taxonID	type	description	language	source
7A0457D9E8C764208A693436557EB881.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material. A right tibia, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 04 - 1.	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
7A0457D9E8C764208A693436557EB881.taxon	materials_examined	Material description. The right tibia is complete (Fig. 6 A-D) and elongated (for measurements, see Appendix 1). On the proximal articular surface, the medial condyle is as large as the lateral one. The lateral condyle is convex anteroposteriorly (Fig. 6 C). The posteromedial margin of the lateral condyle lacks a notch that indicates a single meniscus attachment. At the proximal end, the tibial tuberosity is developed. The shaft is elongated, anteriorly and laterally bowed, and not anteroposteriorly compressed (Fig. 6 A, B). Distally, the trochlear surface is trapezoid in outline (Fig. 6 D). The medial malleolus is well-developed and projects more anteriorly than posteriorly. The medial and lateral parts of the trochlear surface are equally separated by a weak median keel.	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
24E2EA209A9205A0B430929895818C8B.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material. A right ulna, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 11 - 34; a right femur, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 28 - 13.	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
24E2EA209A9205A0B430929895818C8B.taxon	materials_examined	Material description. DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 11 - 34 is a half proximal ulna preserving complete parts from the olecranon to the midshaft (Fig. 6 E, F). The olecranon tuber is well-developed. The upper margin of the olecranon is concave and possesses a slightly higher posterior part that extends laterally. The anconeal process is distinct. The medial and lateral coronoid processes diverge laterally (Fig. 6 F). The trochlear notch is deep, forming nearly a semicircular surface for articulation (Fig. 6 E). The right femur preserves a complete proximal part and broken shaft (Fig. 6 G, H). The greater trochanter is as high as the upper surface of the rounded femoral head. The intertrochanteric crest is straight and nearly oriented vertically (Fig. 6 H). The upper border of the neck is flat. The lesser trochanter projects anteriorly and is situated at about 1.5 cm below the femoral head.	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
64ED4A201431E9DC7474BB5FA964059D.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material. A right DP 4 (posterior part), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 28 - 14; a left DP 4 (anterior part), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 7; a left M 2, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 29 - 1 (posterior part); a right M 3, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 19 (posterior part); a fragmentary tusk, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 15 - 2; a left dp 3 (anterior part), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 01 - 8; two mandibles with m 3 - DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 08 - 1 (right) and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 08 - 2 (left); a right humerus fragment (proximal part), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 10 - 5; a left humerus, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 10 - 6; two ulna fragments (proximal parts) - DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 09 - 7 and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 10 - 2; a femoral head fragment, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 10 - 3; a right femur, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 10 - 4; a right tibia fragment (distal part), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 10 - 3; a right fibula, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 124; two pelvis fragments-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 10 - 11 (right) and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 10 - 12 (left); five vertebrae-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 17 - 11, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 10 - 7, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 09 - 18, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 10 - 1, and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 28 - 20; a sacrum fragment, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 10 - 8; two ribs-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 10 - 13 and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 10 - 14; three rib fragments-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 09 - 6 (body), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 09 - 45 (body), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 09 - 4 (head and neck).	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
64ED4A201431E9DC7474BB5FA964059D.taxon	materials_examined	Material description. Upper dentition: both fragments of DP 4 (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 28 - 14: Fig. 7 A, B) and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 7: Fig. 7 C) are slightly worn and unworn respectively (for measurements, see Tab. 4). The first specimen lacks two or three anterior ridges, whereas the second specimen preserves only the anterior cingulum and the first ridge. DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 28 - 14 has a rectangular outline in occlusal view, a convex crown base in lateral view, and a posterior cingulum. These characters indicate that this specimen belongs to a posterior lobe of DP 4. The buccal and lingual surfaces of ridges display subvertically developed grooves. A median cleft is well-developed and runs from anteriorly to posteriorly in the middle part of the tooth, starting from the halfway height of the crown. The second anterior ridge of DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 28 - 14 shows displacement between the pretrite and posttrite halves, a character sometimes present in deciduous molars of derived Stegodon. Each ridge bears ten to twelve mammillae. DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 29 - 1 (M 2) preserves three posterior ridges with a small cingulum (Fig. 7 E, F and Tab. 4). Two anterior ridges bear slightly worn mammillae with stronger abrasion on the buccal side. The posterior-most ridge is unworn and reduced in width. The outline of the buccal side is concave in occlusal view and the base of the crown is nearly straight in lateral view. The median cleft is weakly developed. The number of the mammillae on each ridge ranges from eight to eleven. DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 19 (M 3) preserves only three posterior ridges with a cingulum (Fig. 7 G, H and Tab. 4). The ridges are slightly worn with more abraded buccal surfaces. The general outline of this tooth is similar to that of M 2, but is comparatively wider and displays a more developed posterior cingulum. The median cleft is poorly developed. Each ridge consists of eight to ten mammillae. A fragmentary tusk (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 15 - 2) contains dentine (outer and inner layers), cementum, and a pulp cavity (Fig. 7 I-K). It is slightly curved upward and sub-rounded in cross-section for both the proximal and the distal section. A median longitudinal groove is present on the dorsal surface. The Schreger pattern commonly developed in elephantoid tusks is visible on the inner dentine layer. The maximum length of DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 15 - 2 is 159.2 mm and the mediolateral and dorsoventral diameters of the proximal cross-section are 73.88 and 70.56 mm, respectively. The outline of the tusk (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 15 - 2) resembles Stegodon trigonocephalus in its more medial-laterally than the dorso-ventrally compressed cross-section. The macroscopic distinctive features in cross-section are similar to Stegodon sompoensis (van den Bergh 1999) but show the incremental lines more obviously. Lower dentition: DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 01 - 8 (dp 3) is heavily worn and comprises three preserved ridges and an anterior cingulum (Fig. 7 D and Tab. 4). The buccal part of the third ridge is broken but it is presumably wider than the second ridge. The dp 3 is subrectangular in outline or tapers towards the anterior part. The lateral sides between the first and second ridges are distinctly constricted. Two hemi-mandibles of the same individual (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 08 - 1 and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 08 - 2) are moderately well-preserved (Tab. 4). The completely erupted m 3 has eight ridges with small posterior cingulids (Fig. 7 L, M). The symphysis and most of the ramus are broken away. The mandibular corpus is robust. We estimate the total number of ridges to be eleven based on the position on the corpus of the anterior root that supports two first lophs in Stegodon (Saegusa et al. 2005). The anteriormost preserved ridge is thus the third ridge, broken at its anterior and lateral parts in both specimens. The third to sixth ridges are strongly worn, whereas more posterior ridges are successively less damaged by abrasion. Valleys between the ridges are moderately filled with abundant cement. There is no median cleft. The m 3 is much more elongated and contains five mammillae on the posteriormost ridge. The mammillae increase in size successively from the anterior to posterior ridge. Postcranial remains: postcranial elements include two humeri (Fig. 8 A, B), two ulnae, two femora (Fig. 8 C, D), a tibia, a fibula (Fig. 8 E), two pelvis girdles (Fig. 8 F, G), five vertebrae, a sacrum (Fig. 8 J), and five ribs (Fig. 8 K, L) (for measurements, see Appendix 1). All postcranial bones excluding some vertebrae belong to a single individual because they were found together in association with two mandibles with the m 3 (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 08 - 1 and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 08 - 2) and show fully fused epiphyses. This individual is a senior adult due to the heavy wear on the anterior lophs on the m 3. Only two vertebrae (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 09 - 18: Fig. 8 H and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 10 - 7: Fig. 8 I) were found in association with that individual. The specimen DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 26 - 38 is a juvenile because the vertebral body is not fused.	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
