identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03D9344C3751FFC2FED1AFCFFF5AD6FC.text	03D9344C3751FFC2FED1AFCFFF5AD6FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicyema cryptocephalum Furuya 2018	<div><p>Dicyema cryptocephalum sp. nov (Figs 2, 3; Tables 1, 3)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium sized dicyemid, body length reaching 3,150 µm. Calotte cap-shaped. Vermiform stages with 15–17 peripheral cells: 4 propolar cells+4 metapolar cells+2 parapolar cells+5–7 trunk cells. Infusoriform embryos with 37 cells; refringent bodies solid; and nucleus present in each urn cell.</p> <p>Description. Nematogens (Figs 2a–d, 3a, c–e). Body length 500–3,150 µm, width 40–60 µm; widest in region of parapolars; trunk width mostly uniform. Peripheral cell number 15–17 (Table 3): 4 propolar cells+4 metapolar cells+2 parapolar cells+3–5 diapolar cells+2 uropolar cells. Calotte cap-shaped, rounded anteriorly; cilia about 4 µm long, oriented anteriorly. Propolar cells equal or larger than metapolar cells, their nuclei equal to or smaller than metapolar cell nuclei. Propolar cells occupying anterior 50–75% of calotte length when viewed laterally (Figs 2b, 3c–e). Parapolar cells project anteriorly, bifurcating on calotte (Figs 2c, d, 3c–e, h), projections covering the longitudinal furrows at cell-cell adhesion lines. Cytoplasm of propolar cells more darkly stained by hematoxylin than that of other peripheral cells (Fig. 2b). Axial cell cylindrical, pointed anteriorly, extending forward to base of propolar cells (Fig. 3d). About 36 vermiform embryos present per axial cell of large individuals. Accessory nuclei seen in trunk peripheral cells.</p> <p>Vermiform embryos (Figs 2e, 3f, g). Full-grown vermiform embryos length 80–175 µm, and 16–25 µm in width. Peripheral cell number 15–17 (Table 3); trunk cells arranged in opposed pairs. Anterior end of calotte rounded. Axial cell rounded anteriorly, extending to base of propolar cells (Figs 2e, 3g). Axial cell of full-grown embryos with 1 to 2 agametes.</p> <p>Rhombogens (Figs 2f, 3b, h). Body similar in length to nematogens, 1,200 –2,800 µm in length and 60–92 µm in width. Peripheral cell number typically 15–17 (Table 3). Calotte, axial cell shape and anterior extent similar to nematogens. Maximum of four infusorigens present in axial cell of each parent individual. About 56 infusoriform embryos present per axial cell of large individuals.</p> <p>Infusorigens (Figs 2i, 3i; n =20). Mature infusorigens medium-sized; composed of 12–30 (mode 19) external cells (oogonia and primary oocytes)+3–9 (mode 6) internal cells (spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and secondary spermatocytes)+4–10 (mode 4) spermatozoa. Mean diameter of fertilized eggs 12.0 µm; that of spermatozoa 2.2 µm. Axial cell round or ovoid, diameter 14–20 µm.</p> <p>Infusoriform embryos (Figs 2g, h, 3j–l; n =50). Full-grown embryos large, length 27.0±1.8 µm (mean±SD, excluding cilia); length-width-height ratio 1.0: 0.83: 0.83; shape ovoid, bluntly rounded and pointed posteriorly; cilia at posterior end 6 µm long. Refringent bodies present, solid, occupying anterior 30–40% of embryo length when viewed laterally (Fig. 2g). Cilia projected from ventral internal cells into urn cavity (Fig. 3l). Capsule cells contain small granules (Fig. 3l). Mature embryos with 37 cells: 33 somatic+4 germinal cells. Somatic cells of several types present: external cells covering large part of anterior and lateral surfaces of embryo (2 enveloping cells); external cells with cilia on external surfaces (2 pairs of dorsal cells+1 median dorsal cell+2 dorsal caudal cells+2 lateral caudal cells+1 ventral caudal cell+2 lateral cells+2 posteroventral lateral cells), external cells with refringent bodies (2 apical cells); external cells without cilia (1 couvercle cell+2 first ventral cells+2 second ventral cells+2 third ventral cells); internal cells with cilia (2 ventral internal cells); and internal cells without cilia (2 dorsal internal cells+2 capsule cells+4 urn cells). Each urn cell containing 2 nuclei and germinal cell (Fig. 3l). All somatic nuclei pycnotic in mature infusoriform embryos.</p> <p>Remarks. Dicyema cryptocephalum sp. nov. is the first species of the genus found in Octopus longispadiceus. In the adult vermiform stages, the new species has the unique parapolar cells projected anteriorly and covering half of the calotte surface. In the phylum Dicyemida, this type of parapolar cells has not been reported.</p> <p>Etymology. The species name is an adjective composed of 2 Greek roots, crypto meaning “hidden” and - kephalos meaning “-headed”, in reference to the characteristic calotte of the adult typically buried within crypts of the renal appendages.</p> <p>Taxonomic summary. Type material: a syntype slide (NSMT-Me-47) collected at 28 March 2011; additional syntypes on slide series No. OL2594 (5 slides) in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Type locality: off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=137.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 137.9/lat 37.15)">Nou</a> (37°09′N, 137°54′E), Niigata Prefecture, Honshu, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m.</p> <p>Other materials examined: slide series Nos. OL870, 871 (each 5 slides) collected off Iwase (36°48′N, 137°15′E), Toyama <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=137.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 137.25/lat 36.8)">Bay</a>, Toyama Prefecture, Honshu, Japan, depth 350 m, 6 March 2003; Nos. OL1684, 1685 (each 5 slides) collected off Hamasaka (35°55′N, 134°25′E), Hyogo Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.41667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.916668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.41667/lat 35.916668)">Honshu</a>, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m; Nos. OL2230–2236 (each 5 slides) collected off Karo (35°47′N, 134°14′E), Tottori Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.23334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.23334/lat 35.783333)">Honshu</a>, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m, 4 March 2009; Nos. OL2413–2422 (each 5 slides) collected off Kanazawa (36°49′N, 136°17′E), Ishikawa Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.28334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.28334/lat 36.816666)">Honshu</a>, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m, 15 February 2010; Nos. OL2467–2490 (each 5 slides) collected off Ohda-shi (35°23′N, 132°19′E), Shimane Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.31667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.383335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.31667/lat 35.383335)">Honshu</a>, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m, 2 March 2010 in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Host: symbiotype, Octopus longispadiceus (Sasaki, 1917) (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda), male (mature), 76 mm ML (NSMT-Mo-85865).</p> <p>Site: anterior ends (calottes) inserted into crypts of the renal appendages within the renal sacs.</p> <p>Prevalence: in 434 of 510 specimens of hosts examined (78.2%).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9344C3751FFC2FED1AFCFFF5AD6FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Furuya, Hidetaka	Furuya, Hidetaka (2018): Eleven New Species of Dicyemids (Phylum Dicyemida) from Octopus longispadiceus and O. tenuicirrus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda) in Japanese Waters. Species Diversity 23: 143-179, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.23.143
03D9344C3757FFC0FC49AAD5FA30D91D.text	03D9344C3757FFC0FC49AAD5FA30D91D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicyema petalocephalum Furuya 2018	<div><p>Dicyema petalocephalum sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 4, 5; Tables 1, 3)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium dicyemid; body length reaching 2,400 µm. Calotte conical in shape. Vermiform stages with 22 peripheral cells: 4 propolar cells+4 metapolar cells+2 parapolar cells+12 trunk cells. Infusoriform embryos with 37 cells; refringent bodies solid; and nucleus present in each urn cell.</p> <p>Description. Nematogens (Figs 4a–c, e–g, 5a, c, e). Body length 700–2,400 µm and width 40–50 µm; widest in region of parapolars; trunk width mostly uniform. Peripheral cell number 22 (Table 3): 4 propolar cells+4 metapolar cells+2 parapolar cells+10 diapolar cells+2 uropolar cells. Calotte conical in shape, rounded anteriorly; cilia on calotte about 4 µm long, oriented anteriorly. Propolar cell masses conical in shape, metapolar cell masses a flattened ring shape (Fig. 5c). Propolar cells and their nuclei equal or smaller than metapolar cells and their nuclei. Propolar cells occupying anterior 60–70% of calotte length when viewed laterally (Fig. 4b, c). Cytoplasm of propolar and parapolar cells contains granules, more darkly stained by hematoxylin than cytoplasm of other peripheral cells. Anterior part of parapolar cell membranes flexible, deformed shape, projecting anteriorly, bifurcating (Figs 4e–g, 5e). Axial cell cylindrical, point- ed anteriorly; cell extending forward to base of propolar cells (Fig. 4b, c). About 35 vermiform embryos present per axial cell of large individuals. Accessory nuclei seen in trunk peripheral cells. Uropolar cells occasionally verruciform.</p> <p>Vermiform embryos (Figs 4d, 5g, h). Full-grown vermiform embryos length 90–140 µm and width 10–16 µm. Peripheral cell number 22 (Table 3); trunk cells arranged in opposed pairs. Anterior end of calotte acutely pointed. Axial cell rounded anteriorly, extending to base of propolar cells (Figs 4d, 5g, h). Axial cell of full-grown embryos with up to 4 agametes.</p> <p>Rhombogens (Figs 4h, 5d). Body similar in length to nematogens, 700–1,900 µm in length, and width 40–55 µm. Peripheral cell number typically 22 (Table 3). Calotte shape, axial cell shape, and anterior extent similar to those of nematogens. A maximum of 2 infusorigens present in axial cell of each parent individual. About 50 infusoriform embryos present per axial cell of large individuals.</p> <p>Infusorigens (Figs 4i, 5i; n =20). Mature infusorigens medium-sized, composed of 15–21(mode 18) external cells (oogonia and primary oocytes)+4–7 (mode 5) internal cells (spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and secondary spermatocytes)+4–7 (mode 4) spermatozoa. Mean diameter of fertilized eggs 12.3 µm; that of spermatozoa 2.2 µm. Axial cell ovoid or round, diameter 12–24 µm.