taxonID	type	description	language	source
03D98791FFDC2217FF55FEAFFC7182B9.taxon	description	corujinha-do-xingu (Portuguese)	en	Dantas, Sidnei M., Weckstein, Jason D., Bates, John, Oliveira, Joiciane N., Catanach, Therese A., Aleixo, Alexandre (2021): Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Blackcapped / Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves: Strigidae). Zootaxa 4949 (3): 401-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1
03D98791FFDC2217FF55FEAFFC7182B9.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: MPEG 70627 Skin. A male collected on 4 August 2010 at Serra dos Carajás, Parauapebas, Pará State, Brazil (05 º 46 ’ 12.5 ” S; 50 º 29 ’ 54.9 ” W), and deposited at the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi. Paratypes: MZUSP 93276, unsexed, collected on 1 July 2010 at Porto de Moz, Pará, Brazil (2 ° 10 ’ 57,04 ” S; 52 ° 16 ’ 14,16 ” W); MZUSP 83558, female, 110 g, collected on 12 December 2008 at Porto de Moz; MPEG 53840, female, smooth ovary 3 x 1 mm, 125 g, collected on 21 August 1997 at the Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, Belterra, Pará (3 ° 05 ’ 43.96 ” S, 54 ° 55 ’ 48.12 ” W); MPEG 70684, male, testes 15 x 10 mm, 130 g, brown iris, collected on 14 September 2010 at Floresta Nacional do Tapajós; MPEG 70678, male, testes 15 x 10 mm, brown iris, 125 g, collected on 13 September 2010 at Floresta Nacional do Tapajós; MZUSP 64307, female, widest ovum 2 mm, 141 g, amber iris, collected on 26 September 1986 in the municipality of Altamira, Pará, Brazil (03 ° 39 ’ S, 52 ° 22 ’ W); MPEG 65676, male, testes 10 x 5 mm, 130 g, brown iris, collected on 24 July 2008 at Floresta Nacional do Crepori, Jacareacanga, Pará, Brazil (6 ° 34 ’ 45.67 ” S, 57 ° 9 ’ 4.91 ” W); and MPEG 70846, male, brown iris, collected on 9 March 2010 in the district of Miritituba, Itaituba, Pará, on the right (east) bank of the Tapajós River (4 ° 17 ’ 51.04 ” S; 55 ° 57 ’ 19.63 ” W).	en	Dantas, Sidnei M., Weckstein, Jason D., Bates, John, Oliveira, Joiciane N., Catanach, Therese A., Aleixo, Alexandre (2021): Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Blackcapped / Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves: Strigidae). Zootaxa 4949 (3): 401-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1
03D98791FFDC2217FF55FEAFFC7182B9.taxon	description	Description of the holotype: A brown morph of the Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii complex with Light brown upperparts (121 D; Smithe 1975) and a Dark brown cap (219; Smithe 1975). Chest speckled with Dark brown (219) fishbone-shaped stripes in a light brown background, and belly Tawny-olive (223 D; Smithe 1975) with a few dark brown fishbone-shaped stripes. Yellowish-brown underwing and tarsi coverts. Tail light Brown (119; Smithe 1975). Iris orange, bill lead-colored, tarsi whitish. Measurements: Wing length 168 mm; tail length 90.3 mm; tarsus length 29.1 mm; bill length at anterior end of nostrils 14.9 mm; bill width 8.5 mm; bill height 11.4 mm; body mass 140 g. Variation in the type series: The type series is highly variable in overall color, as well as in the amount and shape of ventral stripes. It includes brown, red, and red-brown morphs, and some dark individuals are similar to dark morph Clade D birds (e. g. MPEG 70647; see below). Red morphs tend to have less stripes on underparts, and these may not look “ fishbone-shaped ”. Black on the crown can be reduced to spots or longitudinal stripes in red morphs.	en	Dantas, Sidnei M., Weckstein, Jason D., Bates, John, Oliveira, Joiciane N., Catanach, Therese A., Aleixo, Alexandre (2021): Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Blackcapped / Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves: Strigidae). Zootaxa 4949 (3): 401-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1
03D98791FFDC2217FF55FEAFFC7182B9.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As Clade C birds, uniquely distinguished from all other lineages and taxa in the Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii complex by six fixed (unvariable) synapomorphic (shared-derived) mutations (five transitions and one transversion) in sequences of the mitochondrial genes COI (positions 891, 948, 963, and 990 in the supplied alignment; Supplementary file 1) and cytb (positions 258 and 669 in the supplied alignment; Supplementary file 2). From a phenotypic perspective, no reliable morphological diagnosis exists with respect to other species in the complex, particularly among the Amazonian ones. Similarly, no single vocal character distinguishes M. stangiae from all other taxa in the Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii complex, although pairwise diagnosability tests supported reciprocal vocal diagnoses with respect to most taxa, except clades D (Megascops ater, see below) and E (Megascops sp. nov., see below), as follows. Megascops stangiae is vocally distinguishable from M. atricapilla (Clade F, see below) and M. usta (Clade B, see below) by longsong pace (7.25 ± 0.89 notes per second vs. 13.11 ± 0.9 notes per