taxonID	type	description	language	source
03D9BD7CFFBD7727FF38A440FB88FE9A.taxon	synonymic_list	Amphinomae Savigny in Lamarck, 1818: 327. — Savigny 1822: 14, 57.	en	Bleeker, Joke, Harris, Leslie, Ten Hove, Harry A., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2023): Pherecardites Horst, 1912 and Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 are synonyms (Annelida, Amphinomidae, Amphinominae). Zoosystema 45 (13): 435-443, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a13
03D9BD7CFFBD7727FF38A440FB88FE9A.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE GENUS. — Amphinome Bruguière, 1789.	en	Bleeker, Joke, Harris, Leslie, Ten Hove, Harry A., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2023): Pherecardites Horst, 1912 and Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 are synonyms (Annelida, Amphinomidae, Amphinominae). Zoosystema 45 (13): 435-443, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a13
03D9BD7CFFBD7727FF38A440FB88FE9A.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS (modified from Borda et al. 2015). — Amphinomids with caruncle variable, rarely absent. Branchiae with single or double stems with filaments digitate; simple cirriform branchiae absent. Anus dorsoterminal on last chaetiger. As indicated in the key, amphinomin genera are separated after several diagnostic features such as the type of caruncle, dorsal development of first chaetiger, presence of branchiae along body, alignment of neuropodia, and presence of special chaetae such as hooks or thin furcates.	en	Bleeker, Joke, Harris, Leslie, Ten Hove, Harry A., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2023): Pherecardites Horst, 1912 and Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 are synonyms (Annelida, Amphinomidae, Amphinominae). Zoosystema 45 (13): 435-443, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a13
03D9BD7CFFBD7725FC23A3A5FAE0F828.taxon	type_taxon	TYPE SPECIES. — Pherecardites parva Horst, 1912, by monotypy.	en	Bleeker, Joke, Harris, Leslie, Ten Hove, Harry A., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2023): Pherecardites Horst, 1912 and Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 are synonyms (Annelida, Amphinomidae, Amphinominae). Zoosystema 45 (13): 435-443, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a13
03D9BD7CFFBD7725FC23A3A5FAE0F828.taxon	etymology	GENDER. — Feminine, after the epithet originally proposed for the type species, parva; Brown (1954: 590) indicates parvus is a Latin masculine adjective, meaning little or small (parva feminine, parvum neuter (see below).	en	Bleeker, Joke, Harris, Leslie, Ten Hove, Harry A., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2023): Pherecardites Horst, 1912 and Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 are synonyms (Annelida, Amphinomidae, Amphinominae). Zoosystema 45 (13): 435-443, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a13
03D9BD7CFFBD7725FC23A3A5FAE0F828.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. — Amphinominae with chaetiger 1 dorsally incomplete. Caruncle with a median ridge and separate, diverging lateral lobes. Branchiae from chaetiger 1. Neurochaetae spurred, with denticles along inner side.	en	Bleeker, Joke, Harris, Leslie, Ten Hove, Harry A., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2023): Pherecardites Horst, 1912 and Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 are synonyms (Annelida, Amphinomidae, Amphinominae). Zoosystema 45 (13): 435-443, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a13
03D9BD7CFFBD7725FC23A3A5FAE0F828.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Pherecardites Horst, 1912 was described without an illustration of the anterior end. Fauchald (1977) included Pherecardites Horst, 1912 in his key to all genera; however, Fauchald regarded the body shape of Branchamphinome as oval, whereas for Pherecardites it was assumed as rectangular. Nevertheless, Hartman (1967: 43) indicated the body shape of the type species, B. antarctica Hartman, 1967 changes during development: “ Smaller individuals resemble the short Chloeia whereas longer ones are more like Eurythoe. ” The latter has been regarded as having rectangular body. Consequently, Pherecardites and Branchamphinome have the same body shape and types of chaetae. What about the caruncle? Horst (1912: 33) indicated “ caruncle consisting of a median axis and some lateral lamellae, directed backwards. ” And in describing the type species, P. parva, a few lines below, he wrote: “ its caruncle extends over three segments and consists of a median axis and four lateral lobes, directed backwards. ” Hartman (1967: 43) indicated, in the description of the type species, B. antarctica, “ the caruncle is tripartite, consisting of a larger, longer median lobe with lateral branches, and a pair of shorter lateral lobes […] ” These two descriptions indicate a very similar shape, and after the