</p> <p>Infusoriform embryos (Figs 4j, k, 5j–l; n =50). Full-grown embryos large, length 27.5±2.1 µm (mean±SD, excluding cilia); length-width-height ratio 1.0: 0.82: 0.76; ovoid, bluntly rounded to pointed posteriorly; cilia at posterior end 7 µm long. Refringent bodies present, solid, occupying anterior 30–40% of embryo length when viewed laterally (Fig. 4j). Cilia projected from ventral internal cells into urn cavity (Fig. 5l). Capsule cells contain small granules (Fig. 5l). Mature embryos with 37 cells: 33 somatic+4 germinal cells. Somatic cells of several types present: external cells covering large part of anterior and lateral surfaces of embryos (2 enveloping cells); external cells with cilia on external surfaces (2 paired dorsal cells+1 median dorsal cell+2 dorsal caudal cells+2 lateral caudal cells+1 ventral caudal cell+2 lateral cells+2 posteroventral lateral cells), external cells with refringent bodies (2 apical cells); external cells without cilia (1 couvercle cell+2 first ventral cells+2 second ventral cells+2 third ventral cells); internal cells with cilia (2 ventral internal cells); and internal cells without cilia (2 dorsal internal cells+2 capsule cells+4 urn cells). Each urn cell contains single nucleus and single germinal cell (Fig. 5l). All somatic nuclei pycnotic in mature infusoriform embryos.</p> <p>Remarks. Dicyema petalocephalum sp. nov. and D. cryptocephalum sp. nov. were found together in the same host specimens (Table 1). Both two new species share a common feature: bifurcated projections within the parapolar cells. However, D. petalocephalum sp. nov. is easily distinguished from D. cryptocephalum sp. nov. by the number of peripheral cells in vermiform stages (22 vs. 15–17) and the calotte shape in vermiform embryos (acutely pointed vs. rounded). Bifurcated projections in parapolar cells are favorable for fitting flexibly into the surface structures of renal appendages.</p> <p>Vermiform embryos of D. petalocephalum sp. nov. have an acutely pointed calotte. In the genus Dicyema, such a particular vermiform embryo has been reported in D. oxycephalum Furuya, 2009, from Sepia longipes Sasaki, 1913, in Japan (Furuya 2009). However, D. petalocephalum sp. nov. differs from D. oxycephalum in the number of peripheral cells in vermiform stages (22 vs. 28–34) and cells of infusoriform embryos (37 vs. 39).</p> <p>Etymology. The species name is an adjective composed of 2 Greek roots, pétalo and - kephalos, meaning “petal” and “-headed” in reference to the characteristic anterior part with petal-like projections.</p> <p>Taxonomic summary. Type material: a syntype slide (NSMT-Me-48) collected at 26 February 2014; additional syntypes on slide series No. OL3196 (5 slides) in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Type locality: off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=137.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 137.9/lat 37.15)">Nou</a> (37°09′N, 137°54′E), Niigata Prefecture, Honshu, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m.</p> <p>Other materials examined: slide series Nos. OL870, 871 (each 5 slides) collected off Iwase (36°48′N, 137°15′E), Toyama <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=137.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 137.25/lat 36.8)">Bay</a>, Toyama Prefecture, Honshu, Japan, depth 350 m, 6 March 2003; Nos. OL2153–2156 (each 5 slides) collected off Karo (35°47′N, 134°14′E), Tottori Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.23334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.23334/lat 35.783333)">Honshu</a>, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m, 28 January 2009; Nos. OL2364–2368, 2379–2381 (each 5 slides) collect- ed off Ohda-shi (35°23′N, 132°19′E), Shimane Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.31667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.383335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.31667/lat 35.383335)">Honshu</a>, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m, 28 January 2010 in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Host: symbiotype, Octopus longispadiceus (Sasaki, 1917) (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda), female (mature), 52 mm ML (NSMT-Mo-85866).</p> <p>Site: anterior ends (calottes) inserted into crypts of the renal appendages within the renal sacs.</p> <p>Prevalence: in 39 of 510 specimens of hosts examined (7.0%).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9344C3757FFC0FC49AAD5FA30D91D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Furuya, Hidetaka	Furuya, Hidetaka (2018): Eleven New Species of Dicyemids (Phylum Dicyemida) from Octopus longispadiceus and O. tenuicirrus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda) in Japanese Waters. Species Diversity 23: 143-179, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.23.143
03D9344C3754FFCFFEE1AAD5FCD6D56D.text	03D9344C3754FFCFFEE1AAD5FCD6D56D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicyemennea Whitman 1883	<div><p>Genus Dicyemennea Whitman, 1883 Dicyemennea mcconnaugheyi sp. nov. (Figs 6, 7; Tables 1, 3)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Large dicyemid; body length up to 9,240 µm. Calotte shape conical. Vermiform stages with 34–37 peripheral cells: 4 propolars+5 metapolars+2 parapolars+23–26 trunk cells. Infusoriform embryos with 39 cells; refringent bodies solid; and 2 nuclei present in each urn cell.</p> <p>Description. Nematogens (Figs 6a, b, h–j, 7a, c, d). Body length 4,000 –9,240 µm and width 70–90 µm; widest in region of diapolars; trunk width mostly uniform. Peripheral cell number 34–37 (Table 3): 4 propolars+5 metapolars+2 parapolars+21–24 diapolars+2 uropolars. Calotte conical and round anteriorly; cilia on calotte about 4 µm long, oriented anteriorly. Propolar cells and their nuclei smaller than metapolar cells and their nuclei. Propolar cells occupying anterior 30–35% of calotte length when viewed laterally (Figs 6a, b, 7c, d). Cytoplasm of propolar and metapolar cells more darkly stained by hematoxylin than cytoplasm of other peripheral cells. Verruciform cells present in parapolar, diapolar, and uropolar cells (Fig. 6h–j). Axial cell cylindrical and rounded anteriorly; cell extending forward to middle of metapolar cells (Fig. 7c). About 20 vermiform embryos present in an axial cell of large individuals. Agametes occasionally fusiform in shape (Fig. 6e).</p> <p>Vermiform embryos (Figs 6c, d, 7f, g). Full-grown vermiform embryo length 430–650 µm and width 20–35µm. Peripheral cell number 34–37 (Table 3); trunk cells arranged in opposed pairs. Anterior end of calotte bluntly pointed. Axial cell rounded anteriorly; extending to middle of metapolar cells; nucleus usually located in middle or posterior half of axial cell. Anterior abortive axial cell present (Figs 6d, 7g). Axial cell of full-grown embryos often with 6 agametes.</p> <p>Rhombogens (Figs 6f, 7b, e). Body similar in length but slightly stockier than nematogens, length 4,350 –8,700 µm, and width 72–115 µm. Peripheral cell number typically 34–37 (Table 3). Calotte conical and round anteriorly. Verruciform cells present. Axial cell shape and anterior extent similar to nematogens. One to 3, rarely 6 infusorigens present in axial cell of each parent individual. Individuals with single infusorigen bearing larger infusorigens (Fig. 6g). About 170 infusoriform embryos present per axial cell of large individuals. Accessory nuclei occasionally present in trunk cells.</p> <p>Infusorigens (Figs 6g, 7h; n =20). Mature infusorigens largesized; composed of 59–264 (mode 117) external cells (oogonia and primary oocytes)+16–144 (mode 69) internal cells (spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and secondary spermatocytes)+14–112 (mode 56) spermatozoa. Mean diameters of fertilized eggs and spermatozoa 14.0 µm and 3.0µm, respectively. Axial cell round or ovoid, diameter 20–153µm.</p> <p>Infusoriform embryos (Figs. 6k, l, 7i–k; n =50). Full-grown embryos large, length 30.8±1.4µm (mean±SD, excluding cilia); length-width-height ratio 1.0:0.77: 0.77; shape ovoid, bluntly rounded to pointed posteriorly; cilia at posterior end 8 µm long. Refringent bodies present, solid, occupying anteri- or 30% of embryo length when viewed laterally (Figs 6k, 7k). Cilia projected from ventral internal cells into urn cavity (Fig. 6j). Capsule cells containing large granules (Fig. 6j). Mature embryos with 39 cells: 35 somatic+4 germinal cells. Somatic cells of several types present: external cells covering a large part of anterior and lateral surfaces of embryo (2 enveloping cells); external cells with cilia on external surfaces (2 paired dorsal cells+1 median dorsal cell+2 dorsal caudal cells+2 lateral caudal cells+1 ventral caudal cell+2 lateral cells+2 posteroventral lateral cells); external cells with refringent bodies (2 apical cells); external cells without cilia (1 couvercle cell+2 anterior lateral cells+2 first ventral cells+2 second ventral cells+2 third ventral cells); internal cells with cilia (2 ventral internal cells); and internal cells without cilia (2 dorsal internal cells+2 capsule cells+4 urn cells). Each urn cell containing germinal cell and 2 nuclei (Fig. 7k). All somatic nuclei pycnotic in mature infusoriform embryos.</p> <p>Remarks. Dicyemennea mcconnaugheyi sp. nov. is the first species of the genus described from Octopus longispadiceus. This species is very similar to D. californica McConnaughey, 1941, D. granularis McConnaughey, 1949, and D. nouveli McConnaughey, 1959, in the calotte shape of vermiform stages, peripheral cell numbers, and the cellular composition and cell number of infusoriform embryos (McConnaughey 1941, 1949, 1959; Furuya et al. 2004; Furuya 2007, 2008). Eosinophilic granules in diapolar cells are characteristic of D. granularis (McConnaughey 1949). Dicyemennea mcconnaugheyi sp. nov. also has granules in the diapolar cells (verruciform). In this respect, D. granularis is the most similar species to D. mcconnaugheyi sp. nov. from among the above three species. However, D. mcconnaugheyi sp. nov. is distinguishable from D. granularis in the length of infusoriform embryos (nearly 31µm vs. 35µm) and maximum agamete number of vermiform embryos (6 vs. 2). Dicyemennea californica shares the most of characters with D. granularis except for lacking granules in diapolar cells, thus, D. mcconnaugheyi sp. nov. is also distinguishable from D. californica in the length of infusoriform embryos (nearly 31 µm vs. 35µm) and maximum agamete number of vermiform embryos (6 vs. 2).</p> <p>Dicyemennea nouveli has been reported from the enteroctopodid octopus, Enteroctopus dofleini (Wülker, 1910), in the northeastern Pacific Ocean (Monterey Bay, California), the northern region of the Sea of Japan (Russia), and the northwestern Pacific Ocean (off northern and eastern areas of Shiriya Point, Aomori, Japan) (McConnaughey 1959; Bogolepova-Dobrokhotova 1963; Furuya 2008). In Japanese waters, the habitat of O. longispadiceus overlaps with that of E. dofleini. However, D. mcconnaugheyi sp. nov. is distinguishable from D. nouveli in the maximum length of adult vermiform stages (9,240 vs. 12,000µm), the length of infusoriform embryos (nearly 31 µm vs. 40 µm), and maximum agamete number of vermiform embryos (6 vs. 4).</p> <p>Etymology. The specific name mcconnaugheyi is in honor of Dr. B. H. McConnaughey who studied dicyemid taxonomy in the USA.