identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03E687C9FFA3730AC392FB34FB97FEFE.text	03E687C9FFA3730AC392FB34FB97FEFE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synagris (Paragris) de Saussure 1855	<div><p>Synagris (Paragris) de Saussure 1855</p><p>Paragris, 1855: 156, name for division II of genus Synagris Latreille in de Saussure (1852: 84) (5 + 2 species). Type species: Synagris huberti de Saussure, 1855 by subsequent designation of Ashmead (1902: 210) as Synagris humbertii (!) (incorrect subsequent spelling).</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Distinguished from other subgenera of Synagris by the following combination of characters: body size smaller, inner margin of mandible dentate, outer surface of mandible with ridges, labrum not apically narrowed, clypeus short pyriform and microstriate, apical margin of clypeus as wide as interantennal distance, labial palpi with second and third segments separated, frons with a M-shaped elevated area, pronotal carina regularly rounded dorsally, mesoscutum without a posteromedian raised area, metanotum with conical protuberances, mesepimeron evenly convex, posterior face of propodeum without depression or longitudinal carina, propodeum without transverse striae (except S. ornatissima), T1 broadly pyriform or trapezoidal, S1 without arched carina, S1 with raised posterolateral corners, S2 evenly convex in lateral view, tarsal claws without basal lobe, prestigma two times as long as pterostigma, F11 of male long and curved and reaching half of F8, male vertex not strongly enlarged and similar to that of female, male mid femur flattened and convex posteriorly, digitus subtriangular (Selis and Carpenter 2022).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687C9FFA3730AC392FB34FB97FEFE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco	Selis, Marco (2023): Taxonomic revision of the subgenus Synagris (Paragris) de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 57 (41 - 44): 1949-1962, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2278212, URL: http://zoobank.org/150ae4a7-6876-4b26-afc6-4296a6b8f3cc
03E687C9FFA0730CC3A3FE72FD99FBA0.text	03E687C9FFA0730CC3A3FE72FD99FBA0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synagris (Paragris) huberti de Saussure 1855	<div><p>Synagris (Paragris) huberti de Saussure, 1855</p><p>(Figures 1–2, 7a)</p><p>Synagris huberti de Saussure 1855: 156, pl. VIII figs. 8, 8a, m# – ′l̍Afrique tropicale ou l̍Arabie̍ (MNHN)</p><p>Synagris humbertii (!); Ashmead 1902: 210. Incorrect subsequent spelling</p><p>Synagris clypeata Mocsáry 1903: 503, f # – ′ Gabun ̍ (HNHM) syn. n.</p><p>Synagris 4-punctata Tullgren 1904: 450, pl. XXV figs. 12a–b, f# (in subgenus Paragris) – locality not stated [Cameroon] (NHRS)</p><p>Synagris huberti var. bimaculata Maidl 1914a: 98, f# – ′Ukaika Mawambi̍ (lectotype NHMW) syn. n.</p><p>Synagris huberti var. nigricans Maidl 1914a: 98, f#, m# – various localities in Uganda (syntypes NHMUK and NHMW) syn. n.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Distinguished from other species of the subgenus by the following combination of characters: punctures on mesosoma deep and dense, scutellum and mesoscutum entirely punctate, inferior carinae of propodeum normally developed (Figure 1e), carinae on S2 absent, T2 without or with a single pair of pale spots; male clypeus deeply emarginate, bifid (Figure 1b), male mandible modified with flattened expansions (Figure 1d); female clypeus apically with a longitudinal ridge (Figure 1c).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>LECTOTYPE OF SYNAGRIS HUBERTI VAR. BIMACULATA: f#, labelled ′Ukaika-Mawambi/1911.Grauer // Type / S. huberti v./ bimaculata f#/det. Maidl // NHMW-HYM/#0006865 // Synagris huberti var. bimaculata /Maidl, 1914/ LECTOTYPE /Des. Marco Selis 2022 [red label]̍ (NHMW). CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Ombella-Mpoko prov., 35 km S Bangui (Salanga), 350 m, 29 December 2008 - 1 January 2009, leg. A. Kudrna Jr., 1 f# (MSVI); 40 km S Nola, 600 m, 3.383°N, 16.167°E, 13 December 2012, leg. J. Halada, 1 f# (OLML); IVORY COAST: Abidjan, 5.326955°N, 7.343405°W, 9 February 1997, leg. R. Longair, 1 m # (MSVI); TOGO: Kloto, Foret de Missahoe, September 2020, leg. G. Adeti, 1 m # 2 f# (MSVI).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Cameroon, Central African Republic *, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone, Togo, Uganda (Mocsáry 1903; Maidl 1914a, 1914b; Giordani Soika 1989; Gusenleitner 1999) (Figure 8).</p><p>Notes</p><p>After Maidl̍s revision of the genus (Maidl 1914a, 1914b), three subspecies were recognised in S. huberti other than the nominotypical one: bimaculata Maidl, clypeata Mocsáry and nigricans Maidl.</p><p>The subspecies clypeata and nigricans match the nominate subspecies in all morphological characters, including the peculiar morphology of male clypeus and mandible; therefore, they can be immediately recognised as mere colour variations and synonymised with the nominate subspecies.