identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E687B1B1273F446799FAF5FA8EFA0B.text	03E687B1B1273F446799FAF5FA8EFA0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chitonida THIELE 1909	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> ORDER  CHITONIDA THIELE, 1909</p>
            <p> SUBORDER  CHITONINA THIELE, 1909</p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687B1B1273F446799FAF5FA8EFA0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ibáñez, Christian M;Eernisse, Douglas J;Méndez, Marco A;Valladares, Moises;Sellanes, Javier;Sirenko, Boris I;Pardo-Gandarillas, M Cecilia	Ibáñez, Christian M, Eernisse, Douglas J, Méndez, Marco A, Valladares, Moises, Sellanes, Javier, Sirenko, Boris I, Pardo-Gandarillas, M Cecilia (2019): Phylogeny, divergence times and species delimitation of Tonicia (Polyplacophora: Chitonidae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (4): 915-933, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz006, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/4/915/5438346
03E687B1B1273F446740FA2AFA98FA55.text	03E687B1B1273F446740FA2AFA98FA55.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Chitonidae RAFINESQUE 1815	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> FAMILY  CHITONIDAE RAFINESQUE, 1815</p>
            <p> SUBFAMILY  TONIICINAE PILSBRY, 1893</p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687B1B1273F446740FA2AFA98FA55	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ibáñez, Christian M;Eernisse, Douglas J;Méndez, Marco A;Valladares, Moises;Sellanes, Javier;Sirenko, Boris I;Pardo-Gandarillas, M Cecilia	Ibáñez, Christian M, Eernisse, Douglas J, Méndez, Marco A, Valladares, Moises, Sellanes, Javier, Sirenko, Boris I, Pardo-Gandarillas, M Cecilia (2019): Phylogeny, divergence times and species delimitation of Tonicia (Polyplacophora: Chitonidae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (4): 915-933, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz006, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/4/915/5438346
03E687B1B1273F456785F99FFE2FF90C.text	03E687B1B1273F456785F99FFE2FF90C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tonicia Gray 1847	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> GENUS  TONICIA GRAY, 1847</p>
            <p> Type species:  Chiton ‘ elegans ’ Frembly, 1827 [non de Blainville, 1825], by subsequent designation Gray (1847: 168) =  Tonicia ‘ elegans ’ (Frembly, 1827). </p>
            <p>Diagnosis: Animal oval to elongate oval, girdle leathery, clothed with multiple spicules. Tegmentum smooth, covered by irregularly arranged macro- and microaesthetes; radial ridges of ocelli pores on head valve in the contact between central and lateral areas of intermediate valve and in postmucronal area of tail valves. Tail valve flattened, mucro subcentral, not prominent; anterior and posterior slopes practically straight. Slit formula 8–9/1/8–12, slits deep. Teeth strongly grooved on outside and directed outwards in head and tail valves.</p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687B1B1273F456785F99FFE2FF90C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ibáñez, Christian M;Eernisse, Douglas J;Méndez, Marco A;Valladares, Moises;Sellanes, Javier;Sirenko, Boris I;Pardo-Gandarillas, M Cecilia	Ibáñez, Christian M, Eernisse, Douglas J, Méndez, Marco A, Valladares, Moises, Sellanes, Javier, Sirenko, Boris I, Pardo-Gandarillas, M Cecilia (2019): Phylogeny, divergence times and species delimitation of Tonicia (Polyplacophora: Chitonidae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (4): 915-933, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz006, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/4/915/5438346
03E687B1B1263F486534F978FB32FC38.text	03E687B1B1263F486534F978FB32FC38.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tonicia calbucensis Plate 1898	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> TONICIA CALBUCENSIS PLATE, 1898</p>
            <p>(FIG. 4)</p>
            <p> Tonicia calbucensis Plate, 1898: 205 , pl. 12, fig. 134. – Sirenko, 2006a: 85, fig.10. – Schwabe et al. 2006: 14, figs 10, 16, 21–30 (bibliography). – Schwabe, 2009: 410. </p>
            <p> Chiton ‘ elegans ’ Frembly, 1827: 203, suppl. pl. 17, fig. 6. </p>
            <p> Chiton grayii Sowerby in Broderip &amp; Sowerby, 1832: 58. </p>
            <p> Chiton chiloensis Sowerby in Broderip &amp; Sowerby, 1832: 58. </p>
            <p> Chiton graniferus Sowerby in Broderip &amp; Sowerby, 1832: 104. </p>
            <p> Chiton glaber Clessin, 1903: 118 , pl. 41, fig. 4. </p>
            <p> Tonicia ‘ elegans ’ Leloup, 1956: 69, figs 38–46 (pro parte). </p>
            <p> Tonicia chilensis Schwabe et al., 2006: 15 , figs 8, 11, 17 (pro parte, non  Chiton chilensis Frembly, 1827 ). – Schwabe, 2009: 412 (pro parte, non  Chiton chilensis Frembly, 1827 ). </p>
