734!, CAY 004735!], P [P 05061603]); Montagnes des Nouragues, bassin de l’Approuague, Arataye, 180 m, 4 ° 3 ’ N, 52 ° 42 ’ W, ♀ fl., 20. IV. 1992, Larpin 1057 (CAY [CAY 167622!]); New road to Brazil (Route de l’Est), 7 kms S of the bridge over the Comté River, c. 52 km S of Cayenne, st., 12. I. 1977, Mori 8898 (P [P 04727131]); Régina, Savane-roche Virginie, parcelle SRV 3, tree SRV 3 - 103, 4 ° 11 ’ 3 ” N, 52 ° 8 ’ 50 ” W, st., 9. X. 2007, Prévost et al. 5017 (CAY!, MO); Piste de Saint-Elie, interfluve Sinnamary-Counamama, 5 ° 20 ’ N, 53 ° W, fr., 16. I. 1991, Prévost & Sabatier 2995 (CAY [CAY 167615!], P [P 01155523!]); Rivière Arataye, Saut Pararé – Bassin de l’Approuague, 4 ° 2 ’ N, 52 ° 42 ’ W, st., 17. X. 1986, Sabatier 1449 (CAY [CAY 167620, CAY 167621!], P [P 01155524!]); Petit Saut – Bassin du Sinnamary, 5 ° 3 ’ 50 ” N, 53 ° 3 ’ 17 ” W, st., 3. VII. 1997, Sabatier et al. 4394 (CAY [CAY 167616!], P [P 01155525!]); France-Brazil border, Borne Frontière N ° 1, parcelle BOU 3, tree BOU 3 - 586, 300 m, 2 ° 12 ’ 43 ” N, 54 ° 25 ’ 28 ” W, ♂ fl., 15. X. 2006, Sabatier & Molino 5153 (CAY [CAY 109336!], MO); Montagne des Chevaux, carrière SCC., 28 m, 4 ° 44 ’ 34 ” N, 52 ° 26 ’ 12 ” W, ♂ fl., 23. XII. 2008, Tostain et al. 2488 (CAY [CAY 111776!], NY, MO, P, U, US). Guyana. Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo, Acarai Mts, ridge ascending to summit of unnamed peak, 6 km S of Sipu River, 700 m, 1 ° 22 ’ N, 58 ° 56 ’ W, ♂ fl. b., 26. VIII. 1998, Clarke 7145 (CAY [CAY 167617!], US [US 00708843]); Acarai Mts, summit and adjacent slopes of Tinarmau Peak, 975 to 1000 m, 1 ° 16 ’ N, 58 ° 35 ’ W, fr., 6. III. 1994, Henkel 4994 (CAY [CAY 167618, CAY 167619!], US [US 00587954]); Akarai Mountains: height of land between drainage of Rio Mapuera (Trombetas tributary) and Shodikar Creek (Essequibo tributary), 600 - 800 m, st., 19. I. 1938, Smith 3000 (NY [NY 01416670]). Brazil. Estado de Amazonas – Upper Rio Solimões, Mun. São Paulo de Olivença, Estrada Bomfim, trail beyond road, 6 km S of town center, 3 ° 30 ’ S, 68 ° 57 ’ W, ♂ fl., 25. XI. 1986, Daly 4430 (NY [NY 01417001], US [US 01882507]).	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
03DB7745584E5B4CFCDE6992FAF9FD30.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Dioecious trees up to 30 m tall and 90 cm in diameter, prop roots up to 3 m high. Bark grey, exsudate yellow, abundant. All plant glabrous, including flower and fruit. Leaves Opposite; petioles 2.6 - 6.5 cm long, with an adaxial margined pit; leaf blades coriaceous, mostly broadly elliptic, 12.2 - 33 × 7.1 - 16.6 cm; apex slightly acuminate to rounded, rarely retuse; base attenuate; margin entire; midvein prominent abaxially and slightly raised adaxially; secondary veins in 9 - 15 pairs, 0.7 - 2.5 cm distant from each other, eucamptodromous, prominent abaxially and slightly raised adaxially; intersecondary veins usually absent or inconspicuous (sometimes visible in last third of the leaves); tertiary veins visible on both surfaces of young leaves but barely visible on mature leaves. Inflorescences Terminal. Male inflorescence a compact to ample compound dichasium, 3.5 - 12 cm long with up to 20 flowers; bracts not seen; bracteoles 7 - 11 × 3 - 9 mm, connate, forming a calyptra, often caducous; pedicels 9 - 34 × 1.5 - 3.5 mm. Female inflorescence reduced to a single flower. Staminate flowers Buds 8 - 18 × 6 - 15 mm, ovoid with a mucronate apex to spheroid with an apiculate apex, pale green. Flowers 1 - 2 cm diam.; sepals 4: two outer sepals 10 - 17 × 7 - 16 mm, fleshy, greenish, broadly ovate (to almost orbicular in buds), concave (cymbiform in buds), apex mucronate, and two inner sepals 6 - 15 × 5 - 11 mm, fleshy (although less than the inner sepals), greenish, broadly