identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D88782FFDDFFA97896FAFA661BF8B1.text	03D88782FFDDFFA97896FAFA661BF8B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asteroschema Orstedt and Lutken, 1856 in Lutken 1856	<div><p>Asteroschema cf arenosum Lyman, 1878</p><p>(Fig. 1A–D)</p><p>Asteroschema arenosum Lyman, 1878: 235, pl. 3 figs. 62–64; Barboza et al., 2010: 242; Frensel et al., 2010: 175.</p><p>Material Examined. USNM 1072539, Pioneer Cruise 17, south of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.833336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.833336/lat -10.833333)">Lombok</a>, eastern Indian Ocean, 10° 50’S, 117° 50’E, 1000 m, 17 March 1964, 3 specimens.</p><p>Remarks. These specimens were identified as A. arenosum on the basis of the disc and upper arm covering of flat polygonal plate-shaped external ossicles (Fig. 1C), the lateral arm cover of fine rounded granule-shaped external ossicles (Fig. 1D), and the presence initially of one, then two, arm spines. One complete specimen had a disc diameter of 11 mm and arms 180 mm long (Fig. 1A–B).</p><p>The type specimen of A. arenosum was collected in the Gulf of Mexico and its occurrence in the Indo-Pacific region is thus a very large extension of its range. Given that this species has been recorded from a depth of 1449 m in the western Atlantic (Pawson et al. 2009), it is likely to be a distinct taxon. However, we here refrain from describing another species here since we examined only 3 specimens. Future morphological observations and molecular analyses based on more specimens are required.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFDDFFA97896FAFA661BF8B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
03D88782FFDDFFA97896FD13661FFBF9.text	03D88782FFDDFFA97896FD13661FFBF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asteroschematinae Verrill 1899	<div><p>Subfamily Asteroschematinae Verrill, 1899</p><p>Diagnosis. Arms simple, coiled. Disc five lobed, naked or covered with granule- plate- and/or cone-shaped external ossicles, or skin. Teeth triangular and wide, flat, situated on top of the dental plate. Radial shields narrow, multi-layered. Ventral arm plates small, disappearing on middle to distal portion of arms. Arm spines up to three. Genital slits close to periphery of disc.</p><p>Remarks. Okanishi &amp; Fujita (2011) reduced the family Asteroschematidae Verrill 1899, to a subfamily of family Euryalidae . Soon thereafter, Okanishi &amp; Fujita (2013) restored the family-level status of Asteroschematidae under the superfamily Euryaloidea. However, the molecular phylogeny of O’Hara et al. (2017) confirmed that the asteroschematds were subfamilial rank. Therefore, in this study, we use subfamilies Asteroschematinae, Astrocharinae and Euryalinae under the family Euryalidae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFDDFFA97896FD13661FFBF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
03D88782FFDDFFAA7896F87867BEFF76.text	03D88782FFDDFFAA7896F87867BEFF76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astrocharinae	<div><p>Subfamily Astrocharinae Okanishi, O’Hara &amp; Fujita, 2011 a</p><p>Diagnosis. Arms simple, coiled. Disc five-lobed or circular, covered with plate-shaped external ossicles. Teeth triangular and widened, flat, situated on top of dental plate. Radial shields narrow, mono-layered, and naked in species of Astrocharis . Ventral arm plates small, disappearing on middle to distal portion of arms. Arm spines up to three. Genital slits close to periphery of disc.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFDDFFAA7896F87867BEFF76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
03D88782FFDDFFA97896FE1566EFFDD0.text	03D88782FFDDFFA97896FE1566EFFDD0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euryalida Lamarck 1816	<div><p>Order Euryalida Lamarck, 1816</p><p>Diagnosis. See Okanishi &amp; Fujita (2013) for the composition of this order.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFDDFFA97896FE1566EFFDD0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
03D88782FFDEFFAA7896F8E860AFF840.text	03D88782FFDEFFAA7896F8E860AFF840.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Euryalinae Gray 1840	<div><p>Subfamily Euryalinae Gray, 1840, emend. Okanishi &amp; Fujita, 2013</p><p>Diagnosis. Arms simple, or branching, coiled. Disc five-lobed or circular, covered with granule- and/or plateshaped external ossicles, sometimes with large conical tubercles. Teeth triangular and widened, flat, situated on top of dental plate. Radial shields narrow, multi-layered. Oral furrows of vertebrae with oral bridge, or covered by ventral arm plates ( Astrobrachion) throughout arms. Up to three arm spines. Genital slits close to periphery of disc.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFDEFFAA7896F8E860AFF840	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