            <p> Type material repository: Natural History Museum Berlin (ZMB) . </p>
            <p>  Type locality:  Calbuco , Chile (~ 41°S)  . </p>
            <p> There are two ecotypes of the species with different features, one found in southern Chile (40– 53°S) and one found in northern Chile (18– 40°S) .   However, both ecotypes and intermediates can be found among samples collected at the  Golfo de Ancud (~ 41°S)  . </p>
            <p> Description of southern ecotype of  T. calbucensis</p>
            <p>The animals are of medium size, ≤ 40 mm long (Table 2). Valves subcarinated, side slopes minimally convex with low elevation (dorsal elevation ratio 0.28). Tegmentum orange brown to brownish red, with darker radial streaks on the terminal valves and lateral areas; central areas with streaks oriented longitudinally. Jugal area chestnut brown in general, with two wider white streaks on both sides (after Schwabe et al., 2006). Specimens collected near Punta Huinay (−42.36, −72.44) and Isla Lilihuapi (−42.16, −72.59) have typical colouration or have yellow orange tegmentum and girdles. Head valve semi-circular and the posterior margin widely V-shaped. Intermediate valves broadly rectangular, and anterior margin almost straight in the central part and somewhat slanting towards the rounded side margins. Posterior margin straight, not beaked, and lateral areas not raised. Tail valve small and slightly narrower than head valve, mucro antemedian, antemucronal and postmucronal slopes straight. All areas of tegmentum smooth, with the exception of one to four weak, short, narrow grooves on both sides of the jugum and several growth lines and ocelli. Articulamentum well developed, with wide and rather long apophyses connected by a slightly dentate jugal plate. Slit formula 8/1/8. Teeth strongly pectinated on the outside. Girdle rather wide and leathery, usually rose with spots or rarely orange in specimens with orange tegmentum; dorsally covered with rare small elongate sharppointed spicules and rare short bristles. Ventral side with radial rows of squarish scales. Specimens with a body length ~ 20 mm have a radula ~ 7.5 mm long, with 43 transverse rows of mature teeth. Central tooth narrows with a long, curved blade. Major lateral tooth with unicuspid rounded head. From valve II to valve VIII, there are 34 gills on each side of specimens with body lengths of ~ 20 mm.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The southern ecotype of  Tonicia calbucensis differs from other congeneric species by having a practically smooth tegmentum. The form differs from  T. lebruni , which is found in the same area, by having white apophyses (vs. brown in  T. lebruni ) and shorter valve VIII antemucronal areas. Given that  T. ‘ elegans ’ is the type species of the genus and this name is not valid, we suggest  T. calbucensis as the new type species for the genus  Tonicia . </p>
            <p>Distribution: Southern South America from Puerto Montt to the Magellan Strait (40– 53°S) and also found in Estados and the Falkland Islands. Specimens have been found from 3 to 48 m depth.</p>
            <p> Description of the northern ecotype of  T. calbucensis</p>
            <p>Body length medium sized, ≤ 50 mm, elongated and oval with low elevation (dorsal elevation 0.24–0.26). Valves minimally beaked (Table 2). Tegmentum very variable in colour and streaked with various combinations of dark brown, buff, yellow, pale, reddish brown and wine red. Tegmentum and girdle are both rarely uniform orange. Head valve semi-circular, with widely V-shaped posterior margin. Intermediate valves broadly rectangular. Ratio of the width of valve V to its length is 2.7–3.0. Anterior margin slightly concave in the jugal area and slanted at the pleural area. Posterior margin weakly concave at both sides of the prominent pointed apex. Tail valve slightly less wide than the head valve. Antemedian portion of mucro not raised; antemucronal slope straight or slightly convex, and postmucronal slope concave. Tegmentum sculptured with numerous granules or pustules and longitudinal grooves. Head valve, lateral area, pleural area and postmucronal area sculptured with small granules or pustules. Pleural area with low granules arranged in longitudinal rows, which become obsolete in some specimens. Both sides of the jugum have one to three longitudinal grooves that reach the anterior margin. Articulamentum white, with all valves having a reddish spot in the apical area and in the centre of the valve. Apophyses wide, rounded and connected to the dentate jugal plate. Slit formula is 8/1, rarely 2/9–10. Slit rays are hardly noticeable. Girdle moderately wide and spotted in live specimens, uniformly yellow in fixed specimens. Girdle dorsally beset with few calcareous spicules ≤ 34 µm long. Ventral side of the girdle covered with radiating rows of subquadrangular scales 35 µm long. Radula of specimens with body lengths of 17.5 mm are 6.7 mm long, with 40 transverse rows of mature teeth. Central tooth narrows to a long, curved blade; major lateral tooth has a unicuspid rounded head. There are 43 gills on each side of specimens with body lengths of 17.5 mm, spanning from valve II to valve VIII.