</p> <p>Taxonomic summary. Type material: a syntype slide (NSMT-Me-49) collected at 16 March 2015; additional syntypes on slide series No. OL3254 (5 slides) in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Type locality: off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=137.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 137.9/lat 37.15)">Nou</a> (37°09′N, 137°54′E), Niigata Prefecture, Honshu, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m.</p> <p>Other material examined: slide series Nos. OL870, 871 (each 5 slides) collected off Iwase (36°48′N, 137°15′E), Toyama <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=137.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 137.25/lat 36.8)">Bay</a>, Toyama Prefecture, Honshu, Japan, depth 350 m, 6 March 2003; No. OL2192 (5 slides) collected off Karo (35°47′N, 134°14′E), Tottori Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.23334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.23334/lat 35.783333)">Honshu</a>, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m, 4 March 2009; No. OL2367 (5 slides) collected off Ohda-shi (35°23′N, 132°19′E), Shimane Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.31667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.383335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.31667/lat 35.383335)">Honshu</a>, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m, 28 January 2010 in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Host: symbiotype, Octopus longispadiceus (Sasaki, 1917) (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda), female (mature), 89 mm ML (NSMT-Mo-85867).</p> <p>Site: anterior ends (calottes) inserted into crypts of the renal appendages within the renal sacs.</p> <p>Prevalence: in 34 of 510 specimens of hosts examined (6.1%).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9344C3754FFCFFEE1AAD5FCD6D56D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Furuya, Hidetaka	Furuya, Hidetaka (2018): Eleven New Species of Dicyemids (Phylum Dicyemida) from Octopus longispadiceus and O. tenuicirrus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda) in Japanese Waters. Species Diversity 23: 143-179, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.23.143
03D9344C375AFFCDFC6FAE85FC22D796.text	03D9344C375AFFCDFC6FAE85FC22D796.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicyemennea anteronucleatum Furuya 2018	<div><p>Dicyemennea anteronucleatum sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 8, 9; Tables 1, 3)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium-sized dicyemid; body length reaching 2,500 µm. Calotte shape conical. Vermiform stages with 23 peripheral cells: 4 propolars+5 metapolars+2 parapolars+12 trunk cells. Infusoriform embryos unknown.</p> <p>Description. Nematogens (Figs 8a–e, 9a–f). Body length 500–2,500 µm and width 60–85 µm; widest in region of parapolars; trunk width mostly uniform. Peripheral cell number 23: 4 propolars+5 metapolars+2 parapolars+10 diapolars+2 uropolars. Calotte conical in shape, bluntly pointed anteriorly; cilia on calotte about 4 µm long, pointed anteriorly. Propolar cells and their nuclei equal or smaller than metapolar cells and their nuclei. Propolar cells occupying anterior 20–25% of calotte length when viewed laterally (Figs 8a–e, 9a–f). Cytoplasm of propolar cells more darkly stained by hematoxylin than cytoplasm of other peripheral cells (Figs 8a–e, 9a–f). Axial cell cylindrical, rounded anteriorly, extending forward to base of propolar cells. Axial cell nucleus located in anterior part of axial cell (Figs 8c, e, 9c–e). About 20 vermiform embryos present per axial cell of large individuals.</p> <p>Vermiform embryos (Figs 8f, 9g, h). Full-grown vermiform embryos length 95–145 µm and width 15–24 µm. Peripheral cell number 23; trunk cells arranged in opposed pairs. Anterior end of calotte bluntly pointed. Axial cell bluntly pointed, extending to base of metapolar cells; nucleus usually located in anterior half of axial cell. Anterior abortive axial cell absent. Axial cell of full-grown embryos with up to 2 agametes.</p> <p>Rhombogens, infusorigens, and infusoriform embryos. Unknown.</p> <p>Remarks. The axial cell nucleus of D. anteronucleatum sp. nov. is located consistently in the anterior region of the axial cell of the nematogens. Thereby, the new species can be separated from other congeners by having 23 peripheral cells and a conical calotte. This species is similar to six species (D. canadensis Furuya, Hochberg and Short 2002, D. kaikouriensis Short and Hochberg, 1969, D. littlei Hochberg and Short, 1970, D. minabense Furuya, 1999, D. ophioides Furuya, 1999, and D. ryukyuense Furuya, 2006) in the number of peripheral cells of vermiform stages, the shape of the calotte, and lacking the anterior abortive axial cell (Short and Hochberg 1969; Hochberg and Short 1970; Furuya 1999, 2006c; Furuya et al. 2002). Dicyemennea anteronucleatum sp. nov. is a medium-sized species, with vermiform stages up to 2,500 µm in maximum length. It is easily distinguishable from D. littlei, D. minabense, D. ophioides, and D. ryukyuense, which have a much larger vermiform stage of length up to 5,000 µm.</p> <p>Dicyemennea anteronucleatum sp. nov. differs from D. kaikouriensis in the maximum number of agametes of vermiform embryos (4 vs. 1) and in the maximum length of vermiform stages (3,550 µm vs. 1,050 µm). Dicyemennea anteronucleatum sp. nov. is distinguishable from D. canadensis in the maximum length of vermiform stages (2,550 µm vs. 600 µm) and more numerous peripheral cells (23 vs. 21).</p> <p>Dicyemennea anteronucleatum sp. nov. was firstly found from O. longispadiceus off Uozu in Toyama Bay, the Sea of Japan in 2003. The sexual stage, the rhombogen, of the new species was not found in the host. Since then, the author has surveyed the rhombogen and a large number of host individuals collected in several areas in the Sea of Japan. However, it has never been found.</p> <p>Dicyemennea anteronucleatum sp. nov. occurs with one to four other dicyemids (see Table 4). In such a situation, only the new species remains at its asexual stage, while all the other co-existing species were found at the rhombogen stages. Compared with other co-existing species in renal sacs, the prevalence of D. anteronucleatum sp. nov. was clearly far lower than that of others. The population density of individuals in the renal sac may be a trigger for the change from the asexual to sexual stage (Lapan and Morowitz 1975). Whatever triggers the stage change are unclear, the situation with D. anteronucleatum sp. nov. indicates that it is probably species-specific.</p> <p>Etymology. The species name is an adjective composed of 2 Latin roots, anterior and - nucleus meaning “forward” and “-nucleus”, in reference to the characteristic location of the axial cell nucleus.</p> <p>Taxonomic summary. Type material: a syntype slide (NSMT-Me-50) collected at 28 March 2011; additional syntypes on slide series No. OL2594 (5 slides) in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Type locality: off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=137.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 137.9/lat 37.15)">Nou</a> (37°09′N, 137°54′E), Niigata Prefecture, Honshu, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m.</p> <p>Other materials examined: slide series No. OL871 (5 slides) collected off Iwase (36°48′N, 137°15′E), Toyama <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=137.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 137.25/lat 36.8)">Bay</a>, Toyama Prefecture, Honshu, Japan, depth 350 m, 6 March 2003; No. OL1684 (5 slides) collected off Hamasaka (35°55′N, 134°25′E), Hyogo Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.41667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.916668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.41667/lat 35.916668)">Honshu</a>, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m, 25 September 2006; No. OL2417 (5 slides) collected off Kanazawa (36°49′N, 136°17′E), Ishikawa Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.28334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.28334/lat 36.816666)">Honshu</a>, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m, 15 February 2010; Nos. OL2470–2474 (each 5 slides) collected off Ohda-shi (35°23′N, 132°19′E), Shimane Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.31667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.383335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.31667/lat 35.383335)">Honshu</a>, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m, 2 March 2010; Nos. OL2511–2516, 2521–2525 (each 5 slides) collected off Karo (35°47′N, 134°14′E), Tottori Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.23334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.23334/lat 35.783333)">Honshu</a>, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m, 15 March 2010 in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Host: symbiotype, Octopus longispadiceus (Sasaki, 1917) (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda), male (mature), 76 mm ML (NSMT-Mo-85865).</p> <p>Site: anterior ends (calottes) inserted into crypts of the renal appendages within the renal sacs.</p> <p>Prevalence: in 75 of 510 specimens of hosts examined (13.5%).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9344C375AFFCDFC6FAE85FC22D796	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Furuya, Hidetaka	Furuya, Hidetaka (2018): Eleven New Species of Dicyemids (Phylum Dicyemida) from Octopus longispadiceus and O. tenuicirrus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda) in Japanese Waters. Species Diversity 23: 143-179, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.23.143