study of type specimens, the two genera are herein regarded as synonyms. Pherecardites Horst, 1912 might be regarded as a name applied to fossils (ICZN 1999, Art. 20) and consequently, it could not “ be used as the valid name of a taxon ”. Further, as indicated in the example given for the same article, the genus-group name might be available if proposed “ for genus-group of taxa of fossils […] and not merely to indicate fossil members of genera of extant animals ”. Horst (1912) proposed Pherecardites, forming the name after Pherecardia Horst, 1886, but he was not referring to any fossil members of the same group. Consequently, it cannot be rejected as a valid name. There are a few instances where a similarly ending genus-group name has been regarded as valid, such as Tringites Cabanis in Gundlach, 1856 (Aves, Scolopacidae), or Oceanites Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 (Aves, Hydrobatidae). On the other hand, Read & Fauchald (2022) explained the etymology as: “ The name of the genus is formed by the postposition of the suffix of Greek origin - ites, used to form adjectives, especially those to identify groups as ‘ those belonging to’, to the name of the genus Pherecardia Horst, 1886, and seems to be used to indicate the resemblance of the new genus Pherecardites with Pheracardia. ” On the other hand, the suffix - ites is “ to be treated as masculine unless its author, when establishing the name, stated that it had another gender or treated it as such by combining it with an adjective species-group name in another gender form ” (ICZN 1999, Art. 30.1.4.4). As indicated above, because Horst used the feminine (parva) species-group name, the gender of the genus must be treated as feminine. Hartman (1967) compared Branchamphinome with Benthoscolex Horst, 1912 because both have tripartite caruncle, and concluded they differ because the former has eyes, and branchiae from chaetiger 1, whereas the latter had no eyes, and branchiae from chaetiger 6. Kudenov (1993) modified the diagnosis but restricted the comparison to Benthoscolex. After Horst (1912) the presence of spurred neurochaetae with denticles along the inner side in Pherecardites resembles Hermodice, although some other genera also have this type of neurochaetae such as Benthoscolex, Linopherus de Quatrefages, 1866, Paramphinome Sars in Sars, 1872 and Pareurythoe Gustafson, 1930. Horst likely restricted the comparison to Hermodice and Pherecardia because they also have complex caruncle, as opposed to those present in the other genera. Benthoscolex, however, has a caruncle with three longitudinal lobes directed posteriorly, but they rise from the same point, not from a single median ridge, as is the case in Pherecardites. As currently redefined, Pherecardites Horst, 1912 includes Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967. Consequently, the species described in the latter genus must be newly combined such that Pherecardites includes P. antarctica (Hartman, 1967) n. comb., P. islandica (Detinova, 1968) n. comb., P. kohtsukai (Jimi in Jimi et al. 2021) n. comb., P. parva Horst, 1912, P. quinquemaculata Augener, 1927, and P. tropicalis (Barroso, Ranauro & Kudenov, 2017) n. comb.	en	Bleeker, Joke, Harris, Leslie, Ten Hove, Harry A., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2023): Pherecardites Horst, 1912 and Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 are synonyms (Annelida, Amphinomidae, Amphinominae). Zoosystema 45 (13): 435-443, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a13
03D9BD7CFFBC7726FE3AA2EAFAE3FD9D.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Amphinomid subfamilies were proposed and defined by Borda et al. (2012, 2015). They were initially regarded as different clades, informally named after the body shape as fusiform vs rectangular (rectilinear). However, as indicated below, body shape changes during development and this explains why it is being regarded as an additional, non-diagnostic feature. The main difference relies in the type of branchiae, their stems, and branching pattern of branchial filaments. An additional relevant feature is the presence of cirriform branchiae along some anterior chaetigers, which is currently restricted to some archinomin genera.	en	Bleeker, Joke, Harris, Leslie, Ten Hove, Harry A., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2023): Pherecardites Horst, 1912 and Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 are synonyms (Annelida, Amphinomidae, Amphinominae). Zoosystema 45 (13): 435-443, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a13
03D9BD7CFFBC7726FE22A0B9FAE3F828.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Paramphinome Sars, 1869 is a nomen nudum because it was included in a species list (Sars 1869); the genus and species were published posthumously by his son (Sars 1872).	en	Bleeker, Joke, Harris, Leslie, Ten Hove, Harry A., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2023): Pherecardites Horst, 1912 and Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 are synonyms (Annelida, Amphinomidae, Amphinominae). Zoosystema 45 (13): 435-443, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a13