second and 4.66 ± 2.0 notes per second) and from M. watsonii (Clade A, see below) and M. atricapilla by shortsong pace (4.70 ± 0.30 vs. 7.97 ± 0.43 and 8.87 ± 1.11 notes per second). No recording was obtained for the M. stangiae holotype, but longsong and shortsong recording from the same locality are available in xeno-canto under the numbers XC 22514 (longsong), obtained on 13 August 2008, and XC 26115 (shortsong), obtained on 30 November 2008, both by S. M. Dantas. Longsongs consist of monotonous sequences of equally spaced notes delivered during a variable period of time, gradually rising in volume until frequency stabilizes, becoming lower towards the end (Fig. 8 c). Shortsongs are monotonous sequences of short notes, with upslurred (inverted U or V shaped) notes towards the end, with two parts, a slower-paced and a faster-paced that gradually slows down towards the end (Figure 11 c).	en	Dantas, Sidnei M., Weckstein, Jason D., Bates, John, Oliveira, Joiciane N., Catanach, Therese A., Aleixo, Alexandre (2021): Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Blackcapped / Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves: Strigidae). Zootaxa 4949 (3): 401-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1
03D98791FFDC2217FF55FEAFFC7182B9.taxon	etymology	Etymology: We name this species in honor of the late Sister Dorothy Mae Stang (1931 ‒ 2005), who had worked on behalf of poor farmers and the environment in the Brazilian Amazon region since the 1960 s until she was brutally murdered by ranchers in Anapú, Pará State. The common names Xingu Screech Owl (English) and Corujinha do Xingu (Portuguese) refer to the area where the species is found, between the Tapajós and Xingu rivers, where Dorothy was very active as a community leader and ultimately was killed. Habitat: The new species inhabits terra firme, igapó or várzea forests, from sea level to about 700 m (Serra dos Carajás). Apparently more common near the edge of the forest, and usually the most abundant nocturnal forest bird where it occurs. It perches from undergrowth to near canopy, and roosts by day inside holes or frequently inside bundles of dead leaves in the undergrowth (SMD, pers. obs.).	en	Dantas, Sidnei M., Weckstein, Jason D., Bates, John, Oliveira, Joiciane N., Catanach, Therese A., Aleixo, Alexandre (2021): Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Blackcapped / Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves: Strigidae). Zootaxa 4949 (3): 401-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1
03D98791FFDC2217FF55FEAFFC7182B9.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Average uncorrected pairwise p-distances between M. stangiae and the remaining species in the Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii complex were as follows: 6.4 % (M. watsonii); 3.2 % (M. usta); 2.1 % (M. ater); 2.3 % (Megascops. sp. nov., see below); and 2.4 % (M. atricapilla).	en	Dantas, Sidnei M., Weckstein, Jason D., Bates, John, Oliveira, Joiciane N., Catanach, Therese A., Aleixo, Alexandre (2021): Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Blackcapped / Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves: Strigidae). Zootaxa 4949 (3): 401-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1
03D98791FFDD2214FF55FC37FBEE82F1.taxon	description	corujinha-de-alagoas (Portuguese)	en	Dantas, Sidnei M., Weckstein, Jason D., Bates, John, Oliveira, Joiciane N., Catanach, Therese A., Aleixo, Alexandre (2021): Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Blackcapped / Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves: Strigidae). Zootaxa 4949 (3): 401-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1
03D98791FFDD2214FF55FC37FBEE82F1.taxon	materials_examined	Holotype: MZUSP 79947. An unsexed individual, yellow iris, gray bill and feet, collected at Engenho Coimbra, Ibateguara, Alagoas State, Brazil (9 ºS, 35 º 31 ’ W) on 30 February 2003, and deposited at the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP). Paratypes: All collected at the same locality as the holotype. MZUSP 79948, a male collected on 17 May 2004, 101 g; MPEG 70437, male, collected on 7 June 2010, testes 6 x 6 mm, yellow eyes, greenish bill and feet, 105 g; MPEG 70438, male, collected on 10 June 2010, brown eyes, green bill, greyish-pink feet, 95 g.	en	Dantas, Sidnei M., Weckstein, Jason D., Bates, John, Oliveira, Joiciane N., Catanach, Therese A., Aleixo, Alexandre (2021): Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Blackcapped / Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves: Strigidae). Zootaxa 4949 (3): 401-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1