03D9344C3758FFC8FC44ACACFCD6D3E7.text	03D9344C3758FFC8FC44ACACFCD6D3E7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicyemennea acetabulum Furuya 2018	<div><p>Dicyemennea acetabulum sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 10, 11; Tables 1, 3)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium dicyemid; body length reaching 3,200 µm. Calotte disc-shaped. Vermiform stages with 23 peripheral cells: 4 propolars+5 metapolars+2 parapolars+12 trunk cells. Infusoriform embryos with 37 cells; refringent bodies solid; and nucleus present in each urn cell.</p> <p>Description. Nematogens (Figs 10a, b, 11a, c, d). Body length 500–3,050 µm and width 240–450 µm, widest in region of metapolars; trunk width mostly uniform. Peripheral cell number 23 (Table 3): 4 propolars+5 metapolars+2 parapolars+10 diapolars+2 uropolars. Calotte wheelshaped, cilia on calotte about 6 µm long, oriented anteriorly. Grooves or clefts extending radially across metapolar cells occasionally into propolar cells (Fig. 10d, e). Propolar cells and their nuclei larger than metapolar cells and their nuclei (Fig. 11c). Cytoplasm of propolar and metapolar cells more darkly stained by hematoxylin than cytoplasm of other peripheral cells. Verruciform cells absent. Axial cell cylindrical, branching radially at anterior part; cell extending forward to propolar cells (Fig. 11d). About 40 vermiform embryos present per axial cell of large individuals.</p> <p>Vermiform embryos (Figs 10c, 11e, f). Full-grown vermiform embryos length 120–173µm and width 20–36µm. Peripheral cell number 23 (Table 3); trunk cells arranged in opposed pairs. Anterior end of calotte rounded. Axial cell rounded anteriorly, extending to propolar cells; nucleus usually located in center of axial cell. Anterior abortive axial cell absent. Axial cell of full-grown embryos with up to 4 agametes.</p> <p>Rhombogens (Figs 10f, 11g). Body similar in length but slightly stockier than nematogens, length 500–3,760µm, and width 200–450 µm. Peripheral cell number 23 (Table 3). Calotte disc-shaped. Axial cell shape and anterior extent similar to nematogens. Axial cell cylindrical, branching radially at the anterior part; cell extending forward to propolar cells (Fig. 10f). Verruciform cells absent. Usually, 1 or 2 infusorigens present in axial cell of each parent individual. About 200 infusoriform embryos present per axial cell of large individuals. Accessory nuclei occasionally present in trunk cells.</p> <p>Infusorigens (Figs 10g, 11h; n =20). Mature infusorigens large-sized; composed of 38–127 (mode 72) external cells (oogonia and primary oocytes) +40–112 (mode 61) internal cells (spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and secondary spermatocytes)+13–67 (mode 41) spermatozoa. Mean diameter of fertilized eggs 14.1 µm; that of spermatozoa 3.5 µm. Axial cell round or ovoid, diameter 30–70 µm.</p> <p>Infusoriform embryos (Figs 10h, i, 11i–k; n =100). Fullgrown embryos large, length 33.5±1.7 µm (mean±SD, excluding cilia); length-width-height ratio 1.0: 0.78: 0.75; ovoid, bluntly rounded and pointed posteriorly; cilia situated at posterior end, 7 µm long. Refringent bodies present, solid, occupying anterior 40% of embryo length when viewed laterally (Fig. 10i). Cilia projected from ventral internal cells into urn cavity (Fig. 11k). Capsule cells containing small granules. Mature embryos with 37 cells: 33 somatic+4 germinal cells. Somatic cells of several types present: external cells covering large part of anterior and lateral surfaces of embryo (2 enveloping cells); external cells with cilia on external surfaces (2 pairs of dorsal cells+1 median dorsal cell+2 dorsal caudal cells+2 lateral caudal cells+1 ventral caudal cell+2 lateral cells+2 posteroventral lateral cells), external cells with refringent bodies (2 apical cells); external cells without cilia (1 couvercle cell+2 first ventral cells+2 second ventral cells+2 third ventral cells); internal cells with cilia (2 ventral internal cells); and internal cells without cilia (2 dorsal internal cells+2 capsule cells+4 urn cells). Each urn cell containing single nucleus and single germinal cell (Fig. 11k). All somatic nuclei appear pycnotic in mature infusoriform embryos.</p> <p>Remarks. Dicyemennea acetabulum sp. nov. is very similar to Dicyemennea trochocephalum Furuya, 1999, in having a wheel-shaped calotte (Furuya 1999). However, the new species is easily distinguishable from D. trochocephalum in the number of peripheral cells (23 vs. 25–29) and the cell number of infusoriform embryos (37 vs. 39). The new species is very similar to D. rostrata Short and Hochberg, 1969, in having branching axial cells and grooves in propolar and metapolar cells (Short and Hochberg 1969). However, the new species is easily distinguished from D. rostrata in the cell number of infusoriform embryos (37 vs. 39) and the absence of the anterior abortive axial cell in vermiform embryos.</p> <p>Dicyemennea acetabulum sp. nov. is similar to D. discocephala Hochberg and Short, 1983, D. rostrata, D. pileum Furuya, 2008, and D. umbracurum Furuya, 2009, in the number of peripheral cells and the shape of the calotte (Short and Hochberg 1969; Hochberg and Short 1983; Furuya 2008, 2009). However, D. acetabulum sp. nov. differs from the species in the size ratio of the propolar to the metapolar cell. In the above four species, the propolar cells are smaller than the metapolar cells, while that of D. acetabulum sp. nov. are larger.</p> <p>Etymology. The specific name acetabulum is derived from the form of the polyphysacean green algae, Acetabularia spp.</p> <p>Taxonomic summary. Type material: a syntype slide (NSMT-Me-51) collected at 6 February 2015; additional syntypes on slide series No. OL3223 (5 slides) in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Type locality: off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.23334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.23334/lat 35.783333)">Karo</a> (35°47′N, 134°14′ E), Tottori Prefecture, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m.</p> <p>Other materials examined: slide series No. OL2467 (5 slides) collected off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.31667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.383335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.31667/lat 35.383335)">Ohda-shi</a> (35°23′N, 132°19′E), Shimane Prefecture, Honshu, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m, 2 March 2010; Nos. OL2647–2652 (each 5 slides) collected off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=137.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 137.9/lat 37.15)">Nou</a> (37°09′N, 137°54′E), Niigata Prefecture, Honshu, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m, 19 May 2011 in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Host: symbiotype, Octopus longispadiceus (Sasaki, 1917) (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda), male (mature), 72 mm ML (NSMT-Mo-85868).</p> <p>Site: anterior ends (calottes) attach to surfaces of the renal appendages within the renal sacs.</p> <p>Prevalence: in 29 of 510 specimens of hosts examined (5.2%).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9344C3758FFC8FC44ACACFCD6D3E7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Furuya, Hidetaka	Furuya, Hidetaka (2018): Eleven New Species of Dicyemids (Phylum Dicyemida) from Octopus longispadiceus and O. tenuicirrus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda) in Japanese Waters. Species Diversity 23: 143-179, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.23.143
03D9344C375DFFD6FC5AA903FAE4D3C6.text	03D9344C375DFFD6FC5AA903FAE4D3C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicyemennea megalosomum Furuya 2018	<div><p>Dicyemennea megalosomum sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 12, 13; Tables 1, 3)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Large dicyemid; body length up to</p> <p>15,200 µm. Calotte wheel-shaped. Vermiform stages with 32–38 peripheral cells: 4 propolars+5 metapolars+2 parapolars+21–27 trunk cells. Infusoriform embryos with 37 cells; refringent bodies solid; and nucleus present in each urn cell.</p> <p>Description. Nematogens (Figs12a–c, 13a, c, d). Body length 500–3,450 µm and width 340–690 µm; widest in region of metapolars; trunk narrow to posterior. Peripheral cell number 32–38 (Table 3): 4 propolars+5 metapolars+2 parapolars+19–25 diapolars+2 uropolars. Calotte wheelshaped, cilia on calotte about 6 µm long, oriented anteriorly. Propolar cells and their nuclei equal in size to metapolar cells and their nuclei (Figs 12a, b; 13c, d). Cytoplasm of propolar and metapolar cells more darkly stained by hematoxylin than cytoplasm of other peripheral cells. Verruciform cells absent. Axial cell cylindrical, enlarging at anteriorly; cell extending forward to propolar cells (Figs 12a–c, 13c, d). About 50 vermiform embryos present per axial cell of large individuals.</p> <p>Vermiform embryos (Figs 12f, 13f, g). Full-grown vermiform embryos range length 105–230 µm and width 37–69µm. Peripheral cell number 32–38 (Table 3); trunk cells arranged in opposed pairs. Anterior end of calotte rounded. Axial cell rounded anteriorly, extending to propolar cells. Anterior abortive axial cell present (Fig. 12f). Axial cell of full-grown embryos with up to 36 agametes.</p> <p>Rhombogens (Figs 12d, e, 13e). Body similar in length but stockier than nematogens, length 500–15,200 µm and width 340–710 µm. Peripheral cell number 32–38 (Table 3). Calotte disc-shaped. Axial cell shape and anterior extent similar to nematogens. Verruciform cells absent. Usually, 20 (maximum 52) infusorigens present per axial cell of each parent individual. Usually, 100–500 (maximum 1,420) infusoriform embryos present per axial cell of large individuals. Accessory nuclei occasionally present in trunk cells.</p> <p>Infusorigens (Figs 12g, 13h; n =20). Mature infusorigens large-sized; composed of 30–190 (mode 76) external cells (oogonia and primary oocytes)+21–131 (mode 44) internal cells (spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and secondary spermatocytes)+25–149 (mode 57) spermatozoa. Four to 16 nuclei present within axial cell. Mean diameter of fertilized eggs 13.4 µm, that of spermatozoa 4.0 µm. Axial cell round or ovoid, diameter 35–94 µm.</p> <p>Infusoriform embryos (Figs 12h, i, 13i–k; n =100). Full-grown embryos large, average length 36.7±1.7 µm (mean±SD, excluding cilia); length-width-height ratio 1.0: 0.85: 0.82; shape ovoid, bluntly rounded to pointed posteriorly; cilia at posterior end 6 µm long. Refringent bodies present, solid, occupying anterior 30% of embryo length when viewed laterally (Fig. 12i). Cilia projecting from ventral internal cells into urn cavity (Fig. 13k). Capsule cells containing small granules. Mature embryos with 37 cells: 33 somatic+4 germinal cells. Somatic cells of several types present: external cells covering most of anterior and lateral surfaces of embryo (2 enveloping cells); external cells with cilia on external surfaces (2 paired dorsal cells+1 median dorsal cell+2 dorsal caudal cells+2 lateral caudal cells+1 ventral caudal cell+2 lateral cells+2 posteroventral lateral cells), external cells with refringent bodies (2 apical cells); external cells without cilia (1 couvercle cell+2 first ventral cells+2 second ventral cells+2 third ventral cells); internal cells with cilia (2 ventral internal cells); and internal cells without cilia (2 dorsal internal cells+2 capsule cells+4 urn cells). Each urn cell containing single nucleus and single germinal cell (Figs 12i, 13k). All somatic nuclei appear pycnotic in mature infusoriform embryos.</p> <p>Remarks. Dicyemennea megalosomum sp. nov. is very similar to D. acetabulum sp. nov. and D. trochocephalum in having the wheel-shaped calotte. The new species was found together with D. acetabulum sp. nov. in O. longispadiceus but is clearly distinguishable from D. acetabulum sp. nov. in the number of peripheral cells (32–38 vs. 23). The new species is easily distinguished from D. trochocephalum in the number of peripheral cells (32–38 vs. 25–29) and the cell number of infusoriform embryos (37 vs. 39) (Furuya 1999). In addition, Dicyemennea megalosomum sp. nov. differs from the other congeners principally on the basis of its distinctly huge body.