03D9BD7CFFBF7724FC21A024FB8BF98F.taxon	description	(Fig. 1)	en	Bleeker, Joke, Harris, Leslie, Ten Hove, Harry A., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2023): Pherecardites Horst, 1912 and Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 are synonyms (Annelida, Amphinomidae, Amphinominae). Zoosystema 45 (13): 435-443, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a13
03D9BD7CFFBF7724FC21A024FB8BF98F.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Indonesia. Lectotype • 1 specimen; RV Siboga; Sta. 122; 01 ° 58.5 ’ N, 125 ° 0.5 ’ E; 1264 - 1165 m depth; 17. VII. 1899; ZMA V. Pol 1072.1. g. PARALECTOTYPES. — Indonesia • 1 specimen; RV Siboga; Sta. 139; 00 ° 11 ’ S, 127 ° 25 ’ E; 397 m depth; 4. VIII. 1899; ZMA V. Pol. 1072.2 • 1 specimen; RV Siboga; Sta. 173; 03 ° 27 ’ S, 131 ° 0.5 ’ E; 567 m depth; 28. VIII. 1889; ZMA V. Pol. 1072.3.	en	Bleeker, Joke, Harris, Leslie, Ten Hove, Harry A., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2023): Pherecardites Horst, 1912 and Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 are synonyms (Annelida, Amphinomidae, Amphinominae). Zoosystema 45 (13): 435-443, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a13
03D9BD7CFFBF7724FC21A024FB8BF98F.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — Indonesia, in sediments at 397 - 1264 m water depth.	en	Bleeker, Joke, Harris, Leslie, Ten Hove, Harry A., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2023): Pherecardites Horst, 1912 and Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 are synonyms (Annelida, Amphinomidae, Amphinominae). Zoosystema 45 (13): 435-443, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a13
03D9BD7CFFBF7724FC21A024FB8BF98F.taxon	description	OBSERVATIONS Lectotype (ZMA V. Pol 1072.1) colorless, without posterior region, bent ventrally, breaking in two (Fig. 1 A). Body about 10 mm long, 2.5 mm wide, 30 chaetigers. Prostomium (Fig. 1 B) slightly eroded, left lateral antenna lost, right one present, inserted close to median antennal base. Median antenna thick, bent laterally, without tip. 2 / 3 as long as caruncle. Palps lost. Eyes not seen. Caruncle straight, with a median ridge and 4 digitate lateral lobes, directed posteriorly. Branchiae from chaetiger 1 lost; chaetiger 2 with 2 digitate filaments, in anterior chaetigers branchiae with about 5 filaments. Pharynx not exposed (Fig. 1 C). Posterior end lost; pygidial features unknown.	en	Bleeker, Joke, Harris, Leslie, Ten Hove, Harry A., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2023): Pherecardites Horst, 1912 and Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 are synonyms (Annelida, Amphinomidae, Amphinominae). Zoosystema 45 (13): 435-443, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a13
03D9BD7CFFBF7724FC21A024FB8BF98F.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Horst (1912: 33) did not see eyes in his specimens (longest one slightly more than 7 mm in length) but noted some black spots. Kudenov (1993: 96 - 97) noted in P. antarctica (Hartman, 1967) n. comb., specimens of different size (8 - 12 mm long) had eyes well developed and their pigments were retained despite being in ethanol for over 30 years, whereas in P. parva eyes were not seen. Horst (1912: 33) characterized the caruncle in the diagnosis for Pherecardites, and in the description of P. parva, as having a median ridge and lateral lamellae, directed posteriorly, extended along three segments. Branchiae were noted as starting in chaetiger 1 but the number of filaments was not given. Likewise, the presence of branchiae along posterior chaetigers was not indicated, nor the shape of the posterior end.	en	Bleeker, Joke, Harris, Leslie, Ten Hove, Harry A., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2023): Pherecardites Horst, 1912 and Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 are synonyms (Annelida, Amphinomidae, Amphinominae). Zoosystema 45 (13): 435-443, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a13
03D9BD7CFFBE772AFCCBA4A0FD76FC93.taxon	description	(Fig. 2)	en	Bleeker, Joke, Harris, Leslie, Ten Hove, Harry A., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2023): Pherecardites Horst, 1912 and Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 are synonyms (Annelida, Amphinomidae, Amphinominae). Zoosystema 45 (13): 435-443, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a13