03D98791FFDD2214FF55FC37FBEE82F1.taxon	description	Description of the holotype: A red morph, with a general red color of upperparts with darker longitudinal stripes across the back. Cap Red (37; Smithe 1975) with dark stripes, and a light brownish half-collar surrounding it. Chest reddish with dark red longitudinal and thin stripes, not forming a fishbone shape. Belly yellowish with dark brown longitudinal stripes with some horizontal stripes crossing them. Some whitish or white spots between the ventral horizontal stripes. Uppertail tawny brown with lighter cross-stripes, undertail gray with faint barring. Yellow iris, gray tarsi and bill. Measurements: Wing length 164.7 mm; tail length 72.3 mm; tarsus length 23.4 mm; bill length at anterior end of nostrils 13.4 mm; bill width 7.1 mm; bill height 11.2 mm.	en	Dantas, Sidnei M., Weckstein, Jason D., Bates, John, Oliveira, Joiciane N., Catanach, Therese A., Aleixo, Alexandre (2021): Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Blackcapped / Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves: Strigidae). Zootaxa 4949 (3): 401-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1
03D98791FFDD2214FF55FC37FBEE82F1.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: As Clade E birds, uniquely distinguished from all other taxa in the Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii complex by eight fixed (invariable) synapomorphic (shared-derived) mutations (all transitions) in sequences of the mitochondrial genes ND 2 (positions 234, 366, 508, and 571 in the supplied alignment; Supplementary file 3), COI (position 1047 in the supplied alignment; Supplementary file 1), and cytb (positions 462, 786 and 987 in the supplied alignment; Supplementary file 2). From a phenotypic perspective, no reliable morphological diagnosis exists with respect to other species in the complex. Vocally, no single character distinguishes M. alagoensis from all other taxa in the Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii complex, although pairwise diagnosability tests supported reciprocal diagnoses in longsong pace with respect to M. usta (10.62 ± 0.1 vs. 4.66 ± 2.0 notes / sec) and its sister species, M. atricapilla (10.62 ± 0.1 vs. 13.11 ± 0.9 notes / sec). Longsong as in other taxa of the Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii complex, consisting of sequences of equally spaced notes delivered during variable periods of time, which gradually rise in volume until frequency stabilizes, lowering towards the end (Fig. 8 e). Variation in the type series: Red and brown morphs are found in the species. Three of the four individuals examined were red morphs and one was brown with a reddish wash on the chest. Two of the red morphs (MZUSP 79947 and MPEG 70437) had yellow irides and the brown one (MPEG 70438) had brown irides. This pattern also holds for M. atricapilla in which red morphs in general have a yellow iris, but there are also brown-eyed M. atricapilla red morphs known.	en	Dantas, Sidnei M., Weckstein, Jason D., Bates, John, Oliveira, Joiciane N., Catanach, Therese A., Aleixo, Alexandre (2021): Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Blackcapped / Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves: Strigidae). Zootaxa 4949 (3): 401-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1
03D98791FFDD2214FF55FC37FBEE82F1.taxon	etymology	Etymology: We name the species after the Brazilian state of Alagoas, where it was recorded for the first time in February 2001 by Curtis A. Marantz (original tape recording available from the Macaulay Library under ML 127829: see Appendix) and where most of the known population remains (Roda & Pereira 2006). The common names Alagoas Screech Owl (English) and Corujinha-de-Alagoas (Portuguese) also refer to that location. Habitat: Atlantic Forest patches in Alagoas and in southern Pernambuco states in Eastern Brazil. This taxon is known from only four localities in Alagoas and one in Pernambuco (Roda & Pereira 2006; Malacco 2013). It perches from undergrowth to canopy. Given the extensive forest fragmentation in the region, the species should be considered critically endangered, along with numerous other localized forest bird species found there (Roda & Pereira 2006; Pereira et al. 2014).	en	Dantas, Sidnei M., Weckstein, Jason D., Bates, John, Oliveira, Joiciane N., Catanach, Therese A., Aleixo, Alexandre (2021): Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Blackcapped / Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves: Strigidae). Zootaxa 4949 (3): 401-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1
03D98791FFDD2214FF55FC37FBEE82F1.taxon	discussion	Remarks: Average uncorrected pairwise mtDNA p-distances between M. alagoensis and the remaining species in the Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii complex were as follows: 6.6 % (M. watsonii); 3.2 % (M. usta); 2.3 % (M. stangiae); 2.3 % (M. ater); and 1.5 % (M. atricapilla). In addition to the new taxa described above, we also recommend the treatment of the other lineages of the Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii identified herein as species-level taxa, as follows:	en	Dantas, Sidnei M., Weckstein, Jason D., Bates, John, Oliveira, Joiciane N., Catanach, Therese A., Aleixo, Alexandre (2021): Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Blackcapped / Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves: Strigidae). Zootaxa 4949 (3): 401-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1