472F2184605D70B8738023E50C29F974.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material. A fragmentary tusk, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 1; a posterior fragment of a right lower molar, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 17 - 12.	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
472F2184605D70B8738023E50C29F974.taxon	materials_examined	Material description. Upper tusk: DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 1 is a short fragmentary tusk. The dorsal side is partially broken away (Fig. 9 A, B). This tusk curves slightly upward and is dorsoventrally compressed and probably obovoid or oval in cross-section (Fig. 9 B, C). The Schreger pattern in the dentine is poorly developed or absent. The fractures of the cross-section are developed, perpendicular to the outer surface (" radiate cracking or fracture pattern ") (van den Bergh 1999) (Fig. 9 C). The maximum length of the preserved tusk is 196.1 mm and the mediolateral and dorsoventral diameters measured on the proximal cross-section are 71.3 and 49.1 mm, respectively. Lower molar: DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 17 - 12 preserves only two adjoining worn plates of a high-crowned molar, distinctly more hypsodont than that of Stegodon (Tab. 4). The plates are thin, anteroposteriorly compressed, and closely spaced (Fig. 9 D, E). The occlusal enamel loops or folds are small and thin, compared to Stegodon orientalis molars, single-layered, and almost irregular. The grinding surface of the anterior plate is buccally inclined (Fig. 9 F), indicating this is a right molar.	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
6BF3FA81B12F723E4C87671733943D6C.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material. A left P 2, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 128; a left P 3, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 17; a left M 1, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 129; a left M 3, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 127; a mandible with right (i 2 and p 2 - m 3) and left (p 3 - m 3) tooth rows, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 126; a partial mandible, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 31 - 28; a fragmentary nasal bone, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 56; a left scapula, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 58; a left humerus, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 31 - 3; a right metacarpus II, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 28 - 29; a metacarpus III, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 49; a right metacarpus IV, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 05 - 15; a left tibia, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 52; a right calcaneus, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 27 - 19; a left astragalus, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 26 - 23.	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
6BF3FA81B12F723E4C87671733943D6C.taxon	materials_examined	Material description. Upper dentition: P 2 (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 128: Fig. 10 A), M 1 (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 129: Fig. 10 C), and M 3 (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 127: Fig. 10 D) are presumably from the same individual because they were found together at the same spot. The upper cheek teeth are lophodont (for measurements, see Tab. 9). Premolars are completely molarized (Fig. 10 A, B) and molars exhibit well-preserved crochets. The M 3 is triangular in occlusal outline and displays a well-developed parastyle, ectometaloph, medifossette, and hypocone, but a less developed parastyle fold (Fig. 10 D). Mandibles and lower dentition: a mandible (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 126) preserves both sides of cheek tooth rows (right p 2 - m 3 and left p 3 - m 3), but most of its symphysis and entire ramus are broken off (Fig. 10 E-G) (for measurements, see Appendix 2). The posterior edge of the mandibular symphysis ends nearly at the middle part of p 3. The ventral margin of the mandible is convex in lateral view (Fig. 10 E). The mental foramen is situated below the p 3. In ventral view, the small foramen is present at the central portion of the mandibular symphysis and the lingual mandibular outline is U-shaped (Fig. 10 F, G). Only the basal part of a right tusk-like incisor is preserved in its socket. Another specimen DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 31 - 28 preserves a nearly complete mandibular symphysis and left p 2 and p 3 sockets (Fig. 10 H, I). The left mandibular body behind the p 3 is broken away. All lower cheek teeth are heavily worn and rectangular in occlusal outline (Fig. 10 F) (for measurements, see Tab. 9). Nasal: a nasal bone (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 56) is short and robust, bending downward and narrowing anteriorly towards the tip (Fig. 10 J). The anterior surface is nearly straight in lateral view (Fig. 10 K), whereas its ventral surface is flattened at the central suture. This nasal bone is most similar to Rhinoceros sondaicus (e. g., specimen MNHN-ZMO- 1985 - 159), because its anterior part is pointed rather than rounded (Colbert 1942). In comparison, Rhinoceros unicornis displays a convex anterior surface in lateral view and a well-developed horn protuberance of the nasal region. The maximum length and width of the nasal are 131.1 mm and 88.8 mm, respectively. Postcranial remains: postcranial elements include a scapula (Fig. 11 A, B), a humerus (Fig. 11 C-E), three metacarpal bones (metacarpus II, III, and IV: Fig. 11 F-H), a tibia, a calcaneus (Fig. 11 I), and an astragalus (Fig. 11 J). All postcranial remains are comparable in size to the recent material (Guerin 1980) (for measurements, see Appendix 1).	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
6769359E967575063AE4DC8523E045B7.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material. A left mandible with p 3 - m 3, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 17 - 13; a left p 2, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 4; a right M 1, KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - X; a left femur, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 63; a left astragalus, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 67.	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
6769359E967575063AE4DC8523E045B7.taxon	materials_examined	Material description. Upper dentition: a relatively worn M 1 (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - X) is nearly square in outline and displays a flattened ectoloph and a well developed crochet, medifossette, and posterior fossette (Fig. 12 A) (for measurements, see Tab. 9). Mandible and lower dentition: a hemi-mandible (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 17 - 13) is strongly compressed laterally and preserves a partial mandibular ramus and body with worn cheek teeth, except for the m 3 which is unbroken (Fig. 12 C-E) (for measurements, see Appendix 2). The lingual portion along the mandible is entirely broken. The mandibular depth below the m 3 is higher than that of Rhinoceros sondaicus. An isolated p 2 is relatively worn and broken at its posterior part (Fig. 12 B). At the lingual side of the p 2, the anterior valley is slightly developed, whereas the posterior valley is prominent. Postcranial remains: an isolated femur (Fig. 12 F, G) and astragalus are comparable in size to Rhinoceros unicornis, but are larger than Rhinoceros sondaicus (Guerin 1980) (for measurements, see Appendix 1).	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
26913FCDE46C218A37ACD0C3C1F35133.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material. A left maxillary fragment with P 3 - M 2, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 19 - 2; two left M 2 - DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 19 - 5 and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - 23 (posterior portion); two right M 3 - DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 03 - 4 and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 19 - 4 (anterior portion); two mandible with two tooth rows-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 15 - 1 (right: i 1, i 2, c 1, p 2, and p 3 and left: i 1, i 2, c 1, and p 2 - m 2) and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 19 - 1 (right: i 1, i 2, c 1, and p 1 - m 3 and left: i 1, i 2, c 1, and p 1 - p 4); a left posterior fragment of m 3, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 19 - 3; a right humerus, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 26 - 8.	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