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The northern ecotype of  T. calbucensis differs from the southern ecotype by having granules, pustules and long longitudinal grooves on both sides of the jugum (the southern ecotype has a smooth tegmentum with short, weak grooves). Additionally, the northern ecotype has no bristles on the dorsal side of the girdle (the southern ecotype has short bristles). </p>
            <p> Distribution: The northern ecotype of  Tonicia calbucensis has a wide distribution from Arica (Chile, ~ 18°S) to the Golfo de Ancud (~ 41°S). The form lives in the intertidal zone ≤ 19 m deep. </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687B1B1263F486534F978FB32FC38	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ibáñez, Christian M;Eernisse, Douglas J;Méndez, Marco A;Valladares, Moises;Sellanes, Javier;Sirenko, Boris I;Pardo-Gandarillas, M Cecilia	Ibáñez, Christian M, Eernisse, Douglas J, Méndez, Marco A, Valladares, Moises, Sellanes, Javier, Sirenko, Boris I, Pardo-Gandarillas, M Cecilia (2019): Phylogeny, divergence times and species delimitation of Tonicia (Polyplacophora: Chitonidae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (4): 915-933, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz006, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/4/915/5438346
03E687B1B12B3F4A67B2FC4DFD4FFB0E.text	03E687B1B12B3F4A67B2FC4DFD4FFB0E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tonicia chilensis (Frembly 1827)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> TONICIA CHILENSIS (FREMBLY, 1827)</p>
            <p>(FIG. 4)</p>
            <p> Chiton chilensis Frembly, 1827: 204 , suppl., pl. 17, fig. 8. </p>
            <p> Chiton fastigiatus Gray MS, Sowerby &amp; Reeve, 1847 : pl. 5, sp. &amp; fig. 26. </p>
            <p> Tonicia chilensis de Castellanos, 1956: 478 , pl. 9; 1988: 23, figs 80–92. – Kaas et al., 2006: 297. </p>
            <p> Tonicia elegans f.  chilensis Leloup, 1956: 71 , figs 40, 41. </p>
            <p> Tonicia fastigiata Leloup, 1956: 63 , figs 33–35. </p>
            <p> Tonicia atrata Leloup, 1956: 59 , figs 30–32. – Powell, 1960: 125. – Dell, 1971: 221. – Leloup, 1973: 19. – de Castellanos, 1988: figs 93–95. – Götting, 1989: 55, 56. – Sirenko, 2006a: 85, figs 6–8. – Schwabe et al., 2006: 12, figs 9–18. – Kaas et al., 2006: 301, fig. 122, map 55. – Schwabe, 2009: 409. </p>
            <p>Type material repository: British Museum of Natural</p>
            <p>History (BMNH).</p>
            <p> Type locality: Valparaiso, Chile . </p>
            <p> Like  T. calbucensis ,  T. chilensis consists of two morphologically different ecotypes. The northern ecotype of  T. chilensis inhabits the coast of central Chile (~33– 39°S), whereas the southern ecotype of  T. chilensis is found from Puerto Montt (~ 41°S) to Tierra del Fuego (~ 53°S). These two forms have several notable differences of tegmental sculpture and girdle features; as such, we describe each form separately. </p>
            <p> Description of the southern ecotype of  T. chilensis</p>
            <p>Body large sized, up to 77 mm in length, elongated, oval (Table 2), with solid valves moderately elevated (dorsal elevation 0.30–0.35), subcarinate and not beaked. Tegmentum colour variable, from dark green to blackish, often with pale greyish blotches or streaks; occasionally with some valves orange and black in others. Head valve semi-circular; hind margin widely V-shaped. Tegmentum has rare, very small granules, and most of these are arranged near the hind margin. Growth lines evident. Intermediate valves solid and broadly rectangular. Anterior margin almost straight in the central part; distinctly slants towards the rounded side margins. Hind margin concave at both sides of the slightly protruding apex. Lateral area not raised and sculptured like the head valve. Ocelli numerous and arranged in a random manner. Central area almost smooth or vaguely granulose. When present, small granules sometimes coalesce in short wrinkles in front of diagonal lines. Dorsal ridge very low and narrow, with a smooth keel in the middle and one to five longitudinal grooves on both sides. Tail valve as wide as the head valve or slightly narrower; front margin convex; mucro elevated subcentral or antemedian, elevated; antemucronal area sculptured like the central areas; postmucronal area sculptured like the head valve. Articulamentum white and blotched with