ovate, concave, apex mucronate; petals 4 - 7, 5 - 20 × 3 - 11 mm, linear to oblong to broadly ovate, apex rounded to acute; stamens 74 - 145, filaments 4 - 12 mm long, terete; anthers c. 1 mm long; pistillode 2 - 2.5 mm high × 1 - 2 mm large, stigmas 5. Pistillate flowers Pedicels c. 6 × 3 mm; receptacle c. 1.5 cm diam.; perianth not seen; staminodes 109, 5 - 8 mm long, terete; gynoecium 10 mm high × 5 - 7 mm large; ovary c. 3 × 6 mm, 5 - locular, 1 ovule per locule; style c. 3 × 5 mm; stigmatic area c. 3 × 7 mm, stigmas 5, c. 2 - 3 mm wide, free from each other, sessile. Fruit A fleshy capsule, 5 - 6.8 × 3 - 4.6 cm, pericarp splitting septifragally into 5 valves, fragments of sepals, petals and staminodes persistent; epicarp smooth, greenish; mesocarp pinkish; endocarp orange-red; seeds 5, 2.8 - 3.4 × 1.3 - 1.7 cm, reniform, brown, covered with a bright orange-red aril.	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
03DB7745584A5B41FCDA6913FD54F82D.taxon	description	(Figs 4; 5; 6)	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
03DB7745584A5B41FCDA6913FD54F82D.taxon	diagnosis	Tovomita saulensis sp. nov. is similar to T. mangle G. Mariz especially in its mucronulate and oblong floral bud. The species can be distinguished by the combination of small leaves (4 - 7 cm on average) and a low number of stamens (9 - 15 vs 35 - 45 in T. mangle). To date, the species has the lowest number of stamens in the genus.	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
03DB7745584A5B41FCDA6913FD54F82D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPUS. — French Guiana. Saül and vicinity: Route de Bélizon, 0 - 2 km S of Eaux Claires, 230 - 300 m, 3 ° 37 ’ N, 53 ° 12 ’ W, ♂ fl. b., 22. IX. 1994, Mori et al. 24002 (holo-, CAY [CAY 167624!]; iso-, P [P 04897763], NY [NY 04204154], U [U 0181523], US [US 00872988]).	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
03DB7745584A5B41FCDA6913FD54F82D.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. — The specific epithet refers to the type locality Saül.	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
03DB7745584A5B41FCDA6913FD54F82D.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — Tovomita saulensis sp. nov. is presently known only from Central French Guiana, near the village of Saül. Therefore it could be considered as endemic of this area, pending additional records.	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
03DB7745584A5B41FCDA6913FD54F82D.taxon	biology_ecology	HABITAT. — According to the three specimens studied, T. saulensis sp. nov. occurs in terra firme forest between 200 - 400 m a. s. l and receiving about 2500 mm of annual rainfall. PHENOLOGY. — Staminate floral buds were collected in September, immature fruits in April.	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
03DB7745584A5B41FCDA6913FD54F82D.taxon	conservation	CONSERVATION STATUS. — Tovomita saulensis sp. nov. is too poorly known (three specimens) to assess its protection status. Following the procedures adopted by Marinho & Beeck (2019), a DD (Deficient Data) status is therefore suggested.	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
03DB7745584A5B41FCDA6913FD54F82D.taxon	discussion	AFFINITIES. — Tovomita saulensis sp. nov. has small leaves and oblong floral buds with a mucronulate apex. These characters are found in two other Tovomita species, T. divaricata Maguire from Guyana, and T. nebulosa L. Marinho & Luján from Cerro de la Neblina in Venezuela. But the leaf venation of these two species is not distinctly brochidodromous as in T. saulensis. Specimens of T. saulensis were initially identified by Marinho (2019) as T. mangle, a species widely distributed in Brazil and also occurring in French Guiana, especially due to the shape of the floral buds (oblong with mucronulate apex) and the brochidodromous leaf venation. The species can be distinguished by the smaller aspect of T. saulensis, its smaller leaves (4.3 - 7.5 (9) × 1.2 - 3.2 cm vs 9 - 21 × 3.4 - 9.7 cm in T. mangle), smaller floral buds (3 - 6 vs 6 - 11 mm in T. mangle) and smaller number of stamens (9 - 15 vs 35 - 45 in T. mangle).	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