03D88782FFDEFFAA7896FE79615EF920.text	03D88782FFDEFFAA7896FE79615EF920.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Squamophis amamiensis (Okanishi & Fujita 2009)	<div><p>Squamophis amamiensis (Okanishi &amp; Fujita, 2009)</p><p>(Fig. 1E–H)</p><p>Asteroschema amamiense Okanishi &amp; Fujita, 2009: 152, figs. 115–129, figs. 4–6, 7B–D, 8; Okanishi et al., 2011b: 6. Squamophis amamiensis .— Okanishi et al., 2011b: 6, 13.</p><p>Material Examined. USNM 1072572, Pioneer Cruise 17, south of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=117.833336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-10.833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 117.833336/lat -10.833333)">Lombok</a>, eastern Indian Ocean, 10°50’S, 117°50’E, 1000 m, 17 March 1964, 1 specimen, disc diameter 8 mm (Fig. 1E–H).</p><p>Description. Aboral and oral surfaces of disc and arms uniformly covered with slightly tumid, smooth, polygonal to rounded plate-shaped external ossicles (Fig. 1G). Oral frame and jaws similarly covered (Fig. 1H). Aboral surface external ossicles range from 300–500 µm in diameter; average diameter 370 µm (Fig. 1G). Oral surface external ossicles 111–333 µm in diameter; average diameter 228 µm (Fig. 1H). On both surfaces, external ossicles tend to be slightly larger towards disc margin. External ossicles (sensu Okanishi et al. 2011b) uncommon, of one type, granule-shaped, 80 µm in average length. Oral interradial disc with deep depressions leading to genital slits (Fig. 1H).</p><p>Five arms ca. 100 mm long, higher than wide at the base (Fig. 1E–F). First and second tentacle pores outside of oral slit without associated arm spine (Fig. 1H); thereafter one short blunt arm spine less than an arm segment in length, to each tentacle pore in the basal portion of the arms. Subsequently, the spines become progressively longer until they reach a length that is an average of 1.5 times the length of an arm segment. The spines do not reach a length of twice that of an arm segment.</p><p>Remarks. This species is characterized by a very simple smooth body cover of plate-shaped external ossicles, a few granule-shaped external ossicles, and a single arm spine to each arm segment beyond the first two. As a unique specimen is currently available in this study, we are reluctant to undertake the destructive analyses required to determine if the radial shields are multi-layered or single-layered, or to more thoroughly survey the nature and distribution of external ossicles. Therefore, as some important information of taxonomic value at the generic level is lacking, it is not possible to definitely assign the species to one of the five genera of Asteroschematidae as defined by Okanishi et al. (2011b). However, external features of this specimen match those of Squamophis amamiensis . For the present, therefore, we refer the species to S. amamiensis, and we expect that in the future a richer material will help to firmly establish its taxonomic position.</p><p>The type specimens of S. amamiensis were collected off Amami Ohshima Islands, southwestern Japan, 158 m depth and its occurrence in the Indo-Pacific region is thus a very large extension of its range.</p><p>Regrettably, the specimen has a four-digit catalogue number indelibly inscribed on its aboral disc surface. This was done at an institution at which the IIOE collection was temporarily stored. Various non-invasive attempts were made to remove the number, without success. Similar numbers were also inscribed on the type specimens of Astrocladus goodingi and A. socotrana . These numbers should be ignored.</p><p>Distribution. JAPAN: off Amami Ohshima Islands, southwestern Japan (Okanishi &amp; Fujita, 2009, type locality); INDONESIA: southeastern Indonesia (this study). Depth ranges 168–1000 m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFDEFFAA7896FE79615EF920	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
03D88782FFDFFFAB7896FA4267C9F9A2.text	03D88782FFDFFFAB7896FA4267C9F9A2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asteromorpha Lutken 1869	<div><p>Asteromorpha Lütken, 1869</p><p>Okanishi et al. (2013) have revised the genus Asteromorpha, which now comprises four species, including the following species, formerly assigned to Asteroschema .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFDFFFAB7896FA4267C9F9A2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
03D88782FFDFFFAC7896F96B66F0FE5E.text	03D88782FFDFFFAC7896F96B66F0FE5E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asteromorpha capensis (Mortensen 1925)	<div><p>Asteromorpha capensis (Mortensen, 1925)</p><p>(Fig. 2A–D)</p><p>Astroschema capensis Mortensen, 1925: 152, figs. 4–5.</p><p>Asteromorpha capensis .— Okanishi et al., 2013: 462, figs. 2–5; Olbers et al., 2014: 14, pl. 1F.</p><p><a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.333332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.333332/lat -24.766666)">Material Examined. All</a> from off the southern part of Mozambique, as follows: USNM 1072548, Anton Bruun Cruise 7, Station 371E, 24° 46’S, 35° 20’E, 132 m, 18 August 1964, 2 specimens ; USNM 1072557, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.333332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.333332/lat -24.766666)">Anton Bruun Cruise</a> 7, Station 371D, 24° 46’S, 35° 20’E, 165 m, 18 August 1964, 1 specimen (Fig. 2A–B) ; USNM 1072559, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.3/lat -24.766666)">Anton Bruun Cruise</a> 7 Station 371F, 24° 46’S, 35° 18’E, 110m, 18 August 1964, 5 specimens ; USNM 1072569, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.916668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.916668/lat -19.15)">Anton Bruun Cruise</a> 8, Station 403E, 19° 09’S, 36° 55’E, 88 m, 9 October 1964, 7 specimens .</p><p>Remarks. This is the only the second time the species has been recorded since the type was collected off the Umvoti River, Natal, South Africa (Mortensen 1925). Sink et al. (2006) listed this species from Sodwana Bay in northern KwaZulu-Natal, and noted (p. 470) that it “was commonly attached to the gorgonian Nicella dichotoma ”. Okanishi et al. (2013) described and illustrated the rediscovered holotype and three additional specimens collected from off Somalia and Madagascar. The present specimens are from the same general area, off the central coast of Mozambique. They align with the aforementioned descriptions. The disc is covered with granules, radial shields broad distally (Fig. 2A, C), arms annulated proximally with two short rough-tipped spines (Fig. 2B, D). The only variations noticed were the presence of two distinct sizes of granules on the aboral surface of the disc; those on the underside of the disc and arms are very fine. The arms are color-banded.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFDFFFAC7896F96B66F0FE5E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