</p> <p>Etymology. The species name megalosomum is an adjective composed of 2 Greek roots, megálo and - sóma meaning “big” and “body”, in reference to the characteristic large body of the adult.</p> <p>Taxonomic summary. Type material: a syntype slide (NSMT-Me-52) collected at 6 February 2015. Additional syntypes on slide series No. OL3223 (5 slides) in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Type locality: off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.23334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.23334/lat 35.783333)">Karo</a> (35°47′N, 134°14′ E), Tottori Prefecture, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m.</p> <p>Other materials examined: slide series No. OL871 (5 slides) collected off Iwase (36°48′N, 137°15′E), Toyama Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=137.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 137.25/lat 36.8)">Honshu</a>, Toyama Bay, Japan, depth 350 m, 6 March 2003; No. OL2474 (5 slides) collected off Ohda-shi (35°23′N, 132°19′E), Shimane Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.31667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.383335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.31667/lat 35.383335)">Honshu</a>, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m, 2 March 2010; Nos. OL2647, 2648 (each 5 slides) collected off Nou (37°09′N, 137°54′E), Niigata Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=137.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 137.9/lat 37.15)">Honshu</a>, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m, 19 May 2011 in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Host: symbiotype, Octopus longispadiceus (Sasaki, 1917) (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda), male (mature), 72 mm ML (NSMT-Mo-85868).</p> <p>Site: anterior ends (calottes) attached to surfaces of renal appendages within renal sacs.</p> <p>Prevalence: in 27 of 510 specimens of hosts (4.9%).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9344C375DFFD6FC5AA903FAE4D3C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Furuya, Hidetaka	Furuya, Hidetaka (2018): Eleven New Species of Dicyemids (Phylum Dicyemida) from Octopus longispadiceus and O. tenuicirrus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda) in Japanese Waters. Species Diversity 23: 143-179, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.23.143
03D9344C3743FFD5FC5BA8FCFACDD344.text	03D9344C3743FFD5FC5BA8FCFACDD344.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicyemennea leptocephalum Furuya 2018	<div><p>Dicyemennea leptocephalum sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 14, 15; Tables 1, 3)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Large dicyemid; colonial, body length up to 4,200 µm. Calotte disc-shaped. Vermiform stages with 19 peripheral cells: 4 propolars+5 metapolars+2 parapolars+8 trunk cells. Infusoriform embryos with 39 cells; refringent bodies solid; and nucleus present in each urn cell.</p> <p>Description. Nematogens (Figs 14a, b, e, 15a, b, e). Body length 500–4,210 µm and width 70–400 µm; widest in region of metapolars; trunk width mostly uniform. Peripheral cell number 19 (Table 3): 4 propolars+5 metapolars+2 parapolars+6 diapolars+2 uropolars. Calotte thin and irregular-shaped; cilia about 6 µm long, oriented anteriorly. Boundary between propolar and metapolar cells obscure (Figs 14c–e, 15e). Periphery of calotte attached together with other individuals, expanding surface of renal appendage and forming large sheet or layer (Fig. 14a). Verruciform cells present. Axial cell cylindrical and rounded anteriorly; cell extending forward to propolar cells, forming 2 to 5-branches (Figs 14b, e, 15a, e). About 90 vermiform embryos per axial cell of large individuals.</p> <p>Vermiform embryos (Figs 14g, 15f, g). Full-grown vermiform embryos length 47–79 µm, width 14–22 µm. Peripheral cell number 19 (Table 3); trunk cells arranged in opposed pairs. Anterior end of calotte rounded. Axial cell rounded anteriorly and extending to propolar cells; nucleus usually located in center of axial cell. Anterior abortive axial cell present. Axial cell of full-grown embryos with up to 2 agametes.</p> <p>Rhombogens (Figs 14c, d, f, 15c, d). Body similar in length but slightly stockier than nematogens, length 500–3,150 µm and width 100–500µm. Peripheral cell number 19 (Table 3). Calotte irregular-shaped. Axial cell shape and anterior extent similar to nematogens. Verruciform cells present. Usually, 3–8 infusorigens per axial cell of each parent individual. About 100 infusoriform embryos per axial cell of large individuals. Accessory nuclei occasionally present in trunk cells.</p> <p>Infusorigens (Figs 14i, 15h; n =20). Mature infusorigens of large size; composed of 50–131 (mode 66) external cells (oogonia and primary oocytes) +27–117 (mode 42) internal cells (spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and secondary spermatocytes)+27–72 (mode 54) spermatozoa. Mean diameter of fertilized eggs 16.1 µm and that of spermatozoa 2.7 µm. Axial cell round or ovoid, diameter 20–76 µm.</p> <p>Infusoriform embryos (Figs 14j, k, 15i–k; n =100). Fullgrown embryos large, length 32.0±1.8 µm (mean±SD, excluding cilia); length-width-height ratio 1.0: 0.84: 0.87; shape ovoid, bluntly rounded to pointed posteriorly; cilia at posterior end 7 µm long. Refringent bodies present, solid, occupying anterior 30% of embryo length when viewed laterally (Fig. 14j). Cilia project from ventral internal cells into urn cavity (Fig. 15k). Capsule cells containing small granules. Mature embryos with 39 cells: 35 somatic+4 germinal cells. Somatic cells of several types present: external cells covering much of anterior and lateral surfaces of embryo (2 enveloping cells); external cells with cilia on external surfaces (2 pairs of dorsal cells+1 median dorsal cell+2 dorsal caudal cells+2 lateral caudal cells+1 ventral caudal cell+2 lateral cells+2 posteroventral lateral cells), external cells with refringent bodies (2 apical cells); external cells without cilia (1 couvercle cell+2 anterior lateral cells+2 first ventral cells+2 second ventral cells+2 third venteral cells); internal cells with cilia (2 ventral internal cells); and internal cells without cilia (2 dorsal internal cells+2 capsule cells+4 urn cells). Each urn cell containing single nucleus and single germinal cell (Fig. 15k). All somatic nuclei appear pycnotic in mature infusoriform embryos.</p> <p>Remarks. Dicyemennea leptocephalum sp. nov. is an unique species by having a thin sheet-like calotte and axial cell branching. Additinally, D. leptocephalum sp. nov. differs from the other congeners principally on the basis of its distinctly multinucleated cellular mass.</p> <p>Etymology. The species name leptocephalum is composed of a Greek root, leptós meaning “thin”, in reference to the characteristic thinly spread calottes in the adult.</p> <p>Taxonomic summary. Type material: a syntype slide (NSMT-Me-53) collected at 26 February 2014; additional syntypes on slide series No. OL3193 (5 slides) in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Type locality: off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=137.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 137.9/lat 37.15)">Nou</a> (37°09′N, 137°54′E), Niigata Prefecture, Honshu, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m.</p> <p>Other materials examined: slide series No. OL871 (5 slides) collected off Iwase (36°48′N, 137°15′E), Toyama <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=137.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 137.25/lat 36.8)">Bay</a>, Toyama Prefecture, Honshu, Japan, depth 350 m, 6 March 2003; Nos. OL1676–1685 (each 5 slides) collected off Hamasaka (35°55′N, 134°25′E), Hyogo Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.41667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.916668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.41667/lat 35.916668)">Honshu</a>, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m, 25 September 2006; Nos. OL2142–2178 (each 5 slides) collected off Karo (35°47′N, 134°14′E), Tottori Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=134.23334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.783333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 134.23334/lat 35.783333)">Honshu</a>, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m, 28 January 2009, Nos. OL2413–2422 (each 5 slides) collected off Kanazawa (36°49′N, 136°17′E), Ishikawa Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.28334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=36.816666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.28334/lat 36.816666)">Honshu</a>, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m, 15 February 2010; Nos. OL2466–2473 (each 5 slides) collected off Ohda-shi (35°23′N, 132°19′E), Shimane Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=132.31667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.383335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 132.31667/lat 35.383335)">Honshu</a>, the Sea of Japan, Japan, depth 200 m, 2 March 2010 in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Host: symbiotype, Octopus longispadiceus (Sasaki, 1917) (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda), male (mature), 79 mm ML (NSMT-Mo-85869).</p> <p>Site: surface of renal appendages within renal sac.</p> <p>Prevalence: in 427 of 535 specimens of hosts (79.8%).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9344C3743FFD5FC5BA8FCFACDD344	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Furuya, Hidetaka	Furuya, Hidetaka (2018): Eleven New Species of Dicyemids (Phylum Dicyemida) from Octopus longispadiceus and O. tenuicirrus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda) in Japanese Waters. Species Diversity 23: 143-179, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.23.143