brown in the central part of the valves. Apophyses large, rather wide, rounded, and connected across the narrow jugal sinus by a long dentate plate (13–24 denticles). Slit formula 7–9/1/9–13. Teeth short and deeply pectinated on the upper side and outer edge. Very wide girdle (ratio of the width of valve V to the width of the girdle is 2.1–2.7), nude to the naked eye and velvety. Dorsal side of the girdle black or dark green in live specimens and dirty yellow after fixation. Girdle covered with numerous short bristles and small, light, striated, flattened spicules ≤ 42 μm in length. Marginal edge with short bristles and rare spicules that are longer than the dorsal spicules. Ventral side of the girdle with radiating rows of rectangular scales ≤ 40 μm in length. Major lateral tooth of the radula has a unicuspid roundish head. Gills spanning from valve II to valve VIII, 38 on each side of specimens with body length of 44 mm.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The southern ecotype of  T. chilensis is easily distinguishable from the northern ecotype by having longer intermediate valves. The ratio of the width of valve V to the length is 1.8–2.1 (vs. 2.4–2.5 in the northern ecotype). It has two to six longitudinal ribs near both sides of the flattened keel in the jugal area (vs. more than ten ribs in the northern ecotype). The spicules are light (vs. dark in the northern ecotype), and it has small granules in the pleural and lateral areas. Specimens from the fjords in Golfo Ancud in southern Chile at depths of 6–19 m have tegmental structures that are more similar to the southern ecotype, but the lengths of the intermediate valves are shorter and the dorsal spicules of the girdle are dark, like those found in the northern ecotype. The correct identification of  C. chilensis Frembly, 1827 (type locality Valparaiso, Chile) by previous authors and by us is further complicated by the lack of type material or even figures of the type material (see above). </p>
            <p> Distribution: The southern ecotype of  T. chilensis inhabits the coasts of southern Chile (Puerto Montt, ~ 41°S) to Tierra del Fuego, the Beagle Channel, the Strait of Magellan (~53– 54°S) and the Falkland Islands (Atlantic Ocean, ~ 41°S). It is found from the intertidal zones to depths of 36 m. </p>
            <p> Description of the northern ecotype of  T. chilensis</p>
            <p>Body large sized, ≤ 81 mm in length (Table 2), oval, very minimally elevated (dorsal elevation 0.25), rounded or slightly subcarinated. Side slopes straight; valves are slightly beaked in young specimens. Tegmentum streaked with various combinations of dark brown, yellow, reddish brown, black and red in small specimens with body lengths up to 20–25 mm. Large individuals uniformly black. Head valve semi-circular; hind margin slightly concave. Tegmentum sculptured with low pustules arranged without a definite pattern. Growth lines noticeable. Intermediate valves broadly rectangular; front margin slightly concave in jugum and convex in pleural parts. Hind margin weakly concave on both sides of the prominent pointed apex. Lateral area slightly raised and sculptured like the head valve. Central area with ten or more longitudinal ribs in the central part of the valve. Several low pustules run diagonally between the central and lateral area of small specimens. Tail valve is smaller than the head valve. The front margin is concave. Antemedian portion of mucro not raised; antemucronal area sculptured like the central area, and postmucronal area sculptured like the head valve. Articulamentum white, with lighter or dark reddish-brown parts in the apical area. Apophyses are wide and rather long. Outer half of the apophyses and teeth sharply pectinated. Sinus has a short, dentate (&lt;15 denticles) jugal plate. Slit formula is 8/1/10. Girdle rather wide and spotted in young live specimens, black in adult specimens. After fixation, girdle becomes dirty yellow in colour and is dorsally covered with small, flattened spicules up to 23 µm × 18 µm. Marginal spicules twice as large as the dorsal spicules. Ventral side covered with radiating rows of subquadragular scales. The radula of a chiton with body length of 20.6 mm is 7.1 mm long and has 41 transverse rows of mature teeth. The central tooth is long, with a curved blade. The major lateral tooth is rounded, with a unidentate cusp. Fifty-three gills per side, extending from valve II to valve VIII in the same specimen.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> The northern ecotype of  T. chilensis differs from other congeneric species by having ten or more longitudinal ribs on both sides of the jugum. The tegmentum and girdle are black, and the outer half of the apophyses and teeth are sharply pectinated. </p>