26913FCDE46C218A37ACD0C3C1F35133.taxon	materials_examined	Material description. Upper dentition: DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 19 - 2 is a maxillary tooth row preserving a slightly worn P 3 to M 2 (Fig. 13 A). The P 3 and P 4 show Sus - like patterns with distinctly pre- and poststyles on the buccal side. On the P 3, the paracone is well-developed and the postcrista projects posterobuccally. On the P 4, three main cusps (protocone, paracone, and metacone) are distinct and the protofossa is present. Upper molars are unworn to slightly worn and exhibit distinct main (protocone, paracone, metacone, tetracone, and pentacone) and accessory (tetrapreconule, pentapreconule, and ectoconule) cusps. The posterior cingulum on the M 2 is more developed than on the M 1 (Fig. 13 A-C). The M 3 (DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 03 - 4: Fig. 13 D) is unworn and subtriangular in outline and has a distinct anterior cingulum, pentacone, and pentapreconule and bulky accessory cusps. Another M 3 (DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 19 - 4) does not preserve a posterior part but has well-developed main cusps, anterior cingulum, median valley, tetrapreconule, and ectoconule (Fig. 13 E). The cheek teeth of DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 19 - 4 are larger than those of DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 03 - 4. Mandible and lower dentition: DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 15 - 1 is incomplete, lacking the body and ascending ramus, broken posterior to the right p 3 and to the left m 2 (Fig. 13 F, G) (for measurements, see Appendix 3). The mandible is inflated. The small mental foramen is present below the diastema between p 1 and p 2. Only the i 3 and p 1 are missing. The left p 2 is not aligned along the cheek tooth row due to the deformation. The specimen DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 19 - 1 preserves a complete symphysis and a right body with the tooth row. The ramus is broken away (Fig. 13 H, I). The mandibular body is successively inflated. The mental foramina are situated below the diastema between p 1 and p 2. For the specimen DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 19 - 1, the teeth are complete and moderately to heavily worn but the third incisors are missing. Lower incisors show a chisel-like appearance with long roots. The i 2 is larger than the i 1. Lower canines are slender and pointed, and curve backward. The lower canines of the mandible DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 15 - 1 belong to a male individual because of a more sharply triangular section (Hillson 2005) (Fig. 13 F). The mandible DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 19 - 1 possesses a female canine characterized by more rounded cross-sections and well-developed roots (Hillson 2005) (Fig. 13 H). The lower canines of the male specimen are more laterally inclined (about 30 ° from the cheek teeth) than those of the female individual (about 15 °). The cross-section outlines of male canines (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 15 - 1) are of the " verrucosic " type in which the posterior side is narrower than the labial one (Fig. 13 F). All lower cheek teeth exhibit bunodont patterns with accessory tubercles, like in Sus. The lower cheek teeth increase in size from anteriorly to posteriorly (Tab. 10). Lower premolars are slightly to moderately worn. The p 1 is unicuspid. Other premolars are tricuspid. All cuspids are sharp. The highest cuspid on the premolars is the metaconid. Lower molars are moderately to heavily worn and rectangular in outline (Fig. 13 F-J). The lower molars show complex occlusal patterns with well-developed main cuspids (protoconid, metaconid, hypoconid, entoconid, and pentaconid) and a bulky median column (hypopreconulid). The m 2 is much larger and has a more developed posterior cingulid than the m 1 (Fig. 13 F, H). The m 3 (DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 19 - 1) is elongated posteriorly (Fig. 13 H). It has a well-developed talonid with bulky main and accessory cuspids (pentaconid, pentapreconulid, hexaconid, heptaconid). Another isolated posterior fragment (talonid) of the m 3 (DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 19 - 3) is also elongated, as long as that of DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 19 - 1. This specimen exhibits smooth occlusal surfaces with wear and well developed main and accessory cuspids (Fig. 13 J). The m 3 is longer than the combination of m 1 and m 2 (Tab. 10). Postcranial bone: DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 26 - 8 is a complete humerus (Fig. 13 K-N), characterized by its prominent tubercle slightly overhanging the large bicipital groove (Fig. 13 K), proximal part becoming wider than long (Fig. 13 K), mesially flat and laterally compressed shaft, distinct deltoid ridge starting at the mid-shaft (Fig. 13 L, M), large supinator ridge and supratrochlear foramen (Fig. 13 M), shallow musculo-spiral groove (Fig. 13 N), and small deltoid tuberosity (Fig. 13 N). The size and morphology of the humerus DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 26 - 8 resemble those of recent Sus barbatus (for measurements, see Appendix 1).	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
7F9169A0C61DACF8D5D6E5B9297E8B72.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material. Four crania-DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 18 - 50 (with two antlers), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 30 (with left partial and right broken antlers), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - X 9 (with pedicles), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 27 - 1 (with pedicles); two right complete antlers-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 31 - 30 and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 4; a nearly complete left antler, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 4 - 1; five right fragmentary antlers-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - 21, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 82, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 28 - 22, DMR-KS- 05 - 06 - 22 - 2, and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 28 - 1; eight left fragmentary antlers-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 12, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 81, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 2, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 24 - 1, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 09 - 1, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 13, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 26 - 21, and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 08 - 17; two left fragmentary maxilla-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 28 - 6 (with M 1 - M 3) and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 08 - 31 (with P 3, P 4, and M 1 root); a right P 4, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 01 - 3; a left M 1, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 28 - 5; a left M 2, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 14 - 5; thirteen right mandibles-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 14 - 2 (with m 3), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 1 (with p 4 - m 3), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 2 (with m 2 and m 3), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 7 (with m 2 and m 3), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 03 - 1 (with p 2 - m 3), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 27 - 3 (with m 2 and m 3), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 1 (with p 2 - m 3), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 8 (with m 2 and m 3), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 01 - 1 (with p 2 - m 3), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 24 - 4 (with m 2), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 26 - 12 (with m 2 and m 3), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 7 - 10 (with p 3, m 1, and m 2), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 26 - 10 (with p 2 - m 1); eight left mandibles-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - 22 (with p 2), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 6 (with m 1 - m 3), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 27 - 22 (with p 3 - m 2 sockets and broken m 3), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 09 - 2 (with p 3, p 4, m 1 and m 2 sockets, and m 3), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 102 (with p 4 and m 1), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 2 (with m 1 - m 3), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 23 - 1 (with p 2 and p 3 roots and p 4 - m 3), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 29 - 1 (with p 2 - m 3); a left m 1, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 28 - 6; three m 2 - DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 25 - 4 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 104 (left), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 11 (left); four left m 3 - DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 9 - 4, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 9, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 01 - 2, and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 08 - 33; three right fragmentary humeri (distal part) - DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 13 - 4, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 11 - 32, and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 17 - 17; six metacarpi-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - 2 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 3 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 28 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 08 - 2 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 30 - 20 (right proximal fragment), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 37 (left); a right fragmentary femur, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 27 - 4 (distal part); three metatarsi-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 26 - 3 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 29 - 30 (left), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 15 - 14 (left).	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