03D88782FFD8FFAD7896F90A6704FD26.text	03D88782FFD8FFAD7896F90A6704FD26.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sthenocephalus indicus Koehler 1898	<div><p>Sthenocephalus indicus Koehler, 1898</p><p>(Figs. 2E–F, 3)</p><p>Sthenocephalus indicus Koehler, 1898: 112, pl. 5 figs. 48,49; Döderlein, 1927: 82, pl. 8 figs. 3-6.</p><p>Material Examined. USNM 1072462, Anton Bruun Cruise 1 <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.15/lat 7.633333)">Station</a> 17, southern Andaman Sea, 7° 38’N 97° 09’E, 275–280m, 21 March 1963, 1 specimen (Fig. 2E–F).</p><p>Remarks. This specimen (18.5 mm disc diameter and 100 mm arm length) has 22 arm segments before the first arm branch (Fig. 2E–F), thus identifying it as S. indicus rather than the closely related S. anopla (H. L. Clark 1911), from the East China Sea, which has 12–17 pre-branch segments (Irimura &amp; Kubodera 1998). There are at least 6 arm bifurcations in total. The distal ends of the radial shields carry granules and fine tubercles (Fig. 2E), and the arms have a double median row of small round tubercles up to the first branch (Fig. 3A), and small grains thereafter over the rest of the arm (Fig. 3B). There are hook-shaped arm spines distally (Fig. 3C), and two clubshaped arm spines proximally (Fig. 3D). The lateral arm plates meet on the oral midline (Fig. 3D); this is a feature of this genus.</p><p>The type specimen of S. indicus was collected at Gaspar Strait in Indonesia by the survey vessel Investigator (Koehler 1898), and further material has since been recorded from the Indian Ocean in 36–467 meters. The present specimen was taken from the outer shelf in the southern Andaman Sea between Phuket and the Nicobar Islands. The material described by Liao &amp; A. M. Clark (1995) as Sthenocephalus indicus may yet prove to be Sthenocephalus anopla (Liao &amp; A. M. Clark 1995) . Euryale anopla H. L. Clark, 1911, from southern Japan, was redescribed by Mortensen (1933a) as Stenocephalus (sic) indicus var. anopla . Irimura &amp; Kubodera (1998) restored anopla as a distinct species in their new combination Sthenocephalus anopla (H. L. Clark, 1911), a step that was followed by Fujita &amp; Irimura (2005).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFD8FFAD7896F90A6704FD26	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
03D88782FFD9FFAE7896F92F6613FA70.text	03D88782FFD9FFAE7896F92F6613FA70.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trichaster flagellifer von Martens 1866	<div><p>Trichaster flagellifer von Martens, 1866</p><p>(Fig. 4A–E)</p><p>Trichaster flagellifer von Martens, 1866: 87; Liao &amp; Clark, 1995: 163, fig. 69. Trichaster elegans Ludwig, 1878: 59 .</p><p>Material Examined. USNM 1072573, Anton Bruun Cruise 1 Station AB39A, Andaman Sea, 14°52’N, 96°39’E, 48–64 m, 31 March 1963. 1 specimen (Fig. 4A–E).</p><p>Remarks. The specimen has a disc diameter of 32 mm, and arms 200 mm long, branched only five times in their distal half, the first branch occurring at 42 segments from the disc (Fig. 4A–B). This remote branching is a characteristic of the genus, along with longitudinal aboral, and vertical lateral, arm ridging. The disc is flat and smooth in the centre (Fig. 4C), with the radial shields exposed only distally as small triangles (Fig. 4D). There are two arm spines (Fig. 4E).</p><p>The specimen was taken at only 1 of 7 benthic shelf stations in the Gulf of Martaban in the northern Andaman Sea, an area near the type locality for this species (Bay of Bengal). It has, however, been found elsewhere in the tropical Indo-west Pacific Ocean, including the Arafura Sea, South China, Japan, and the Philippines, in 65–146 meters (Liao &amp; A. M. Clark, 1995; Rowe &amp; Gates, 1995).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFD9FFAE7896F92F6613FA70	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
03D88782FFDAFFAE7896F9A764BAF899.text	03D88782FFDAFFAE7896F9A764BAF899.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asteronychidae Verrill 1899	<div><p>Family Asteronychidae Verrill, 1899</p><p>Diagnosis. Arms simple, coiled. Disc five lobed or circular, covered with skin and/or plate-shaped external ossicles. Teeth spiniform, covering whole side of jaw. Radial shields narrow, multi-layered. Ventral arm plates limited to a few basal arm segments. Up to more than ten arm spines. Genital slits usually small, half the length of the height of the disc.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFDAFFAE7896F9A764BAF899	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