03D9344C3740FFD3FC30A87EFC2CD410.text	03D9344C3740FFD3FC30A87EFC2CD410.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicyemennea moritakii Furuya 2018	<div><p>Dicyemennea moritakii sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 16, 17; Tables 2, 3)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Large dicyemid; body length to 4,600 µm. Calotte shape conical. Vermiform stages with 23 peripheral cells; 4 propolars+5 metapolars+2 parapolars+12 trunk cells. Infusoriform embryos with 37 cells; refringent bodies solid; and nucleus present in each urn cell.</p> <p>Description. Nematogens (Figs 16a, b, 17a, c). Body length 500–2,890 µm and width 50–82 µm; widest in region of metapolars; trunk width mostly uniform. Peripheral cell number 23 (Table 3); 4 propolars+5 metapolars+2 parapolars+10 diapolars+2 uropolars. Calotte conical in shape, round anteriorly; cilia on calotte about 4 µm long, oriented anteriorly. Propolar cells and their nuclei smaller than metapolar cells and their nuclei. Ratios of lengths of propolar to metapolar cells, 1.0: 1.3 to 3.0. Propolar cells occupying anterior 25–38% of calotte length when viewed laterally (Fig. 16a, b). Cytoplasm of propolar and metapolar cells more darkly stained by hematoxylin than cytoplasm of other peripheral cells. Verruciform cells absent. Axial cell cylindrical, rounded anteriorly; cell extending forward to propolar cells (Figs 16a, b, 17a, c). About 50 vermiform embryos per axial cell of large individuals.</p> <p>Vermiform embryos (Figs 16c, 17e, f). Full-grown vermiform embryos length 90–145 µm and width 11–17 µm. Peripheral cell number 23 (Table 3); trunk cells arranged in opposed pairs. Anterior end of calotte bluntly pointed. Axial cell rounded anteriorly and extending to propolar cells; nucleus usually located in middle of axial cell. Anterior abortive axial cell absent. Axial cell of full-grown embryos with up to 8 agametes.</p> <p>Rhombogens (Figs 16d, e, 17b, d). Body similar in length but slightly stockier than nematogens, length 500–4,610 µm and width 50–110 µm. Peripheral cell number typically 23 (Table 3). Calotte conical, round anteriorly. Verruciform cells absent. Axial cell shape and anterior extent similar to nematogens. Usually 2 to 3 (rarely 5) infusorigens per axial cell of each parent individual. About 70 infusoriform embryos present per axial cell of large individuals. Accessory nuclei occasionally present in trunk cells.</p> <p>Infusorigens (Figs 16f, 17g; n =20). Mature infusorigens middle-sized, composed of 11–47 (mode 23) external cells (oogonia and primary oocytes) +5–47 (mode 17) internal cells (spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and secondary spermatocytes)+8–28 (mode 16) spermatozoa. Mean diameter of fertilized eggs 12.0 µm and that of spermatozoa 2.7 µm. Axial cell round, diameter 15–35 µm.</p> <p>Infusoriform embryos (Figs 16g, h, 17h–j; n =25). Fullgrown embryos large, ovoid, bluntly rounded to pointed posteriorly, length 30.6±1.7 µm in (mean±SD, excluding cilia); length-width-height ratio 1.0: 0.75: 0.74; cilia at posterior end 8 µm long. Refringent bodies present, solid; occupying anterior 40% of embryo length when viewed laterally (Figs 16h, 17j). Cilia projected from ventral internal cells into urn cavity (Figs 16h, 17j). Capsule cells containing small granules. Mature embryos with 37 cells: 33 somatic+4 germinal cells. Somatic cells of several types present: external cells that cover large part of anterior and lateral surfaces of embryo (2 enveloping cells); external cells with cilia on external surfaces (2 paired dorsal cells+1 median dorsal cell+2 dorsal caudal cells+2 lateral caudal cells+1 ventral caudal cell+2 lateral cells+2 posteroventral lateral cells); external cells bearing refringent bodies (2 apical cells) without cilia (1 couvercle cell+2 first ventral cells+2 second ventral cells+2 third ventral cells); internal cells with cilia (2 ventral internal cells); internal cells without cilia (2 dorsal internal cells+2 capsule cells+4 urn cells). Each urn cell contains single germinal cell and single nucleus (Fig. 17j). All somatic nuclei pycnotic in mature infusoriform embryos.</p> <p>Remarks. Dicyemennea moritakii sp. nov. is the first species obtained from Octopus tenuicirrus. This species is similar to D. canadensis, D. kaikouriensis, D. littlei, D. minabense, D. ophioides, and D. ryukyuense in the number of peripheral cells of vermiform stages, the shape of the calotte, and the lack of an anterior abortive axial cell (Short and Hochberg 1969; Hochberg and Short 1970; Furuya 1999, 2006c; Furuya et al. 2002).</p> <p>The presence of a pair of anterior lateral cells and refringent bodies in the infusoriform embryos separate D. moritakii sp. nov. from D. canadensis (Furuya et al. 2002. The new species differs from D. kaikouriensis, D. minabense, D. ophioides, and D. ryukyuense in the number of nucleus of the urn cell in the infusoriform embryos (1 vs. 2; Short and Hochberg 1969; Furuya 1999).</p> <p>Dicyemennea littlei was described from the enteroctopodid octopus, Muusoctopus eureka Robson, 1929 [= Benthoctopus magellanicus Robson, 1930] in the Falkland Islands, South Atlantic Ocean (Hochberg and Short 1970). It has distinct arrowhead-shaped calottes and ratios of lengths of propolar to metapolar cells, 1.0: 3.3 to 1.0: 10.0. In contrast, D. moritakii sp. nov. has conical calottes and ratios of lengths of propolar to metapolar cells of 1.0: 1.6 to 3.0. In addition, differences of the locality and host genus separate D. moritakii sp. nov. from D. littlei.</p> <p>Etymology. The species name moritakii is given in honor of Mr. T. Moritaki (Toba Aquarium) who firstly found this dicyemid.</p> <p>Taxonomic summary. Type material: a syntype slide (NSMT-Me-54) collected at 13 January 2016. Additional syntypes on slide series No. OT3347 (5 slides) in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Type locality: off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.083332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.83333/lat 34.083332)">Minami-Ise</a> (34°05′N, 136°50′E), Mie Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.083332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.83333/lat 34.083332)">Honshu</a>, Kumano-nada Sea, North Pacific Ocean, Japan, depth 360 m.</p> <p>Other materials examined: slide series Nos. OT1449–1452 (each 5 slides) collected off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.3/lat 33.9)">Owase</a> (33°54′N, 136°18′E), Mie Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.3/lat 33.9)">Honshu</a>, Kumano-nada Sea, North Pacific Ocean, Japan, depth 360 m, 9 June 2004; Nos. OT3308– 3311 (each 5 slides) collected off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.46666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.46666/lat 33.966667)">Kii-Nagashima</a> (33°58′N, 136°28′E), Mie Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.46666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.46666/lat 33.966667)">Honshu</a>, Kumano-nada Sea, North Pacific Ocean, Japan, depth 300 m, 18 November 2015 in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Host: symbiotype, Octopus tenuicirrus (Sasaki, 1929) (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda), male (mature), 67 mm ML (NSMT-Mo-85870).</p> <p>Site: anterior ends (calottes) inserted into crypts of the renal appendages within the renal sacs.</p> <p>Prevalence: all 48 of 48 examined specimens of hosts (100%).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9344C3740FFD3FC30A87EFC2CD410	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Furuya, Hidetaka	Furuya, Hidetaka (2018): Eleven New Species of Dicyemids (Phylum Dicyemida) from Octopus longispadiceus and O. tenuicirrus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda) in Japanese Waters. Species Diversity 23: 143-179, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.23.143
03D9344C3746FFDEFC52AF2BFC22D6FC.text	03D9344C3746FFDEFC52AF2BFC22D6FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicyemennea desmocephalum Furuya 2018	<div><p>Dicyemennea desmocephalum sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 18, 19; Tables 2, 3)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium dicyemid; body length to 1,300 µm. Calotte disc-shaped. Vermiform stages with 23 peripheral cells: 4 propolars+5 metapolars+2 parapolars+12 trunk cells. Infusoriform embryos with 39 cells; refringent bodies solid; 2 nuclei present in each urn cell.</p> <p>Description. Nematogens (Figs 18a, c, d, f, 19a, c). Body length 500–1,320 µm and width 100–350 µm; widest in region of parapolars; trunk width narrower to posterior. Peripheral cell number 23 (Table 3): 4 propolars+5 metapolars+2 parapolars+10 diapolars+2 uropolars. Calotte discshaped, cilia on calotte about 6 µm long, oriented anteriorly. Propolar cells and their nuclei larger than metapolar cells and their nuclei (Figs 18f, 19c). Cytoplasm of propolar and metapolar cells more darkly stained by hematoxylin than cytoplasm of other peripheral cells. Individuals gather, adhere one another at periphery of metapolar cells, to form an aggregated mass (Fig. 18a) that covering surface of renal appendages and inner surface of renal sacs. Verruciform cells present. Axial cell cylindrical, enlarged anteriorly; cell extending forward to propolar cells (Figs 18d, 19a). About 90 vermiform embryos per axial cell of large individuals.</p> <p>Vermiform embryos (Figs 18e, 19d, e). Full-grown vermiform embryo length 92–220 µm and width 20–25 µm. Peripheral cell number 23 (Table 3); trunk cells arranged in opposed pairs. Anterior end of calotte rounded. Axial cell rounded anteriorly, extending to propolar cells. Anterior abortive axial cell absent. Axial cell of full-grown embryos with 2 agametes.</p> <p>Rhombogens (Figs 18b, g, 19b). Body similar in length to nematogens, length 500–1,150 µm and width 200–440 µm. Peripheral cell number 23 (Table 3). Calotte disc-shaped. Axial cell shape and anterior extent similar to those of nematogens. Verruciform cells present. Usually, 4–9 (maximum 10) infusorigens per axial cell, of each parent individual. Usually, 60–100 (maximum 343) infusoriform embryos per axial cell of large individuals. Accessory nuclei occasionally present in trunk cells.</p> <p>Infusorigens (Figs 18h, 19f; n =20). Mature infusorigens large, composed of 30–105 (mode 58) external cells (oogonia and primary oocytes) +20–64 (mode 33) internal cells (spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and secondary spermatocytes)+30–143 (mode 48) spermatozoa. Mean diameter of fertilized eggs 17.3 µm; that of spermatozoa 3.5 µm. Axial cell round, range in diameter from 23–57 µm.</p> <p>Infusoriform embryos (Figs 18i, j, 19g –i; n =50). Fullgrown embryos large, length 28.3±2.9 µm in length (mean±SD); length-width-height ratio 1.0: 1.0: 0.9; shape round; cilia at posterior end 6 µm long. Refringent bodies present, liquid-form, occupying anterior 10% of embryo length when viewed laterally (Fig. 19i). Cilia project from ventral internal cells into urn cavity (Fig. 19i). Capsule cells contain small granules. Mature embryos with 39 cells: 35 somatic+4 germinal cells. Somatic cells of several types present: external cells covering large part of anterior and lateral surfaces of embryo (2 enveloping cells); external cells with cilia on external surfaces (2 paired dorsal cells+1 median dorsal cell+2 dorsal caudal cells+2 lateral caudal cells+1 ventral caudal cell+2 lateral cells+2 posteroventral lateral cells), external cells with refringent bodies (2 apical cells); external cells without cilia (2 apical micro cells+1 couvercle cell+2 first ventral cells+2 second ventral cells+2 shield cells); internal cells with cilia (2 ventral internal cells); and internal cells without cilia (2 dorsal internal cells+2 capsule cells+4 urn cells). Each urn cell containing 2 nuclei and germinal cell (Fig. 19i). All somatic nuclei pycnotic in mature infusoriform embryos.