7F9169A0C61DACF8D5D6E5B9297E8B72.taxon	materials_examined	Material description. Crania and upper dentition: four crania are almost complete, lacking only the anterior portions (e. g., nasal, jugal, palatine, and maxilla) (Fig. 14 A-D). The specimen DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 18 - 50 shows nearly complete antlers, lacking only the left brow tine (Fig. 14 A, B). The cranium DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 30 possesses a right antler portion preserving the complete brow tine but the broken main beam (Fig. 14 C, D). The specimens DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - X 9 (Fig. 14 E) and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 27 - 1 (Fig. 14 F, G) preserve most of the rear part of the skull but lacks zygomatic arcs and antler portions. The specimen DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 27 - 1 preserves a deformed frontal area and broken pedicles (Fig. 14 F). The basioccipital and basisphenoid are subtriangular in ventral view and show well-deveoped anterior and posterior tuberosities with a longitudinal groove running along the central part (Fig. 14 B, D, G). The lateral edges of the basioccipital and basisphenoid are concave like in Axis. The foramina ovale are large and open ventrolaterally. The shed antlers are characterized by three main tines, smooth surfaces, a short pedicle and brow tine, a long and slender main beam, a high angle (about 100 - 120 °) between the main beam and the brow tine, and a well-developed burr (Fig. 14 A, C, H-L). A small ornamented tine (or knob) is sometimes present along the dorsal surface of the brow tine or at the main beam-brow tine junction (Fig. 14 C, J-L). The main beam is oriented upward, laterally, and posteriorly, and consists of forked tines apically. At the antlered crown, the inner tine is much shorter than the outer one (Fig. 14 A, H, I). The skull and antler exhibit a typical arrangement of recent Axis axis (e. g., the orientation of the main beam and brow tine, the bifurcation at the apical crown tine, and the shape of the basioccipital and basisphenoid) (for measurements, see Appendix 4). P 3 and P 4 are similar to recent Axis, characterized by well-developed styles, medial cristae (more distinct on the P 4), and posterolingual fossettes (Fig. 15 A) (for measurements, see Tab. 12). On the P 4, the medial cristae join the postmetacrista and divide the fossa into two islands (Fig. 15 A, C). Upper molars display distinct styles (particularly the mesostyle), entostyles, and anterior cingula (Fig. 15 B, D, E). The metaconule fold is slightly developed. The M 2 is slightly wider than the M 3 (Tab. 12). The posterior lobe of the M 3 is reduced in width (Fig. 15 B). Mandibles and lower dentition: twenty one mandibles range from fragmentary (preserving only the broken corpus) to nearly complete (lacking only the ascending ramus and coronoid process) individuals (Fig. 15 F-O) (for measurements, see Appendix 5). The mandibular symphyses are almost complete, but all incisors are missing. The protoconulid of the p 2 is poorly-developed or absent (Fig. 15 F, H, J). Lower third and fourth premolars exhibit a well developed metaconid which projects obliquely in occlusal view, posterior to the entoconid (Fig. 15 F, H, J) (for measurements, see Tab. 12). The latter conid joins the posthypocristid, forming a back valley on moderately worn teeth. The metaconid is bifurcated (two separated flanges: pre- and postmetacristids) on the p 4. All lower molars are morphologically characterized by their brachyodont crowns and well-developed stylids (parastylid, metastylid, and entostylid), ectostylids (basal pillars), and anterior cingulids (also called " goat fold ") (Fig. 15 F-Q). On the m 3, the posterior ectostylid is absent (Fig. 15 F, G, J-Q). The third lobe is ring-shaped as it is present on the recent specimens (e. g., MNHN-ZMO- 1901 - 547, MNHN-ZMO- 1988 - 153, ZSM- 1951 - 70, and ZSM- 1961 - 3) (Fig. 15 F, P). But the third lobe is sometimes small and poorly-developed, as observed from the recent specimen ZSM- 1963 - 27 (Fig. 15 J, L, N). The back fossa is present on unworn to slightly worn teeth (Fig. 15 F, P), but absent on moderately to heavily worn ones (Fig. 15 L, N). The posthypoconulidcristid is well-developed, a small crest protruding slightly more posterolingually (Fig. 15 F). Postcranial remains: postcranial bones include isolated humeri (Fig. 16 A-B), metacarpi (Fig. 16 C-H), a femur (Fig. 16 I, J), and metatarsi (Fig. 16 K-M). The humerus and femur are fragmentary. We identify here these fossil postcranial bones based on the size and proportion compared with the extant specimens (Tab. 13 and Appendices 1, 7, 9 - 10, and 12).	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
17791942D4CBAA268A952F0775E5615B.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material. A cranium with a right partial antler, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 20 - 4; a right P 2, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 15 - 11; two left M 1 - DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 24 and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 25; six M 2 - DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 23 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 30 - 5 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 3 - 4 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 30 - 6 (left posterior lobe), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 27 - 7 (left), and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 3 - 5 (left); five M 3 - DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 27 - 6 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 9 - 1 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 8 - 3 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 22 (left), and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 9 - 2 (left); two left mandibles-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 27 - 2 (with p 2 - m 3) and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 9 - 5 (with p 2 - m 2); a right i 1, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 29 - 2; a right scapula, DMR-KS- 05 - 06 - 24 - 4; a left humerus, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 11 - 35; a right fragmentary humerus, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - 1 (proximal part); three radii-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 31 - 10 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 11 - 3 (right), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 16 (left); a right metacarpus, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 24 - 2; two right femora-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 27 - 11 and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 17 - 36; five fragmentary femora-DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 05 - 38 (right proximal part), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 28 - 20 (right distal part), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 119 (right distal part), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 2 (right distal part), and DMR-KS- 05 - 08 - 16 - 1 (left proximal part); three left metatarsi-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 25 - 8, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 28 - 17, and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 15 - 15.	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
17791942D4CBAA268A952F0775E5615B.taxon	materials_examined	Material description. Cranium and upper dentition: DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 20 - 4 is an incomplete cranium, lacking the whole anterior parts (nasal, jugal, palatine, and maxilla) (Fig. 19 A-C) (for measurements, see Appendix 4). This specimen is a juvenile individual according to the incompletely fused sutures. The basioccipital and basisphenoid are triangular in outline and have straight lateral edges (Fig. 19 C), different from those of Axis, and as observed on the recent skull of Panolia eldii (e. g., MNHN-ZMO- 1937 - 157, MNHN-ZMO- 1944 - 307, MNHN-ZMO- 2011 - 190, and NMW- 2975). The foramina ovale of DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 20 - 4 are more circular and open more anteriorly than those of Axis. The right partial antler contains a half of the slender main beam, but lacks a brow tine entirely (Fig. 19 A, B). The divergent angle between the main beam and the brow tine is of about 110 °, similar to recent skulls of Panolia eldii (e. g., THNHM-M- 125). The antler surface is smooth and the burr is poorly developed in relation to the ontogenetic stages. The preserved shed antler shows a typical character of Panolia eldii, whose main beams strongly project and curve laterally (Fig. 19 A). P 2 exhibits a prominent medial crista which divides the fossette into two islands (Fig. 19 D). The separated anterior fossette is larger than the posterior one. On the upper molars, the buccal styles, anterior cingula, and entostyles are distinct (for measurements, see Tab. 12). The entostyle is bifurcated (Fig. 19 E-H). The metaconule fold (spur) is poorly developed. The posterior lobe of the M 3 is reduced in width (Fig. 19 G, H). The buccal wall of the posterior lobe is oblique in occlusal view. Mandibles and lower dentition: Two mandibles (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 27 - 2: Fig. 19 J, K and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 9 - 5: Fig. 19 L, M) are nearly complete, preserving the bodies with cheek tooth rows (for measurements, see Appendix 5). The first specimen also preserves a partial ramus and is more complete than the second one in which the mandibular body is broken. An isolated i 1 is spatulate (Fig. 19 I). Lower premolars show more complex patterns compared to Axis (e. g., the bifurcation of the metaconid on the p 3, the irregular shape of the posterior valley, and the presence of more developed pre- and postprotoconulidcristids) (Fig. 19 K, L). Lower molars display well-developed anterior cingulids and stylids (for measurements, see Tab. 12). The m 3 is characterized by the presence of a posterior ectostylid (Fig. 19 K). The shape of the posterior lobe of the m 3 resembles that of Axis axis. Postcranial remains: postcranial bones include a scapula (Fig. 20 A, B), humeri (Fig. 20 C-E), radii, a metacarpus (Fig. 20 I-K), femora (Fig. 20 O-Q), and metatarsi (Fig. 20 L-N). They are almost complete. We identify these postcranial bones based on the correlation of size and proportion with the extant specimens of Panolia eldii (Tab. 13, and Appendices 1, 6 - 10, and 12).	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