03D88782FFDAFFAF7896F88065EEFD26.text	03D88782FFDAFFAF7896F88065EEFD26.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asteronyx luzonicus Doderlein 1927	<div><p>Asteronyx luzonicus Döderlein, 1927</p><p>(Figs. 4F–G, 5A–C)</p><p>Asteronyx luzonicus Döderlein, 1927: 64, pl. 7 figs. 4–6d.</p><p>Material Examined. USNM 1072474, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=97.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 97.15/lat 7.633333)">Anton Bruun Cruise</a> 1 Station 17, southern Andaman Sea, 7° 38’ N 97° 09’ E, 280– 275 m, 21 March 1963, 1 specimen ; Anton Bruun Cruise 7 Station 369F, off southern Mozambique, 24° 07’S, 36° 11’–15’E, 1600–1628 m, 17 August 1964, 1 specimen .</p><p>Remarks. The disc diameters of the two specimens are 15 mm (Fig. 4F–G) and 6 mm respectively. The larger specimen has narrow arms approximately 140 mm long (Fig. 4F–G). The larger specimen has a naked skin-covered disc with dark spots aborally and orally (Fig. 5A–B), and with some light calcification between one pair of radial shields (Fig. 5A). The genital slit is narrow, situated between arm segments 1 and 3, and is not in a pouch (Fig. 5B), as in the type species, A. loveni . At arm segment 22, the lowermost arm spine is elongate, with a terminal club (Fig. 5C). This elongate arm spine is not present on the smaller specimen, and may therefore be ontogenetic as is the number of arm spines. A similar enlargement of mid-arm spines has been noted in A. loveni (Baker 1980) . The dark spots on their disc is a main diagnostic character of A. luzonicus (Döderlein, 1927) .</p><p>This species has remarkable bathymetric distribution, between 109 and 2963 m. A. luzonicus was originally described from the Philippines; its occurrence in the southern Andaman Sea and the Mozambique Channel represents a considerable extension of its geographic range, but one that might be expected given its bathymetric range.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFDAFFAF7896F88065EEFD26	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
03D88782FFD4FFA07896FE5D66CEFC70.text	03D88782FFD4FFA07896FE5D66CEFC70.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astroboa clavata (Lyman 1861)	<div><p>Astroboa clavata (Lyman, 1861)</p><p>(Fig. 5D–J)</p><p>Astrophyton clavatum Lyman, 1861: 85 .</p><p>Astroboa clavata . — Döderlein, 1911: 80. Pl. 5, figs 6,6a; 1912: 269, pl.16, figs 1, 1b, 16, pl. 18, fig. 8; 1927: 38, pl.5, figs 5,6; Putchakarn and Sonchaeng, 2004: 421; Venkatraman et al, 2013: 208.</p><p>Material Examined. Anton Bruun Cruise 9, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.266666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.266666/lat -13.5)">Indian Ocean</a>, Comoro islands, Mayotta Island, Bandeli Reef, 13° 30’ S, 045°16’ E, 23 – 26 November 1964, 1 specimen, now lost ; USNM 1072477, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=51.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 51.45/lat 11.616667)">Anton Bruun Cruise</a> 9 Station 465, off NE Somalia, 11° 37’ N 51° 27’ E, 67–72 m, 18 December 1964, 1 specimen (Fig. 5D–J).</p><p>Remarks. This species is characterised by having prominent radial shields and a covering of minute thorny granules (Fig. 5D, F, G). Similar granules extend into the oral interbrachial areas.</p><p>The arm segments are separated by marked depressions with thickened edges (Fig. 5H). There is also a median furrow along the aboral sutures of each arm (Fig. 5I). Girdle bands with hooklets occur terminally on each arm (Fig. 5J).</p><p>A. clavata was first collected off Zanzibar, and has subsequently been found in the waters of the Persian Gulf, Bay of Bengal, Mauritius, and northwestern Australia (Rowe &amp; Gates, 1995).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFD4FFA07896FE5D66CEFC70	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
03D88782FFD4FFA07896FBBA67FFF92D.text	03D88782FFD4FFA07896FBBA67FFF92D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astroboa nigrofurcata Doderlein 1927	<div><p>Astroboa nigrofurcata Döderlein, 1927</p><p>(Figs. 6A–E, 7D)</p><p>Astroboa nigrofurcata Döderlein, 1927: 45, pl. 4 figs. 1–4; Baker, 1980: 60, figs. 23, 28, 30.</p><p>Material Examined. USNM 1072537, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=98.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=7.5666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 98.0/lat 7.5666666)">Anton Bruun Cruise</a> 1 Station 18A, southern Andaman Sea, 7°34’N, 98° 00’E, 77 m, 21 March 1963, 2 specimens (Fig. 6A–E) ; USNM 1234012, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=51.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 51.45/lat 11.616667)">Anton Bruun Cruise</a> 9 Station 465, off NE Somalia, 11° 37’N, 51° 27’E, 67–72 m, 18 December 1964, 2 specimens .</p><p>Remarks. The specimens range between 17 and 40 mm (Fig. 6A–B) disc diameter. The smallest specimen has a disc cover of dense low granules, 8 in 1 mm on the radial shields (Fig. 6C). One unusual feature of this specimen, possibly related to its small size, is the presence of 2–4 transverse rows of taller granules bridging the pairs of radial shields. In the largest specimen, the arms bifurcate at least 25 times, and are covered with smooth polygonal plates, with prominent girdle bands continuing over the arm—a characteristic of this species (Figs. 6D–E, 7D). The colour pattern of this species is distinctive—disc pale green, with contrasting irregular brown or pink freckles; arms with a continuous series of dark freckles, one per segment.</p><p>This record, in the southern Andaman Sea, is an extension of the known range from the Western Australian coast, Indonesia and the Philippines (Baker 1980).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFD4FFA07896FBBA67FFF92D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
03D88782FFD4FFA07896FF7366D1FEED.text	03D88782FFD4FFA07896FF7366D1FEED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gorgonocephalidae Ljungman 1867	<div><p>Family Gorgonocephalidae Ljungman, 1867</p><p>Diagnosis. Arms simple, or branching, coiled. Disc five lobed or circular, covered with skin and/or various shaped external ossicles. Hooklets borne on at least middle to distal portion of aboral arms. Teeth spiniform. Radial shields narrow, multi-layered. Ventral arm plates limited to basal few arm segments. Up to more than ten arm spines. Genital slits usually small, approximately one half of the height of the disc.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFD4FFA07896FF7366D1FEED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