</p> <p>Remarks. Dicyemennea desmocephalum sp. nov. differs from the other congeners principally on the basis of its distinctly aggregated mass. Dicyemennea leptocephalum sp. nov. forms a similar structure but it is a multinucleated mass. In this respect, D. desmocephalum sp. nov. is clearly distinguished from D. leptocephalum sp. nov.</p> <p>Etymology. Species name desmocephalum is an adjective composed of 2 Greek roots, desmós and - kephalos meaning “adhered” and “-headed”, in reference to the characteristic adhered heads of the adults.</p> <p>Taxonomic summary. Type material: a syntype slide (NSMT-Me-55) collected at 13 January 2016; additional syntypes on slide series No. OT3347 (5 slides) in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Type locality: off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.083332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.83333/lat 34.083332)">Minami-Ise</a> (34°05′N, 136°50′E), Mie Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.083332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.83333/lat 34.083332)">Honshu</a>, Kumano-nada Sea, North Pacific Ocean, Japan, depth 360 m.</p> <p>Other materials examined: slide series Nos. OT1450–1452 (each 5 slides) collected off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.3/lat 33.9)">Owase</a> (33°54′N, 136°18′E), Mie Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.3/lat 33.9)">Honshu</a>, Kumano-nada Sea, North Pacific Ocean, Japan, depth 300 m, 9 June 2004; Nos. OT3341– 3346 (each 5 slides) collected off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.46666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.46666/lat 33.966667)">Kii-Nagashima</a> (33°58′N, 136°28′E), Mie Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.46666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.46666/lat 33.966667)">Honshu</a>, Kumano-nada Sea, North Pacific Ocean, Japan, depth 300 m, 26 February 2016 in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Host: symbiotype, Octopus tenuicirrus (Sasaki, 1929) (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda), male (mature), 67 mm ML (NSMT-Mo-85870).</p> <p>Site: surface of renal appendages within renal sac.</p> <p>Prevalence: in 40 of 48 specimens of hosts examined (83.3%).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9344C3746FFDEFC52AF2BFC22D6FC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Furuya, Hidetaka	Furuya, Hidetaka (2018): Eleven New Species of Dicyemids (Phylum Dicyemida) from Octopus longispadiceus and O. tenuicirrus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda) in Japanese Waters. Species Diversity 23: 143-179, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.23.143
03D9344C374AFFDCFEDDAC6DFA3AD2CA.text	03D9344C374AFFDCFEDDAC6DFA3AD2CA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicyemennea tobaense Furuya 2018	<div><p>Dicyemennea tobaense sp. nov.</p> <p>(Figs 20, 21; Tables 2, 3)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Large dicyemid; body length to 5,000 µm. Calotte wheel-shaped. Vermiform stages with 40–47 peripheral cells: 4 propolars+5 metapolars+2 parapolars+29–36 trunk cells. Infusoriform embryos with 37 cells; refringent bodies solid; and nucleus present in each urn cell.</p> <p>Description. Nematogens (Figs 20a, b, 21a, c, d). Body length 500–4,960 µm and width 80–530 µm; widest in region of metapolars; trunk width narrower to posterior. Peripheral cell number 40–47 (Table 3): 4 propolars+5 metapolars+2 parapolars+27–34 diapolars+2 uropolars. Calotte wheelshaped, cilia on calotte about 6 µm long, oriented anteriorly. Propolar cells and their nuclei larger in size than metapolar cells and their nuclei (Fig. 21c, d). Cytoplasm of metapolar cells more darkly stained by hematoxylin than cytoplasm of other peripheral cells (Fig. 20a). Verruciform cells absent. Axial cell cylindrical, enlarging at anterior part, and extending forward to propolar cells (Fig. 20b). About 50 vermiform embryos present per axial cell of large individuals.</p> <p>Vermiform embryos (Figs 20c, d, 21f, g). Full-grown vermiform embryos length 106–224 (maximum 319) µm and width 28–40 µm. Peripheral cell number 40–47 (Table 3); trunk cells arranged in opposed pairs. Anterior end of calotte rounded. Axial cell rounded anteriorly and extending to propolar cells. Anterior abortive axial cell present (Figs 20c, 21g). Axial cell of full-grown embryos with up to 23 agametes.</p> <p>Rhombogens (Figs 20e, 21e). Body similar in length to nematogens but stuggy, length 500–3,190 µm, width 120– 385 µm. Peripheral cell number 41–45 (Table 3). Calotte disc-shaped. Axial cell shape and anterior extent similar to nematogens. Verruciform cells absent. Usually, 6–10 (maximum 16) infusorigens present in axial cell of each parent individual. Usually, 100 (maximum 133) infusoriform embryos present per axial cell of large individuals. Accessory nuclei occasionally present in trunk cells.</p> <p>Many spherical hollow cell masses, consisting of three to ten cells, present within the axial cell (Fig. 20f).</p> <p>Infusorigens (Figs 20g, 21h; n =10). Mature infusorigens large; composed of 60–117 (mode 76) external cells (oogonia and primary oocytes)+21–52 (mode 44) internal cells (spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and secondary spermatocytes)+8–51 (mode 21) spermatozoa. Four to 8 nuclei present within axial cell. Mean diameter of fertilized eggs 14.8 µm and that of spermatozoa 3.2 µm. Axial cell round or ovoid, diameter 15–27 µm.</p> <p>Infusoriform embryos (Figs 20h, i, 21i–k; n =50). Fullgrown embryos large, length 31.8±1.5 µm (mean±SD; excluding cilia); length-width-height ratio 1.0: 0.85: 0.84; shape ovoid, bluntly rounded to pointed posteriorly; cilia at posterior end 6 µm long. Refringent bodies present, solid, and occupying anterior 30% of embryo length when viewed laterally (Fig. 20i). Cilia projected from ventral internal cells into urn cavity (Fig. 21k). Capsule cells containing small granules. Mature embryos with 37 cells:33 somatic+4 germinal cells. Somatic cells of several types present: external cells covering large part of anterior and lateral surfaces of embryo (2 enveloping cells); external cells with cilia on external surfaces (2 pairs of dorsal cells+1 median dorsal cell+2 dorsal caudal cells+2 lateral caudal cells+1 ventral caudal cell+2 lateral cells+2 posteroventral lateral cells), external cells with refringent bodies (2 apical cells); external cells without cilia (1 couvercle cell+2 first ventral cells+2 second ventral cells+2 third ventral cells); internal cells with cilia (2 ventral internal cells); and internal cells without cilia (2 dorsal internal cells+2 capsule cells+4 urn cells). Each urn cell containing single nucleus and single germinal cell (Fig. 21k). All somatic nuclei appearing pycnotic in mature infusoriform embryos.</p> <p>Remarks. Dicyemennea tobaense sp. nov. is morphologically very similar to D. trochocephalum in having a wheelshaped calotte but the former is clearly distinguished by the number of peripheral cells (40–47 vs. 25–29) and the cell number of infusoriform embryos (37 vs. 39) (Furuya 1999). The new species is also distinguished by possessing the most peripheral cells of all species of dicyemids.</p> <p>Dicyemennea tobaense sp. nov. has spherical hollow cell masses in the rhombogen. Similar hollow cell masses have been reported in the rhombogen of D. trochocephalum (Furuya 1999; see present study, Fig. 21), but cells in the latter tightly adhere to morula like adjacent cells (vs. not present in D. tobaense sp. nov., Fig. 19f).</p> <p>Etymology. The species name tobaense refers to the localition of Toba Aquarium where the new species was firstly found.</p> <p>Taxonomic summary. Type material: a syntype slide (NSMT-Me-56) collected at 30 November 2015; additional syntypes on slide series No. OT3308 (5 slides) in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Type locality: off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.083332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.83333/lat 34.083332)">Minami-Ise</a> (34°05′N, 136°50′E), Mie Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.83333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.083332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.83333/lat 34.083332)">Honshu</a>, Kumano-nada Sea, North Pacific Ocean, Japan, depth 260 m.</p> <p>Other materials examined: slide series No. OT1451 (5 slides) collected off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.3/lat 33.9)">Owase</a> (33°54′N, 136°18′E), Mie Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.3/lat 33.9)">Honshu</a>, Kumano-nada Sea, North Pacific Ocean, Japan, depth 300 m, 9 June 2004; Nos. OT3412–3418 (each 5 slides) collected off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.46666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.46666/lat 33.966667)">Kii-Nagashima</a> (33°58′N, 136°28′E), Mie Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.46666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.46666/lat 33.966667)">Honshu</a>, Kumano-nada Sea, North Pacific Ocean, Japan, depth 300 m, 14 March 2016 in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Host: symbiotype, Octopus tenuicirrus (Sasaki, 1929) (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda), male (mature), 75 mm ML (NSMT-Mo-85871).</p> <p>Site: anterior ends (calottes) inserted into crypts of the renal appendages within the renal sacs.</p> <p>Prevalence: in 15 of 48 host specimens examined (31.3%).</p></div> 	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9344C374AFFDCFEDDAC6DFA3AD2CA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Furuya, Hidetaka	Furuya, Hidetaka (2018): Eleven New Species of Dicyemids (Phylum Dicyemida) from Octopus longispadiceus and O. tenuicirrus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda) in Japanese Waters. Species Diversity 23: 143-179, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.23.143