03DB7745584A5B41FCDA6913FD54F82D.taxon	materials_examined	OTHER MATERIAL STUDIED. — French Guiana. Saül, La Fumée Ouest, 200 - 400 m, 3 ° 37 ’ N, 53 ° 12 ’ W, fr., 8. IV. 1983, Mori & Pipoly 15551 (CAY [CAY 167625!], US [US 00873003]); Saül, La Fumée Ouest, 200 - 400 m, 3 ° 37 ’ N, 53 ° 12 ’ W, st., 26. IV. 1983, Mori & Pipoly 15674 (P [P 04897837]); Saül, Along botany trail northeast of Les Eaux Claires, 270 m, 4 ° 42 ’ N, 52 ° 25 ’ W, ♂ fl. b., 24. IX. 1995, Phillippe et al. 26984 (CAY [CAY 167623!], ILLS).	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
03DB7745584A5B41FCDA6913FD54F82D.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION Dioecious small trees up to 6 m and 12 cm in diameter, trunks without prop roots, exsudate sparse. All plant glabrous, including flower and fruit. Leaves Opposite; petioles 4 - 12 × c. 1 mm, with an adaxial margined pit; leaf blades chartaceous, narrowly elliptic to elliptic, 4.3 - 7.5 (9) × 1.2 - 3.2 cm; apex long-attenuate to acuminate; base acute and slightly decurrent; margin entire; midvein slightly raised on both surfaces; secondary veins in 6 - 10 pairs, 0.5 - 1 cm distant from each other, brochidodromous, slightly raised on both surfaces; intersecondary veins present; tertiary veins visible on both surfaces. Inflorescences Terminal. Male inflorescences a compound dichasium, 1.5 - 3 cm long with up to 20 flowers; bracts not seen; bracteoles triangular, c. 0.5 mm, caducous; pedicels 2 - 5 mm long. Staminate flowers Buds 3 - 6 × 1 - 2.5 mm, oblong with a mucronulate apex, green. Flowers known only from buds; sepals 2, c. 5 × 1 - 2 mm, oblong to ovate, apex acuminate (with rounded tip); petals 4, 3 - 4 × 1 - 2 mm, linear to oblong, apex acuminate; stamens 9 - 15, filaments 2 - 3 mm long, white; anthers c. 0.5 mm long; pistillode c. 0.5 mm high × 1 mm large, stigmas 4. Pistillate flowers Not seen. Fruit Known only immature. Fleshy capsule c. 2.5 × 1 cm, with apical rostrum c. 1 × 0.3 cm; epicarp smooth; seeds 2 - 4, c. 1.2 × 0.5 cm.	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
03DB7745584A5B41FCDA6913FD54F82D.taxon	discussion	NOTE Tovomita saulensis sp. nov. has long been misidentified in CAY herbarium as T. fructipendula (Ruiz & Pav.) Cambess. (syn. of T. brasiliensis (Mart.) Walp.; see Marinho et al. 2016 d). This is also the case in the Guide to the Vascular Plants of Central French Guiana (Mori et al. 2002) where the illustration of T. fructipendula is based on at least two specimens of T. saulensis sp. nov. (Mori & Pipoly 15551, Mori et al. 24002). The drawing of the fruit is based on a third specimen (Mori 22720), not seen. Both species have leaves of about the same size (around 4 - 7 cm long) but those of T. fructipendula have more secondary veins, and these are not brochidodromous. Also, the floral bud apex is rounded in T. fructipendula (vs mucronulate in T. saulensis), and the fruit epicarp is asperous (vs smooth in T. saulensis). Field photos of Mori et al. 24002 are visible at: http: // sweetgum. nybg. org / science / vh / specimen-details /? irn = 415530	en	Engel, Julien, Molino, Jean-François, Marinho, Lucas C. (2022): The maximum and the minimum: two new species of Tovomita Aubl. (Clusiaceae) from the Guiana Shield with an unusual number of stamens. Adansonia (3) 44 (16): 165-174, DOI: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a16