            <p> Distribution: This form inhabits the coasts of central Chile from Ventanas (~ 33°S) to Valdivia (~ 39°S). It lives in the intertidal zone together with red and brown algae, coexisting with  C. granosus near Valdivia and  A. echinata and  C. granosus near Las Cruces (~ 33°S). </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687B1B12B3F4A67B2FC4DFD4FFB0E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ibáñez, Christian M;Eernisse, Douglas J;Méndez, Marco A;Valladares, Moises;Sellanes, Javier;Sirenko, Boris I;Pardo-Gandarillas, M Cecilia	Ibáñez, Christian M, Eernisse, Douglas J, Méndez, Marco A, Valladares, Moises, Sellanes, Javier, Sirenko, Boris I, Pardo-Gandarillas, M Cecilia (2019): Phylogeny, divergence times and species delimitation of Tonicia (Polyplacophora: Chitonidae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (4): 915-933, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz006, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/4/915/5438346
03E687B1B1293F4A64D7FB77FBE8FAE4.text	03E687B1B1293F4A64D7FB77FBE8FAE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tonicia disjuncta (Frembly 1827)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> TONICIA DISJUNCTA (FREMBLY, 1827)</p>
            <p>(FIG. 4)</p>
            <p> Chiton disjunctus Frembly, 1827: 203 , suppl. pl. 17, fig. 5. </p>
            <p> Tonicia disjuncta ; Leloup, 1956: 67, 36– 37 (bibliography). – Dell, 1971: 221. – Leloup, 1973: 19; Leloup, 1980: 7. – Castellanos, 1988: 25, figs 96–98. – Kaas et al., 2006: 295, fig. 119, map 27. – Schwabe et al., 2006: 17, fig. 12 – Kaas et al., 2006: 295, fig. 119, map 27. – Schwabe, 2009: 415. </p>
            <p> Tonicia smithi Leloup, 1980: 5 , figs 2–5, pl. 1, fig. A. – Sirenko, 2006a: 85, fig. 9. – Schwabe, 2009: 416. – Kaas et al., 2006: 312, fig. 128, map 55. </p>
            <p>  Type material repository:  British Museum of Natural History (BMNH) </p>
            <p> Type locality: Valparaiso, Chile . </p>
            <p> Description of  T. disjuncta</p>
            <p>Body large sized, ≤ 85 mm in length, elongated and oval (Table 2). Low elevation (dorsal elevation 0.22); valves not beaked. Tegmentum reddish brown, with small blue spots and sometimes with light markings. Head valve semi-circular. Intermediate valves thin, slightly carinated and wide (ratio of width of valve V to its length is 3.2). Anterior margin strongly forwardly angular. Posterior margin concave but for the distinctly protruding apex. Lateral margin rounded. Tail valve about as wide as the head valve. Median mucro subplane. Tegmentum of all valves smooth and glossy; growth lines obsolete. Articulamentum white. Sutural lamina very large and expanded in the forward and sideways directions; connected across the narrow jugal sinus by a long dentate plate. Slit formula 8–9/1/9. Teeth rather long and strongly grooved on the upper side. Girdle very wide, ~1.5 times less than the width of valve V. Colour of the girdle in live animals is similar to the colour of the tegmentum. Dorsal spicules stalked, smooth, curved, generally with sharp points, 100– 120 µm × 15 µm in size. Ventral scales quadrangular, 28 µm × 26 µm. Major lateral tooth of the radula with a bicuspid roundish head. Ctenidia spanning from valve II to valve VIII; 53 per side in a 58 mm specimen.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Tonicia disjuncta is easily distinguishable from other  Tonicia by having a uniform reddish-brown colour with blue spots and a girdle that is connected between valves. We conclude that  T. smithi Leloup, 1980 from Mehuin, Chile, which Kaas et al. (2006) reported as ‘only known from the holotype’ is a synonym of  T. disjuncta (Frembly, 1827) . </p>
            <p>Distribution: Species are found along the coast of South America from Huasco (northern Chile, ~ 27°S) to the Strait of Magellan (~ 53°S) and near the Falkland Islands (~ 41°S, Atlantic Ocean). This species is found at depths from 0 to 21 m.</p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687B1B1293F4A64D7FB77FBE8FAE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ibáñez, Christian M;Eernisse, Douglas J;Méndez, Marco A;Valladares, Moises;Sellanes, Javier;Sirenko, Boris I;Pardo-Gandarillas, M Cecilia	Ibáñez, Christian M, Eernisse, Douglas J, Méndez, Marco A, Valladares, Moises, Sellanes, Javier, Sirenko, Boris I, Pardo-Gandarillas, M Cecilia (2019): Phylogeny, divergence times and species delimitation of Tonicia (Polyplacophora: Chitonidae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (4): 915-933, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz006, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/4/915/5438346
03E687B1B1293F4B67A3FA18FD73F8CD.text	03E687B1B1293F4B67A3FA18FD73F8CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tonicia fremblyana KAAS 1957	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> TONICIA FREMBLYANA KAAS, 1957</p>