03D98791FFDE2215FF55FBFFFAAC8025.taxon	description	corujinha-das-guianas (Portuguese) Ephialtes watsonii Cassin, 1848 (lectotypes at ANSP examined) Otus watsonii (Cassin, 1848): Cory (1918; part: specimens east of the Negro and Amazon rivers including southern Venezuela, northern Brazil, Guiana, Surinam, and French Guiana).	en	Dantas, Sidnei M., Weckstein, Jason D., Bates, John, Oliveira, Joiciane N., Catanach, Therese A., Aleixo, Alexandre (2021): Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Blackcapped / Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves: Strigidae). Zootaxa 4949 (3): 401-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1
03D98791FFDE2215FF55FBFFFAAC8025.taxon	description	Dark morphs of this species tend to be darker than individuals from other species in the Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii complex, except for M. ater (see below), from which it differs mainly in back color. In some individuals of M. watsonii (e. g. MPEG 66635), the back is black. The darker individuals also tend to have wider and bolder underparts striping than in other species of the complex, which distinguishes them from M. ater dark morphs. However, as is usual within this genus, the tremendous individual variation in M. watsonii makes any generalization about diagnostic morphological characters impossible. Longsong distinguishable from slower-paced longsongs of M. stangiae and M. usta and faster paced longsongs of M. atricapilla (Fig. 9: Tables 6 and 10). Shortsong faster-paced than in M. usta and M. stangiae (Table 8).	en	Dantas, Sidnei M., Weckstein, Jason D., Bates, John, Oliveira, Joiciane N., Catanach, Therese A., Aleixo, Alexandre (2021): Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Blackcapped / Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves: Strigidae). Zootaxa 4949 (3): 401-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1
03D98791FFDF2215FF55FA54FC7F86C2.taxon	description	corujinha-de-belém (Portuguese)	en	Dantas, Sidnei M., Weckstein, Jason D., Bates, John, Oliveira, Joiciane N., Catanach, Therese A., Aleixo, Alexandre (2021): Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Blackcapped / Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves: Strigidae). Zootaxa 4949 (3): 401-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1
03D98791FFDF2215FF55FA54FC7F86C2.taxon	description	This taxon name (type locality Belém, Pará, Brazil) corresponds to Clade D identified herein, being restricted to the Belém AOE, east from the Tocantins River to Maranhão, Brazil. Statistical support for reciprocal monophyly and significant degree of coalescence of M. ater with respect to the other species in the complex was high in all analyses. Average uncorrected pairwise p-distances between M. ater and the other sampled lineages ranges from 2.1 % (M. stangiae) to 6.7 % (M. watsonii). Morphologically highly variable, with brown and dark morphs predominant. Dark morphs in M. ater similar to M. watsonii dark morphs, but with narrower ventral stripes. Vocally not safely distinguishable from any of the other species in the complex recognized herein. The proposed common name is a reference to the Area of Endemism in which this species is endemic. The Belém AOE is the most deforested sector of the entire Amazon (Silva et al. 2005), with deforestation still ongoing. Therefore, the conservation status of M. ater must be urgently evaluated, as it could already be endangered.	en	Dantas, Sidnei M., Weckstein, Jason D., Bates, John, Oliveira, Joiciane N., Catanach, Therese A., Aleixo, Alexandre (2021): Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Blackcapped / Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves: Strigidae). Zootaxa 4949 (3): 401-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1
03D98791FFDF2215FF55FE83FBC08466.taxon	description	corujinha-relógio (Portuguese)	en	Dantas, Sidnei M., Weckstein, Jason D., Bates, John, Oliveira, Joiciane N., Catanach, Therese A., Aleixo, Alexandre (2021): Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Blackcapped / Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves: Strigidae). Zootaxa 4949 (3): 401-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1
03D98791FFDF2215FF55FE83FBC08466.taxon	description	Otus watsonii (Cassin, 1848): Hellmayr (1910).	en	Dantas, Sidnei M., Weckstein, Jason D., Bates, John, Oliveira, Joiciane N., Catanach, Therese A., Aleixo, Alexandre (2021): Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Blackcapped / Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves: Strigidae). Zootaxa 4949 (3): 401-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1
03D98791FFD82212FF55FF73FDD18270.taxon	description	corujinha-sapo (Portuguese)	en	Dantas, Sidnei M., Weckstein, Jason D., Bates, John, Oliveira, Joiciane N., Catanach, Therese A., Aleixo, Alexandre (2021): Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Blackcapped / Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves: Strigidae). Zootaxa 4949 (3): 401-444, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4949.3.1