</p><p>A more complex situation is observed in bimaculata. At the time of his revision, Maidl (1914a, 1914b) considered Synagris rufopicta a synonym of S. huberti, giving no diagnostic value to the carinate S2 of the former, and described his ′var. bimaculata ̍ based on three female specimens, two from Uganda having carinate S2 and one from Congo without carinae on S2. It is evident that the three syntypes belong in part to S. rufopicta and in part to S. huberti; therefore, it is necessary to select a lectotype. The syntype housed in NHMW was examined through photographs and chosen as lectotype of S. huberti var. bimaculata (Figure 2). The specimen shows no signs of carinae on S2 (Figure 2c) and differs from typical S. huberti in colour pattern alone; therefore, S. huberti bimaculata can be considered a synonym of the nominate subspecies. The two specimens from Uganda are to be referred to S. rufopicta .</p><p>Synagris huberti and its colour variations form a wide mimicry ring with other species of Synagris and other genera, such as S. aestuans (Fabricius), S. cornuta (Linnaeus) S. fulva trispinosa Tullgren, S. ornatissima, S. rufopicta, Anterhynchium aestuans (de Saussure), A. bugandanum Giordani Soika, A. mephisto (Gribodo), A. osborni Bequaert, A. sulphureomaculatum (von Schulthess), and Pseudagris versicolor (von Schulthess) .</p><p>Genitalia are illustrated in Figure 7a.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687C9FFA0730CC3A3FE72FD99FBA0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco	Selis, Marco (2023): Taxonomic revision of the subgenus Synagris (Paragris) de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 57 (41 - 44): 1949-1962, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2278212, URL: http://zoobank.org/150ae4a7-6876-4b26-afc6-4296a6b8f3cc
03E687C9FFA6730FC3B7FB80FDADFEBB.text	03E687C9FFA6730FC3B7FB80FDADFEBB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synagris (Paragris) ornatissima Maidl 1914	<div><p>Synagris (Paragris) ornatissima Maidl, 1914</p><p>(Figure 3)</p><p>Synagris ornatissima Maidl 1914a: 9, f# – ′Urwald Mawambi̍ (NHMW)</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Distinguished from the other species of the subgenus by the following combination of characters: punctures on mesosoma fine and very sparse, scutellum and most of mesoscutum largely impunctate, inferior carinae of propodeum normally developed, carinae on S2 absent, T2 with two pairs of pale spots; female clypeus flattened (Figure 3c).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>HOLOTYPE OF SYNAGRIS ORNATISSIMA: f#, labelled ′Urw. Mawambi/1910.Grauer // Type/ S. ornatissima /det. Maidl f#̍ (NHMW).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Democratic Republic of Congo (Maidl 1914a, 1914b) (Figure 8).</p><p>Notes</p><p>The specimen recorded by Gusenleitner (1999) as a female of S. ornatissima from Ivory Coast was examined based on photographs. Surprisingly, it turned out to be a male of S. aestuans aestuans (Fabricius) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687C9FFA6730FC3B7FB80FDADFEBB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco	Selis, Marco (2023): Taxonomic revision of the subgenus Synagris (Paragris) de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 57 (41 - 44): 1949-1962, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2278212, URL: http://zoobank.org/150ae4a7-6876-4b26-afc6-4296a6b8f3cc
03E687C9FFA57303C3B6FE83FD97F925.text	03E687C9FFA57303C3B6FE83FD97F925.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synagris (Paragris) rufopicta Tullgren 1904	<div><p>Synagris (Paragris) rufopicta Tullgren, 1904</p><p>(Figures 4–6 and 7b)</p><p>Synagris rufopicta Tullgren 1904: 448, pl. XXIV, figs. 10a, 10b, f# – [Cameroon] ′Kitta̍ (NHRS) Synagris imitator du Buysson 1909: 213, f# – ′ Congo, rivière San Benito̍ (MNHN)</p><p>Synagris rufopicta var. mimetica Bequaert 1918: 226, f# – ′Medje̍ (AMNH) syn. n.</p><p>Synagris parvula von Schulthess 1928: 310 (key), 317, fig. 4, m#, f# (in subgenus Paragris) – ′Zentralafrika, Belg. Kongo, Urwald Beni̍ (NHMW) syn. n.</p><p>Diagnosis. Readily distinguished from other species of the subgenus by the following combination of characters: inferior carina of propodeum strongly developed and lamellar (Figure 4d), presence of two longitudinal carinae on the basal half of S2 (Figures 4e, 5c); male clypeus short pyriform (Figure 4b), similar to the female; female clypeus flattened (Figure 4c).</p><p>Material examined</p><p>LECTOTYPE OF SYNAGRIS PARVULA: m#, labelled ′Urw.Moera/Grauer,1910 // S. parvula Sch /det. Schulthess 928 // Type // Synagris parvula / von Schulthess 1928 / LECTOTYPE /Des. Marco Selis 2022 [red label]̍ (NHMW). PARALECTOTYPE OF SYNAGRIS PARVULA: f#, labelled ′Urwald-Beni /Okt̍.10.Grauer // S. parvula Sch. /det. Schulthess 928 // Type̍ (NHMW). CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Lobaye prov., near Grima, 50 km NE Bambio, Ngoto Forest, 450 m, 13-14 June 2009, leg. A. Kudrna Jr., 1 f# (MSVI); DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO: Stanleyville, 0.5̊N, 25.1667°1E, April 1915, 1 m # (AMNH).</p><p>Distribution</p><p>Cameroon, Central African Republic *, Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Uganda (Tullgren 1904; du Buysson 1909; Maidl 1914b; Bequaert 1918; von Schulthess 1928) (Figure 8).