            <p>(FIG. 4)</p>
            <p> Chiton lineolatus Frembly, 1827: 204 , suppl. pl. 17, fig. 8, non  Chiton lineolatus de Blainville, 1825 . </p>
            <p> Tonicia elegans f.  lineolata ; Leloup, 1956: 75, figs 44–46 (bibliography). </p>
            <p> Tonicia fremblyana Kaas, 1957: 84 (nom. nov.pro  Chiton lineolatus Frembly, 1827 , non de Blainville, 1825. </p>
            <p>  Type material repository:  British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)  . </p>
            <p> Type locality: Valparaiso, Chile . </p>
            <p> Description of  T. fremblyana</p>
            <p>Medium-sized body, ≤ 40 mm in length (Table 2); oval, with low elevation (dorsal elevation 0.24). Valves subcarinated, with side slopes weakly convex. Tegmentum brown coloured, closely and finely marked with numerous undulating, concentric brown lines. Sometimes parts of some or all valves are dark brown. Head valve semi-circular; posterior margin widely V-shaped; tegmentum with small granules. Ocelli small, black and with random distribution. Intermediate valves with wavy anterior margin that somewhat slants towards the more-or-less rounded side margin. Posterior margin weakly concave at both sides of the blunt apex. Lateral areas slightly raised; sculptured like the head valve. Central area with several short, bent, narrow grooves on both sides of the smooth jugum. Rare small granules in pleural areas. Tail valve less than semi-circular; slightly smaller than the head valve. Front margin strongly convex. Antemedian mucro slightly raised (ratio of the length of the postmucronal area to the length of the antemucronal area is 1.9). Hind slope slightly concave near the mucro, then straight. Antemucronal area sculptured like central areas; postmucronal area like head valve. Articulamentum whitish; sutural laminae very wide and short, inequilaterally triangular. Sinus narrow and has a short, dentate (eight to ten teeth) jugal plate. Slit formula 8/1/9. Slits shallow and slit rays finely indicated. Teeth short, deeply pectinated. Girdle moderately wide (ratio of the width of valve V to the width of the girdle near the valve 2.7–3.2), leathery. Naked to the eye; dorsally, bears small, sharply pointed spicules implanted in the cuticula without any particular order. Marginal spicules small, round-topped; ventral part of the girdle covered with radiating rows of subquadrangular scales. Radula of a specimen with a body length of 12 mm is 6.4 mm long and has 39 transverse rows of mature teeth. Narrow central tooth with a long blade; major lateral teeth with unicuspid head. Gills spanning from valve II to valve VIII; 37 on each side of a specimen with body length of 12 mm.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Tonicia fremblyana is very similar in colour to  T. swainsoni , but differs from the latter in having short, bent ribs near the jugum (vs. longitudinal ribs in  T. swainsoni ). The head valve, lateral areas and postmucronal area have small, rare granules (vs. having radiating ribs in  T. swainsoni ).  Tonicia fremblyana differs from other  Tonicia species by having a few short, narrow grooves on both sides of the jugum. Additionally, it has undulating, concentric lines on the tegmentum of intermediate valves and it has a short antemucronal area. </p>
            <p> Distribution:  Tonicia fremblyana is found from Ancón (Peru, ~ 11°S) to central Chile (Pichilemu, ~ 34°S). </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687B1B1293F4B67A3FA18FD73F8CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ibáñez, Christian M;Eernisse, Douglas J;Méndez, Marco A;Valladares, Moises;Sellanes, Javier;Sirenko, Boris I;Pardo-Gandarillas, M Cecilia	Ibáñez, Christian M, Eernisse, Douglas J, Méndez, Marco A, Valladares, Moises, Sellanes, Javier, Sirenko, Boris I, Pardo-Gandarillas, M Cecilia (2019): Phylogeny, divergence times and species delimitation of Tonicia (Polyplacophora: Chitonidae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (4): 915-933, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz006, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/4/915/5438346
03E687B1B1283F4C67ADFF59FEFFFED7.text	03E687B1B1283F4C67ADFF59FEFFFED7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tonicia lebruni de Rochebrune 1884	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> TONICIA LEBRUNI ROCHEBRUNE, 1884</p>
            <p>(FIG. 4)</p>
            <p> Tonicia lebruni Rochebrune, 1884: 35 . – Leloup, 1956: 78, figs 47–49 (bibliography and synonymy). – Kaas et al., 2006: 309, fig. 126, map 55 (bibliography). – Sirenko, 2006a: 84, fig. 5. – Schwabe, 2009: 413. </p>
            <p> Type material repository: Natural History Museum Paris (MNHN) . </p>
            <p>  Type locality:  Punta Arenas , Chile  . </p>