03D88782FFD4FFA17896F902606AFECE.text	03D88782FFD4FFA17896F902606AFECE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astrocladus exiguus (Lamarck 1816)	<div><p>Astrocladus exiguus (Lamarck, 1816)</p><p>Euryale exiguum Lamarck, 1816: 539 .</p><p>Astrocladus exiguus .— H. L. Clark, 1915: 187; Cherbonnier &amp; Guille, 1978: 11, pl. 2 figs. 1–2; Putchakarn &amp; Sonchaeng, 2004: 421.</p><p>Material Examined. Anton Bruun Cruise 8, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.916668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.916668/lat -19.15)">Station</a> 403E, off Mozambique, 19° 09’S, 36° 55’E, 88 m, 9 October 1964, 1 specimen, now lost.</p><p>Remarks. This small specimen (&lt;8 mm disc diameter) has large tubercles on the distal ends of the radial shields, a feature typical of this species. The remaining disc cover is fine conical granules tipped with a single glassy spine. There are 3–4 arm spines from the third arm segment.</p><p>A. exiguus is widely distributed in the Indian Ocean (Mozambique Channel, Andaman Islands, Bay of Bengal, Western Australia) and in the north-western Pacific around the Philippines and southern Japan (Baker 1980).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFD4FFA17896F902606AFECE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
03D88782FFD5FFA27896F9726438FE93.text	03D88782FFD5FFA27896F9726438FE93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astrocladus ludwigi (Doderlein 1896)	<div><p>Astrocladus ludwigi (Döderlein, 1896)</p><p>(Fig. 6F–I)</p><p>Euryale ludwigi Döderlein, 1896: 299, pl. 17 figs. 28a–c.</p><p>Astrocladus ludwigi . — Baker, 1980: 63, figs 28,33; Shin, 1998: 198.</p><p>Material Examined. USNM 1072478, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.333332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-24.766666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.333332/lat -24.766666)">Anton Bruun Cruise</a> 7 Station 371E, off southern Mozambique, 24°46’S, 35°20’E, 132 m, 18 August, 1964, 1 specimen (Fig. 6F–I).</p><p>Remarks. A small (5 mm disc diameter) example, but showing the adult characteristics of a disc covering of closely set domed tubercles, with larger ones on the radial shields (Fig. 6F, H). The girdle bands on the arms begin at the disc edge (Fig. 6I), and the girdle hooklets have the typical single secondary hooklet. There is a single madreporite at the disc edge orally.</p><p>This record, off the Mozambique coast, is a range extension of A. ludwigi from the eastern Indian Ocean and Indonesia.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFD5FFA27896F9726438FE93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
03D88782FFD6FFA57896FE9B60B7FE23.text	03D88782FFD6FFA57896FE9B60B7FE23.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astrocladus goodingi Baker & Okanishi & Pawson 2018	<div><p>Astrocladus goodingi sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 7A–C, 8–11)</p><p>Astrocladus tonganus .— Cherbonnier &amp; Guille, 1978: 14, Pl. II figs. 3–4. Non Astrocladus tonganus Döderlein, 1911: 77, 107, pl. 9 fig.8.</p><p>Material Examined. Holotype USNM 1072479, Anton Bruun Cruise 9, Indian Ocean, Comoro Islands, Mayotte Island, Bandeli Reef, 12° 54’S, 45° 16.5’E, inner side of reef, depth approximately 1 m, 23–26 November 1964. Collected by R.U. Gooding (RU-297), 1 specimen, disc diameter 15 mm (Figs. 7–10).</p><p>Other material examined. Three specimens from localities in the northwest and south of Madagascar, identified by Cherbonnier &amp; Guille 1978 as Astrocladus tonganus Döderlein (sent to ANB by the late Dr A. Guille, specimens now in Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris). The three specimens were referenced by Baker (1980, p. 64). Their current catalogue numbers were unavailable.</p><p>Etymology. Named for the collector, the late Dr R.U. “Judge” Gooding of Barbados; our friend and colleague.</p><p>Diagnosis. Disc and radial shields with tubercles bearing 2–8 glassy spines; five arm spines bearing 1–5 glassy spinules, present from third arm segment; girdle bands present from disc margin; arm areas between girdles and orally with large polygonal plates, separated by narrow rows of small single plates. Genital slits bordered abradially by a row of tall spines.</p><p>Description of the holotype. External morphology. Aboral disc depressed at center, aborally with scattered small &lt;0.3 mm diameter tubercles bearing 2–8 glassy spines averaging 86 µm in length, on a dense background of small, low granules (Fig. 7A, C, 8A–B).</p><p>Radial shields prominent, narrow (ratio length to breadth 1:8), slightly divergent, not meeting centrally, covered with small (0.1 mm diameter) tubercles bearing 1–5 glassy spines interspersed with flat plates (Fig. 8A, C).</p><p>Oral disc covered by plate-shaped external ossicles, teeth large, spear-shaped; oral papillae small, spiniform (Fig. 8E). One madreporite on the inner border of the soft interbrachium (Fig. 8E).</p><p>Oral interradii with a close cover of pustules and scatted large tubercles, a few bearing spines (Fig. 8F). Genital slits narrow and short (0.25 x 2.0 mm), bordered abradially by a row of tall spines (Fig. 8F).</p><p>Arms coiled, bifurcated at least 16 times (Fig. 7A–B). Girdles complete between disc edge and first arm branch (Fig. 9A), girdle hooklets with one secondary tooth. Between girdles, arms have a few spines basally, but mostly large flat polygonal plates, bearing low smooth knobs (Fig. 9A), those disappear toward the distal arm tip (Fig. 9D). Oral surface of arms and oral frame covered with flat, smooth polygonal plates surrounded by rows of single, smaller plates (Fig. 8D, 9B–C). Up to 5 arm spines, beginning just before third arm branch, with initially 1 or 2, then 5, glassy-tipped spines (Fig. 9C). Five arm segments to first branch, 4 to next branch.