03D9BD7CFFBE772AFCCBA4A0FD76FC93.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE MATERIAL. — Antarctica. Not seen (examined and redescribed by Kudenov 1993). ADDITIONAL MATERIAL. — Antarctica • 1 specimen; RV Eltanin; Sta. 1346; 54 ° 49 ’ to 54 ° 50 ’ S, 129 ° 48 ’ to 129 ° 46 ’ W; 549 m depth; 7. XI. 1964; LACM.	en	Bleeker, Joke, Harris, Leslie, Ten Hove, Harry A., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2023): Pherecardites Horst, 1912 and Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 are synonyms (Annelida, Amphinomidae, Amphinominae). Zoosystema 45 (13): 435-443, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a13
03D9BD7CFFBE772AFCCBA4A0FD76FC93.taxon	distribution	DISTRIBUTION. — Antarctic, in sediments at 333 - 1153 m water depth.	en	Bleeker, Joke, Harris, Leslie, Ten Hove, Harry A., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2023): Pherecardites Horst, 1912 and Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 are synonyms (Annelida, Amphinomidae, Amphinominae). Zoosystema 45 (13): 435-443, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a13
03D9BD7CFFBE772AFCCBA4A0FD76FC93.taxon	description	OBSERVATIONS Non-type specimen (LACM, only one available) colorless, complete, oval (Fig. 2 A), slightly bent ventrally, pharynx partially exposed (Fig. 2 C). Body 8 mm long, 3.5 mm wide, 26 chaetigers. Prostomium (Fig. 2 B) distorted due to eversion of pharynx, bent posteriorly; lateral antennae eroded, inserted ahead of anterior eyes; median antenna thin, tapered, longer than caruncle. Palps conical, directed laterally. Eyes dark brown, anterior and posterior eyes fused laterally; anterior eyes reniform, twice as large as posterior round eyes. Caruncle distorted, with a median ridge and 3 - 4 lateral digitate lobes directed posteriorly. Branchiae with digitate filaments from chaetiger 1, with about 10 filaments along anterior chaetigers, becoming less abundant medially and posteriorly, continued to last chaetigers (Fig. 2 D). Pharynx with a short smooth basal ring, and a longer distal ring; a middorsal ridge visible in the aperture. Posterior end tapered; pygidium with anus terminal, anal plate round, without cirri.	en	Bleeker, Joke, Harris, Leslie, Ten Hove, Harry A., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2023): Pherecardites Horst, 1912 and Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 are synonyms (Annelida, Amphinomidae, Amphinominae). Zoosystema 45 (13): 435-443, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a13
03D9BD7CFFBE772AFCCBA4A0FD76FC93.taxon	discussion	REMARKS Hartman (1967, pl. 12, fig. A) only included a schematic illustration of the anterior end. Her figure shows the lateral antennae are ahead of the anterior eyes, the median antenna is inserted behind the posterior eyes, and palps are directed laterally and inserted ahead of lateral antennae. The caruncle includes a median, longer ridge with six lateral lobes, with the proximal ones apparently arising from the posterior prostomial margin. The eyes were depicted as circular, slightly separate from each other, and the anterior eyes slightly larger than posterior ones. Kudenov (1993) proposed a lectotype, noted several differences regarding the original illustration, and consequently illustrated several specimens of different size. Kudenov also illustrated the ontogenetic changes of P. antarctica n. comb. regarding its prostomium and caruncle. He showed that smaller specimens (8 mm long) have eyes distinct, anterior eyes 2 - 3 times larger than posterior ones, and closer to each other, and the caruncle is a small blunt ridge with two pairs of short (about as long as wide), digitate lateral branches. In medium-sized specimens, the eyes remain distinct and with similar size proportions, but the caruncle changes with the median ridge becoming tapered, and the lateral branches grow into digitate long lobes (2 - 3 times longer than wide), becoming a palmate structure. Larger specimens have eyes coalescent into 8 - shaped spots, with anterior eyes oval to reniform, and the caruncle now includes some additional short, digitate lobes, crowded along the posterolateral prostomial margins, whereas the lateral branches are retained in size and position. Kudenov (1993) also gave a detailed account of the types of chaetae and branchial branching pattern, and this explains why these features are not included in our observations. The only confusion was regarding the affinities to other amphinomid genera, because Pherecardites was not taken into account, but Branchamphinome was only compared to Benthoscolex Horst, 1912. Consequently, because most diagnostic features for Branchamphiome are also present in Pherecardites, and because the latter genus-group name has priority over Branchamphinome, we are regarding them as synonyms, retaining the older name, and have newly combined Hartman’s species in this genus.	en	Bleeker, Joke, Harris, Leslie, Ten Hove, Harry A., Salazar-Vallejo, Sergio I. (2023): Pherecardites Horst, 1912 and Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967 are synonyms (Annelida, Amphinomidae, Amphinominae). Zoosystema 45 (13): 435-443, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2023v45a13