            <p> Description of  T. lebruni</p>
            <p>Medium-sized body measuring ≤ 40 mm (Table 2); moderately or highly elevated (dorsal elevation 0.33– 0.40), subcarinated; valves not beaked. Tegmentum pale reddish brown, greenish roseate, greyish blue and violaceous. Head valve semi-circular; tegmentum smooth except for some growth lines and sparsely and irregularly scattered small pustules. Intermediate valves broadly rectangular; anterior margin sinuose. Posterior margin strait except for the small pointed apex. Lateral areas minimally raised and sculptured like the head valve. Central area smooth, except for the growth lines. Tail valve about as wide as the head valve. Mucro central; antemucronal area sculptured like the central area. Postmucronal area sculptured like the head valve. Articulamentum brown; sutural laminae rather short, rounded, and connected across the narrow jugal sinus by a short dentate plate. Slit formula 8–9/1/9–12. Slits equidistant and slit rays absent. Teeth deeply pectinated on the upper side and outer edge. Girdle moderately wide and nude to the naked eye; dorsal side in live specimens bonded with yellow, greenish-olive or yellow with lilac patches; colours disappear after fixation in alcohol. Girdle dorsally covered with oval to conical brown spicules that are embedded in the cuticle. Spicules of different forms and sizes, up to 82 µm × 28 µm; very short obsolete bristles. Marginal spicules elongate and bluntly pointed. Ventral side of the girdle covered with radiating rows of subquadrancular scales. Major lateral tooth of the radula with a unicuspid roundish head. Gills spanning from valve II to valve VIII; 36 in a specimen with body length of 35 mm.</p>
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Tonicia lebruni differs from other congeneric species by having brown apophyses. Also, it has a practically smooth tegmentum, with rare scattered pustules on the head valve, lateral and postmedian areas. </p>
            <p> Distribution:  Tonicia lebruni inhabits southern South America from the Chubut Province and Falkland Islands in the Atlantic Ocean (~ 43°S) to the Magellan region, where it is found in Tierra del Fuego and Isla de los Estados (~ 54°S), inhabiting the intertidal zone to depths of 36 m. This species is known to brood eggs in its pallial groove until juveniles with a fully developed foot and eight shell valves emerge (Ituarte &amp; Arellano, 2015). </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687B1B1283F4C67ADFF59FEFFFED7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ibáñez, Christian M;Eernisse, Douglas J;Méndez, Marco A;Valladares, Moises;Sellanes, Javier;Sirenko, Boris I;Pardo-Gandarillas, M Cecilia	Ibáñez, Christian M, Eernisse, Douglas J, Méndez, Marco A, Valladares, Moises, Sellanes, Javier, Sirenko, Boris I, Pardo-Gandarillas, M Cecilia (2019): Phylogeny, divergence times and species delimitation of Tonicia (Polyplacophora: Chitonidae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (4): 915-933, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz006, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/4/915/5438346
03E687B1B12F3F4D64D6FE2DFCA7FE78.text	03E687B1B12F3F4D64D6FE2DFCA7FE78.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tonicia swainsoni (SOWERBY 1832)	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
    <body>
        <div>
            <p> TONICIA SWAINSONI (SOWERBY, 1832)</p>
            <p>(FIG. 4)</p>
            <p> Chiton swainsoni Sowerby in Broderip &amp; Sowerby, 1832: 27. </p>
            <p> Tonicia swainsoni ; Leloup, 1956: 82, figs 50–52 (bibliography). – Leloup, 1973: 19. – Kaas et al., 2006: 299, fig. 121, map 55. </p>
            <p>  Type material repository:  British Museum of Natural History (BMNH)  . </p>
            <p>  Type locality:  Iquique , Chile  . </p>
            <p> Description of  T. swainsoni</p>
            <p>Body medium sized, ≤ 35 mm in length (Table 2), oval, moderately elevated (dorsal elevation 0.29–0.31), subcarinate, and valves not beaked. Tegmentum pinkish buff to pale brown; typically ornamented with numerous reddish or reddish-brown lines angularly concentric to the apices. Head valve semi-circular; tegmentum sculptured with numerous radiating ribs in the interspaces. Intermediate valves broadly rectangular, with a ratio of the width of valve V to its length of 3.4–3.9. Posterior margin with pointed apex. Central area with numerous longitudinal ribs, approximately eight near both sides of the jugum, sharp, and another 20 are obscure. Lateral area with four radiating ribs. Tail valve slightly narrower than the head valve; mucro antermedian, not raised. Ratio of the length of the postmucronal area to the length of the antemucronal area is 2.5–3.0. Antemucronal area sculptured with longitudinal ribs like that of the central