</p><p>Ossicle morphology. Hooklet-bearing plates possessing approximately 16 tubercle-shaped articulations for hooklets in the basal portion of the arm (Fig. 10A), approximately 6 articulations in the distal portion (Fig. 10H). The articulations forming two parallel rows (Fig. 10A, H). Each hooklet bears one inner tooth (Fig. 10B–C). Lateral arm plates concave on distal and basal sides, the concavity deeper on distal side (Fig. 10D–E). No perforations visible on lateral arm plates but simple nerve openings on oral-external side (Fig. 10E–F) and on distal portion of the arms; articulations for hooklets only visible on oral surfaces (Fig. 10H). Arm spines in the basal portion of the arm ovoid and having one secondary point, approximately one-third length of the height of the spine (Fig. 10I). All vertebrae with hourglass-shaped streptospondylous articulations (Fig. 11D–E, H–I). Depressions for tube feet openings in the distal part of oral-lateral side of vertebrae (Fig. 11A, G). A pair of radial water canals opening on the lateral side of vertebrae, near depression of the tube feet (Fig. 11A, G) and radial nerve canals opening inside oral furrows (Fig. 11A).</p><p>Remarks. The genus Astrocladus contains 10 nominal species, of which five are now know from the Indian Ocean or nearby: A. hirtus Mortensen, A. euryale (Retzius), A. exiguus (Lamarck), A ludwigi (Döderlein), and A africanus Mortensen. Adding a further species to this fauna may seem an unnecessary complication, especially given the intra-species variations and similarity in morphology of A. euryale and Astrodendrum capensis (Mortensen, 1933b) as noted by A. M. Clark (1974) in her account of echinoderms from Southern Africa. We have, however, examined the descriptions of all the Astrocladus species, and cannot reconcile the Comoro and Madagascar specimens with any known taxon.</p><p>Cherbonnier &amp; Guille (1978) referred five specimens of an Astrocladus collected in northwestern and southern Madagascar, to A. tonganus Döderlein, 1911 a species previously known only from the Pacific Ocean near the Tonga Islands. Baker (1980, p. 64) compared some of their material with A. tonganus from the Pacific type locality, and found that it represented a “species allied to A. hirtus ”. The Cherbonnier &amp; Guille (1978) material is referred here to A. goodingi sp. nov. A. tonganus has a disc covering of conical tubercles bearing 1–2 glassy spines, but there the external similarity with A. goodingi ends: the arms of A. tonganus are covered above with flat plates and pointed tubercles and below with closely set small plates, the girdle belts are continuous only after the 7th arm bifurcation, and the genital slits are not bordered by tall spines. A. hirtus from “Natal or Mozambique ”, is perhaps closer to A. goodingi sp. nov., but differs mainly in that it has fewer glassy spines on the disc tubercles, radial shields bearing slender papillae, and complete belts of girdle hooklets from the 6th arm bifurcation (Mortensen, 1933b; A. M. Clark &amp; Courtman-Stock, 1976).</p><p>The distinguishing features of A goodingi sp. nov. are: Disc and radial shields bearing conical tubercles with 2–8 terminal glassy spines (Fig. 9B–C); Five arm spines bearing 1–5 terminal glassy spinules (Fig. 10I), present from third arm segment; Genital slits narrow and short, bordered abradially by a row of tall spines (Fig. 9F); Girdle bands present from disc margin, and complete between first and second arm branch (Fig. 9A); Arm surface, orally and between girdles covered with large polygonal plates, separated by narrow rows of small single plates (Fig. 9A).</p><p>Distribution. Western Indian Ocean including Mayotte Island (type locality) and the Mozambique Channel.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFD6FFA57896FE9B60B7FE23	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
03D88782FFD3FFBB7896FF736025FD0A.text	03D88782FFD3FFBB7896FF736025FD0A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astrocladus socotrana Baker & Okanishi & Pawson 2018	<div><p>Astrocladus socotrana sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 12–16)</p><p>Material Examined. Holotype: USNM 1072535, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=51.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.616667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 51.45/lat 11.616667)">Anton Bruun Cruise</a> 9 Station 465, south of Socotra Island, 11°37’N, 51°27’E, 67–72 m, 18 December 1964, 1 specimen, disc diameter 21 mm (Fig. 11–15) . Paratypes: USNM 1072536, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=51.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 51.583332/lat 11.4)">Anton Bruun Cruise</a> 9 Station 463, south of Socotra Island, 11°24’N, 51°35’E, 75–175 m, 17 December 1964, 2 specimens, disc diameter 32 mm (Figure 3B) and 33 mm . USNM 1201811, same locality data as Holotype, 1 specimen, disc diameter 12 mm.</p><p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality, which is also mountainous, like the aboral surface of this species.</p><p>Diagnosis. Disc closely covered with tall conical tubercles with smooth rounded apices; proximal aboral and lateral surfaces of arms with similar but smaller tubercles. Oral arm surfaces covered with flat polygonal plates with slightly raised sutures. Arms with six or seven branches.