EE619B208E841F3AB28B38162FE94FAF.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material. Three right antlers-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 11 (nearly complete specimen), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 26 - 2 (fragment), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 28 - 23 (fragment); a right M 1, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 10; two left M 2 - DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 9 - 3 and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 3 - 3; a left M 3, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 31 - 1; two right mandibles-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 31 - 2 (with m 2) and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 13 (with p 4 - m 3); two left mandibles-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 101 (with p 3 - m 3) and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 27 - 4 (with m 3); a right m 1, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 5; a left fragmentary humerus, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 15 - 43 (distal part); three right fragmentary radii-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 25 - 9 (proximal part), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 14 (proximal part), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 26 - 19 (distal part); a left metacarpus, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 17 - 26; six fragmentary femora-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 7 (right proximal part), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 12 - 2 (right proximal part), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 11 - 2 (right distal part), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 26 - 5 (left proximal part), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 30 - 9 (left distal part), and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 19 - 10 (left distal part); a right tibia, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 28 - 16; a right metatarsus, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 11	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
EE619B208E841F3AB28B38162FE94FAF.taxon	materials_examined	Material description. Antlers: DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 11 is a nearly complete antler, slightly broken at the middle part of the main beam (Fig. 23 A). The fragmentary antler DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 26 - 2 comprises a burr, a broken brow tine, and a half of the main beam (Fig. 23 B). The specimen DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 28 - 23 preserves the broken brow tine and main beam (Fig. 23 C). The antler surface is rough. The shed antlers are morphologically characterized by three main tines, a long and slender main beam, a forked construction at the tip, and a well-developed burr (Fig. 23 A-C). On the apical bifurcation, the postero-internal tine is much shorter than the antero-external one. The main beam and brow tine are also much more robust, compared to the extant males of Axis porcinus (e. g., the specimen MNHN-ZMO- 1904 - 60 and NMW- 2546). The divergent angle between the main beam and brow tine ranges from 50 ° to 90 °. The shed antlers of Rusa unicolor are different from those of Axis axis in having slightly rougher surfaces, more divergent insertion relative to the frontal orientation, a shorter main beam, and a smaller angle between the main beam and the brow tine, and in lacking small-ornamented tines or knobs on the brow tine (Fig. 23 A-C). These characters match well the recent Rusa unicolor. Upper dentition: upper molars are robust (Tab. 12) and show well-developed styles (particularly the mesostyle), anterior cingula, and entostyles (Fig. 23 D, E). The entostyle is bifurcated, like in Panolia eldii, in relation to the moderately to strongly worn teeth. The fossettes are present at least in the middle stage of wear. The metaconule fold is poorly developed or sometimes absent. On the M 3, the anterior lobe is wider than the posterior one (Fig. 23 E). Mandibles and lower dentition: four mandibles are incomplete (for measurements, see Appendix 5). The specimens DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 13 (Fig. 23 F, G) and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 101 (Fig. 23 H, I) preserve a partially broken mandibular body. The manidibles DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 31 - 2 and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 27 - 4 are very fragmentary. All lower cheek teeth of Rusa unicolor are obviously larger than those of other Khok Sung cervids (Tab. 12). Lower molars display cervid-like patterns, such as well developed styles, anterior cingulids, and ectostylids (Fig. 23 J, K). On the m 3, the posterior lobe of the talonid in Rusa unicolor is more developed than those in Axis. Moreover, the posterior ectostylid is present (Fig. 23 G, I, K), unlike in Axis. Postcranial remains: postcranial elements include a humerus (Fig. 24 A-C), radii (Fig. 24 D-G), a metacarpus (Fig. 24 H-J), femora (Fig. 24 K-N), a tibia (Fig. 24 O-Q), and a metatarsus (Fig. 24 R-T). All radii and femora are fragmentary. We assign these postcranial bones to Rusa unicolor according to the sized and proportional correlation with the extant specimens (Tab. 13 and Appendices 1 and 7 - 12).	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
22AE61528678829FA6BA03890FFAEF8A.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material. A left DP 3, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 29 - 8; a left P 3, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 01 - 4; a left fragmentary M 1 or M 2 (posterior portion), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 23 - 2; a right M 3, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 29 - 6; a right mandible with m 1 - m 3, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 9 - 1; two left mandibles-DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 9 - 1 (with p 2, p 4, and m 1 - m 3) and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 29 - 1 (with m 3); a left i 2, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 15 - 12; a right i 3, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 23 - 4; a right p 2, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 01 - 6; a right m 1, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 15 - 10; a right m 2, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 29 - 7; two m 3 - DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 28 - 4 (right broken posterior lobe) and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 24 - 5 (left); a left humerus, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 2 (1).	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
22AE61528678829FA6BA03890FFAEF8A.taxon	materials_examined	Material description. Upper dentition: DP 3 (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 29 - 8) is molariform and elongated, characterized by well-developed anterior and posterior cingula, buccal styles, and medial fossettes, a slightly-developed entostyle, and a reduction of the anterior lobe width and height compared to the posterior lobe (Fig. 25 A). The P 3 (DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 01 - 4) has distinct styles (particularly the metastyle), protocone, and hypocone and an irregular fossette. (Fig. 25 B). Upper molars have a rectangular outline and distinct styles, entostyles, and single medial fossettes with wear (Fig. 25 C, E) (for measurements, see Tab. 15). The infundibula are X- or metacentric chromosome-shaped on the moderately worn molars (Fig. 25 C, E). The entostyles (column) of DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 23 - 2 (M 1 or M 2: Fig. 25 C, D) and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 29 - 6 (M 3: Fig. 25 E) are often bifurcated and lingually flat in occlusal view. A distinct longitudi nal groove runs along the lingual surface of the entostyle (Fig. 25 D). The M 3 is more rectangular in outline compared to other upper molars. The posterior lobe of the M 3 is relatively reduced in width and the fossettes are large (Fig. 25 E). Mandible and lower dentition: two mandibles, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 9 - 1 (Fig. 25 H, I) and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 9 - 1 (Fig. 25 J, K), are almost complete (for measurements, see Appendix 13). All incisors and premolars dropped out of the first specimen. The second specimen lacks all incisors and the p 3. Another fragmentary mandible DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 29 - 1 preserves only a posterior lobe of the m 3. The i 2 (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 15) and i 3 (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 23 - 4) are spatulate and small, compared to other species of Bos (for measurements, see Tab. 15). The two p 2 (DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 9 - 1: Fig. 25 H and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 01 - 6: Fig. 25 F) is small and shows a protruding preprotoconulidcristid and a fusion between the postentocristid and the posthypocristid. The p 4 displays well-developed conids and cristids. The postprotocristid is large, compared to other Bos species. On the lower molars, the metastylid is poorly-developed, but becoming more prominent in m 3 (Fig. 25 H). The anterior and posterior fossettes is metacentric chromosome-shaped with wear (Fig. 25 H, J). The posterior talonid of the m 3 is well-developed (Fig. 25 H, J). The posthypoconulidcristid protrudes posteriorly and sometimes bifurcates into two flanges, as observed on the specimen DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 9 - 1 (Fig. 25 H). The entostylid slightly protrudes lingually in relation to heavy wear and the posterior ectostylid is usually absent. Postcranial remains: a humerus, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 2 (1), preserves the shaft and distal part (Fig. L-N). We attribute this humerus to Bos sauveli according to the proportional correlation with the extant specimens (Tab. 13 and Appendix 7). This specimen is also smaller than that of extant Bos javanicus and Bos gaurus (Appendices 1 and 7).	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