03D9344C3749FFD8FC28AE00FBC9D40F.text	03D9344C3749FFD8FC28AE00FBC9D40F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dicyemodeca kukii Furuya 2018	<div><p>Dicyemodeca kukii sp. nov. (Figs 22, 23; Tables 2, 3)</p> <p>Diagnosis. Medium-sized dicyemid; body length to 2,500 µm. Calotte cap-shaped. Vermiform stages with 24 peripheral cells; 4 propolars+6 metapolars+4 parapolars+10 trunk cells. Infusoriform embryos with 35 cells; refringent bodies liquid; and 2 nuclei present in each urn cell.</p> <p>Description. Nematogens (Figs 22a–c, 23a, c, d). Body length 500–2,500 µm and width 50–132 µm; widest in region of metapolars; trunk width mostly uniform. Peripheral cell number 24 (Table 3); 4 propolars+6 metapolars+4 parapolars+8 diapolars+2 uropolars. Calotte cap-shaped, round anteriorly; cilia on calotte about 4 µm long, oriented anteriorly. Propolar cells and their nuclei equal in size to metapolar cells and their nuclei (Figs 22a, b, 23c, d). Cytoplasm of parapolar cells containing small granules, more darkly stained by hematoxylin than cytoplasm of other peripheral cells. Verruciform cells absent. Axial cell cylindrical, round- ed anteriorly; cell extending forward to propolar cells (Fig. 22c). About 10 vermiform embryos present per axial cell of large individuals.</p> <p>Vermiform embryos (Figs 22f, 23e, f). Full-grown vermiform embryos length 80–125 µm, width 16–22 µm. Peripheral cell number 24 (Table 3); trunk cells arranged in opposed pairs. Anterior end of calotte rounded or bluntly pointed. Axial cell rounded anteriorly, extending to propolar cells; nucleus usually located in anterior half of axial cell. Anterior abortive axial cell absent. Axial cell of full-grown embryos with up to 13 agametes.</p> <p>Rhombogens (Figs 22e, d, 23b, g). Body similar in length than nematogens but slightly stuggy, length 500–1,450 µm and width 70–140 µm. Peripheral cell number typically 24 (Table 3). Calotte cap-shaped, rounded anteriorly. Verruciform cells absent. Axial cell shape and anterior extent similar to nematogens. One, rarely 2 or 3 infusorigens per axial cell of each parent individual. About 20 infusoriform embryos present per axial cell of large individuals. Accessory nuclei occasionally present in trunk cells.</p> <p>Infusorigens (Figs 22g, 23h; n =20). Mature infusorigens small-sized; composed of 7–35 (mode 15) external cells (oogonia and primary oocytes)+4–8 (mode 6) internal cells (spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and secondary spermatocytes)+3–6 (mode 5) spermatozoa. Mean diameter of fertilized eggs, 14.0 µm; that of spermatozoa, 2.5 µm. Axial cell round, diameter 12–20 µm.</p> <p>Infusoriform embryos (Figs 22h, i, 23i–k; n =20). Fullgrown embryos large, length 25.4±1.2 µm (mean± SD; excluding cilia); length-width-height ratio 1.0:0.90: 0.86; shape ovoid, bluntly rounded; cilia at posterior end 5 µm long. Refringent bodies present, liquid, occupying anteri- or 10% of embryo length when viewed laterally (Fig. 23k). Cilia projected from ventral internal cells into urn cavity (Fig. 23k). Capsule cells containing small granules. Mature embryos with 35 cells: 31 somatic+4 germinal cells. Somatic cells of several types present: external cells that covering large part of anterior and lateral surfaces of embryo (2 enveloping cells); external cells with cilia on external surfaces (2 pairs of dorsal cells+1 median dorsal cell+2 dorsal caudal cells+2 lateral caudal cells+1 ventral caudal cell+2 lateral cells+2 posteroventral lateral cells), external cells with refringent bodies (2 apical cells); external cells without cilia (1 couvercle cell+2 apical micro cells+2 shield cells); internal cells with cilia (2 ventral internal cells); and internal cells without cilia (2 dorsal internal cells+2 capsule cells+4 urn cells). Each urn cell containing single germinal cell and 2 nuclei (Fig. 23k). All somatic nuclei appearing pycnotic in mature infusoriform embryos.</p> <p>Remarks. Dicyemodeca kukii sp. nov. has a similar peripheral cell number to the other congeners: D. dogieli Bogolepova, 1957, D. deca (McConnaughy, 1957), D. delamarei (Nouvel, 1961), and D. anthinocephalum Furuya, 1999. However, D. kukii sp. nov. is distinguished from D. dogieli and D. deca by lacking solid refringent bodies within the apical cell (Bogolepova 1957; McConnaughy 1957). In infusoriform embryos, the presence of two unique cell types, namely the anterior micro cells and shield cells, is common to D. kukii sp. nov. and D. anthinocephalum (Furuya 1999). However, the new species is distinguished from by the number of cells of infusoriform embryos (35 vs. 42). Dicyemodeca kukii sp. nov. differs from D. delamarei in calotte shape (cap-shaped vs. conical), and in lacking solid refringent bodies within the apical cell (Nouvel 1961).</p> <p>Etymology. The specific name kukii is referred to a famous local lord of “the Kuki clan” that controlled waters around the type locality during the Japanese Age of Civil War (Sengoku period, 1467–1615).</p> <p>Taxonomic summary. Type material: a syntype slide (NSMT-Me-57) collected at 9 June 2004; additional syntypes on slide series No. OTY173 (5 slides) in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Type locality: off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.58333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.58333/lat 34.016666)">Owase</a> (34°01′N, 136°35′E), Mie Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.58333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=34.016666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.58333/lat 34.016666)">Honshu</a>, Kumano-nada Sea, North Pacific Ocean, Japan, depth 200 m.</p> <p>Other materials examined: slide series No. OT3282 (5 slides) collected off <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.46666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.46666/lat 33.966667)">Kii-Nagashima</a> (33°58′N, 136°28′E), Mie Prefecture, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=136.46666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.966667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 136.46666/lat 33.966667)">Honshu</a>, Kumano-nada Sea, North Pacific Ocean, Japan, depth 300 m, 30 October 2015 in the author’s collection.</p> <p>Host: symbiotype, Octopus tenuicirrus (Sasaki, 1929) (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda), male (mature), 82 mm ML (NSMT-Mo-85872).</p> <p>Site: anterior ends (calottes) inserted into crypts of renal appendages within the renal sac.</p> <p>Prevalence: in 2 of 48 specimens of hosts examined (4.2%).</p> <p>Occurrence patterns of dicyemids in Octopus longispadiceus</p> <p>In this study, seven new species of dicyemids were found in 504 of 510 individuals of O. longispadiceus: Dicyema cryptocephalum sp. nov., D. petalocephalum sp. nov., Dicyemennea acetabulum sp. nov., D. anteronucleatum sp. nov., D. mcconnaugheyi sp. nov., D. megalosomum sp. nov., and D. leptocephalum sp. nov. The prevalence of dicyemids in the host approached 100% (Table 4). All seven species were never found individualy, and two or three (occasionally four or five) species were typically found together in a single renal sac or a single host individual (Tables 4, 5). In two individuals of hosts, dicyemids were found in only one side of renal organs. There were various occurrence patterns, including instances where different dicyemid species were found in the renal appendage of either side. However, most of hosts (450 of 510, 88.2%) were infested by the single dicyemid species in both renal sacs.</p> <p>* Ac, Dicyemennea acetabulum; An, Dicyemennea anteronucleatum; L, Dicyemennea leptocephalum; Mc, Dicyemennea mcconnaugheyi; Me, Dicyemennea megalosomum; and C, Dicyema cryptocephalum.</p> <p>The host specimens were obtained from six localities in the Sea of Japan (Table 1). The co-occurrence pattern of dicyemid species was varied among the localities. Three new species occurred in all localities: Dicyema cryptocephalum sp. nov., Dicyemennea anteronucleatum sp. nov., and D. leptocephalum sp. nov. All seven dicyemid species were found simultaneously in the northern region (Niigata Pref.) and the southern two regions (Shimane and Tottori Prefs.) which more than 50 host specimens examined.</p> <p>In all localities, both Dicyema cryptocephalum sp. nov. and Dicyemennea leptocephalum sp. nov. occurred on relatively high prevalence (50–80%) (Table 1). Co-occurrence of these 2 species was most frequently found in a single renal sac and in a single host individual (Table 4).</p> <p>Occurrence patterns of dicyemids in Octopus tenuicirrus</p> <p>Four new species of dicyemids (Dicyemennea desmocephalum sp. nov., D. moritakii sp. nov., D. tobaense sp. nov., and Dicyemodeca kukii sp. nov.) were found in 48 individuals of O. tenuicirrus (Table 7). All four species were typically found from two or three specimens of the host and never found simultaneously in a renal sac of the single specimen (Table 7). In a single individual, dicyemids were found only in the left renal organ. Various occurrence patterns of dicyemid species were observed, including instances where different dicyemid species were found in the renal appendage of either side. However, the same occurrence pattern of dicyemid species was found in the renal sacs of both sides in 41 of 48 host individuals.</p> <p>Dicyemennea moritakii sp. nov. showed prevalence with 100% and was therefore the predominant among four dicyemid species obtained from the host, followed by D. desmocephalum sp. nov. (38/48 host individuals). D. tobaense sp. nov. was found in 17 of 48 host individuals, but a smaller number of individuals was observed than for the other coexisting dicyemids in each renal sac. Dicyemodeca kukii sp. nov. is an uncommonly occurred species, which was detect- ed in only 2 of 48 individuals of the host.</p> <p>Calotte types of dicyemid species in Octopus longispadiceus and O. tenuicirrus</p> <p>The calotte shape of dicyemids is not only the major character for identification of species, but it also represents a mode of inhabiting the renal appendage. In general, four basic types of calotte shape are recognized (Furuya et al. 2003a). Dicyemids with conical calottes (Type I) insert the anterior region of the body into crypts or folds in the renal appendages; those with cap-shaped (Type II) or disc-shaped calottes (Type III) attach to the broad, flat or gently rounded surfaces of the renal appendages; and dicyemids with irregular shaped bodies and calottes (Type IV) occur when more than three species coexist. According to the criterion of calotte shape, dicyemid species in O. longispadiceus and O. tenuicirrus are classified as follows: Type I, Dicyemennea anteronucleatum sp. nov., D. mcconnaugheyi sp. nov., and D. moritakii sp. nov.; Type II, Dicyema cryptocephalum sp. nov., D. petalocephalum sp. nov., and Dicyemodeca kukii sp. nov.; Type III, Dicyemennea acetabulum sp. nov. and D. megalosomum sp. nov., and D. tobaense sp. nov.; and Type IV, D. desmocephalum sp. nov. and D. leptocephalum sp. nov.</p> <p>Two dicyemid species of Type IV (D. desmocephalum sp. nov. and D. leptocephalum sp. nov.) adhere together with their expanded calottes (Figs 14, 18). A similar phenomenon occurs in adult stages of D. adminicula (McConnaughey, 1949) (Fig. 24). The branching pattern of their axial cell is the same as that of D. leptocephalum sp. nov. Vermiform embryos escape from adult bodies one by one, and juvenile vermiform larvae inhabit the renal sac independently (Figs 14h, 18f). The calottes form a thin expansion as the body grows and adheres to the nearby calottes of all other individuals (Fig. 25).</p> </div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D9344C3749FFD8FC28AE00FBC9D40F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Furuya, Hidetaka	Furuya, Hidetaka (2018): Eleven New Species of Dicyemids (Phylum Dicyemida) from Octopus longispadiceus and O. tenuicirrus (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Octopoda) in Japanese Waters. Species Diversity 23: 143-179, DOI: 10.12782/specdiv.23.143