</p><p>Description of holotype. External morphology. Radial shields, center of disc, and interradial areas covered with prominent cone-shaped tubercles with smooth tops lacking any glassy spines (Figs. 12A, C, 13A–B, E). Largest tubercles tall (&lt;3.2 mm high), on and obscuring radial shields, becoming smaller centrally where the disc is deeply depressed (Fig. 13A–B). Genital slits bordered by minute papillae each with one fine glassy terminal point (Fig. 13D). Oral papillae clustered at proximal tip of jaw, absent distally (Fig. 13C). One madreporite at a margin of an interradius.</p><p>Five branching arms, up to 120 mm long, tightly coiled (Fig. 12A–B). First branch at disc margin, thereafter bifurcating 6–7 times. Aboral and lateral surfaces of arms out to between third and fourth branches with scattered tubercles similar to, but smaller than, those on disc (Fig. 13D–E). Distal arm surfaces with dense covering of circular, raised granules (Fig. 14A). Oral surfaces of arms covered with flat polygonal plates with slightly raised sutures (Fig. 14B–D). Six arm segments to first arm fork at disc margin, five to second fork.</p><p>Arm spines present from adjacent to first arm fork (Fig. 14B), four spines throughout arm (Fig. 14B–E), spines initially simple on proximal segments, developing a glassy terminal point and three secondary points distally. Discontinuous girdle bands on arms from disc margin, becoming continuous before the third fork (Figs. 13D–E, 14A).</p><p>Ossicle morphology. All vertebrae with hourglass-shaped streptospondylous articulations (Fig. 15C–D, F–G). Surfaces of lateral and aboral furrows with tubercles on basal portion of the arm (Fig. 15B). Depressions for tube feet openings in the distal part of oral-lateral side of vertebrae (Fig. 15A, E). A pair of radial water canals opening on the oral groove of vertebrae, near depression of the tube feet (Fig. 15A, E). Tubercles on basal portion of the arms with smooth rounded apices (Fig. 15I). Hooklet-bearing plates possessing approximately 12 tubercle-shaped articulations for hooklets in the basal portion of the arm (Fig. 15J), approximately 8 articulations in the distal portion (Fig. 15K). The articulations form two parallel rows (Fig. 15J, K). Each hooklet bearing one inner tooth (Fig. 16A–B). Lateral arm plates long, bar like, with straight distal edge and concave basal edge (Fig. 16C, E). On basal portion of arm, lateral arm plates with a perforation on inner side and pairs of simple nerve and muscle openings on oral-external side (Fig. 16C–E) and on distal portion of the arms, two nerve openings besides the dorsal lobe and three articulations for hooklets on oral surfaces (Fig. 16F). No perforation visible on inner side (Fig. 16G). Arm spines on the basal portion of the arm ovoid and having three secondary points, approximately one-seventh length of the height of the spine (Fig. 16H). Distally, the arm spines transformed into hooks with two or three inner teeth, respectively (Fig. 16I). The hook-shaped arm spines distinguished from hooklets on aboral and lateral surface of the arm by lacking reticular structure (Fig. 16A–B, I).</p><p>Remarks. Astrocladus socotrana sp. nov. is remarkable for its dense covering of prominent, smooth disc and arm tubercles, which distinguish it from its closest congeners, such as A. exiguus and A. euryale, which have reduced tuberculation, mostly on the radial shields.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from type locality, south of Socotra, northern Indian Ocean, 62– 175 m.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFD3FFBB7896FF736025FD0A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
03D88782FFCFFFBD7896FCF5675BFD0B.text	03D88782FFCFFFBD7896FCF5675BFD0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astrocyclus somaliensis Baker & Okanishi & Pawson 2018	<div><p>Astrocyclus somaliensis sp. nov.</p><p>(Figs. 17A–C, 18–21)</p><p>Material Examined. Holotype: USNM 1411388 Anton Bruun station 9–463, 11˚ 24’ N, 51˚ 35’ E, 75–175 m, 18 December 1964, off the north-eastern coast of Somalia, 1 specimen, disc diameter 27 mm (Fig. 16). Paratypes: USNM 1422067, same locality data as holotype, 3 specimens, disc diameter 24, 16 and 10 mm.</p><p>Etymology. The specific name refers to the collection locality.</p><p>Diagnosis. Astrocyclus with aboral surface of disc depressed centrally, radial shields converging at center. Radial shields partly covered with more or less continuous transverse thin white lines made up of closely packed granules (6–8/mm), which loop over the shields and partly extend into the inter-shield and interradial areas.</p><p>Description of the holotype. External morphology. The disc five-lobed, 27 mm in disc diameter, with arms at least 115 mm long (Fig. 17A–B). The disc markedly depressed centrally (Fig. 18A); narrow, raised, radial shields converging there (Fig. 18A–B). The entire aboral surface, including the area between each of the radial shields, covered with evenly spaced low granules (Fig. 18A–B). The radial shields partly covered with more or less continuous transverse white lines made up of microscopic, closely packed granules (6–8/mm), which loop over the radial shields, with some partly extending into the inter-shield and inter-radial areas of the disc. The arm segments are conspicuously ringed laterally and aborally by narrow bands of microscopic granules, mostly in two rows, which stand out from the surface (Fig. 19B–D). There are two, then three, small arm spines with hyaline tips per segment (Fig. 18D–F). The distalmost arm segments have girdle bands, with strongly curved hyaline hooklets (Fig. 19D). The oral surface of the arms and disc are covered with evenly spaced granules, and there is one madreporite in each of the five interradial disc areas, jaws entirely covered by spiniform teeth and oral papillae (Fig. 18C).