areas. Postmucronal area with radiating ribs like the head valve. Articulamentum white and sometimes with small reddish spots in the apical area. Sutural laminae very wide and short; connected by a short, dentate jugal plate. Slit formula 8/1/10– 12. Slits finely indicated. Teeth very short; sharply denticulated. Girdle narrow; ratio of the width of valve V to the width of the girdle is 3.0. Dorsal spicules of different sizes ≤ 24 µm long. Marginal spicules round-topped, ≤ 43 µm long. Ventral side of the girdle with radiating rows of rectangular scales. Radula of a specimen with body length of 20 mm is 8.0 mm long; 42 transverse rows of mature teeth. Central tooth narrows with long blade; major lateral tooth has a unicuspid head. Gills spanning from valve VI to valve VIII; 33 on each side of specimens with a body length of 28 mm.</p>
            TAXONOMIC KEY Diagnostic key to aid the identification of species of  Tonicia in the vicinity of the southeastern Pacific (Peruvian and Magellan provinces). 1 Girdle connects between valves. Cusp of major lateral teeth of radula is bidentate .........  Tonicia disjuncta1′ Girdle does not connect between valves. Cusp of major lateral teeth of radula is unidentate ......................2 2 Colour of sutural laminae is brown. Tegmentum is smooth, without longitudinal grooves on both sides of the jugum .................................................................................................................................  Tonicia lebruni2′ Colour of sutural laminae is white. Tegmentum is granulated or rarely smooth, with grooves near the jugal area ................................................................................................................................................................. 3 3 The head valve, lateral and postmucronal areas have radiating ribs. The ratio of the width of valve V to its length is 3.4–3.9. The ratio of the length of the postmucronal area to the length of the antemucronal area of the tail valve is 2.5–3.0 ..................................................................................................  Tonicia swainsoni3′ Radiating ribs on the head valve, lateral and postmucronal areas are absent. The ratio of the width of valve V to its length is &lt;3.0. The ratio of the length of the postmucronal area to the length of the antemucronal area of the tail valve is ≤ 1.9 .......................................................................................................................... 4 4 The tegmentum is smooth, without granules or pustules except several narrow, short, weak longitudinal grooves on both sides of the jugum .................................................................................  Tonicia calbucensis4′ The tegmentum has grooves, granules or pustules ........................................................................................ 5 5 All valves or part of them are coloured with numerous undulating, concentric lines. The ratio of the length of the postmucronal area to the length of the antemucronal area of the tail valve is 1.9. Both sides of the jugum have few short, narrow, bent grooves ..................................................................  Tonicia fremblyana 5′ The colour of the valves is variable. The ratio of the length of the postmucronal area to the length of the antemucronal area of the tail valve is ≤ 1.8. Both sides of the jugum have ten or more narrow, longitudinal grooves ..................................................................................................................................  Tonicia chilensis
            <p>Remarks</p>
            <p> Tonicia swansoni differs from other species of the genus by having radiating ribs in the head valve, in the lateral areas of intermediate valves, and in the postmucronal area of the tail valve. Also, it has a short antemucronal area and short intermediate valves. </p>
            <p> Distribution:  Tonicia swainsoni is found from Callao (Peru, ~ 12°S) to Arica (Chile, ~ 18°S) in shallow water. </p>
        </div>
    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687B1B12F3F4D64D6FE2DFCA7FE78	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ibáñez, Christian M;Eernisse, Douglas J;Méndez, Marco A;Valladares, Moises;Sellanes, Javier;Sirenko, Boris I;Pardo-Gandarillas, M Cecilia	Ibáñez, Christian M, Eernisse, Douglas J, Méndez, Marco A, Valladares, Moises, Sellanes, Javier, Sirenko, Boris I, Pardo-Gandarillas, M Cecilia (2019): Phylogeny, divergence times and species delimitation of Tonicia (Polyplacophora: Chitonidae) from the eastern Pacific Ocean. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 186 (4): 915-933, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz006, URL: https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/186/4/915/5438346