7A6A19A87FEF8185A4D1E1970FC3C457.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material. A left horn core, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 26 - 22; a right DP 2, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 4; two right P 2 - DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 27 and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 03 - 3; a right DP 3, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 3; a right DP 4, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 17 - 3; a right M 1, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 20; a right M 3, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 17 - 1; a right mandible with m 1 - m 3, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 1; a left mandible with p 2 - m 3, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 3 - 1; a left i 1, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 27; two left m 2 - DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 26 and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 16 - 1; two humeri-DMR-KS- 05 - 05 - 1 - 1 (right) and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 62 (left); a right metacarpus, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 26 - 27; two left femora-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 9 - 2 and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 30 - 1 (proximal part).	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
7A6A19A87FEF8185A4D1E1970FC3C457.taxon	materials_examined	Material description. Horn core: a single horn core (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 26 - 22) is small, curved upward (Fig. 28 A, B) and slightly backward. The horn core base is oval in cross-section (Fig. 28 A). A longitudinal ridge on the anterior surface of the horn core is present (Fig. 28 B). This specimen belongs to a juvenile individual according to its very small size. Upper dentition: DP 2 (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 4) is small and elongated, characterized by three main cones (anterior cone, paracone, and metacone) and a well-developed metastyle (Fig. 28 C) (for measurements, see Tab. 15). The anterior and poste rior fossettes fuse together. Two P 2 (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 27; Fig. 28 D and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 03 - 3: Fig. 28 E) have a well developed paracone rib close to the parastyle and a nearly flat lingual wall. The fossettes are separated into two islands (larger for the anterior one) due to the heavy wear stage (Fig. 28 D). The P 2 shows a nearly straight posterior wall and is wider than the DP 2 (Fig. 28 E). On the molarized DP 3, the posterior lobe is broader than the anterior lobe (Fig. 28 F). A small medial fossette is present. The entostyle is short and projects posteriorly. The molarized DP 4 (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 17 - 3) is slightly worn, characterized by a rectangular outline, well-developed buccal styles, an unfused entostyle, and two separated medial fossette (Fig. 28 G-H). The entostyle is bifurcated and situated between the protocone and hypocone (Fig. 28 G). Two parallel longitudinal grooves are present along the lingual surface of the enstostyle, likely resulting in a trifurcated pattern in relation to the middle wear stage (Fig. 28 H). The heavily worn M 1 (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 20) displays a subsquare outline and an unbifurcated entostyle positioned between the protocone and hypocone (Fig. 28 I). The medial fossette is absent due to the heavy wear stage. The M 3 (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 17 - 1) exhibits well-developed buccal styles and large medial fossettes splitting into 2 islands with wear (Fig. 28 J). The entostyle on the M 3 is short, not bifurcated, and close to the hypocone. Mandibles and lower dentition: DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 3 - 1 is complete, posterior to the p 2, with the exception of a small part of the angular region (Fig. 28 K, L) (for measurements, see Appendix 13). Another mandible (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 1) preserves only a portion of the ramus with the complete molar row (Fig. 28 M and Appendix 13). The isolated i 1 (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 27) is heavily worn, spatulate, and robust. Lower premolars have well-developed main cuspids and cristids (Fig. 28 K, M). On the p 2, the protocone is the highest cuspid and the posterior fossette is present. The p 3 is elongated as long as the p 4. The premetacristid is poorly developed. The postprotocristid on the p 3 is larger than that on the p 4. On the p 4, the postprotocristid is narrow and anteroposteriorly constricted. The metaconid is most developed, compared to Bos sauveli and Bos javanicus as well as Bubalus arnee. For all lower molars, the ectostylid is slightly developed and not bifurcated (Fig. 28 K, M-N) (for measurements, see Tab. 15). In lingual view, the metastylid is absent at the medium wear stage (Fig. 28 K, M). In occlusal view, the entostylid is straight and short. The buccal outline of the protoconid and hypoconid is U-shaped in relation to the strong wear (Fig. 28 M). The posterior talonid on the m 3 is well-developed. The posthypoconulidcristid protrudes posteriorly. Postcranial remains: postcranial elements include humeri (Fig. 29 A-D), a metacarpus (Fig. 29 E-G), and femora (Fig. 29 H-J) (for measurements, see Appendix 1). The femur DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 30 - 1 lacks a distal portion. We assign these postcranial bones based on the proportional correlations with the recent specimens of Bos gaurus (Tab. 13 and Appendices 7 and 9 - 12).	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
8559085F2BE0145B69B59FDA47F986E4.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material. A nearly complete cranium associated with a right mandible, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 1; a cranium with a right tooth row (P 3 - M 3), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 21 - 1; a partial cranium with two tooth rows (P 3 - M 1), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 16 - 3; a partial cranium with a right tooth row (P 3 - M 3), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 11 - 1; three horn cores-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 16 - 2 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 31 - 6 (right), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 28 (left); a left P 2, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - 14; a left DP 3, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 103; two right P 3 - DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 14 and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 05 - 3; a right DP 4, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 29 - 8 (broken anterior lobe); two P 4 - DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - 13 (right) and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - 9 (left); four M 1 - DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 31 - 5 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - 12 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - 6 (left), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 13 (left); five M 2 - DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 2 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 25 - 21 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - 5 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 16 - 2 (1) (left), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - 7 (left); four M 3 - DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 7 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 12 (left), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 14 - 1 (left), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - 10 (left); a right mandible with p 2 - m 1, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 2; three left mandibles-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 10 - 3 (with p 2 - m 3), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 10 (with p 2 - m 1), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 20 (with m 1 and m 2); a right i 1, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - 8; a right i 2, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 15; a left i 3, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 106; a right i 4, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 16 - 3; a right p 3, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 14 - 4; a left dp 4, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 4; a right p 4, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 6; four m 1 - DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 25 - 3 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - 18 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 105 (left), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 3 (left); two m 2 - DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 27 - 12 (right) and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 25 - 2 (left); two m 3 - DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - 11 and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 29 - 2 (left posterior lobe); eleven thoracic vertebrae-DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 11 (T 3), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 26 (T 4), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 13 (T 5), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 14 (T 6), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 15 (T 7), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 16 (T 8), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 12 (T 9), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 17 (T 10), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 18 (T 11), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 19 (T 12), and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 20 (T 13); four lumbar vertebrae-DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 24 (L 1), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 23 (L 2), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 22 (L 3), and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 21 (L 4); two humeri-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 31 - 1 (right) and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 31 - 8 (left); two scapulae-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 26 - 2 (right) and DMR-KS- 05 - 02 - 20 - 4 (left); three ulnae and radii-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 61 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 31 - 2 (right) and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 31 - 9 (left); a right metacarpus, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 26 - 3 (1); a pelvis, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 25; two femora-DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 1 (right) and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 2 (left); a right fragmentary femur, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 8 (distal part); three tibiae-DMR-KS- 05 - 4 - 1 - 11 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 3 (left), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 9 (left); two fourth tarsal bones-DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 7 (right) and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 5 (left); three metatarsi-DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 8 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 6 (left), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 28 - 30 (left); a left astragalus, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 4; a left phalanx I, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 9; a left phalanx II, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 1 - 10.	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
8559085F2BE0145B69B59FDA47F986E4.taxon	materials_examined	Material description. Crania and upper dentition: DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 1 is undeformed and nearly complete (for measurements, see Appendix 14). Only the right maxilla, squamosals, and basicranium are damaged (Fig. 30 A-C). The horn cores are broken at their middle portion. The cross-section of the horn core base is subtriangular and anteriorly flat (Fig. 30 A). The frontals are narrow between the orbits and are flat or slightly convex at the region between horn core bases (Fig. 30 A, C). The supraorbital foramina are large. The orbits face slightly forward (Fig. 30 A, B), not laterally like Leptobos brevicornis and Bubalus teilhardi (Dong et al. 2014). The lateral margins of the premaxilla are concave (Fig. 30 B). DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 21 - 1, a juvenile cranium, is incomplete but slightly deformed. The posterior part of the skull is almost complete but the anterior part is broken (Fig. 30 D, E). The cranium is likely elongated and laterally compressed (Fig. 30 D). This specimen preserves two horn cores (broken at the right one) and a right tooth row with the M 1, the P 3 and P 4 roots, and the unerupted M 2 and M 3 (Fig. 30 E). The horn cores of DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 21 - 1 are slender, straight, and inclined upward and backward, and bend outward (Fig. 30 D), similar to that of recent Bubalus arnee (e. g., MNHN-ZMO- 1863 - 65). The horn cores are subtriangular in cross-section base, becoming subrounded toward the apex (Fig. 30 D). The divergent angle between the horn cores is 105 °. The frontals are short and narrow, forming an obtuse angle with the occipital plane. The parietals merged together. The occiput extends so far, posterior to the horn core bases. The basioccipital is laterally concave and triangular in outline (Fig. 30 E). DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 11 - 1 preserves the right zygomatic bone and the premaxilla and maxilla with a nearly complete tooth row (P 3 - M 3) (Fig. 30 F, G). Another specimen, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 16 - 3, preserves the premaxilla and maxilla with P 3 - M 1 (Fig. 30 H, I). In dorsal and ventral views, the lateral margins of the premaxilla are concave, as expected for Bubalus (Fig. 30 H). Three isolated horn cores (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 16 - 2: Fig. 30 J, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 31 - 6, and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 19 - 28) are incomplete. The apical portion is broken away on each specimen. All horn cores are robust, long, and curved backward. Their anterior and dorsal surfaces are flat and their cross-sections are subtriangular at the base (Fig. 30 J). Upper cheek teeth of Bubalus arnee are more robust, compared to those of Bos. P 2 (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - 14: Fig. 30 K) is elongated. The parastyle on the P 2 is less developed than that on the P 3 and P 4. The molarized DP 3 (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 103: Fig. 30 L) is characterized by a well-developed buccal styles, anterior cingulum, entostyle, and spur, and a larger posterior lobe. The P 3 is subtriangular in outline and is marked by a distinct parastyle, paracone rib, and metastyle and a U-shaped fossette (Fig. 30 G, I). The parastyle of the P 3 often curves posteriorly. The DP 4 (DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 29 - 8: Fig. 30 M) is also molarized with the broken protocone. This specimen has well-developed buccal styles and two separate medial fossettes. The entostyle curves posteriorly in occlusal view and is positioned more lingually than the protocone and hypocone. The P 4 is similar in morphology to the P 3, but is more anteroposteriorly compressed. Upper molars display Bos - like patterns (e. g., the degree of the hypsodonty and selenodonty and the presence of distinct styles) but are more robust than most species of Bos (e. g., Bos sauveli and Bos javanicus) (Tab. 15). However, the mesostyles of upper molars of Bubalus arnee are more developed than those of Bos. The medial fossette between the anterior and posterior fossettes (infundibula) is well-developed, often separating into two or three islands with wear (Fig. 30 G, I, N). The infundibula are U-shaped but sometimes become metacentric chromosome-shaped due to strong wear, like in Bos sauveli (Fig. 30 G, N). In occlusal view, the entostyle is long and straight or curves posteriorly, depending on the stage of wear, but is never bifurcated (Fig. 30 G, I, N). The small fossette is sometimes present within the entostyle in relation to strong wear (Fig. 30 N). Mandibles and lower dentition: five mandibles: DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 1 (Fig. 31 A, B), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 10 - 3 (Fig. 31 C, D), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 2 (Fig. 31 E, F), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 10 (Fig. 31 G, H), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 20 (Fig. 31 I), are almost complete (for measurements, see Appendix 13). The first specimen is associated with the cranium. The right specimen DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 2 and the left specimen DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 20 belong to the same individual, bearing p 2, dp 3, dp 4, and an unerupted m 2. The left one is very fragmentary. Another mandible DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 10 is nearly complete, preserving the mandibular symphysis and bearing an unerupted m 2, but lacking all incisors. All incisors drop out of the mandibles. The isolated lower incisors are spatulate in shape (Fig. 31 J-L). The i 2 is similar in size to the i 3 (Tab. 15). All lower cheek teeth are robust. All lingual stylids are distinct. The p 2 has a well-developed postentocristid and posthypocristid (Fig. 31 B, D, F, H). The metaconid is positioned more lingually than all of lingual cristids. The dp 3 is elongated (Fig. 31 F, H). The postprotocristid is large and the metaconid is well-developed. A small anterior fossette is present with wear. The p 3 displays a well-developed preprotoconulidcristid and a posteriorly bending metaconid (Fig. 31 B, D). The isolated dp 4 (DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 4: Fig. 31 M) is trilobed and elongated with a well-developed stylids (anterior and posterior ectostylid, parastylid, metastylid, and entostylid. On the dp 4, the buccal outline of the protoconulid, protoconid, and hypoconid is V-shaped in occlusal view (Fig. 31 F, H, M). The anterior ectostylid curves slightly posteriorly in contrast to the posterior ectostylid that bends anteriorly (Fig. 31 M). A