</p><p>Ossicle morphology. All vertebrae with hourglass-shaped streptospondylous articulations (Fig. 20C–D, G–H). Surfaces of lateral and aboral furrows smooth, without ornamentations (Fig. 20A–B, E–F). Depressions for tube feet openings in the distal part of oral-lateral side of vertebrae (Fig. 20A, F). A pair of radial water and nerve canals opening on the oral groove of vertebrae on basal portion of the arm (Fig. 20A) but radial nerve canals invisible on distal portion of the arm (Fig. 20F). Lateral arm plates long, bar-like, with straight basal edge and concave distal edge (Fig. 20I –J). On basal portion of arm, perforation invisible on aboral side and pairs of simple nerve openings on oral-external side (Figs. 20J, 21A). Hooklet-bearing plates possessing tubercle-shaped articulations for hooklets, approximately 7 on distal portion of the arm (Fig. 21B). The articulations forming two parallel rows (Fig. 21B). Each hooklet without inner teeth (Fig. 21G–H). Arm spines in the basal portion of the arm ovoid, with one or two secondary points (Fig. 21D–E). In the distal portion, the arm spines transformed into hooks with one inner teeth (Fig. 21F). The hook-shaped arm spines distinguished from hooklets on aboral and lateral surface of the arm by lacking reticular structure (Fig. 21F–H).</p><p>Variation. In the smallest specimen (USNM 1422067, dd. 10 mm), the entire area between the shields is covered with transverse lines. This feature differs from that in the Brazilian samples described and illustrated by Gondim et al (2014), where between each radial shield there are 6–7 discrete groups of granules running in line with the shields (Fig. 17D). In the two larger specimens (USNM 1411388, dd. 27 mm; USNM 142 2067, dd. 24 mm), a few of these lines of granules extend between the shields.</p><p>Remarks. As all four examined specimens from the Indian Ocean have similar disc and radial shield coverings which differ markedly from the western Atlantic specimens, we consider that they represent a separate taxon, which we here establish as a new species. The arms bifurcate at least 15 times, the first branch within the diameter of the disc, and the second at the distal end of the radial shields (Fig. 17A–B).</p><p>Astrocyclus caecilia has been recorded from the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico (type locality), and from northeastern Brazil by Gondim et al. (2014), who have illustrated the species extensively. The vast geographical separation of the type species and the Somalian form, plus the obvious morphological difference in the covering of the radial shields and their interradial aboral areas, indicate that a new species, Astrocyclus somaliensis sp. nov. should be erected for this Somalian form.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFCFFFBD7896FCF5675BFD0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
03D88782FFC9FFBE7896F8C361A7FDF1.text	03D88782FFC9FFBE7896F8C361A7FDF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Astroglymma sculptum (Doderlein 1896)	<div><p>Astroglymma sculptum (Döderlein 1896)</p><p>(Fig. 22)</p><p>Astrophyton sculptum Döderlein, 1896: 299, pl.18 fig. 29.</p><p>Astroglymma sculptum .— Döderlein, 1927: 47, pl. 1 fig. 3,4; pl. 5 fig. 13. Baker, 1980: 66, figs. 19, 28, 31; Liao &amp; A. M. Clark, 1995: 170, fig. 74; Rowe &amp; Gates, 1995: 365.</p><p>Astroglymma robillardi .— Mortensen, 1933a:34, pl. 3 figs. 1,2; pl. 4 fig. 1.</p><p>Material Examined. USNM 1072476, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.516666/lat -29.45)">Anton Bruun Cruise</a> 8 Station 394B, off Durban, 29° 27’ S, 31° 31’ E, 68– 70 m, 29 September, 1964, 3 specimens plus arm fragments of a 4th . USNM 1072575, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.916668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-19.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.916668/lat -19.15)">Anton Bruun Cruise</a> 8 Station 403E, off Mozambique, 19° 09’ S, 36° 55’ E, 88 m, 2 specimens, 9 October 1964 . USNM 1233996, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.533333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-29.433332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.533333/lat -29.433332)">Anton Bruun Cruise</a> 8 Station 394A, Off Durban, South Africa, 29° 26’ S, 31° 32’ E, 68 m, 25 September 1964, 1 specimen .</p><p>Remarks. Two specimens from Station 394B are very large (dd. 76 and dd. 81 mm) and are typical of the species (Fig. 22A–B). A medium-sized specimen (dd. 30 mm) is uniformly covered with fine pustules and occasional larger ones (Fig. 22C–E). The arms are bifurcated 16–17 times and carry girdle bands after the first branch. Otherwise the description matches that in Baker, (1980 p. 66) of material from the eastern Indian Ocean.</p><p>Distribution. Originally described from USFC Albatross material from the Philippines, this shallow water basket star is widely distributed in the Indo-Malaysian region, and in the east China Sea in 73–300m depth (Baker, 1980), and its occurrence off Durban and further north off Mozambique, is not unexpected.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D88782FFC9FFBE7896F8C361A7FDF1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Baker, Alan N.;Okanishi, Masanori;Pawson, David L.	Baker, Alan N., Okanishi, Masanori, Pawson, David L. (2018): Euryalid brittle stars from the International Indian Ocean Expedition 1963 - 64 (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Euryalida). Zootaxa 4392 (1): 1-27, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4392.1.1