</p><p>Notes</p><p>Examination of the type series of Synagris parvula von Schulthess, 1928, comprising two specimens from north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, showed that this taxon is just a colour variation of S . rufopicta, as it completely matches specimens of the latter in both external morphology and male genitalia. This taxon is here synonymised and the male specimen is designated as the lectotype (Figure 5). It should be noted that von Schulthess (1928, p. 317) reports ′Urwald Beni̍ as locality for both specimens, but in reality this is the locality of the female (Figure 6), while the label of the male reports ′Urwald Moera̍.</p><p>Synagris rufopicta mimetica Bequaert, 1918 is synonymised for the same reason, as its female holotype shows no morphological differences from the typical form and is differentiated only by the presence of a basal yellow band on T2.</p><p>Synagris rufopicta forms a mimetic ring with S. cornuta Linnaeus and its subspecies, with black and red specimens occurring in western parts of their distributional area, and entirely black and/or yellow-marked specimens occurring in north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and Eastern Africa. It is interesting to note how, in both species, the western populations are very constant in their red and black pattern, while the eastern populations show more variation, with both entirely black and yellow-marked forms. Interestingly, these latter populations seem to cohabitate in the north-eastern forests of Democratic Republic of Congo.</p><p>Other species that can be included in this mimetic ring are S. fulva Mocsáry, which shows a black and red pattern in the western part of its distribution ( S. fulva trispinosa Tullgren); S. similis Maidl, which is known from north-eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and is entirely black (nominotypical subspecies) or with large yellow spots on T2 ( S. similis maculata Maidl); and S. huberti, which shows both black and red (former subspecies clypeata) and yellow-marked (former subspecies bimaculata) specimens.</p><p>Genitalia are illustrated in Figure 7b.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687C9FFA57303C3B6FE83FD97F925	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco	Selis, Marco (2023): Taxonomic revision of the subgenus Synagris (Paragris) de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 57 (41 - 44): 1949-1962, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2278212, URL: http://zoobank.org/150ae4a7-6876-4b26-afc6-4296a6b8f3cc
03E687C9FFAE7304C28EFF55FB2AFB8A.text	03E687C9FFAE7304C28EFF55FB2AFB8A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Synagris Latreille in de Saussure 1852	<div><p>Key to the species of Synagris in the subgenus Paragris</p><p>1. Inferior carina of propodeum strongly developed, forming a high lamella running from posterolateral corner of propodeum to valvula; triangular lobe on posterolateral corner of propodeum fused with inferior carina and not distinct (Figure 4d). S2 basally with a pair of longitudinal carinae (Figures 4e, 5c). Male clypeus short pyriform, similar to female (Figure 4b) ................................................................................... S. rufopicta Tullgren.</p><p>- Lower carina of propodeum less developed, not forming a lamella; triangular lobe on posterolateral corner of propodeum distinct (Figure 1e). S2 not carinate. Male clypeus very deeply emarginate in S. huberti (Figure 1b), not known in S. ornatissima ............ 2.</p><p>2. Female clypeus more markedly striate, shiny; apical margin shallowly but distinctly emarginate; preapical area flattened (Figure 3c). Protuberances of metanotum longer and pointed, area between them evenly concave. Punctures on whole body finer and shallower; mesoscutum posteriorly and scutellum entirely almost impunctate; mesepisternum with few scattered punctures; dorsal faces of propodeum with dense transverse striae. T2 with two pairs of pale spots ............................ S. ornatissima Maidl.</p><p>- Female clypeus finely and sparsely microstriate, matte; apical margin truncate and weakly protuberant in the middle; preapical area with longitudinal depressions on sides and longitudinal ridge in the middle, giving it a ′pinched̍ appearance (Figure 1c). Protuberances of metanotum shorter and blunt, area between them flattened. Punctures on whole body larger and deeper; mesoscutum and scutellum entirely and densely punctate; mesepisternum with dense punctures on upper plate and posterodorsal angle of lower plate; dorsal faces of propodeum densely punctate with few fine transverse ridges. T2 without or with a single pair of pale spots ............... ............................................................................................................................ S. huberti de Saussure.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E687C9FFAE7304C28EFF55FB2AFB8A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Selis, Marco	Selis, Marco (2023): Taxonomic revision of the subgenus Synagris (Paragris) de Saussure (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Journal of Natural History (J. Nat. Hist.) 57 (41 - 44): 1949-1962, DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2023.2278212, URL: http://zoobank.org/150ae4a7-6876-4b26-afc6-4296a6b8f3cc