large fossette is present between the medial and posterior valley in relation to middle wear stage (Fig. 31 M). On the p 4, the metaconid is most lingually positioned (Fig. 31 B, D). The premetacristid is more developed than the postmetacristids. The postprotocristid is very anteroposteriorly constricted. The postentocristid fuses with the posthypocristid beyond the middle stage of wear. Lower molars have well-developed stylids and conids. The metastylid is most developed on the unworn to slightly worn specimens (Fig. 31 F, H, I, N and Tab. 15). The metastylid is located closely to the metaconid. In occlusal view, the anterior and posterior fossettes are U-shaped, similar to that of Bos. The entostylid is well-developed and sometimes curves anteriorly (Fig. 31 F, I). On the m 3, the posterior ectostylid is absent. The posthypoconulidcristid protrudes posteriorly slightly and is sometimes bifurcated (Fig. 31 B, D). The back fossette is sometimes present with wear. Postcranial remains: postcranial elements include scapulae (Fig. 32 C), humeri (Fig. 32 D), ulnae and radii (Fig. 32 E), femora (Fig. 32 H, L), tibiae (Fig. 32 I, M), fourth tarsal bones (Fig. 32 O), metacarpi (Fig. 32 F), metatarsi (Fig. 32 K, P), pha langes (Fig. 32 Q, R), a pelvis (Fig. 32 G), and thoracic and lumbar vertebrae (Fig. 32 A, B). Most of postcranial remains belong to the same individual because they were found in connection. But some isolated specimens (scapula: DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 26 - 2, ulna and radius: DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 61, femur: DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 20 - 8, and metatarsus: DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 28 - 30) were found separately. The articulated skeletons show a typical character of Bubalus arnee whose postcranial bones are more massive and thicker than those of Bos (Fig. 32 and Appendix 1).	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
F5537D23FA5F828CFA42B52CB6287092.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material. A left M 2, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 18 - 16; three m 3 - DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 05 - 4 (right), DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 27 - 5 (left), and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 28 - 10 (left posterior fragment).	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
F5537D23FA5F828CFA42B52CB6287092.taxon	materials_examined	Material description. Isolated teeth are almost complete (for measurements, see Tab. 16), with the exception of the specimen DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 28 - 10 that preserves only a posterior lobe (Fig. 33 G). Molars show typical features of Capricornis characterized by hyposodont crowns, smooth enamel, and distinct styles and stylids, and an absence of the ectostylids (Fig. 33). The parastyle, mesostyle, and metastyle on the M 2 are perpendicular to the buccal wall (Fig. 33 A). On the m 3, the mesostylid is more developed than the other stylids and the posthypoconulidcristid protrudes posteriorly (Fig. 33 C, E).	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
9ADDCB63888836BDFD05F0592AC7DD52.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material. A fragmentary cranium, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 30 - 30; a dentary fragment with one tooth, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 21 - 1; five isolated teeth-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 19, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 14 - 3, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 22 - 22, DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 06 - 3, and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 29 - 10; three osteoderms-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 29 - 57, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 29 - 58, and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 27 - 25.	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
9ADDCB63888836BDFD05F0592AC7DD52.taxon	materials_examined	Material description. Skull and dentition: DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 30 - 30 is a slightly deformed skull preserving a nearly complete premaxilla, maxilla, nasal, and palatine process (Fig. 35 A, B), and a partial palatine at the ventral part. The minimum length of the skull is 315 mm. The external naris is wide, dorsally directed, and presumably subcircular in outline (Fig. 35 A). The nasal becomes narrower at the nearly premaxillary-maxillary suture and tapers into a point at the posterior rim of the naris. The premaxilla is broken anteriorly at the hole for the reception of the first dentary alveolus. The premaxilla contains at least four teeth on each side. The second one is the largest tooth in the premaxillary rows, regularly corresponding to the position of a large alveolar hole in dorsal view. A short premaxillary process extends to the second maxillary alveolus centrally or the first interalveolus laterally in ventral view (Fig. 35 B). The premaxillary-maxillary suture is characterized by distinct notches. A maxilla comprises 14 alveoli, with the largest tooth crown (44.3 mm high) positioned at the fifth dentary alveolus. The width of the skull at the fifth maxillary tooth is 171.8 mm (the maximum width of the preserved skull). The width of the skull at the diastema between the last premaxillary tooth and the first maxillary tooth (the minimum width of the preserved skull) is 98.9 mm. Many small foramina in front of the alveoli are situated on both the premaxilla and the maxilla. Along the anterior to posterior maxillary rims, the tooth row is slightly convex until ending at the eighth or ninth alveolus. Teeth are characterized by their conical forms and striated surfaces. However, they are highly variable in shape and size, in relation to the position along the tooth row. The teeth of crocodyles are either slender and pointed or short and blunt (Fig. 35 C) but much more massive than those of gharials. Asymmetrical surfaces of the tooth are divided by two prominent longitudinal ridges that are positioned anteriorly and posteriorly. Osteoderms: two nearly complete specimens (Fig. 35 D-G) and one small fragment are characterized by rectangular shapes, wider than long (about 5 - 6 cm long and 7 - 8 cm width), and slightly flat to convex and irregular edges with small spiny outgrowths. A short median keel does not extend far anteriorly or posteriorly (Fig. 35 D, F). The external surface has several large and rounded to elliptical pits on the dorsal part and fewer small foramina and striae with surrounding fibrous patterns on the ventral part (Fig. 35 E, G). These specimens differ from Gavialis cf. bengawanicus (Martin et al. 2012) in the same locality by their more ornamented pits and more irregular surfaces on the dorsal surface.	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
C44E4F4DD98EA40F901F83319B1D7F47.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material. Four trunk vertebrae-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 21, DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 00 - 16 (two attached vertebrae), and DMR-KS- 05 - 04 - 28 - 12.	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
C44E4F4DD98EA40F901F83319B1D7F47.taxon	materials_examined	Material description. Vertebrae are almost complete and represent a large-sized snake (for measurements, see Tab. 17). In anterior view, the cotyle is suboval in outline with the dorsoventral compression (Fig. 35 H). The ventro-lateral margins of the cotyle are nearly straight. The neural spine is well-developed and steep. The neural canal is narrow. The dorsal margin of the zygosphene is convex. The tubercle is located at the junction between the base of the zygoshene and the top of the neural canal. In posterior view, the neural arch is high and massive. The zygantra are wide and deep. In dorsal view, the median tubercle at the base of the zygosphene is distinct and the interzygapophyseal constriction is well-developed. In ventral view, the haemal keel is high (Fig. 35 I) and the subcentral groove is poorly developed.	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
166F67A500E2CE9F21BD32BFF716CC62.taxon	materials_examined	Referred material. Two trunk vertebrae-DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 08 - 36 and DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 29 - 36.	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
166F67A500E2CE9F21BD32BFF716CC62.taxon	materials_examined	Material description. The vertebra DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 08 - 36 is more complete than the specimen DMR-KS- 05 - 03 - 29 - 36 (for measurements, see Tab. 17). The pre- and postzygapophyses are slightly broken at the second specimen. In both specimens, the neural spines are unfortunately broken away. In anterior view, the cotyle is oval in outline, dorsoventrally compressed, and ventrally oriented (Fig. 35 J). The prezygapophyses lack a part of the prezygapophyseal process and are dorsally inclined about 45 °. The neural canal is narrow. The neural arch lacks a part of the zygosphene. No paracotylar foramina are present. In posterior view, the condyle and the postzygapophyses show a mirrored morphology with the anterior part. No zygantrum is observed. In dorsal view, the prezygapophyseal facets are drop-shaped and project laterally. The interzygapophyseal constriction is also present. In ventral view, the synapophyses protrude laterally and the centrum is triangular in outline (Fig. 35 K).	en	Suraprasit, Kantapon, Jaeger, Jean-Jacques, Chaimanee, Yaowalak, Chavasseau, Olivier, Yamee, Chotima, Tian, Pannipa, Panha, Somsak (2016): The Middle Pleistocene vertebrate fauna from Khok Sung (Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications. ZooKeys 613: 1-157, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.613.8309
